8 CHAPTER 1 PRODUCTIVITY CONCEPT, MEASUREMENT AND IMPROVEMENT 11 Definition ond Meaning: [re Wass Proactiv? ILO! defines Productvisy as the ratio berwesn “Qurput of Work” seq “Input of sae isd de pees ogeieg wea 7 proces is 8) process |__, 0” | Moda (Waste) Ourpar an bse Producivry = QB om Taper ye This definition applies ro an_emeprse, ap induszy or an economy as a whole Producti i simply the Fado beter the amount produced 8 amounts of sources wed “inthe course of production, These resurces can be: ( Unit of esoure is in brackets) A Land (Hectares) 2 Maerial. (Metric Tonne) (7 Plant 8 Machinery (Machine Hour) 14. People (Man Hous) 175 Capital (Rupees)2 Proouervnny Ticiquns 1.1.1 Productivity of Lend: _—————————————————— ‘Sec wid mataral frlicr fir island, afer whch the il ofc inereae fom 20 seintlactor 0 300 quincalifoecor ‘rodictvty of land has increased by 50%, 1.1.2 Productivity of Material: ‘One tom (1000 KG.) of hot volt sel would yield 800 Ke. of el rolled steel; the vst ling scrap. Shalini changed the proces parameters that enabled 900 Kg. of cl riled ‘ea 0 be gered rom same tnouns of ot rolled ee The productrity of hot coed sel that was 80% has gone up to 90%, 1.1.3. Productivity of Machine: [Ourpus of the machine sap was 100 pees peri. Prashant invoduced few tcl changer the machine ‘Tce changes increnced the ouput to 120 wnt por sift | This implice 20% improvement in machine productviny 4 Productivity of People: Productivity of worker has increased by 3086, Other Definitions of Productivity: ‘The definition and measurement of productivity his undergone 4 change over the years tnd relevaree of productivity changed 1950 OFC: Productivity is the quosene obtained by dividing output by one of factors of production. Ie gives productivity of capital, investment or raw material according o whether output is being considered in relation to above faciors > 1955 Davis: Change in product obeained forthe resources expanded > 1062 Fabricant: Always io of output to input. > 1965 Keadrick and Creamer: Functional definition for Pars, Total fatar and “Total prosuctvny. > 1976 Siegal: Family of ratios of output to input. > 1979 Sur > 1987Go 1 prods 1s PR account output al Productivcy In performa In geneal A performs cxpened ou. Performance [ese taker 34 He males 4 — What ie 40 coats What is Perf Watt Normally F managed tc (Clit Pra — Wine loch ProsPropocrwary — Concerr, Mrasunanter an Saoovatenr 3 > 1979 Sumanth: Total produciviry model > 1987 Goldrattand Smith: Productivity is minimizing the use of resources required to produce an output desired by the customer. 15 PRODUCTIVITY DIFFERENT FROM PERFORMANCE? YES. Productivity takes into account ougput in elation to input. Performance takes into sccount ousput alone Wy fel let npr _ Performance atived Peeduivty =a = “Roouacanuel a In perormans, we coder oly he pa nd ote inp tn ea nce 8 oF e ane pretend en onion A perbnmaceindr bzonet compton of anal oust wih ome sandal ot waperiniat) oad ua or wnderging & hange over the yess ig ouput by oneof dene or raw materia 9 above factors panded, ial, Tora fctor and = fecha) Wore done Fwok «Ste er Sdoal Spe ‘Acta work Performance Index = Taeal or standard ex CASE: ‘rank 3. Mes, of lot t make a cat, [na day Prashant is expected to make 50 cots ‘He makes 40 coats frome 1 1Msaf ct = Whar is Prasban’s performance? 40 cote = What is Prashant’ performance index? # Pofomance Index = 22 x 100 = 80% ~ What is Prashant’ cat pructvic index? [Namal Prashant sold have consumed 120 Max (40 53) of tt, Hever be managed 0 mak 40 cs IT Mi of lth Co Pruner = 2 1 — What is productivity of lth? 0 loth Producwviy = = 0:36 Cont Mi. err > 108%4 Prooucrwvery Tecmmques re y PRODUCTION SAME AS PRODUCTIVITY? NO. v~ “Typically wher ¥ maketare cent CASE: ling becomes iF Sinn oy gg tong pain wd mach har cn mf |. Belo pe ‘the past three mosh. 4 and profic Centre = ONT rg oor 1.2 Postel Proc at Hr) eon nie Macc 0000 $2000 02 ne he Toon Toso @ sae May 13000 1380 Gp Lata and Peay me Tie pers chay Bowel te bad om om css rts wi & uhm moet mane ba concn ory Shin as ma. i lyin ery om Asaper of ‘Siz aus. He Sls or on arth petecnly © pri Solutio i wh rot a roduc per Machine Hoor = “i . 30,000 B Prodi for March = 309% = 3.2 Productivity for April c 13500 0 rode foe May = 56009 = 09 Pag plas i kat on BR OURO | FROBUCTIAT——g outs Hom) |__ ooops or 90,000, 99,000 a F Partial prod 100000 70000 1 Hoan Pro a ‘Material Pre 150000 135600 09 oes while May ivi Energy Prov Prodigyngion per of Unisy 1 10 09 RopucTaT fo May, product Proouetnry — Concer, Measuassit Av IMHOVEMENT 5 aly when mathe are Booming ite wor increasing production so 28 wo ca rhs dos ovine Obie Sing the ean get ae inening Roda il ony en cessing neo sok, i ce pera oon on mcrae pa ia the Sigarzation are looking at Productiviy improvements a cost educing + Rd profs Cane 3 we 1.2 Partial Productivity © 7 Detain: Rao cut on dof ingar = ® _feasiven ime ic considers nly oe inptand goon alarhcinpus His impeens eis imporrane ‘focuses utlzation of one resource “Labour productiviny is meusured using utilization of Iabourcbouss; whereas Capiz, Qala teed sips v CASE ‘Asa pars of new asgnoent, Parag of Fop-Corn Prous was asked iden ares for Srodctviy improvements. He cle data om al he inputs ad nips of revi Sear aperaions beng eansormed ints eaves of ancy ois. The able bebw gives ‘eas with al figures lath rapes 6 Re W000 ourrur 1000 INPUT Huss 300 Marci 200 [cepiat 300 Energy 10 ‘Oaier Eipane 30 ‘Parag pans to cleat values of paril productivity to id in bis dy, Pn blpbi ‘bi endeavor, Solution: F Partial productivity of various inpus is as follows: Human Productivity = 1000 / 300 = 33 Material Productivity 1000 200 = 8.0 Capital Productivigy = 1000 / 300 = 33 Energy Productivity = 1000 / 100 = 10.0 Producivigy of Other Expenses = 1000 / 50 = 20.06 Prooucsviry Teewugues Pre iro Diadranage 7 Easy ro undeand 1 Mieaing, fe alone ‘Total Producti 7 Eay w obain a 2. Gan not explain vel can incee ‘Toul eogble 3 Door wo poser 3 Profi contol noe precser= " 1.3 Total Factor Productivity In an efor to improve protaciviy of hbour, company may ingall moge machinery. “Then produciviy of labour will go up brigging down the capital productivity Partial ‘Total ungible jocvgy chat picaly-wser-only ane rerource 4 4 te file fo grasp thie parade, Historically labour and apical were considered to be the most significant contributors in the process of production. Therefore inthe Total Productivgy Model de John WY. Kenic TST, Beastly labour and capil a ony v0 = «4g, Pructon worth 100 lakhs Rs was mansfctured sd ln a month Ie couse aaage (Re 20 abbr worth labour hors and Rs 55 labs worth capital. Taeaeeas alae 100 x 2. enya then, Total Factor Prodvctvty = (39458) — 133 oe eee _ arg tow Advantages Disadvantages . uni ever proc Loabagedan 0 | 1 Dos anenitrinpa femal 2 Anpning fon de wewpie ofthe | ey opus dough wer pay forms [CASE Sipe abe Micoel comma’ | Comte ee cae — Leaps and fe Neon conomi_| a 1.4 MulsFator Model of Produatvin( pant “Total factor productivity model was further developed by Scot D. Sik as Mulsfator ©), Materia uu Mesuren: Model ia whish be cosets Labou Matalad Ensry Dee foving Linipe iopate-Hie deliberately ft out Capital, asi e most diicul r0 eximte how much ‘of capital i being consumed in unit of dima The concept of deprecation wed b accountants rakes i farther dificult to estimate actual capital being consumed, 1.5 Total Productivity Models .~Human Mabywarinurisn, Cops & “Toa Productiny Mode developed by David J. Sumanth in 1979 is further exesion * Goqy of eater enodels Suman considered § heme az input, chore were Haman, Material, S22 Coot, Energy abd a tem ciled oer expeses, Tit model can be appled im any Rt Weh ‘anufscuring OF service organtzation. Tigi Soap 7 “Model can be summarized as follows:ll mag machinery productacy. Partial tsp this parado, pifane contiburors 1 developed by John ‘eh Tecoma Proucrvrey — Concert, Mnasunisiner ap IMmnoveMeNT ‘Toa! Tangble Oupat me] Toad Peivly © Tonia “Tonal tangible output = Value of fished units — + paral uns produced va + Dividends rom seus + Tore fom bonds + Othe incomes “otal tangible inputs = Value of human inpus (employees) + capital ingus re + materials purchased + energy inputs + other expenses (tes, earspre, office etc) liege Yi 1, Alfowsnlisble igpus reconsidered "| 1, Daa is elt wo compute 2 Song ams anda [2 Dog aan nua cos of ingat and oop 2 Pre bah fim el ad operon + wat ieerprdactiy ‘cof material and Beno aw ‘sil piel forme CASE s Sink as Muli-fator and Energy at ‘estimate how much wed by accountants cape 's farther exension Human, Material, ‘applied in any Haldivam Lalbbai Led. (HLL) manafuccures the produc Le ngs, face wash Lig tog snd ge, Te ing foreach of ths praduct are afd a= Haman (H), Capital (©), Mater (M), Energy (B), and other expenses ‘The illowing table sho the maney valu of cach of thee inputs or eh of te rot smasufecrured in 1995-96, Probe “Among (Re Lay Taal pur | Toad apn fr forthe procs | the rach He TM] Ele sop [2 [al wl sto a £0 ReWes ¢ [oe [ep wl =| a ais 3 Ligud Soup 7 [2 Ps [wo] 4} 0 23 s ae 3 e{ppesl s 4 co Tol poe sara | a fie | 3 Tass 190‘ Pronocrvmry Tecsoguss © Teal ing for Soap ig canted as 2 + 44 14-45 4-6= 31 ‘Similariycaleating forthe cher prods, we get al as of Product Input coon + Tata buman input fr the for it 2+ 25-4243 = 95 ‘Shilrly caalating freer ips, we etal aes of Teal Inputs ow. (Me. Lalbhai wants to know the productivity ofeach of is product line, He abo wan to know how productive his frm is a5 2 whole. Please help him. Solution: (A) Toul productivity of the fim: Totalourputof the firm 190 r = 151 Tora input of thefiem “185 (8) How to know fessiilry ofa partir prod line? ‘This can be gauged by aelating tot podctiviyof each product ine “Galea i a flows ‘Tor ouput ofa produa “Torl Prodoctiviy of a prosuet = “Tortinputof a product 7 Prolact Tol a Taal npr “Tal produc sf the proc of the pres of he prac Soap 0 31 Let Free Wath 1 ‘Liquid Soup oa Gel \ (Caleulte sonal productivity for the other product lines and fill the abi (©) How to find out productivity of an individal input factor fr a parscular product? Thisean using paral productiviey measure: CCalclation is 25 follows: ‘Total ousputof s product vty = Ea Cant fePropuervary — Covctrr, Measuasser an IMPROVEMENT ° ja alae [ Owes onan] _—amam | Capt | Copia! Product Input eon, eftroies | "Typ | Pradvciniy | Tue | Prucy 3 5 2s Input row Sow a 2 + * 5 et line. He also wants —— 5 = = < Liguid a 2 aes 3 rs Ga 0 a was) @ x ‘Parcal Productviy of Soap with expect w is Human input is $0 / 2 = 28. Similarly calculate the partial productivity foreach input foreach product line. ‘And fil in the table “This Suan Total Md incl swt S poses of india produc or np ae. am . 