Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BOOK1
I.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES
A.DEFINITIONOFCRIMINALLAW
Q:Whatiscriminallaw?
A:Criminallawisthatbranchoflaw,whichdefines
crimes,treatsoftheirnature,andprovidesfortheir
punishment.
Q:Whatarethetheoriesincriminallaw?
A:
1. Classical theory the basis of criminal
liability is human free will and the
purposeofthepenaltyisretribution.Itis
endeavoredtoestablishamechanicaland
direct proportion between crime and
penalty, and there is scant regard to the
humanelement.
2.
3.
4.
Q:Howarepenallawsconstrued?
Q:Whatarethebasicmaximsincriminallaw?
A:
1. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege
(There is no crime when there is no law
punishing the same) No matter how
wrongful,evilorbadtheactis,ifthereis
no law defining the act, the same is not
consideredacrime.
4. Actusmeinvitofactusnonestmeusactus
(Anactdonebymeagainstmywillisnot
my act) Whenever a person is under a
compulsion of irresistible force or
uncontrollable fear to do an act against
his will, in which that act produces a
crime or offense, such person is
exempted in any criminal liability arising
fromthesaidact.
Q:Whatisthedefinitionofacrime?
Q:Whatarethevariousclassificationsofcrimes?
A:
1. Astothecommission
a. Dolo or felonies committed with
deliberateintent
b. Culpaorthose committedby means
offault
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Astothestageofexecution
a. Attempted
b. Frustrated
c. Consummated
Astogravity
a. Gravefelonies
b. Lessgravefelonies
c. Lightfelonies
Astocount
a. Compositeorspecialcomplex
b. Complex,underArt.48
c. Continuing
Classificationoffeloniesasto
a. Formal felonies those which are
always consummated. (e.g. physical
injuries)
b. Materialfeloniesthosewhichhave
variousstagesofexecution.
c. Those which do not admit of the
frustratedstage.(e.g.rapeandtheft)
Astonature
a. Malainse
b. Malaprohibita
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweencrimesmalain
seandcrimesmalaprohibita?
A:
Malainse
Acts or omissions which
areinherentlyevil.
PunishedundertheRPC
Malaprohibita
Actswhicharemadeevil
because there is a law
prohibitingit.
Violationsofspeciallaws
Note:Notallviolationsof
special laws are mala
prohibita.
A:
1.
2.
PiracyinPhilippinewaters
Brigandageinthehighways
(bothunderPD532)
Note:Likewise,whenthespeciallawsrequirethatthe
punished act be committed knowingly and willfully,
criminalintentisrequiredtobeprovedbeforecriminal
liabilitymayarise.
A:
CRIMESUNDERTHERPC
CRIMESUNDER
SPECIALLAW
Involvecrimesmalainse.
Usuallycrimesmala
prohibita
Astomoraltraitoftheoffender
Itisconsidered.Thisiswhy
liabilitywouldonlyarise
whenthereisdoloorculpa
inthecommissionofthe
punishableact
Itisnotconsidered.It
isenoughthatthe
prohibitedactwas
voluntarydone.
Astouseofgoodfaithasdefense
Itisavaliddefense unless
thecrimeistheresultof
culpa.
Itisnotadefense.
Astothedegreeofaccomplishmentofthecrime
Mayadmitattempted
and/orfrustratedstages
Thereareno
attemptedor
frustratedstages,
unlessthespeciallaw
expresslypenalizesthe
mereattemptor
frustrationofthe
crime
Astomitigatingandaggravatingcircumstances
Takenintoaccountin
imposingthepenaltysince
themoraltraitofthe
offenderisconsidered
Not takenintoaccount
inimposingthe
penalty.Asan
exception,whenthe
speciallawusesthe
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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Itisnotconsidered.All
whoperpetratedthe
prohibitedactare
penalizedtothesame
extent.Thereisno
principal,accomplice
oraccessoryto
consider.
Q:Whatisthelegalbasisforpunishment?
B.SCOPEOFAPPLICATIONANDCHARACTERISTICS
OFTHEPHILIPPINECRIMINALLAW
A:
1. Intraterritorial refers to the application
oftheRPCwithinthePhilippineterritory
2. Extraterritorialreferstotheapplication
of the RPC outside the Philippine
territory.
A:Againstthosewho:
1. Should commit an offense while on a
Philippineshiporairship
2. Should forge or counterfeit any coin or
currencynoteofthePhilippineIslandsor
obligations and securities issued by the
GovernmentofthePhilippineIslands
3. Should be liable for acts connected with
the introduction into these islands of the
obligations and securities mentioned in
theprecedingnumber
4. Whilebeingpublicofficersoremployees,
shouldcommitanoffenseintheexercise
oftheirfunctions;or
5. Should commit any of the crimes against
national security and the law of nations.