1.6 Cobb-Douglas Function: ad an capa ro major resoucs and deve ae 4 mabenatal expression taking ouput funchon of thee tw resort 7 “The futon is elle at Cobt-Douglows fancsion. Which can be put down as Tea poy — Qa aK a a of he prucs where, Q = Outpos, 5 a L = Labour inp, ey K = Capi Ioper, \%e 4, dan Fare cont to be exited An inecesing for of his ode i Toca wate Caparica —thaed = Gh and = BY ee nea S © ant8 i pri potctiy of xpi & Cate Dogs Retin ssi tapout Gabt-Dourls Faction provides simple menue fo undertand wade of beeen10 Propucrvery Tecwquss 1.7 American Productivity Center (APO) Model: Pre “American Prodtvy Center has been advocating» producry menue teas __ OF, te profitability with productivity and pie ecovery factor. ‘tates encod vale 4 “Ti measure Is derived 8 folows sis st See and money vole Profiabilsy = Cope © Teeigues it omit neve ‘or make them ea) __ Oop Gone Pres nee ‘Taput Quantities Unit Costs sae eee “= Drostuctvty % Price Recovery Factor fanaged. Applying ‘The APC model is diffrent fom other models to-sustain, afew 0 Recovery Factor te be applied sim. is price recovery for? ~ ath, (ei facto thar capes he eet of inatod) The change inthis factor overtime ~ treatment, by inclusion of Price inde whether changes pik cont ie Erbe ped on, or vercompenssed fon in te pie of the Bs gs Tae Ba _Bacetnon th far il sow tee in ns a at ds 2 cpr coger podcity OL may inns she factncone in he pices of he mse L omen omy 1.8 Productivity Improvement: |All eforesowards productivity improvement have alway beer focused on the resources ite men, maveriah, money, ime, machinery, ec and the processes through which they go, 0 ise the ourpur 1.8.1 Sumanth’s Five Pronged Made! 1 bees ead echt pope Fe Ded, dug clo RO pe Hn, jigs Pe See i ak ei Tab, Pe Pe = : wa v le 1.1 ne vex pag ‘value adding funesion ic. those Fineson resulting in low performance at high costs from, ies poe _Onshe chnology fon, xcemely pei and accurt highsped ae CAD, Te te. Hane das duced the proseing 3. Producity Engineering And Management by Davi J. Sumath.1p imeasore that eater sha relates by incusion of Price ropucriverr — Concert, Mnasuaster Axo IMPROVEMENT n (On she human front, incentive plans, job enrichment, inge benefits ct. Ate used ro neal value sdaing inpus from peo ventory aul, MIP, material handling eytem ec. ce che time, space, effort ‘avd money involed inmaling matstal avaiable fore tne and pce wth. + Techniques ike work-rud ergonomics ex. eliminate mocions that are non-productve coc make them easy v0 perform forthe homan fara, ‘Today's Lean Production System approach is 3 holsic ene, which covers all areas of productivity improvernens, gave a completely new perspective 1 the way that a bosines is ersnaged, Appling this concep, a tremendots rig i productivity can be achieved. In order fo suru, a ew other techniques like JIT, TPM, TQC, KAIZEN, Quality Circles ec, need 10 be applied simaleaneousy Each of the above techniques further consists of many other elements that will be iscussed in derail at a ater stage tis xo overtime ~ | 18 rcompensated for, in = _ abut fect — Weigh | Bo Bnd | Pret Bent] ot Bt | ri co | met | tae | At Teeny 7 aC fan ate Be | tect | Sipe | Saeed cy | ee | Bates of Wot Menem | wl Rene = ise cl tee S| Bae vf om | Meee wed onthe sources © OM Eee» | Spon | Mise | gh which hey go,%0 notwir | romaine Ze [ RAD, _¢ | Fh ataioy 7 | Quy Comal ier tam 7] fb nen] Bese 7 Te Sey Deny] Mer ting ‘Technology “4 _Seancadination nee Line ‘et? caging tity em LB | Be cl Eno Yc ‘ee cesting a Roy 7 | Shas | Iopmenen 2 | Rene eR Gop 7c | ie 7G | Ming & | Beton Seog | Renita | Pronk | Stig ‘Samper ¢] Wotee 7 ‘Conger ies sineliminating non- Sunes’ ©| Papin Sanh Eat high cons ean, Emu > [MEO 7 Hamam [ga er icinganisgaems MOREE ~ | Bhi diced Ue pmcsing —Retng Ou) Pew a a ee2 Prowscrinty Teewgues a be Moai Cro fl Qual Ger Rok Peep Superen Qo p> '.2.1M0 Approach to Productivity improvement y(lduary B Wnt The dasa LO apponach was Task Based 1 reals: manufacturing time into baie ox wool conteny add oth comiay, and infective cme. Thi approach fortes or reducing” 7 TDeffident Gme in the etal work content. S Please Refer to Figure 1.8.2 Soneent ‘A. The basle work content of the product or operation "Wark content means, of course, the amount of wor “contained ina given product or | oct menied in man-hours of machine hous The basic work content i dhe ered i “Eiiimum she thenmlly equied o produce one unit of our | B. Added work content. (0) Wok content added by defers in the design or specication of the preduct | Ths aia work content tthe ine ken over and above te sme The baie | work conn dae ea in ie proc ATIC REM SNE ! (i) Work content added by inefficient mechods of. ar operation. : “This isthe time taken over and above the basic work content ps AP Sue wien Le inkre in he proce or mato of anata oF operation. 5 6 Inet ime ad Anattoctve time. Al ingrraptons whch cae dhe worker or machine of both o czae producing oF sang onthe oprasonsansabich he ar uppoved vo Be gaged, whatever may be it sl ane cen wrk ive is con Be ‘operation in hand is being done dunng the period ofthe interruption,Prooucmimry — Covcerr, Msasunanenr avo Trnovensit WED eg Bet suring time io basi ‘focuses on reducing int given peo dent the imeducble 1 ofthe product | We ane ofthe base | sinsenes——— “Alle oie esas pore = * Fig. 1.8.2 Work content due t the product and proses4 aooueree Trenaus (0 Tec sine vet sonsomings on he par of he manager +- “Time during which man or mack ‘are idle because the management has fad ee ae cd TE Ci gene ine within te coo of the work. “Time ding which svcin the consol of + Focusing on reducing added work content Be inefficient time inthe total work corent: _ Following ae some of them i reds rarer TRedacing = RK wth ‘Poor design and frequent design changes ~ © ‘Waste of materials ® Incorrect quality standards i) sy * Toor hyout and poor wanaion ofepce a Inadequate nate nding =O 776 Fest supp in potucion & @ 7. efectve method of wack Ze Poor phnning of sak 9 9, Frequent breakdowns © 10.Abenteci & lene © Mr hides a ocpsinaltaarés@) 1.8.1 Role of Computers and IT in Productivity Improvement ‘Compurera¢ he mame suggests has always been in wse for computing or processing large amount of data, The laese development in this field has reduced the complexities and increased the speed Lees take the typical cate of a commercial bank that has thousands of depositors crying ovt milions of transactions. Previously all che information about these depositors fd their eransactions were recoeded manually on diferent kind of aecoune books. This work ‘was not only mammoth and cumbersome, cling for lage sumber of manpower but shear ‘monotony of i often led to errors. Moreover getting a parscalar piece of information was highly time consuming and many tines ie was nor accurate either. Pre ‘Computers ror previously with ack pls space and stat ‘Apart foo in something that Wo “Tay we com CST baking of te boing fe ll oer ‘You will appt tg. sped 2¢ much Ps Sioa ses again dais with 1 A following CASE: Le Seas i eal nes fo mafic Atsaon a5 an, ‘a compute. nepwork Ace tottus puis and thre faventory din .9 Performan Many organi ines of more measuring the sig fd the proper 5 measure and rey knowledge flow,agement. the management has vthin de cone of * 2e otal work content nt 6 inefcient ime using or processing ‘he complexities and sands of depositors out these depositors snr books. Tis work manpower but shear of information was Prooucnvery ~ Concert, MeAsuasnenr ax IMoveMt as Computers coday are processing the same amount of data in faction ofthe time esken previously with accuracy beyond doub! Ths computers hae edced the labour requirement ps space and stationary required forthe transactions. Apart fom inreasng the sped and reducing the resources, computers today are doing something that would have-been impossible manually Telay pe an Bak ray reerntion ket fom sy Deli Cale fom Mumba CCST biting afc. This is posible omy esas, weave campus terminal at eat Of the hooking window tha is a par ofthe larger network cmpriing of ll he boking fies ll evr Inia [ofie attover Indi, ‘You wil appeedate thatthe dual roe, played by computer and IT. One i increase the speed a much lesser resources and secondly to perform a cask hat is impossible to perc — Similac ilustrations con be given in cate caw material ot finshed goods stores, which again deals with large amoune of daa A following ase will further iostrate the role af TT in redoing the inventor. CASE: | Levi-Stonus ison of the anges denim makin the USA. Thy have lage numberof real eases sre aloe the conn. Al hee oe ae connected 0 ech athe and 19 manufacturing place by computer network Assan as ay sae i made at any of thc shops, the detail of tem sald ave entered int ‘computer. Tis very informations: instantly avilable to manfacaring shop. vin crrk. Accordingly production isschedled and the une ita is proc on shipped ‘9 tha parcial shop. This cee of radon and anspor take msi three dys snd heer al the retail hp of Ln: Strauerwork n jut trey inventory. Ts low [immensely reduce the operating cts an irons bottomline. nce Measurement vaing the Obfecives Matric (OMAR) Many opens esi essing pracy fr such reasons i fey. saint of move paperwork of uid mesurers However sey sel fog esting te right ings inthe sgh Way, when dhe igh hinge cone cos tol he proper ay conn, Sing nope, rely senate toe mews and reporting thefts though tng communist ches cr nomics Bow po paper owe A prouctiviy ato is may forms bce orgizatins prdce many dient soda services om many diferent exec Large organs ths perce fcurpusadinpus obvi ave ee comphered ar Beene the prea ok co6 ronvcrr Teoma w 1 ug onan is dtemined by te performance x conten pars mpLOFEMEDK Dying, Quant See Cee agin mit Te aac une, PE a se rife insane giv pads ocenis sca Str cl ioe ci, epee 3, Timdins, — heh which activites or functions axe completed on schedule Talo ‘emit of Gl) 7° sng sane 4, Tied — degece of ecieney ofthe ransformation process (input minimization and taio reading th: Tae wow vim ness with which cial resources are uae (avalbliry gale Was estab 5 Uniaton — te fie pra Ee mae 6 Group ris — itvidl ad orgizatonpropetis dha contro productive, $Y YS Sas a Pre The ober pene Set ceProoucronry — Conctrr, Measunaur ax Deovenexr wv satya improvement pening, Qnaniing Moning of pan ar he mir sp ating te its, These smaller unis “pooper ma of perro Oe mie ning the | ani 7 "Five ore satios may be sequised to account for one category, such as quaicy, arial appropriate ego may begun dee nce act priya gah tation, Bee most ican ako mpreent” “eheecolar and lnawledgesdke:posions do not hoe seal distnguihaBe outpus, tsundactvies Gacare” Hirao ae meamnble mas of bchmvog thar are Enown taf fhe cline opt ibe metered by more {POST atin for various categories applicable wo dierent work simations are gen, Eich SSuRE, Here aNd _ Saco unis may haves ieee at of producti ct, Only howe asa at he unit's sion shoud be nelde tthe colon shold encompss 2 function of crema 2llshe neesany characteris of produce perfomance, Biunieandsbemost, Performance indicator or criteria, should be sled scconding co How wel they eal tos scpecsen she sence performed by the une ‘Tae tion must be thoroughly ned for mare _sepssent measurement. Toye voice and, fteptnee by mplyessimolicy, and data gala important con i sbecting ration ‘BRCIDERHETIEM thay 2. SSE ratios _ Sn organizational unt Es. of Perfomance Ratios Frequenty Encountered in Manufacuring Industries. Government and Service Sectors, and Work Groups in Any Organization weToml Onganization’s {performance scales inthe body ofthe objectives matex-mun from 0 to 10.Thers are thas I lve of accomplishment for eizh eiteron: a single cerion ocopir a column that fhe service provided’ stetches from the fop to botiom ofthe mati. Levee of accomplishment extend ros the “tbody ofthe mati as ndrated bythe rows marked fom O though 10-The assignee of thers expected a cach eve ithe eal par of sealing, bec the reuse specie sseacicmict madi dies tat rec the accomplishment of a work wie” sproducty objeesves, The sae | is anchored by designed names at tee el | suuolscd_on schedule “7 7'9-“e Towene level seconded for the “ahs vr tel sceded for he con ap oes «ust il of ines lt jen Sch oral oper Conon ced teniall He Wo oatniznion and, aio eg a a be pea mes = Ll 3 Oper es nda of performance profieney a the tine erating seule (vaibiny gale wa Glebe cent 6 reading whe ne meu < Lol 10, sale etimate of resus chat can be ato in she foreseeable fre, ovribure to productive S410 Yess. With esentally che tame reiouces that are-now avaiable; a stmulaing ee , prodctny bjectve ‘The objectives matrix gets its names from che level 10 goal. serting process. The vo | ose important lines in the matrix ore the score 10 line and the weight line. Level O and 3 scores are cleatly defined benchmarks, Level 10 i the challenge. An overly optimistic18 Proovcmary Tuesmques objective may ater prove to be dzcouraging by its unatsinability, and a conservative goal may ihibit motivation if i it t00 easily achieved. “The scoring columns for all the criteria are completed by determining the appropriate cries forthe cells between the benchmark levels. These are often equal-inewal sales ‘Soa Sa Sara es dh Mom Ses fo rant Ho ot ences ra Tinsel i i dt we eat Domi of ce shir open Na Tame pean Teal poblenacin how odo at ines ged wae Tan The aoe a ‘ee ee copes na deo pce, Rina oer per eer fps coe une fo es pnd ot oars aod mega angie Dene eaect ae a a Cage Ts masa oy eel ace Teal pase wot Tn ues ecient ied Nate ge aie Frese on aw ose ase ster oe hae “roa por Tat eae amber coed Yolo fe ae Rime sta ee Actual versus budgeted costs can be applied eo materi, energy, lbor, oF a collection of resources Actual versus expected times pertain to any output or funtion of the vork unit The customer who provide the ratings may be outside buyers or in-nouse cen. Results of several surveys may be combined into one scale e Pac rors an mistake tha wastes Safer cost a4 in a service orgeniz An avaiable lieation ftor Consideration folowing 4 Norall the Armastert organiza ay gti The citer by the we independ being rob » Av lest one ¢ AP cuspat quay is € A 1O-poine © ‘eonsstnt soning The ier lon Say = ool When cor of pens (0 Hard and —Censin ft eames Ep, For fb (water gual, po More issu (ant-growel ire recruioment it showage of hivd a conservative goat ining the appropriate Zeal iterval scales 3 1, bor, ora collection of the wor ni. 5 or inhouse cents. Propucrviry — Concert, Mussunpssner aND Turnover as Errors can take the form of rejects, misdeeds, complaints, inaccuracies, oF any ‘ype 0! mistake that wastes eesources. Safery corsa fcto in most manufacrving matrices, it often replaced by rornover com ina service organization. [An avalable- hours ratio may be directed at abrentesim, overtime, oF other personne lization fico. Considerations that expedite the constuction of an objectives matrix inchide che fallowing: f¢ Nor ll the ratios onthe master matrix willbe represented on a work unit's matix ‘Armaster matrix naturally has moce ratios chan does a work unit because dhe larger ‘organisation has « moce complex sion. A single generic criterion, such as quality may require more than one ratio, 1 The criteria should represent conditions and actives thet ae esentially controle by the work unit. However, it shoald be realized that no group is complecely independent, Each eelies on inputs from the other units and suppliers a8 wel 3: ‘being subjece ro such extenal factors a8 emergencies and production fluctuations ‘A least one ctteion should represent the nits customer. In service organizations ouput quality is often measured by 2 customer evaluation AA 10-poine seale for the evalation should be cacefily crafted in onder to. ensure consistent scoring, I helps to have customers involed in the sealing. ‘© The interrelation berween criteria must be considered in setting level 10 objsves.A goal to reach a new high in units produced per hour may be reasonable only i sqalty expectations ae relaxed to allow.say.S percent rejects. A lower ouput goa would have a correspondingly lower reeet percentage {When conventional work standards ar inched in the mati, the aceptedstandare uf performance i given a score of 8. (0 Hrd and soft factors of the organization: -of coe water, wae disposal zangpoceon and land are part of esdiGonal 3 ‘unio and ie reasonably quanable- Eg. For fb sites, they remain important — indeed tighter technical specifications (rater quality, power quality, vibration levels, er.) make some more critical than ever More anention hat ss uch as political and soil 5 an groweh morc nvonment tations borin dae ae ie recnlanene ncn, atonal ste ad ale ep ah Wa ee =Seecenneanuen habe seuss athe iat of a» soca Te ® sn on ly pl “et apes saa erie gedcntitns—adcany oto ind eee is ee act ies low risks —- because so few have the kind of soft infarucrore tha increasingly 141 Examinatic Underpins high productivity in sch plans 3.6) Ding “What can be done forthe improvement of Hard and Soft Factors in Productviy, —_(®) Din ‘As discussed above the Hard factors in productivity are concemed with the physical Ah _-comfors and other quantifiable elements desied by the employees. Some of Tem ar: Bas (0) Proper Plane Uiission. = eae (2) Conditions under which workshop is concerned ¥~ Mash (3) Exgonomics. @ & White shore + (4) Trmporation te Canteen Face ty Saran {© Bimiadon otted oe For the Sof factors improvement ans diicuk but ena foramamager‘© 4) Compre dey "Sa Fuga” ivobed among his workoce, The geeral soft factor ae, eel ‘a) Job Satisfaction, = ()) Your 4/ Inet tsa ne a= (4) Job Morale. 22, Wie shoe (6) Enthusiasm. © (@) Use of (©) Onganine © Sympathy. 5. Expin Som () Sincerity Honesty. 7 Neer (@) Safery, et. a oan we ome wc in for he werk manga wot on ie Sot Faro” [ HINT FOR | Waenerer pa () Work manager can be open and frank for the purpose of his study (i) Tovolvng the workers in development of an improved method of operation ean win them over to new method and can sometimes produce unexpected resus (ii) Although asking fora workers suggestions and ideas implicitly serves to satisfy hie reed for recognition, this can be achieved in 2 more direct way by giving propet fredic where tis de (iv) Understanding employees through Maslow’s Hierarchy of needsecogniion of “softer” spdidates — and many Fowever, dere are few lecent profits combined crue that increasingly tors in Productivity srned with the physica eae cna 00 Sot ficwors ae | ce on he Soft Factor” his sod, ‘of operation can win | expected results iy serves to sais hie ‘way by giving proper needs. cover — Cony, Maser 9 rhventet a Seep pig aaah th obi oe with pape an hp 2 wok manger 1S Soft Fair wbch wil contr theres tine i terms bath of posed produ A iro oan ese ay 1.11 Examination Questions: Q.3.(a) Distinguish berneen product eficeney ad eetvenss (@) Design at ast ten partial producvgy mene for (A spit (800 bed) o (a) An education insrate (1000 sade) o: (ii) A roca welfe eganzaon (6) Foe the example selected in 6) above explain how you would we Toa Factor Produciviny Model Q-& Wate shor notes on (a) Sumand’s Five ronged Approach to prodoxivcy improvement (b) Productity and computers (0985) 1.) Frey describe the Total Productivity Model given by Suman, (@) Compare and contac APC model and Sunn’ node! of producti (©) Develo ten paral productiity measre for (0) Your owe ine (i) Mumbai Municipal Coporaon ' (ii) Nasional Stock Exchange Q2 Wri shore notes on (0) Use of IT in poset improvement (©) Orpnizasion cure a produce 1936) Q.5. Esplin Sumas 5 pronged approxeh to produivcy improvement. Q 6. Expo ILO approach to productivity improverat. 97) HINT FOR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS: Whee paral prokcvy mares ae te dnp ay ignition inate ma indo heb re esd ha te me gue fo 28g Main pres ail ot in a pil iste hanes in pation Te remarried sre velba chs, mart al th ‘mies Another on tab beds soon ee In pn posing me resin ac of ein 4s being wtilized, vore ar a2 Prooucriay Tecuniques “Thorfire we ca calle the na. of pints per ban a year, We cam as alae samovnt of medicines pr paint, and 9 om Similarly we advie you identify the proces and inp of each gain and asser the guation Q.1. Standard of living and predocivey go roger. Substninte this starement ia your words iitg ome eampeee-vccues fat have enjoyed de fats of high produc level and wake. Do iaprvemenc in prodotvigy moderate the fe of niin? Comment 0.2, Espsin any four meted of prodacvity measuemenvimprovement Lar 6 2. Sumani Total Poducisigy model = 13. HLO Approach + 4, Suman’ Five Prange approach 5, Procviy by abjeaies (OMAX). (Q. 3. Exp hard an soft firs that fet produtvn fa company How can you as manager ont to improve the sft arr i995), 1.1.) Explain Suman’ Sve pronges approsch to Productvgy Improvement. ¢~ (@) lropeorement of prods kads to bef fa constants of Busines and Economy. [Deus th saterent in ight of pesee Indian sera 1.6.4) ILO approach 0 podcsity mprovemenss (2000) (2) totem Labour Organisation Publication: Higher Predevity in Manufcuring Indie. aoa 2. Introduction Decision mak. good 4 peron isa fe idensiies the re cannot be relied w the soar case. Bg. Doctors plethora of medics agnosis by six ‘will have che desir ocror would neve bye has to cure the he tackles the £00: Several dacec and other deri € fn che pare ofthe isone who uses ju sethe diagnosis. F to be dove only « “The Kepoer- management of cause of the prot ‘squeeze out max ‘The entice es big diference play here 2s we 2 have a maj img ——thie other modules is fourpt fiom MRP is then the information Sent to this wil esl feasible the planing of rsour node feds informa ee can now be plang ike that resource bet TERN INDUSTRIES verets Western comp ss of Japan hs follow 1210 improve Produc surometile company. | ® CHAPTER 5 VALUE ANALYSIS AND VALUE ENGINEERING 5:1 Introduction: Inthe eatie chaper we have discussed various techniques of improving productivity. We have inrodaced Value Analysis ata technique tht allows us 0 increase the value of « product or service systemaccally, eliminating all the Functions that do noc ad any value oF Benefit to he product. ‘A product or process exists (0 full a need. This need or set of eds is termed a8 4 anccion, that the product or process satisfies. Eg Kafe exist full nee of euting, Trefore 10 eat isthe fiotion of tif ‘Valve Analysis systematically categorizes al hese fonctions; does 2 cost benefit analysis, fd increases the value of product or proces What is meant by the term Value? ~ sited performance is expressed by the rem worth which i defined asthe lowes ost vwachieve the Ure (work) finction and Aesthetic (sl) fonction. el 53 Value Analysis and Value Engineering over “Westen / Aver Very ofen the rwo terms Valve Analysis and Value Engineering are used synonymous However difereace benween them wil be clear fom the way they originated, L22] Ws worked ox monty wih the help of Te requis specie teil Iowa 2 Pronuenvin Tecinigues Dring the Second World War, U.S. government reserved certain materials for arma industry, Therefore Generl Electrical Company found self in af 2s many oftheir reg ‘wed materials become suddenly unavailable due t0 reservation, To overcome this Taweence D. Miles, 2 purchase exceive of company made many subsittons in place. original material. And surprisingly, the results showed that substied materials did lec quality bur broughe corte down! Later on Larry developed a step by step approach f thie exercise and named the technique 3s Value Analysis. Value she untons \\O) eared fonction a ‘mia EP | pants like Quai, Mainsainabaiy Priv, Safty and acer Peformance (Crass ligt ine wor espe Inte year 1954, US Novy Bureau of ship doped same recrige in therfore ‘cot avoddue’ dung te dig sage and sel lions of dallas’ They mane te cehnige a Value Enginerng i re ig cher the ole of ll he cmponens ned in 1 tet fr lp alte 2 ana “Thus Vale Engineering indicates appiction atthe design stage wheres Vahoe Analy is the application on the product that i nto manafararing, ‘5.