(Art.2,RPC)
Q:WhatisaPhilippineship?
A:
1. The ship or airship must be registered
withthePhilippineBureauofCustoms.
2. The ship must be in the high seas or the
airshipmustbeininternationalspace.
A:TheFrenchruleandtheEnglishrule.Theserules
refer to the jurisdiction of one country over its
merchant vessels situated in another country.
These do not apply to war vessels over which a
countryalwayshasjurisdiction.
Q:WhatistheFrenchrule?
A:TheFrenchrulerecognizesthejurisdictionofthe
flag country over crimes committed on board the
vessel except if the crime disturbs the peace and
orderandsecurityofthehostcountry.
Q:WhatistheEnglishrule?
A:TheEnglishrulerecognizesthatthehostcountry
has jurisdiction over crimes committed on board
the vessel unless they involve the internal
managementofthevessel.
Note:Theeffectonjurisdictionofbothrulesisalmost
the same because the general rule of one is the
exceptionoftheother.
Q:Whatistheruleonforeignmerchantvesselsin
possessionofdangerousdrugs?
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A:
7.
1.
2.
Q:Whenisforgerycommitted?
Q:Whendoesapublicofficeroremployeecommit
anoffenseintheexerciseoftheirfunctions?
A:Asageneralrule,theRPCgovernsonlywhenthe
crime committed pertains to the exercise of the
public officials functions, those having to do with
the discharge of their duties in a foreign country.
The functions contemplated are those, which are,
underthelaw,tobeperformedbythepublicofficer
intheForeignServiceofthePhilippinegovernment
inaforeigncountry.
Note:Thisruleisnotabsolute.TheRPCgovernsifthe
crimewascommittedwithinthePhilippineEmbassyor
withintheembassygroundsinaforeigncountry.This
is because embassy grounds are considered an
extensionofsovereignty.
Q:Whatarethecrimesincluded?
A:
1. DirectBribery(Art.210)
2. IndirectBribery(Art.211)
3. QualifiedBribery(Art.211A)
4. Corruption(Art.212)
5. FraudAgainstPublicTreasuryandSimilar
Offenses(Art.213)
6. Possession of Prohibited Interest (Art.
216)
Intransitpossessionofdangerousdrugs
isnotpunishable,buttheuseofthesame
ispunishable.
Not in transit mere possession of
dangerousdrugsispunishable.
Q:Whatarethecharacteristicsofcriminallaw?
A:
1. Generality means that the criminal law
of the country governs all persons within
the country regardless of their race,
belief,sex,orcreed.
Note:Thetermgeneralityhasnoreference
toterritory.Itreferstopersonsthatmaybe
governedbythepenallaw.
2.
Territorialitymeansthatthepenallaws
ofthecountryhaveforceandeffectonly
withinitsterritory.
3.
Note:Thisisalsocalledirretrospectivity.
A:Exceptionsbroughtaboutby:
2. LawsofPreferentialApplication
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
3.
Theprinciplesofpublicinternationallaw
a. Sovereignsandotherchiefsofstates
b. Ambassadors,
ministers,
plenipotentiary, ministers resident,
andchargesdaffaires.
Q:Whatistheexceptiontotheexception?
A:Thenewlawcannotbegivenretroactiveeffect:
C.CONSTITUTIONALLIMITATIONSONTHEPOWER
OFCONGRESSTOENACTPENALLAWSINTHEBILL
OFRIGHTS
Q:Whohasthepowertoenactpenallaws?
A:
1. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder
shall be enacted. (Sec. 22, Art. llI, 1987
Constitution)
2.
ActProhibitingtheImpositionofDeathPenaltyin
thePhilippines(R.A.9346)
Q:Isthedeathpenaltyalreadyabolished?
Note:However,thecorrespondingcivilliabilityshould
bethecivilliabilitycorrespondingtodeath.(Peoplev.
Salome,G.R.No.169077,Aug.31,2006)
2. Lifeimprisonmentwhenthelawviolated
does not make use of the nomenclature
of the penalties of the RPC. (Sec.2)
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II.FELONIES
Q:Whatarefelonies?
A:Feloniesareactsoromissionspunishablebythe
RPC.
Note:Omissionmeansinaction,thefailuretoperform
apositivedutywhichoneisboundtodo.
2.
Q:Howarefeloniescommitted?
Q:Whatarethekindsoffelonies?
A:
1. Intentionalfelonies(Dolo)
2. Culpablefelonies(Culpa)
A:
DOLO
CULPA
Actis
malicious
Notmalicious
With
deliberate
intent
Injurycausedisunintentionalbeing
incidentofanotheractperformed
withoutmalice
Hasintention
tocauseinjury
Wrongfulactresultsfrom
imprudence,negligence,lackof
foresightorlackofskill
A:Anactreferstoanykindofbodymovementthat
produceschangeintheoutsideworld.Theactmust
be an external act which has a direct connection
withthefelonyintendedtobecommitted.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofdolo?
A:
1. Criminal intent the purpose to use a
particular means to effect such result.
Intenttocommitanactwithmalicebeing
Freedomofactionvoluntarinessonthe
part of the person to commit the act or
omission.
Note:Thewordvoluntarinessincriminallaw
doesnotmeanactinginone'sownvolition.
In criminal law, voluntariness comprehends
the concurrence of freedom of action,
intelligence and the fact that the act was
intentional.
3.
Intelligencemeansthecapacitytoknow
and understand the consequences of
one'sact.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofculpa?
A:
1. Criminal negligence on the part of the
offender,thatis,thecrimewastheresult
of negligence, reckless imprudence, lack
offoresightorlackofskill.
Imprudenceindicatesdeficiencyofactionor
failure to take the necessary precaution to
avoid injury to person or damage to
property.Itusuallyinvolveslackofskill.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Felonies
2.
3.
2.
Intelligenceonthepartoftheoffenderin
performingthenegligentact.
Note:Ifanyoftheserequisitesisabsent,therecanbe
noculpa.
A:
1. Murder
2. Treason
3. Robbery
4. Maliciousmischief
Q:Whatismensrea?
Note:
1.
2.
3.
Q:Whatisintent?
A:Intentreferstotheuseofaparticularmeansto
effect the desired result. It is a mental state, the
existence of which is demonstrated by the overt
actsofaperson.
A:
1. General criminal intent Is presumed
fromthemeredoingofawrongact.This
does not require proof. The burden is
upon the wrongdoer to prove that he
actedwithoutsuchcriminalintent.
SpecificcriminalintentIsnotpresumed
becauseitisaningredientorelementofa
crime, like intent to kill in the crimes of
attempted
or
frustrated
homicide/parricide/murder.
The
prosecutionhastheburdenofprovingthe
same.
A:
INTENT
Thedeterminationtodo
acertainthing,anaimor
purposeofthemind.Itis
thedesigntoresolveor
determinationbywhicha
personacts.
DISCERNMENT
Thementalcapacityto
tellrightfromwrong.It
relatestothemoral
significancethataperson
ascribestohisactand
relatestotheintelligence
asanelementofdolo.
Q:Whatismotive?
Q:Ismotivedeterminantofcriminalliability?
Note:
Inamurdercase,theintenttokillisdemonstratedby
theuseoflethalweapon;whereas,themotivemaybe
vengeance.
Motiveismaterialwhen:
1. Theactsbringaboutvariantcrimes
2. There is doubt whether the accused
committedthecrime,ortheidentityofthe
accusedisdoubtful
3. The evidence on the commission of the
crimeispurelycircumstantial
4. Thereisaneedtodeterminewhetherdirect
assaultispresentinoffensesagainstperson
inauthoritycommittedwhenheisnotinthe
performanceofhisofficialduties
5. In ascertaining the truth between two
antagonistic theories or versions of the
killing
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6.
A:
1.
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenmotiveand
intent?
A:
MOTIVE
INTENT
Itisthemovingpower
whichimpelsapersonto
actforadefiniteresult
Itreferstotheuseofa
particularmeansto
achievethedesiredresult
Acrime maybe
committedwithout
motive.Itisnotelement
ofthecrime
Itisaningredientofdolo
ormaliceandthus,an
element ofdeliberate
felonies
Isessentialonlywhenthe
identityofperpetratoris
indoubt
Isessentialinintentional
felonies
Q:Whatarethefactorsthataffectintent?
A:
1. Mistake of fact that which had the facts
beentruetothebeliefoftheoffender,his
actcanbejustified.Itissuchmistakethat
will negate criminal liability because of
theabsenceoftheelementofintent.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Aberratioictusmistakeintheblow
Errorinpersonaemistakeintheidentity
Praeter intentionem where the
consequenceexceededtheintention
Proximatecausethecauseofthecause
isthecauseoftheevilcaused
A.CLASSIFICATIONOFFELONIES(ART.9)
A:Todetermine:
1. Whetherthesefeloniescanbecomplexed
ornot
2.