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VALUE ANALYSIS AND VALUE ENGINEERING: aL ANS TALE ENERO Fidlon spline ka an aur” Wes pei on be poo 2 heat ogre 4 tec wal al Rao cone thera ening ng doe ‘neloding workers, subcontractor, engines to specie product esign(Engines) tam. ‘ake a team with ttl experiance apa Knowledge, Zp may ange oe press sage of the roduc or The changes ae exe 3 dit iemey pace an hoki nowledge td experience What is the meaning of overall costs? Overall core meme diferent to diferent people For a producer oveal costs the summation of all the elements ofthe cose required produce 4 product or service such a6 labor, material, overhead ete ER aera) overhead For conser ae purchased in th fe Value of (1) Decrease ¢ etn ten fol ar meee Prot zg peo (2) Eohae A Mi bas, angi he pe 8) Decree ¢ Intel new Pe ark his (2) Increase be ‘he increment in American cla or) but inn ‘You will appre ie aN ay‘Vaiue Anavate avo Vatue Busines 93 aerial fo a Far aconsoner overall cos is the monetary sum (pice) for which the produc o services ‘s many oftheir reguaa) ve purchised in dhe market ‘Sbuwrowin paced VE en a vie ee eee oe ieppeteseees, | Desraie paber ei ft cto at ee “eof the sing ‘pofrmance Ra Ptr eco Mart 80ers chnigue in oe os ‘ag, They tamed the] @) Ethane the perfomance a same ast Pt aq Vacs hand poset | A on ba ily nr plone n mi tc mek wih ‘e whereas Valine Analys el (2) Decent the cost and increase the prormane ENGINEERING: vet “ct EERE Te —— tt nc Pei Chip cen an as mac motrin poner than al is son on be powcr ae | Feel Tap eye] (Ince bth pefnmance an cat escing sha efooanes acess move han ‘gnCErgines) eam. | the increment in the cost eed a he in Amarcan cil giant increased guatioy of ft di from 250 ml. 20 300 va. (2058 Swarts | Soe iin gr to esl sppecin tn ove cs viewed fom one's pon of sof he cost equied ) | Ms* ey Tecagues 5.5 Valve Analysis tests Following ae ten tess in Vale Arai, eget by he Anglo Amerin Cou on Frodo. Each prec or component bead fo che flowing te 2) Does its use coneibute value? SY (2) sis cos proporonate to i wef = (8) Doss it need all ts fares! oF (8) 1 ber anything ener forthe inended use? (6) Cana ube part be made bya Iqwer cost method? (6) Cav wandaed grads be found which wil be ube? = (2) inmade on proper soln, considering quanses wed? (8) Do murals, sonable bor, overhead, and prof ois on? (9) Will another dependable supplice provide ie for less? 8 (20) Ts anyone buying it for less? § Every reed manifests itself a 4 ction thatthe product sxtisies overt TV program an ta show reared program are ty need or ction ified Ion proc Video Caer Recorder ‘As mentioned caer in V.A. or V-E.etecse, we basically categorie factions and do cost benefir analysis. A one produce may offer several functions; thezefore i is important ro know the way functions can be dassified, ‘The various typeof functions ase as follows: 542 Use Function and Aesthetic Function: Prashane wants 1 go for w te tem place 15 Ko. fors Karjat. He wan to purchase ‘hoes he wl protes bs fet io stones and thors et. Tree ops for Hate set To provet feet is caled as the Use Function of the shoes. Farag preparing fr price izribsion ecomomy of is ele. Deve in ie and Baser ‘be il we pursing Black Lethe sees with god appearance ‘To give good appearance is called asthe Aesthetic Function of shoes Use and Aesthe user and the need, « 34. Primary Fux , 500. oh Why di shat ‘The Primacy F fate dking, 1 ‘incon ir achecc As a consume dining verve fe Therion ( Trselos Shain could s of Mush milk 3.6.8-Higher Ore “The bac Fane “ Give Light — ‘Supply Carrer When we ask ‘Higher Order Fur sie gt ‘Lower On ‘Thus ‘Facile function, Ae_nglo Amerian Coane lowing ze: Lis cont fee frei ified | erents @ pains ‘a for later soe, | sgorie fancions and do eine aad Blaser of shoes. faltate drinking I this eas, shape of the bode felts drinking, however when pe ow ied WY Vauwe Anis aso Valor Bxciseun 9s ‘Use and Aesthetic fonctions ave alvys present in all he products, Depending on the wer and the ned, ane function assumes prominence over othe. Ex wa 2 Primary Function ond Secondary Function: rit Moobai based wi ad ics compas, They wd 1 sappy “lam aed bl) in 500m plas ort, Lacs tho baa nace Maal TE “200 bere, hah Become tent cer, Whe Masala it pli ¢ he dn ti pe ie pio the mig White ging hong the mui report, Shain found that thee i 2 pai as of 2% “ae ret of Dre, To mmc tha Shab a. 500 pl ole. Haver Masala Mil comin to be din glasba. ‘Why di Shalini nor introduce polyethylene bags for Massa Milk? The Primary Function of bottle isto hold the liquid! snd Secondary Function is" many foncion Waived by vom oth men i. pote bg then scondny Acton ‘Ae 3 consan sry funcson of fixation of rinks very mporant wheteas COW Hand Bufo mu is never drank without heating ie Therefore ——_ San coud sce secondary Suction in ase of cow & bal ilk br notin ve of Masala ilk 5.6.4 Highor Order and Lower Order Function: ‘The basic Anetion of a Torch is * To Give Light Let's analyze order of fanetons way? HOW? HOw? Give Light ———> Faclate Viewing —— Lighe the Bulb ——— How? Supply Current ———> Insert Battery When we ask question ‘Why? fo the baie function; che anewer we get ie calle as 3 Fs ‘Higher Order Function’. And when ve put question How” ta the Higher Order Funeon nue get ‘Lower Order Function” ‘Thus ‘Facieae Viewing? i higher order Function and ‘Light the Bub’ is a lower order fonction, As we continue asking qestion How?” we will gx functions il ower in order. Tse Tigas Baer slower than Supply Curso which i-turssslowse than Ligh, The Bulbs Qouckion96 Prooucrvary Teowguss Incidentally if we take any part or funtion and pur the question ‘Why? chen we wit] get faneions higher in ord Ineer Baeery — 5. 1 way? wave way? » Supply Current —-» Lighe the Bulb ——+ Paciliate Viewing 5 Summary of Function: peg Foi Meaning a ‘se Fonction | Performs some action expres in ete te ‘este Finction Pleass custome, expresed in pase or Pimary Function asc pupore for which product eis ‘Scondy Function ‘Asses out of specie dsign chosen ro fai the Primary Fonction Figher Order Funtion Reon of stihing the Base Funcion Lower Order Fen Means of avin the Base Funenon. 1 A product can have many (more than one) primary fonctions Eg, LPG oylndee apart rom holding the LPG must also withstand high pressure an mute prevent leakage oF gas. Therefore any cylinder design must addees all hese factors 57 Many times some of the secondary Functions are unnecesary or even undesirable Eg. Lapsed fr producing image in OHP alo produced eat tha cal fran. The fois ite wanecesary but with presen level of rcbnlegy (and ca) we ave not been leo produce High without beat Tereire a enstoer bas 10 pay fr fu exes thug ft das now ad any direc vale 10 bom. Job Plan with specific phases in VE/VA (Chere refer to Fig. 57 on prge No. 102) Lal i coming. The thing mast fenred emange all buinexomen. The competition! alaj was exmer of Shark Staionrs an esablshed name for more than 25 yar. Til ctl Shark eld aimss 50% of markt in branded sent. Bu now things were oanging. He called upon Tana, w managorent consultant 2 mages sme menses We sorted small bus ray we are quite by are our css. Welland oto al of were” Lala vas reli; * Inthe curse me willbe left with 0 option bu #9 incense price; bt not without losing markt. think dhe only practical altersaive we Ive i obec pies sme nd alow cot en nto profi.” = oe A “Wel sei ow et and * But base For that wonder Ws is tas ‘Then for them Lala at po ary out Vals ‘Tena name being a 52m = A legal — Paciaia = Anwrance To reste aw step ‘Orients The whol of. aud manager lite ABC ane potential for Parricpanes Pen) #50 por Kecping this ¢ proect. And Finance and ata lect (Gace ae Welome 20+ Ts ivaled 4 fo the produc, ‘Team membe Ton dye late ave atea asl.” Sh‘on Why? then we wi ye + Bacitate Viewing ‘en 10 Fai the aion 7 ‘nation stand high pressure ang dress all hese facrors ny or even undesirable va al fr fam. he 15) we base mot een ffi cen tong 2 Dh competion than 25 yea, Til it mow tig were {yet me menses 1 and et 0 tlh of 2h ne option but ical ltr we fist ‘VALUE Avatisie aso VaLue EveINHERING 9 We, of th alernasies ut cert not the ny ne. Yow can aby cat yor eats and asp prices sme" exclined Tana, * Bue haw? «Fer thas we muse underabe am exec called Value Anatys hich wil do the venders.” What i hat and bow do we go abou e?* ‘Then for the nest hal bor Tana wa explaining the toe and mesboles with Lala as pasion liver. Final, convinced Lala asked ki ro prapee pla to ‘ay out Value Analy for Share Co. Tanaka named she plan at Job Plan for Value Analy, He tld Lalji, “Apers fom being a puemaic procedure 1 carry ons the exis, Job Plan will alo provi 2 lpia eparation of uy now aot tas ea Be planed, budgeted, assed = Frcteion of maintaining record of be oie a uy progress = Aourance tat eomsideration bas een given to alte fc” To create awareness and 10 teach the methodology ofthis tool, Tanaka sted with the step ‘Orientation Phase. ‘he whol of Next mek be was bury undertaking training sions for all perio and managerial staf: Agar fom VA. VE; be ake exposed them to various this, [ie ABC anabss, Parte t select an appropriate project thas bas stantial potontal for increment in the vale Parscpants xm t comensu afer dese anabss and selecred the Prt (BalPont Pen) asm potential aren for increasing the valu. Keping thie poet in mind, Tanaka told Lala, “Now we must frm team: for this [prec And the mor appropriate tam member wold be heads of Deign, Mavkesing, ‘Finance and Production fmcsion.” Lala lected Shalini prduton manager), Sachin (markesing manager), Prashant (Gnance manager) and Parag (design manager): members of the tam rrane is tha the team ‘tem andi funesions, rovide the Functional snve sec of omr in we tat ith thane mated doen 4 Thy decided Vaive Anes avo Vatue Encnitenne “Wel gic fo. But I think we wil have to cvalate each onthe bai of Cae and Swsingt” Repied Prashant “Ne jut that, Prashant. In the Evaluation Phat along with ots and savings we an heck heer i will perform the baie function nd meet all the requirements. © ‘Added Sachi, Tho shy pu enc altcrative ro the ace offer citi ad ily come don 0 firs sr is of four alrmaivs. They wre as Used below in Prahar’s notepad. (1) Eliminate Head and mate it par of Cylinder. (2) Bliminase Tail and mabe it prs of Cylinder (2) Eliminate Ringe Evrydy was long at Parag, the Design man. He tl bis tam members, * Oat of tion muber one aed we wl have chat any one as we can’ do bth. And Rings ‘are someting we sald have ekinased log back” 1 pref eptionnuber one 020, Ife ena the Tai? and enlarge he Cinder? we might fice sme probs manafcturing, Whereas, cloinating the Heads gite simpler Shak, think we mast properly decent our props and sbi it 0 Lala” Sachin sagged “Our recommendation shoud be substantiated wth nancial and operational derail as wel" Parag, “Definitely 1 reall Tanaka tld us thas top management urdersands language of sony Adin Recommendation Phase we il abt be prep for cheng, reas {fr change, naw invements and anual ange” Replied Praia “Th gro go by into preparing the report that ince: (A) Doig change magested (8) Reson fr change (©) Ailsona epenivie reve (for new die, adverisng expenses et) (0) Sevings (cof ings, eininasion of ne proces et) The group fs wp an appinement with Lala. Lalajt wu pleased ear that tc bas ample the poet He made a agen 1a inite Tanaka or pretation. That sn gladly cepted Prantaton went on very wll Lala acepted al the meommendaion aos102 Propucrivery Tecraagues “Congratulations” A degheed Tanaka mid the tea ‘yx av relly dene prt ib Now come the mot racial pint: the Implementation Phase. Many good projets Ive fled thi age? "one never mentianed spine * Quer Prashan. "7 id nor want 10 dionvage you atthe taining age ill” "Them how do we ensure sucess” “Fre dwn all the stv, Thom put the vie repaired for cach. Yow cam eren brepare @ PERT? char, And remember yo fil or rece sem. Therefore donot omit a ake of alain ome pono oe acti: make be whale sey responsible Jor each acing ad sucess wil be yours.” ‘Next day they all gutheed and prepared a PERT char. The total time for all cvs was thuce weeks. Same of the main actives listed Were (A) Design modification (8) Fabrcaion ofa ew die (©) New advetiemesn campaign. (©) Trial production rs 1 ahink we must mee ery thr days t0 monitor the progress? Saagested Shalini Bred agred. ‘Tore eke late Lalj called Tanak, “Than you Tana. Two day back e bad acted il mom And met eck our pene wil seach te eile ™ Oh, res har en thing yor advriomen.” “Thanks ene agin for caption of ogc.” “tam fd Lal, ove no edt poet a of ee il oe dt pas of exe” Wich hae ™ “thie Audit and Follow Up Phase. You wl hve 9 compere th cal wit that f exe. You may me baie do 1 nm, oer ater ou wl he te And remember, nowy wl met av any a bu 8 bos Jo ld se” ali ded his hea in agree Lis had 90 been in any Management school and so had not lamed an boxe babi of geting money witon working with hinds, 0 he did everything himself. 