Lessgravethosewhichthelawpunishes
with penalties which in their maximum
period are correctional, in accordance
with Art. 25 of the RPC. (Art. 9, par. 2,
RPC)
3.
Q:Whoareliableforgraveorlessgravefelonies?
Q:Whenarelightfeloniespunishable?
A:
GR: Light felonies are punishable only when
theyareconsummated.
Note:Itpresupposesmoraldepravity.
Q:Whoareliableinlightfelonies?
A:Onlytheprincipalsandtheaccomplicesareliable
in lightfelonies. Accessories are not liable for light
felonies.
A:
1. Slightphysicalinjuries
2. Theft(whenthevalueofthingstolenis
lessthan5pesosandtheftiscommitted
underthecircumstancesenumerated
underArt.308par.3)
3. Alterationofboundarymarks
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Felonies
4.
5.
Maliciousmischief(whenthevalueofthe
damage does not exceed 200 or cannot
beestimated.
Intriguingagainsthonor
B.ELEMENTSOFCRIMINALLIABILITY(Art.4)
Q:Howiscriminalliabilityincurred?
A:Criminalliabilityisincurredbyanyperson:
A:
1. Aberratioictusormistakeintheblow
2. Errorinpersonaeormistakeinidentity
3. Praeter intentionem or where the
consequenceexceededtheintention
Note:Thethreeenumeratedsituationsarealwaysthe
result of an intended felony, and hence, dolo. These
situationsdonotariseoutofcriminalnegligence.
Q:Whatisaberratioictusormistakeintheblow?
A:Inaberratioictus,theoffenderintendstheinjury
ononepersonbuttheharmfellonanother.There
are three persons present when the felony is
committed: the offender, the intended victim, and
theactualvictim.
A:
ABERRATIOICTUS
ERRORINPERSONAE
Apersondirectedthe
blowatanintended
victim,butbecauseof
pooraim,thatblow
landedonsomebody
else.
Thevictimactually
receivedtheblow,buthe
wasmistakenforanother
whowasnotatthescene
ofthecrime.
Theoffender,the
intendedvictimaswellas
theactualvictimareallat
thesceneofthecrime.It
generallygivesrisetoa
complexcrime.
Thereareonlytwo
personspresentinerror
inpersonaetheactual
butintendedvictimand
theoffender.
Itgenerallygivesriseto
thecomplexcrime.This
beingso,thepenaltyfor
themoreseriouscrimeis
imposedinthemaximum
period.
TheprovisionsofArt.49
appliesinerrorin
personae,thatis,the
penaltyforthelesser
crimewillbetheone
imposed.
Q:Whatispraeterintentionem?
Note:Theremustbeanotabledisparitybetweenthe
meansemployedandtheresultingfelony.
A:Itpresupposesthattheactdoneistheproximate
causeoftheresultingfelony.Itmustbethedirect,
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Q:Whatisaproximatecause?
Asarule,theoffenderiscriminallyliableforallthe
consequences of his felonious act, although not
intended,ifthefeloniousactistheproximatecause
ofthefelony.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofproximatecause?
A:
1. Thedirect,natural,andlogicalcause
2. Producestheinjuryordamage
3. Unbroken by any sufficient intervening
cause
4. Withoutwhichtheresultwouldnothave
occurred
Aslongastheactoftheaccusedcontributedtothe
death of the victim, even if the victim is about to
die, he will still be liable for the felonious act of
puttingtodeaththatvictim.
Proximatecausedoesnotrequirethattheoffender
needs to actually touch the body of the offended
party. It is enough that the offender generated in
themindoftheoffendedpartythebeliefthatmade
himriskhimself.
Illustration:
XandYarecrewmembersofcargovessel.Theyhada
heated argument. X with a big knife in hand
threatenedtokillY.ThevictimY,believinghimselfto
beinimmediateperil,threwhimselfintothewater.X
diedofdrowning.Inthiscase,Yisliableforhomicide
forthedeathofY.
Evenifothercausescooperatedinproducingthefatal
resultaslongasthewoundinflictedisdangerous,that
10
Q:Howisproximatecausenegated?
A:
1. Active force, distinct act, or fact
absolutely foreign from the felonious act
of the accused, which serves as a
sufficientinterveningcause
2. Resulting injury or damage is due to the
intentionalactofthevictim.
A:
1. Theweakphysicalconditionofthevictim
2. The nervousness or temperament of the
victim
3. Causes which are inherent in the victim,
suchasthevictim'sinabilitytoswim
4. Refusal of the injured party of medical
attendance
5. Erroneousorunskillfulmedicaltreatment
Q:Whatcircumstancesareconsideredfordeathto
bepresumedtobethenaturalconsequenceofthe
physicalinjuriesinflicted?
A:
1. Thatthevictimwasinnormalconditionat
the time the physical injuries were
inflicted
2. Thatthedeathmaybeexpectedfromthe
physicalinjuriesinflicted.
3. That death ensued within a reasonable
time.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Felonies
C.IMPOSSIBLECRIME[Art.4(2)]
Q:Whataretherequisitesofanimpossiblecrime?
A:
1. Act performed would be an offense
againstpersonsorproperty.
Note:Kidnappingisacrimeagainstpersonal
securityandnotagainstpersonorproperty
2.
3.
4.
Actwasdonewithevilintent
Accomplishment is inherently impossible
or means employed is either inadequate
orineffectual
Act performed should not constitute a
violationofanotherprovisionofRPC
Q:Whatistheessenceofanimpossiblecrime?
Q:Whatisinherentimpossibility?
A:Inherentimpossibilitymeansthatunderanyand
all circumstances, the crime could not have
materialized.
A:
1. Legal impossibility which occurs where
the intended acts, even if completed
wouldnotamounttoacrime.E.g.killinga
deadperson.
2. Physicalimpossibilitywhereextraneous
circumstances unknown to the accused
prevent the consummation of the
intended crime. E.g. pick pocketing an
emptywallet.
Note:Itisaprincipleofcriminallawthattheoffender
will only be penalized for an impossible crime if he
cannotbepunishedundersomeotherprovisionofthe
RPC.Animpossiblecrimeisacrimeoflastresort.
Q:Whatareexamplesofimpossiblecrimes?
A:
1. In employment of inadequate means
small quantity of poison which is
inadequatetokillaperson.
Q:Buddyalwaysresentedhisclassmate,Jun.One
day,BuddyplannedtokillJunbymixingpoisonin
his lunch. Not knowing where he can get poison,
he approached another classmate Jerry to whom
he disclosed his evil plan. Because he himself
harbored resentment towards Jun, Jerry gave
Buddyapoison,whichBuddyplacedonJun'sfood.
However, Jun did not die because, unknown to
both Buddy and Jerry, the poison was actually
powdered milk. What crime or crimes, if any, did
JerryandBuddycommit?
Q:Isimpossiblecrimeaformalcrime?
UNCONSUMMATED
FELONIES
IMPOSSIBLECRIMES
Intentisnotaccomplished
Intentisnot
accomplished
Intentoftheoffenderhas
possibilityof
accomplishment
Intentoftheoffender,
cannotbeaccomplished
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11
Accomplishmentis
preventedbythe
interventionofcertain
causeoraccidentinwhich
theoffenderhadnopart
Intentcannotbe
accomplishedbecause
itisinherently
impossibleto
accomplishorbecause
themeansemployedby
theoffenderis
inadequateor
ineffectual
D.STAGESOFEXECUTION(Art.6)
A:Consummated,frustratedandattempted
Q:Whatisthepurposeofclassification?
Q:Whatarethephasesoffelony?
A:
1. Subjective phase that portion of
execution of the crime starting from the
point where the offender begins up to
thatpointwherehestillhascontrolofhis
acts.
Note:Ifitreachesthepointwherehehasno
more control over his acts, the subjective
phasehaspassed.
Q:Whenisafelonyconsummated?
Q:Whataretheelementsoffrustratedfelony?
A:
1. The offender performs all the acts of
execution.
2. Alltheactsperformedwouldproducethe
felonyasaconsequence.
3. Butthefelonyisnotproduced.
4. By the reason of causes independent of
thewilloftheperpetrator.
Q:Whatcrimesdonotadmitoffrustratedstage?
A:
1. Rape the gravamen of the offense is
carnal knowledge, hence, the slightest
penetration to the female organ
consummatesthefelony.
2. Arsonthemomenttheburningproperty
occurs, even if slight, the offense is
consummated.
Q:Whataretheelementsofattemptedfelony?
A:
1. Theoffendercommencesthecommission
ofthefelonydirectlybyovertacts
2.
12
2.
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BOOK 1: Felonies
3.
A:
1. Themannerofcommittingthecrime
2. Theelementsofthecrime
3. Thenatureofthecrimeitself
Q:Whatisthedistinctionbetweenattemptedand
frustratedfelony?