5¢/Summeary of . Ne Phase 1. Oren 2 tefoeaion % Green | 5 Eratason 6. Recommendon 7 Implemerion| 8 Audi Follow op 5.9) Many 2 mes coly och 4 rgd pecifcabon cls fx erie helps in in se production proce Inthe Life Cycle sts done a dae faving the propose ei sbondancy Jrsvthing thas non frocesses, systems an tf not add valurealy done a great | Many gud press sack, You san orn vm Thovfve de not Sole seam reponse tal ime forall sii Suggested Shatin ays back we bad a hase il odo the ne mctual with shat {ye ml have todo The you wll de « Jeamed an obnoxious yehing hime. ‘Vauus ANatrate asp Vauve Encineenne 10s 5¢/Sommary of Job Plan: i Past Dips 1, Ofenaion To cess svar nd Jam te mahoslony of vst \ “Trang sre pry ad manage sal on VA ad Esponnes otchiqae ke ABC, Paes et fr seteson of project oun of teu contin of experts fom various Fancons 2. tnormaton "To col ll che information peraining 0 the pre (prod) Work can be divided smog team member 3 Function “To Develop FAST dagram Sat fom bas Rantion an probe farther with WHY? And HOW? Li down the all the fesons forall he parts. ‘t Cration “To develop arate meas vo achieve thee fonction Besnsorming sions to generat es © Evion To do corbnei analysand arrive 3¢ opium noice Gck whether the skemate speed perorme (6 Resommendaion To submit the dese shou the proposed changes with Ranca ‘epletions Report incades proposed chang, sor of hanging, ev iveimens ned anne! 1g 7 Ipeceion| To execute whe proposdjccpied coges. | ice down all the ates and fi up the site frie foreach, | Make the nie team responsible fr all he teste Audi’ Falow up To compare the acral ree with tha of expeced {Gan be one only ser compe execton of the projet Responsibility of top management alone Val 5:9)Appiieati "Many a times designers specify particular colerance limits in the mame of quality but Me enomenom under consideration must secaerring, rt Be Te penne ar Te ao Inigo render wi prc hat wy we cn py ABC arabs re prs Spores prs bea of th my atari ens os pal b et scone we pet EXAMPLE: Pare ans for ase of die n prodction in fxm ha manuf AL as rire cope ——SCSC~CRSES CET (any TEASE. ms 2 255 asp ‘A__ RUBBER RECOVERING B__ REPAIR DELAYS ~ C_ REPAIRS. a as oS "ADJUSTMENTS: 2 206, 172 E_ PREPARATIONS 8 2 eo Te ean be seen fren chere wil be de cops 8 5 3 zB 3 a the begining. Th7 Quay Gms 135, fom) F COMPONENT SEARCH 5 37, a4 = G__ COMPONENT REPLACEMENT 9 no. m2 5 H__ RAW MATERIAL DELAY 2 780 30 1 MISCELLANEOUS 7 308 78 Kowa Before ‘TOTAL, 17 2512 25 discovered univers tiburon of wealth It Thi appieable in ich 2096-06 ceate ‘ey 80:20) The same “axis this ageam can bude set Preto 1 700 condivions: be ger 4d and hence fail to fin th manufscroree TIMERS 4 2. ca 72 “a coe H co B EF D A F Got g i i 5 a ten ben pdt cnn of he ie: te ce fis pln then there willbe dramatic increase in productivity ar compared to taking other problems inthe beginning. Thas we tackle that factor: which are mos important. [RAW MATERIAL DELAYS. [REPAIR DELAYS PREPARATIONS RUBBER RECOVERING ‘COMPONENT SEARCH (COMPONENT REPLACEMENT (MISCELLANEOUS dN136 Paooucrmry Temsauts 4.5 Histogram: ‘isxogram is alld abo fequeney dauibucon chart and presents the condcon of soriane though te char eis se to nd che quay ensures ofa group et which value Mia Kind of siace is preset Histogram is only sigh aiferen fom Pareto Diagram Tedoes nox plot gures ia descending order lie Dart, bot scoring wo the coding Oder to whatever ploted on the heizontl a. Pare diagram is more appropiate when the items. hoczamtal axis have no relation between them ic, they ate nomialy sealed Sreeas Histogram sould be wed when tems on Kas are related 10 each ober ie they ‘re nteral or rato sealed ok euanty dati Um 2 hited ae von Penta ea aoe » ail Hf Bao "sella BOT to Sure HO Ri Graph shows an example of 2 histogeam. Uses of Hisiogram A. By pepaing she diagram dhe overall pire is clear, he problems ate highlighted mpi we conteed br flow yp ten 2. shape of cingram reveals the mean ale variance. By the means of fegueney ison char the rand’ deviason nd mein deviation cou be easy aka Az By comparing with ted vale the proces efficieney and rate of defective goods could be eae _-A. By siting the condions of vaance process, abnormal, if any comes, © Tighe 8. By preparing the histogram with searicaon the problems become der {6 Since iis categorised into the situation before counter measures and after counter ~~ measures, che outcome is elealy evident 4.6 tshikeawa or | I isan istiga possible eases, agra ici scesary is mised. They lateral Esch sofice Sub Cause = br conta cher Com re 3 oF not and i inthe Tire the it (IML) are the rrsents the condition of ‘up ie at which value | rom Pareto Diageam, | othe ascending order ‘appropriate when the are nominally scaled; toceach other ie. they 2blems ar bighlighed he means of frequency del be easily calelated rate of defective goods lies, HF any comes, 0 ve become cleat sores and afer couster Quam Circus 17 [14.6 Ishikawa or Fish Bone Diogram (Cause And Effect Diagram) 5 Ieisan inestigave ool developed by Dr hlaws of Japan. Ths dgram is aerangement alpen, wich ge re wo the cet or problem in hand Port plonang cs sit ecesy to lit down all posible causes by brain stoeming, shat no impoctant sis mised, They ae segregaed broadly ino four "M's viz. Men, Machine, Method, Ysera Eich soiree i Uimaely divided into sub sources, Case snd Et Digen Da [RRGHERT] RAGE sub cue Se Goa Aceedoxts FINAL erect Sob Come si cae METHOD B47 Control Charts: CConwcol charts ave wsed 10 investigate whether the manufiruring px jn oF noe ad i sed eo main facturing process in a stable condtiotAs Sen hee te cal ie (CL) per one! fe( CL, aa eel frie (CAML) ie the main shee Hines which constue a control che Outline of control charts138 Propucrvery Tecmigues| “Shalini isa vending machine operstor at coffe shop. The machine at her shop gives 50 ‘ml. of coffee a time, Lately Shalini hss notice that machine never fils the glass exact $0 In. but it ether under fils oF over fil. She complained ro the manufacturer who sen Sachin, the service engineer tober shop. After inspecting the machine, Sachin said," eink te must ert this machine for precision and accuracy.” “Elow do we do that” asked Shalini “Lets take five samples of four ceadings each of this machire and then we can plot ‘control chart and kaow answers to our questions.” Following isthe char that shows the readings recorded by Sachin and Shain “Sane See Supe No XD XD XS Mam Range 1 oo 0 45 r 2 ee ee 1 3 re ee ee eo 2 ‘ a 88.25 1 5 so 8 8 6 0S 3 Genvd Mean Mean Range 490518. X (bar) Chart: (Centeal Line = Grand Mean = 49.05 mi a * Upper Control Limic = Grand Mean + (A,X Mean Range) where AS, = 0.729 for sample sae of 4, (ie. n = 4) = 49.05 + (0.729 X 1.6) = 5021 mi. @ Lower Control Limit = Grand Mean — (A, X Mean Rang:) 19.05 — (0.729 x 1.6) = 4788 a e Parting these values on graph paper and then posting the sample means we get X cha ss shown below: TH Wiee oF Rye AVADE Ia Any Sais Table Leh = Dyxn Punting above ve raph, Looking 2¢ bot fo whatever varias ‘Ths control ch ion. lease rer 15 will have to beine a her shop gives 80 Pls the glass exact 50 Imanufscrrer who sen Sachin sai, "think 2 and then we can pr chin and Shalini Mean Range 16 a ) a @ se means we ger X char Quniry Cmcves ! UCL = 50.2 mi _ SS R (bar) Chart (Central Line = Mean Range = 1.6 mil... (4) ‘UCL = D,X Mean Range ( Dy = 2.28 for n = 4) = 28X16 = 3.65 mi 6) LCL = D,X Mean Range (D, = 0 fora = 4) = 0x16 = 00 mt © Purting above values on graph paper and porting the range vals oni we et following Ct, = 3.65 mi i Range Mean = 1.8 ml LCL = 00m. t Looking at both the graphs Sachin cold Shalini * Your machine is pefeciy all ight. land whacever variations you are getting isthe Inherent Vasttion of tke machine.” “Thus contso charts help wotkers monieor the quality of thee work, doing away with laspection, Please remember thie no singular chart will assure you g.lny, but both the Jena wil have to be used simultaneously.140 Prooucrvery Tecrouguss —_ Eh ee] 4 sero | [heariice ype of Contod Chae A Flow charss/ vunwsl Rep HB SH ws © Whenever f they under and signiic © Then the g © During this Indian com 1 Inthe next selection 0 OF the proj implementa weight ait © Aer select foe simpli © TE QC m sub probe © Then groug informatior fe With dats (© Finally gros fo In dec All te sepe de additions or éleior TFow Charts are vgual representation of the stepe in process The Flow Chare ie a] the craial ges cesuerey wef way of deieating what is going on -One way to begins to determine the process should work, then chart the way it works 8.49: Run (Trend Chart) = Yd? Owe Rundle Yo pete ne 8.6 Reasons of F Producti is+ ‘Therefore we see gi un charts simply show the results ofa process plored over a period of dime. Iti] At one sde we have 8.4.10: Scatter Diagrams — UL Saser Diagrams Sha theedaintipberwen vo vals uh gh wih ws 015 The Process of o Quality Cees // S304 1-0C group pealy undergoes unter f wp fom tz pote secon 0 soln pcan, Th rts cael e pee eee rrp ‘ha infuse ch Seaing Commies Guay Courel day ccs ang te ip i sok ady Cn as have some total fil Most of the ti Quality Cirle. At Management and Jacs hdl tour atid akeady exis, |The Flow Chare is u} -gin is 0 determine hos] 2 period of time, Te bles such as height an dving working hoor the working hors i own prot. always given 0 the ‘mitment towards i ve last bu de fis atep ther to take any action 1s down the moral and 50 cauted due 0 poor ent problems, workere hich groups select the jn the Indian context, ject on eaneen food, place mamgarenes 1 this technique can be mining appropri ators ina QC progeame | Qonm Cincses ws 'Q 3: Esplin biel ofthe flowing rol, their ses in dein and sling the chronic problems ‘teough Quality Ces 0997) 1. Fh bone diagram 1, Pare anaiyeie ML Cone chact 1V, Checks, Histograms |Q 4. How do you ongin ining program for fete ttal employes invohement in prutnity Improvement through Quay Ces “a997) 2.5. Whar are quai ccs? What tole can be ied eo ep moKt ofthe cngile ge of thee cst 4, Dissss Deming pitnopy and We DCA ee. Q 7. Esplin Quainy Ce Brey explain its eucture, methods of waning of members Beaders ant fitter and vop management. 8. Explain al dhe tok for problem for problem solving dough quali ccs, How do uy ees hap in tal qual manager? 