A:Thedifferencebetweentheattemptedstageand
the frustrated stage lies on whether the offender
has performed all the acts of execution for the
accomplishmentofafelony.
Literally, under the article, if the offender has
performed all the acts of execution which should
producethefelonyasaconsequencebutthefelony
was not realized, then the crime is already in the
frustratedstage.
Iftheoffenderhasnotyetperformedalltheactsof
execution(thereisyetsomethingtobeperformed)
but he was not able to perform all the acts of
executionduetosomecauseoraccidentotherthan
hisownspontaneousdesistance,thenyouhavean
attemptedfelony.
A:
ATTEMPTED
FRUSTRATED
CONSUMMATED
criminalpurpose
wasnot
accomplished
criminalpurpose
wasnot
accomplished
Criminalpurpose
was
accomplished.
Offendermerely
commencesthe
commissionofthe
crimedirectlyby
overtacts.
Offenderhas
performedallthe
actsofexecution
whichwould
producethe
felonyasa
consequence.
Offenderhas
performedall
theactsof
executionwhich
wouldproduce
thefelonyasthe
consequence.
Theinterventionof
certaincauseor
accidentwhichthe
offenderhadno
partpreventedthe
accomplishment
Theintervention
ofcertaincause
oraccidentwhich
theoffenderhad
nopart
preventedthe
accomplishment
Thefelonywas
producedasa
consequenceof
theactofthe
offender
Offenderhasnot
passedthe
subjectivephase
Offenderhas
reachedthe
objectivestage
Subjectiveand
objectivephase
arepresent
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhereinthestagesofa
crimewillnotapply?
A:
1. OffensespunishablebySpecialPenal
Laws,unlessotherwiseprovidedfor.
2. Formalcrimes(e.g.,slanderadultery,etc.)
3. Impossiblecrimes
4. Crimesconsummatedbymereattempt
(e.g.,attempttofleetoanenemycountry,
treason,corruptionofminors)
5. Feloniesbyomission
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6.
Crimescommittedbymereagreement
(e.g.,bettinginsports,corruptionof
publicofficers)
E.CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSAL(Art.8)
Q:Whatisconspiracy?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofconspiracy?
A:
1. Thereisanagreement
2. The participants acted in concert or
simultaneously which is indicative of a
meetingofthemindstowardsacommon
criminalgoalorcriminalobjective
Q:Whendoesproposalexist?
A:
GR:Conspiracyandproposaltocommitafelony
arenotpunishable.
Note:
GR: When conspiracy exists, the degree of
participationofeachconspiratorisnotconsidered
becausetheactofoneistheactofall,theyhave
equalcriminalresponsibility.
XPNtotheXPN:Whentheactconstitutesasingle
indivisibleoffense.
A:
CONSPIRACY
PROPOSAL
Thereisproposalwhen
Itexistswhentwoormore
thepersonwhohas
personscometoan
decidedtocommita
agreementconcerningthe
felonyproposesits
commissionofafelonyand
executiontosomeother
decidetocommitit.
personorpersons.
Oncetheproposalis
accepted,aconspiracy
arises.
Proposalistrueonlyupto
thepointwheretheparty
towhomtheproposalwas
madehasnotyet
acceptedtheproposal.
Ratio:Becausetheyaremerepreparatoryacts.
XPN:Theyarepunishableonlyincasesinwhich
thelawspecificallyprovidesapenaltythereof.
Aconspiracyispossibleevenwhenparticipantsdonot
knoweachother.
Q:Isitrequiredthatthereisanagreementamong
theparticipantstoconstituteconspiracy?
14
Proposalisunilateral,one
Conspiracyisbilateral,it
partymakesaproposition
requirestwoparties.
totheother.
Q:Whatarethetwokindsofconspiracy?
A:
1. Conspiracy as a crime The mere
conspiracy is the crime itself. This is only
truewhenthelawexpresslypunishesthe
mere conspiracy, otherwise, the
conspiracy does not bring about the
commission of the crime because
conspiracyisnotanovertactbutamere
preparatoryact.
Note:Treason,rebellion,sedition,andcoup
d'etat are the only crimes where the
conspiracy and proposal to commit them
arepunishable.
2.
Conspiracyasabasisofincurringcriminal
liability When the conspiracy is only a
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BOOK 1: Felonies
basis of incurring criminal liability, there
mustbeanovertactdonebeforetheco
conspiratorsbecomecriminallyliable.
Q:Whatisimpliedconspiracy?
A:
1. Not all those who are present at the
scene of the crime will be considered
conspirators
F.MULTIPLEOFFENDERS
(Differences,RulesandEffects)
Seealsopage42regardingthedifferentformsof
repetitionorhabitualityoftheoffender
Arecidivistisentitledtothebenefitsofthe
Indeterminate Sentence Law but is
disqualified from availing credit of his
preventiveimprisonment.
2.
Q:JuanandArturodevisedaplantomurderJoel.
InanarrowalleynearJoel'shouse,Juanwillhide
behindthebiglamppostandshootJoelwhenthe
latter passes through on his way to work. Arturo
will come from the other end of the alley and
simultaneously shoot Joel from behind. On the
appointed day, Arturo was apprehended by the
authorities before reaching the alley. When Juan
shotJoelasplanned,hewasunawarethatArturo
was arrested earlier. Discuss the criminal liability
ofArturo,ifany.
3.
4.
QuasirecidivismAnypersonwhoshall
commit a felony after having been
convicted by final judgment before
beginningtoservesuchsentenceorwhile
serving such sentence shall be punished
bythemaximumperiodprescribedbylaw
forthenewfelony.
G.COMPLEXCRIMESvisSPECIALCOMPLEX
CRIMES
COMPLEXCRIMES
(Art.48)
Q:Whatisacomplexcrime?
A:Complexcrimeexistswhentwoormorecrimes
arecommittedbuttheyconstituteonlyonecrime
in the eyes of the law. Here, there is only one
criminalintenthence,onlyonepenaltyisimposed
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Q:Whataretheconceptsofcomplexcrimes?
A:
1. A single criminal act constituting 2 or
moregraveorlessgravefelonies.
Q:Whatarethekindsofcomplexcrimes?
A:
1. Compound crime when a single act
constitutes two or more grave or less
gravefelonies.
Requisites:
a. Only a single act is performed by
theoffender
b. Thesingleactproduces:
i. Twoormoregravefelonies
2. Complexcrimeproperwhenanoffense
is the necessary means for committing
theother.
Requisites:
a. At least two offenses are
committed
b. One or some of the offenses must
benecessarytocommittheother
c. Both or all the offenses must be
punishedunderthesamestatute
Note:Thefirstcrimemustbeanecessarymeans
tocommittheother.
Thereshouldonlybeoneinformationcharginga
complexcrime.
Onlyonepenaltyisimposedforcomplexcrimes
becausethereisonlyonecriminalact.
Q:Whenistherenocomplexcrime?
16
A:
1.
2.
3.
Whenthecrimehasthesameelements
astheothercrimecommittedE.g.estafa
and falsification of private documents
havethesameelementofdamage.Thus
there is no complex crime of estafa
throughfalsificationofprivatedocument
4.
Whenoneoftheoffensesispenalizedby
aspeciallaw
5. Incontinuedcrimes
Q:Whatisthepenaltyforcomplexcrimesunder
Article48?
A:
GR: When a complex crime is committed, the
penalty for the most serious crime in its
maximumperiodshallbeimposed.
Q:Whatisacontinuingcrime?
A:Itisasinglecrime,consistingofaseriesofacts
but arising from one criminal resolution (e.g.
violationofBP22).
Q:Whatisacontinuedcrime?
A:
SPECIALCOMPLEX
CRIME
Combinationof
COMPLEXCRIMEUNDER
ART.48
Thecombinationisnot
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BOOK 1: Felonies
offensesarefixedor
specifiedbylaw
E.g.robberywith
homicide,robberywith
rape
Thepenaltyforthe
specifiedcombinationis
alsospecific
specified,thatis,grave
and/orlessgrave;orone
offensebeingnecessary
meanstocommittheother
Thepenaltyimposedisthe
penaltyforthemost
seriousoffenseinthe
maximumperiod
Q:Whatispluralityofcrimes?
Q:Whatarethekindsofpluralityofcrimes?
A:
1. Formal or ideal only one criminal
liability
a. ComplexcrimedefinedinArt48
b. When the law specifically fixes a
single penalty for 2 or more
offensescommitted
c. Continuedcrimes
A:Yes,coupd'tatcanbecomplexedwithsedition
because the two crimes are essentially different
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III.CIRCUMSTANCESWHICHAFFECTCRIMINAL
LIABILITY
A:JEMAA
1. Justifyingcircumstances
2. Exemptingcircumstances
3. Mitigatingcircumstances
4. Aggravatingcircumstances
5. Alternativecircumstances
Q:Whataretheothertwocircumstancesfoundin
theRPCaffectingcriminalliability?