2.9, Disses the obetvs and srsrre of Qualys. Q 10.Ave Bustoening and Quay Cie ace he a? Esplin wth feet ve examples agote company wishes 10 ty ppd a appar’ end owning te i 0.84358 (0997) job eke if pero ee “0959 | csking ve upplisd bya yendr: "EHO LC ue apple ‘Sou dea of dae 30 per hour) Overbef 5 ‘ano CHAPTER 10 CREATIVITY BASED TECHNIQUES 10.1 introduction Seve echnigoc fr improvement in rodacivy hae been covered in his et. The inliget caer may hve eocrved that mow ofthe tchnges ae sabe fr sis, Sich & Diagn ae Din mabing. Whe dese cng, by chem a of ge ‘het fave sears eye te ull ft geting aerate ae hae Fapoimed dagpse dc fiat soon by epee fon catn e ereeoul erate way of imnedng the tot se sometang thae gon, Oy nh dos at being te sae Tamar have nown this frog; hy hve been ware hat he procs of gen ites no gfe asa pone eps, th regs & iret roe inky Ia hs chor eines some of hes commonly ed ray Leen 10.2 Breinstorming Beitorming is, php, se most common wed schiqn for generton of ateratves Ale f Oxtorne lid ow the grou rus for ransoeming pbb them foe Scorn Roe, eA mags in 144 Since Be, bsiorming fasten ines foal ecg for erty slton 10.2.1 Bofinion And Meaning ~Pesncerning i dil sw ns of geting large numberof ies frm agro of people in a short time hy following certain rules The dinkion focuses on tre iat V(q) Large number of ideas: Brainstorming is 4 tool ro generate a large number of ideas. There is ao guaante thatthe Hess wil be paciabe; there i no guarantee thatthe ideas wil be the bese. The hypothesis, undeying the eficcy of branstorming, i dat154 Prooucnviy Tecwoaues ‘quintry lens co qualey! Often good ideas are buried under bad ones inthe brn; unless the bad seas are permiced fo 68, the good ones do noe sueice | {WA group of people: Brainstorming is a group proces, The optimum sizeof a group T aoue sive: but ie can vary berween six co twenty. Ideally, the group should be Irererogeneot, with as mach diversi in gender, age, qualifications and experienc, as posible, Sch he peimite observation of the problem from diferent viewpoint, which is the cnbr of the brainstorming process. © (on stort ine, This feo me es, Ti tc ph as one hundied des in he peo often minutes Once gan, dhe emphasis ov quanti, 19.222 The success of Brainstorming se giles can ee BE HAE OTT DBO sen {@) Suspend judgment, Just itn ad lie ee ideas. Do not ty 10 judge or evalce any ide ll you Bah te sein, (e)Bacurage fce-wheding of ist: Dimi wil! ides; encourage desing, and thinkong sonnd Se pO (Quantity: Go for quant, ie. numberof dea; do nov examine quality Feasibility of ideas Ses Sage (Cross fetliation of ident: Encourage membcrs of the brainstorming group 9 hiteh-hife on each overs ics, SHOW no interest in identfiation of ownership ro each idea, (One interesting side effect ofthe brainstorming proces is that the participants experience a joint ownership ofall ides. 10.2.3 the Stages of Brainstorming “The process of brainstorming consis of sagt Sting the problem: All the panicpants of biasing sions must know UIFoF the problem, Therefore in the fst stage we sie che proband Ary 19 [onde some tformation abou it ie sas Sboeario 0 EN ‘ASIRe eating the problems Inch stage, we atk parcipane to Jook atthe paablem in ferent ways nd iden a many fces oft a they ean. Paripans festa be sae pron deen on ti Tey GR eth roles looked omy an Ie becorige cay to generat 4 large. nmber of solutions +e) Select basic restatement: After liting down all che re-starements we select one or wwe, fie brainstonming session. This selection can be. dane by the along. This sage ust Fe OF the objec of the ‘insti sison, vit the expected outcome. If hiss not done he session sould exsly elpwing fiir em og *0,psceuce them f few minors, Sen ~ (@yldea gene statement and nvis “Theleader noes d 068 on Bl te ik O.Wikdes ic scm 0 cum it ended 10.2.4De's and Be ‘Sorend jt ‘Allow wis 10.3 Nominal G In the Nomi present their ideas ecsion ofthe grousin the being nes ‘mui size oF group the group should be experienc, as posible viewpoints, hich i tis rane can be as igh phasis ison quant. apt iFoloing fur 9 t jade or ease arage dreaming, and se qa or esibisy ‘tnstorming group to Swnership ro each ide, ips experience a sessions must know {e problenmand try look at hs arabe pans svase the ee ‘at from many angles, cements, we eet one fan be done by the “Che objective of the nesestion could easy Casares Bast Tecnu ass (Warm wp: This stage is sed to give participants some time for fce-wheel vo rszice them for actual everabon of ise. Somesinee participants Sbrene senee for few minutes. Silent meditation can be great rool for wee jn this stage. ~ (ees generation General pantsipans sitio circ, The ade ply he sled ‘SUE and niet. Pegpi ae ecg essa othe moment hy etn ie. ‘Theleader noes down ach td Er es, wihou elution or NORETEIE The prose eo a Oe eno np (0 -Wdest idea: To this Gis stage, the group takes up the wiles ofthe ides and attempts to turn ic into something useful by Further brainstorming. After this, the session is ‘ded 10.2.4D0's and Don'ts of Brainstorming Be Dove ‘Scspendjodgmene ‘Spend to lng on nial dcusion| ‘Allow wl sly idee. Allow observer Hise « warm op sion “Tape roe the proeatings ad ager S Aewepe erp Take more than one atatemen of = Diag front that hae dred vp the prob, 10.3 Nominal Group Technique 7 In the Nominal Group Technique, a group of qualified individuals come together to present ther ideas and chen vote for the mont favoured one. This ie is ten up a8 the Aecision of the group. The group is referred to as namin, ins the group members FOE Airey inerace with each other. Every member works on the solsion independently. The technique wes wring. in conta wih Speaking for pansion a es ane for evant, 10.3.1 steps of Nominal Group Technique y~ sp 2 eh gr a, KReceesiretions, And seis the problem, ooh ; ioe LZ. sep eee Pein ty ce dom XE era oa ve 1SUH ples dD 156 eonucene Tienwors | sep hr piipane presen ideas one a time; “Thave# finer Tl one” a Boat “ina sp Sachin snd Se “emipdca, ces nd oaly ow a ams ech He A 8 ses seating mo tess pty ake ina op ee apes he bene? Having + To be more sme omen per se Lateral Thinking 10.4.1 Definition Lateral Thinkir 10.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages to Reverse pew We “The biggest advantage of Nominal Group Technique is that, i llows formation of an informed opinion; canking of ideas by the group members is faired by supplying |, information held by each member to all the other members. Ic is a faiely rapid process, |eaxing as well ef peiiting cbjetve exchange of ides. |" Some erp: “The major disadvantage of this technique is that it requires 2 tained fictitor ro nan | SESE es p Wialsng Since effective decisions will be made only if we are able to remove the clement of ‘Suppose you » ectonal bist an preudes, ei advied (0 rxord dhe Ideas anonymously sz without |¥© do wa inarsass ‘renning he name of person giving is Secondly sett balloting shoul be wed fo fa! | EN Even if you holes (2) Looking at Sco Sink, has presened the metod of che Nominal Group Technique nis book | suppose you con Preduceiy Measurement, Management, Improvement and Coauol se ion + 10.4 Lateral Thinking: ‘act am the serve of tom sori bing” Prashant was pring riddle befre AB) Coallengin For some time afin, and nen yu bears fo alarm Hoe wills ch grown tr” | TENE Toys Very simple? exclaimed Shain, Twill rath down the staircase. Dom rll me sere is 1 se the elevaor% Sahin joined, tw sri bing i nd tbe a dept lb faster” th Be old ways ean Be 10.4.2 The Princit allows formation of clraed by supplying 2 fay rapid process, Lined fatatoe to ran move the element of, aymously ie. without owl be used for final Technique in his book rol Inga idle bie ‘he gr for?” ell me here ie owe have me Ccnsarrery Basso Teennequss 187 |< hoe fer wy” sid Preah, cn june dv fro th tac” ‘ath sense” Sachin sid, Ye wil mos rnc in one pee” * Hiy, bus sen Sachin and Shalin's reactions are quite expected because Prashan’ solution sounds ogi ‘Bur itis certainly not impossible, Our eesitance to change makes us reluctant to accept something new or diffrent, When we have a couple of standard, tied and tested solutions in hand, we stop looking further, We fll into the syodeome of ‘the goo being the enemy of the ite Having something good, we cease our search for the beter. ae "To be mere nnwave, We rt en hk in dea ieee wap, sy fom cro ee ng De: Edvard De Boo eed i ce a Sng STTecn Tang noon wih he normal mts of gil hoop 10.4.1 Definition and Meaning Lara Thinking is defined as thinking process in which ve make deliberate temps |e gtr new Wy eing «dco now ough poe. Ths, ng implies considering « problem fom fesh perspective,» point cf view which i diferent from the nou, die obvios- Thi caage in perspective cn be | ing a wells productive pp Wining te ee opps of he satin or seeng te obeves = ‘Suppose you want to bring down your high inventory kel, ry thinking * whet cn be da ivehtor?”. This might being so ight some iferent weakness the ‘ote, fren if you dont sinks soluson, yo ll a lat haow what NOT a do {2} Looking a the suroundings ofthe problem rater than the problem fal: #7 Sopoore vou ba machine that breaks down fequendy fsa machine designed or an Fondiioned room but keg in foom fenperane? AB) lenging the assumptions y- or some time, unlear what you Kow is de best way, Believe shat you information is wong, Try something wild goes against Be ssumpsons. You might find at some ot ‘He old ways an be improved or replaced, — 10.4.2 The Principles of Lateral Thinking _De eset of Lao Thinking an be cb ude re Hein aaon A en (0) Background: The ned for Late! Thinking ates om the ict tha dominance of any ie 3 cong pauper ete ce Wes hs ne “Hoos the way expe coniouous mote alae fl and ff eae ppg] oe Opes v (o)Escape: This principle suggests rexognition of the dominant idea and deiberatey search for alternate was of dbing be thigs, Remember de atch cor ae WaT Teta" (@.Provocacion: This stsumes that i may be necessary to be wrong at some sa cde wo each te fil sight soluion. Therefore we see one ides to prowke ox genete another set OF ids, ther than checking is indvideal curecmest y= 10.4.3Difference Between Conventional (Vertical) And Lateral Thinking (Covent (Vera) Tiking ‘ara Thing = Conventonaly we think w@ choose ‘Here we think to gunsate and expos Rea nd prove sone, = Beit i each of sneer — tee seach of proper questions ~ Use imation in ie encaing = Uses informacion for ie. Seeks comincty ie expeets ene thing — Seeks discon to alow anche, — Concerts only on rican fez = Dest canter anything as nee. limiting inevane dings — tee» coved ended procedure — eis an open ended pres giving main | ined sree, rests, BUC aes 80 promi 10.5 Whole Brain Thinking “Reaching the massive Stanford campus... Visiting the Stanford memarial church, the oval garden... The fit day of as..mew faces, mew Way af karan ncn” “Fig, where are yeu" said Shalini, mapping her finger im font of Vaibhar's fc. Sudden coming back ro reality, Vaibhav shook he face and nid ming, just moved Bry righ in ca te eft Wha id se mean? She was revi e the pi ivan eon 10.5.1 The Split-Brain Theory _ 4 This thoy propo by monger” Rate Sperry on him te Nobel ie a xem espe oral ls we peas ha of ng ote f he bin mere than Shee The ov bs por ane et tn decins owieeraa the Sting Woe our exc he cipal ek sets orig be osha ee 10.52 Your Hen How wou Wea 00 pecan Gcnscetige Soria pos fac teeta h ow wo! Aina kt aah mechs al pe 10.5.8Why Whol Bre ed cen oder peck tel tw pcb hoy thin ee bin poh an oman (oso du bangs wo de vise wich stabi ae fence wo mea adfact that dominance of ‘eas. Thus dominan ‘tlic dear stopping an idea and deliberate ‘i alemate waye ang) yeog at some sage in "2 prowke or generate teral Thinking ete and explore ides, per guesons, ie. hing a ena seocese ging macimn ‘pombe moral church the wee 1 Vaid face ili, $s moved p00 the pita 1m che Nobel prize in aly inuenced by our fret Sau Daren _ Ctexrviry Basso Themequss 159 ‘The evo hemispheres of our brain have disince thinking. processes, Visualization, ‘emotions, inmation and motor sks are housed in the right brain whereas logic and «communication are functions ofthe left brain. Our genes and the way we have been brought up or rained often determines which hemisphere of our brain we prefer co use and that ia ‘tum determines the way we function. We could be right dominated or lft and accordingly ‘nr interests ce abies would emerge, Artis oF ponapersone are right dominated while those exceing at maths or guage would normally be lee domi ‘Whatever our dominance or preference be, we do make automatic shifts 2 pet the ‘cession. When Vaibhavi was daydeeaming, her sight brain was at work. And then she ‘experienced = sift as she wsed her left bain to anase what she had been doing. Typically, \We use our righ bran while istening ro musi or psnsing and the lft brain while peaking or solving 4 uaz 10.5.2 Your Hemispheric Dominance Hiee are two examples to give you an ides of your brainy. How would you go about solving a problem? Would you flow an organised approach ike Sfning she problem and breaking c ino rs, condoing esearch and econ pose soufons, mining Aon BIE SoRGons nd then Sling he bes ofthe res? Tex, en Jou ae probably lee domnans. A right domiant person would ty ose the pitte at whole, ge wl work and pace his us ia hunches OF gut cing How would you guide a person zo 2 particu place if aked to give diections? Again, a left dominant would be precise and ay something lke“ tke the second left and then the fs sigh". Righe domsinanes go fr vital cues, 4," Turn left when you came across this tall green building with a dome-shaped stcrure athe top”, 10.5.8Why Whele Brain Thinking? "et el ging a pec The bt of words and impel amma wal be suc ater es ron ee of le peng oe wy at ‘pes el to Gn oho mat far A the soe tpt yw wod sy ar or a Wl Wem enh son Erith in evo fon ough mo rs lhe igh ean ay Bebe ‘Foch an cmoconl shy dhe meagre ring (ose o ave on hs ht we ae cmforable wih Bu ic is posite a stvarigeow wo drop te fs ped se. Lang oe ot iso our “rl hip cu sie mor of he coms aneu tba pone ve he We wo te tbe ak tere coat sone wr coms aed ek spe onepee to me ch eman190 Proouervry Tecutauns ‘Successful managers have Famed naturally how and when so ase both sides of their | brains, combining detail and logic with 2 sense of overview and invention, By choosing to eines your actives and hiking efforts, you wil perform your job more eficently, more ly and more creatively. This whole-beained approach wil alo gse you the please and Chcitiment of broadening your interests and discovering more facew of your abit, [we think in terms ofthe management functions planning, orgising, ommuniating ce. «they ae all ft brain sls, These have been recognised and developed making the Corporne world a predominantly letbraned one. Bu increasingly, busines recognising tee Probleme eannor be solved by logic, dsiplin and attention ro deal alooe. They ato ‘eau freeapited invention ad compeenension of the overall pire, In oxher words, we Tht learn eo draw fiom both the lef side of the brain, home of fogc and efficiency and the rghe side ofthe brain, home of creativity, innition and neon ‘The book “Whole-Brain Thinking? writen by Jacquelyn Wonder aod Priscilla Donovan contains comprchensiveeesearch on this topic. 10.5.4 Mind Movers: ‘Teas the dy of the comets im, Shain was tense ad pany. Ten ites for the cuanto tars ad hcl fl be earebent increas ander samach faster. Then ‘he old beset ave sie bard fortis bes and Thaw Til be able 0 iver sno of he questions. Gesing itary lieth only going to waren things Let me 30 oe the formndae ance mar. These and ether thoughts were workings of br lft nad they inmedinsy calmed the fers of her right. ‘We have face such occasions in life and learn eo deal with them. These controls ase rather automatic or impulsive, But, we cold learn to make conscious hemispheric shifts co apt bec to the situation at hand. case study: “As 0 por of ob rution,suppse yon have bem made the manager of the R&D “iperoment Yo fn it rain to work with thi eam of pple. They al em 0 sree hy em tlt nl he ie, Bringing np opis yo tought wee decided Tir and ele lasek, They tnd 10 rethink projects, changirg ther minds for ma ponent rename Their heads ve ul of mages aed anssies thy sem 2 be sable ‘eenprn them leary, How do you manage ther, special when ey in tam ein of “jou as nar, rigid nd socoperative? ‘Satson: This is pial case of left brave detor dealing wi researchers who are normaly vig sin darinated. The ost sing co dois 0 rele tbat shi is more @ our beeen te bree ofthe bain, Trying to impose stucare nnd discipline Sony ing to bumper the reat of the right brane researc. Iniead, ae your ‘ght brin fa undertan wha they ean visuals vividly but cant deri cewy. Give hem space an robb the wr ome ou with he station. Me 10 do 9 0 yom, company imme Sometimes wor engrossed with ‘he fora wider view. Ar may lke to shift re designed 10 help me potters of both, (A) Internal brain The spe brain forthe res of bral cexcepe chat cere consciously with the (2yDebaition: the objectives of he involving the lef br @)Freewheet jor down cue words mind wander aod ef ‘ome, No judgimen joming each one do reaming, fanasizin the eve words, get venturing diferen engaging your leet withour aay ltewae (2)E valuation celvation, Do this the left brn, Thos brain. 1 both sides sccepable. Short is ot them fll oto 3 neem brine conscious shifts bees =se both sides of their xeon, By choosing ro nore ein, more you he pleasure and oF your abilities. sising, communicating Jeveloped making the usin i recognising eal lone, They aso ln other words, we i and efficiency and Tem minutes fr Dunc fer. Then The atl 9 answer things Let me 30 venting of ber it sm, These controls are * bemsispheric shifts ro erg RED | oP al wom snght wed thi mis fo mo Jramto be ial into tint ef scarcer ho are that tit more a sure ad discipline se tend, your ‘abe early, Give (Caray Basen Tecunguts we tho ce and ory 49 mae soe one of ter ramblings. Allow dayraming (that ie probaly he ars of many of teria), Sonuanensy, ge hem tack questions and fame os with spe explanation: thom, hue bringing ase order al clvity co {he itaton, Making ao telex pred bemiphee yourself and grin the employes, 1 dow 10 wend lend to increased commmacication and understanding, benefiting the conpey inane. Sometimes working hard on 4 problem with the left beined approach makes one so engrossed with “the solution or the nexe ep inthe plan thar you are unable o shift Feb for wider view. Ar other times, you may be so overpowered with some emotion that You may Hike to shift t0 eft ro keep yourself cool and sensible. Mind movers are strategies designed to help make conscious shifts between the hemispheres or integrate the thinking powers of both, {A) Internal brainstorming: The splc brain theory showed conchsvely chat there was a neurologically sound bast for te rules of brainstorming, Internat Brainstorming, is simply che normal branstorning. ‘except tae thee is only one person involved: you, Internal brainstorming, inwaves thinking ‘consciously with the left brain or the cigh. (Definition; You sare with defining and writing down the problem and aso outing, the objectives of having the brainstonning session. This would be an analytical process involving the lee brn (2)Free-wheeling: This is tsk for the right brain. Keep a pencil and paper handy to joc down cue words for che ideas cat come, Get into a quiet, comfortable seeing. Let your find wander and ery ro think of ideas. Hea, see and fel solutions and record the ideas that Come. No judgment at this stge. Don't even boner about where on the paper you ae Jorting cach one down. The more flly you experience eight brain thinking, visualisation, Greaming, fantasizing. the more efolsaly ideas will come, Ifyou fel sek, lock at the cue word, get ideas from the earlier ones, retrace the eater thinking pathway or ey ‘encoring a diferent path of thinking, If yow find yourself analysing, know that you ae ‘gaging your left bran, and shift back. Just let your eghe bean go and enjoy the prcess, withour any leftward shits (@)Evaluation and Integration: Once ample ideas have been generated, is time for caluation Do this with both your right bran and he let. Idese shar ae feasible appa 0 She left brain. Those that look attacive and give you a good feeling appeal to the ight brain. If both sides of your brain react pottvely, the idea is rational and emotionally acceptable. Short ist such ideas and run through them again. Often at chis point a munber (Of them fll into a pater or form a whole solution, Tceenal brainstorming san import step towards wing yor right brain and peateing conecons shifts berween the hemispheres,ae Proouenary Tecwuques (8) Ginemotie: Cinematic is the process of seeing picrares in your minds eye. Visualisation can help you solve problems and plan strategies a well as «0 learn and retieve information (@)Dayetreaming: The fs step is daydreaming. This has always been rather cried, but it can prove invaluable i done consciously with a purpose. Dayreaming requires no paricular equipment. Just lan back for a moment and sae into space. Or se your eyes And focus on some object and let yourself go. Enjoy it and use ie (@) Reconstructing the soene: Once you are back to realty, note down the stare and ‘end of your dream. Then, tr to recall the dream, Rewriewl difes hom daydeeaming in that itis 2 conscious activity. You choose ro return to the scene using your right brain's vis! activigy and evaluating what happened with your left bran. f daydreamed aboue the past, (Gashback), this step would mean reliving some past experiences consciously Suppose you've fogarten whom you give your diary to hald in the office yesterday. Go back to the scene and visualise i. The plrore will fest come 10 you in teams of feelings visuals, smells and sounds, Record these right brain axis fst, “Lette.the phone was ringing Tae lie baaled. My bands were fll.there wae he inportans all Tas ating fro. J ded tthe phone. ge the diary t8 hsp next £9 eo? (Once the pir swell in mind, ry 0 mate the deal of he mage, Tis wold reguire ing your left brain. Ask quaint determine the SW ofthe see, ‘Was the person 1 gave the diary, in mio? Who ce was eon me? What a about 9 do? When bad 1 aed the diary lst? Wy was Thawed 2” Eventually, youl find yourself producing 2 clearer picture and understanding its conrent. ‘You may suddenly be abl ro ste the fice ofthe person you had given your diy to, Besides helping eheow light on something you are not being able to recall, flashbacks could help lear from pas experiences o put something that has ben confsing you inthe right perspective Sinley, if you had daydeamed about the ftute (Mshforward), you would imagiae something you'd ike ro happen. Flshforwards ae indispensable goal-setng, inventing snd inspiration. Conscious fursce viewing can help plan something new to you How would you like the fist conference you are planning to suum our? Visuals ce situation, mentally answer the questions that cone ro your mind. Replay the scene in many ways. Initaly, you would foots on the main sues, Who is the ave fespect ro thas, whic ‘With each veri the solutions. (8) Retracing cconstuce the tor the feling thar Sippy ae Jowett Tow ‘he phone goo a bon aie o tou prin Tho bt i Neier ii And the comer ke ings “Pu week of wo sega eee Feeling of guilt ‘mace Desf Now, revi the Whe he cle, set dene id As you lis emor it and belpessnes tions many sine ation better. Bein re that you are t ae yours for 20d programming adVisualisation can help ‘eve information ys been eather crits ‘ydreaming requires my ‘ct, Or close your es ‘ote down the stare and om daydreaming in th ‘our righe brains visual Ireamed about the poe snsciously, in the office yererdsy, pe 10 you in terme of ses ise sere fl..shere va Tegave the diary t2 This would regnive snd ed What wt a derseanding ie content ven your dary 10, dle to recill, fashbacs, confusing you inthe 2), you would imagin= _goal-sexting, inventing ew eo yoo. 10 your mind, Repl CGreqnviy Baseo Tecwquss 16s Who isthe audience? What kind of impact would you sane on dhe audience with fespect co that, which speakers should be invited? With each version, you may discover some new problem to be dealt with and then work the soins, (@) Retracing the scene with emphasis on the emotions involved: You necd 10 reconstruct the total scene with focus on the emotional content. Go back and put into words ee feling thar were being experienced Supp yo are working on project under inmence time premire andthe computer Iucs ont. You ar wating ther dreading your tave mates phane ell and ng, 4g, the phone goes. After hurried gresngs, you ray abruptly in a itt wine * Tae at ben able to comple my part of the werk “Bus you promied ye wonld *. Th, bs at my fle Hat the computer backed of “Neither i it mine. You are ahonys making exces”. ‘And the conversation continues on an unpleasant noe. In a calmer view of thes impasioned moments, you would be able w eimpathize with fhe ene of he ter peso, Note he tions ou were eng an jo tem down “Past week of working bard ner the sme presures bad me 5) based. I wus lng ‘angry a bbls tha the computer bucked den at erica ime. Tare wat alo a Seng of guile besuce this bas ppened.bafre Tdi be what vo ell my tears mate Tas fling anne aad defense * Now, review the ene withthe beheiour of your friend Whos be called, be ae eam. He sounded ivzated hen [tol hi thatthe work was ot done And then, be got angry when be ard meget Meese and nt, ‘A you lise emotions, you'l reals that cis unpleaane situation was crated oUt of your i and helplessness which made you defensive, You have probably aced our of these ions many times before. Your left brain tells you that you could ave handled the ation beer. Being aware of the flings tha drove your actions in the past wil help jnsure that you are beer prepared for similar situations inthe fare. Similarly, you can prepare yourself for some challenging suaton you know you are going to ace by visualising, and programming your tesctions. ca164 Proouenviry Trcmgues (©) Suspenders: ‘Weve often watched scenes in which a fawyer lets ove 2 stream of fst sharp and rules questions and in the eat of the moment, the hasled wimessbluts oot the ruth The left bam is flooded withthe questions and ges suspended, giving the “ins tothe right brain, Overloading che left brain is one of the Wo mental suspenders, the other being the cratt opposite, ic understimulation of the Ff rain. When you are engaged in some ovine, chore which does noe require active thinking, your mind tends ro wander, A monotonous Tectare find you daydreaming, This happens because the boredom causes the et brain to shut down and the Fight brain taker over. Thus, mental suspenders evade the left and access the right in two ways: by overloading the left with demas or by staring the eft for information until falls into boredom, [Narcotics and alcohol ae physical suspenders. They tanguilise the left brain. Alo, shythie activites lke jogging, swimming, spd dancing when done with aelaxed mind lead to'a sospension of the lfe brain How do you wre these suspenders to your benefit? (a) The fre step as usa is t0 define your problem in simple and ear terms. (b) Nex, you must analyze all the aspects of the problem having conducted relevant research and collected helpful fet and figures. “Ths leftbrain groundwork should be done before suspending the left because once tae happens, the eight brain will wander simestly ales you have implanted purpose diccton. “There are eo ways you can go about letting che suspenders help you (1) One | So often, after having done all your analysis and thinking, you have a vague idea of “wae yo want, but seem tbe getting nowhere in terms ofa complee solution, Just li be, Shit your attention elsewhere. Later on, while You are engaged in sme routine physic scivigy of lasing around, your right will offen see an over strategy oF strike upon some {good ideas, Remember how Archimedes discovered his principe while taking a bath? 1¢ help with @ work project. (2) to solve « problem you face periodically. [fer having done the left brain work, state in postive terms the outcome you would tke. Convert i no a child-like message, which addresses cmosions and fclings and visual “This is required because after the suspension, it is this message that is going ro diret te sight brain. The right brain does not mature beyond 4 to § yeas of age and hence wou respond best to a message lke that For eg. suppose, every time you are w make a presentation, fear makes you forget al thar you have prcpared, The third sep would culminate in a message that sounds like th wad “When Take they lady in che audience and lke me” Once this ir dx {he left Gr into ae fr just close them 3 plessrable, Repeat this pe presentation, go thre yourself elm down Dreaming isa your dreams 3 hel Sebi ale Stomgh Tam bo deta when pt (©) Uorighs: The min mov Soham nich ‘Sting, Sy he (a) Des ma sho set poste, (2) Focus on se fen, hese 0 nosed ate ea Conta en of proces inde ‘hus making ropace Regen your or mileage, doing ti wil oe (9)De researc Work ove seat conten be you (2) Bere ye iteration atin of fase, sharp and = blur vi the euth, therein 10 the right 2. the other Deing the gazed in some routine ander. A monoronous tunes the left brain to fade the lef and acces saving, the left for «the left brain. Ako, ith velaxed mind lead snd lear terms ng conducted eleva the left because once planted a purpose oF rcp you. shave a vague ides of Ike solution, Jose + some routine physical 1 oF aike upon some ile taking a bath? he outcome you woul tnd feelings and vial tis going ro direct ee {age and hence would sr makes you forget a ge thar sounds ike ths CCrsarmey basep Tecamscuss 165 “= When J make te presentation, Iam coo, confident, sare and comfortable. I smile a ehat lady inthe audience. She reminds me of mommy. As I 3 speaking, people listen to. me od like me ‘Once this is done and the message is implanted firmly in your mind, its time ro suspend the lef. Get into a comfortable setting witha related mind. Focus your éyes on some object ‘or jue close dem and feel your breath go in and out. Carry om eis act cl you Find ic plesnaable Repeat this procedure as many sims 2s posible. Then, every dime, just before a presertation, go through the process a cle 1o the te of presentation as possible. You will {ourself calm doin and be in conte ax you gee up to make the presentation. reaming isa predominantly sight bran activity and with practice, you can we even your dreams to help find some solutions or devte some innovative concepes. After the usual Jefe bin analysis, send shor, concrete suggestion to your right just before going to slecp, *Toright, lam going to havea positive dream abour, the best way t0 ... Pl recall tin deual when I getup.” You might wake up with a solution. (©) Uprights: ‘The mind movers so far were designed to help us make nore we of the sigh bran in order to enhance ovr creativity nd look at thing with freh perspective. However, the Jefe bran ate in which one is alert, energetic disciplined and efficent is imperative in our work serting. 0, forthe right dominans, here are some ips which aid shifts to the lee bein | Dees smart: Weaving good other make one fs confident and energetic. They leo affect postive the impression you make on others. (2) Focus on details: To start with, tr this on a phorograp. Notice the contour of the fice, the shape of each ofthe features, the proportion ofthe sizer of the feares. Having notice all the details, try drawing a cartoon. You should be able to do it ‘Conseantly remind yourself to focus on del. Ie always helps to work out every sep fof proces in deal and write i down, This would make the process person independent, thus making teplacement and taining very es (2) Heighten your awareness of time and numbers: Keep records of everything your car mileage, your country’s importane figures, investments, stock markets et. Just Going this will increase your comfore with matters ofthe left brain. (8)Do research: Whatever you are planing 29 do, research the topic methodically. ‘Work out alternatives and their pros and cons. Make informed decisions. You'l be mote confident about your decision and you'l have opened more neural pathways to your brain, |4) Brercise your mind: Leaen something from everything you do. Try to memorize information that you've come across and ue i106 Propocrvery Tecwagues (5) Speak casy: Speaking in public isa sure way of developing your left brain. The proces of coletng information, structuring it ino 2 speech and ariulating bendy is 2 Brest ecercite forthe let brain (6) Plan: Analyze your daly aivites snd eliminate the non value-adding ones. Set aside tine for specifi tacks you have t do and do them then, Such exercises in selscpline require the use of the lef ain and with every success, your resolve and performance will be preter. Puctie will help you apply the mind movers to your situation effectively. Proper understanding and applation of there exercises Would led to improved communication, listening, memory and management skills while reducing stress and frustration, A blend of crestivey with pragmacsm and structure will enrich both your pesomal and pena ier 104 Delphi technique in Creativity: wd ? See ea cae Rese sce rvingy reed ponte Ls abedng hc jignara of Ope fe neo secon ae, “tis sed for comple, unsencrured problems, «0 develop the strongest pro and con arguments fo altenative resolutions. “The Delphi proces is based on a silene generation of suggestions an arguments and clustering om most fivored and last favored aleernatives. “The followed sages ae 1 = Generation of naval options (onthe nature of problem and possible sluions) 2, — Tabula rests and show dem 2 the group (preserving anon). 1200) (anonymously) 4 — The group members reid thes of opinions and invduly, este th pio. Te mote and lett favored opinions muse be re — Results are retabulated and shown to the group = Track suggested resolutions. Vous on akeraties their descabiity and feasibly = Vote on arguments, their importance and validity Delphi ie based on the anonymity ofthe group members and is partcully oriented rowarde svoling direc conftotation. Decisions with Delphi express opinions rather than fac which requires group members to be experts. One other characteristic is at Dep does noe require physical presence 10.6 Exominatior 1. Expin bly ae 4 (A) Expsin Nomi procictinny an 9 (D) Wei short nos 4{0) Are Brsinetorm, 10 (8) What he conyour lef brain. The |Jeblating fluently ie [ueadding ones. Sex ‘iss in self iscpline snd performance will sn effectively. Proper “<8 communication, and frustration. & | your petonal and series of increasingly in decision making, ngs po and con + and arguments and <4 possible solutions). >nymiy). particularly oriented pinions rather than sae that Delphi ‘Casarvry Bast Tecuwues 167 10.6 Examination Questions Q 1. Eapin bey any thee ofthe cenviy based rch. Hw do these echnigues lp in productive improvement? 1. Brainstorming 2. Whole ria thinking . 5. Nominal group techaigue 4. Syneties, 2 Wrie short noes 1. Road blocks co eenvty (ass7, @. 8Wrie short notes 1. Basin storming a problem solving toot 4A) Explain Nominal Group tchaigue and Delph method How can dese help in improving produc and crest? 998) 9 (D) Wit short note Nominal Group techni (299) ‘KO) Are Brinstorming and QC actives Ue same?Explain with cefeece of lve examples, 20 mac eon of a ing a wie on Ceo Tig aao