A:
1. Absolutory cause has the effect of an
exempting circumstance and it is
predicated on lack of voluntariness such
asinstigation
2. Extenuatingcircumstancestheeffectof
extenuating circumstances is to mitigate
thecriminalliabilityoftheoffender
Q:Whatareexamplesofabsolutorycauses?
A:
1. Accessory is a relative of the principal.
(Art.20)
2. Discovering secrets through seizure of
correspondenceofwardbytheirguardian
isnotpenalized.(Art.219)
3. When only slight or less serious physical
injuries are inflicted by the person who
surprised his/her spouse or daughter in
theactofsexualintercoursewithanother
person.(Art.247)
4. Crime of theft, swindling or malicious
mischief is committed against a relative.
(Art.332)
5. Marriage of the offender with the
offended party when the crime
committed is rape, abduction, seduction,
oractsoflasciviousness.(Art.344)
6. Instigation
7. Trespass to dwelling when the
purpose of entering anothers dwelling
againstthelatterswillistopreventsome
seriousharmtohimself,theoccupantsof
the dwelling or a third person, or for the
purposes of rendering some services to
humanity or justice, or when entering
cafes, taverns, inns and other public
houses, while the same are open. (Art.
280par.2)
18
8.
Adulteryandconcubinageiftheoffended
party shall have consented or pardoned
theoffenders.(Art.344)
Q:Ismistakeoffactanabsolutorycause?
A:Yes.Ininstigation,theoffendersimplyactsasa
toolofthelawenforcersand,therefore,heisacting
without criminal intent because without the
instigation,hewouldnothavedonethecriminalact
whichhediduponinstigationofthelawenforcers.
Note:Thisisbasedontherulethatapersoncannotbe
acriminalifhismindisnotcriminal.
Q:Isentrapmentanabsolutorycause?
Q:Whatistheeffectifthepersonentrappedknew
that the person trying to entrap him is a law
enforcer?
A:Inentrapment,thepersonentrappedshouldnot
knowthatthepersontryingtoentraphimisalaw
enforcer. The idea is incompatible with each other
because in entrapment, the person entrapped is
actually committing a crime. The officer who
entrapped him only lays down ways and means to
haveevidenceofthecommissionofthecrime,but
even without those ways and means, the person
entrappedisactuallyengagedinaviolationoflaw.
Q:Whatisthecriteriatodetermineiftheactisan
entrapmentorinstigation?
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Inbuybustoperationsdemandsthatthedetailsof
the purported transaction must be clearly and
adequately shown. This must start from the initial
contactbetweentheposeurbuyerandthepusher,
the offer to purchase, the promise or payment of
the consideration until the consummation of the
salebythedeliveryoftheillegaldrugsubjectofthe
sale.
Themannerbywhichtheinitialcontactwasmade,
whether or not through an informant, the offer to
purchase the drug, the payment of the "buybust"
money,andthedeliveryoftheillegaldrug,whether
to the informant alone or the police officer, must
bethesubjectofstrictscrutinybycourtstoinsure
thatlawabidingcitizensarenotunlawfullyinduced
tocommitanoffense.
Criminalsmustbecaughtbutnotatallcost.Atthe
sametime,however,examiningtheconductofthe
police should not disable courts into ignoring the
accused's predisposition to commit the crime. If
there is overwhelming evidence of habitual
delinquency, recidivism or plain criminal proclivity,
then this must also be considered. Courts should
look at all factors to determine the predisposition
ofanaccusedtocommitanoffenseinsofarasthey
are relevant to determine the validity of the
defenseofinducement.
A:
INSTIGATION
ENTRAPMENT
Alawenforcementagent
inducesaninnocent
persontocommita
crimeandwouldarrest
himuponorafterthe
commissionofthecrime.
Apersonhasplanned,or
isabouttocommita
crimeandwaysare
resortedtobyapublic
officertotrapandcatch
thecriminal.
Thelawenforcement
agentconceivesthe
commissionofthecrime
andsuggestsittothe
accused.
Ideatocommitthecrime
comesfromtheoffender.
Anabsolutorycause.
Notanabsolutorycause.
Q: What are
circumstances?
examples
of
extenuating
A:Incasesofinfanticideandabortion,concealment
of dishonor is an extenuating circumstance insofar
as the unwed mother and the maternal
grandparentsareconcerned
JUSTIFYINGCIRCUMSTANCES.
(Art.11).
Q:Whatarejustifyingcircumstances?
Theyare:
1. Selfdefense
2. Defenseofrelatives
3. Defenseofstranger
4. Avoidanceofgreaterevilorinjury
5. Fulfillment of duty or exercise of right or
office
6. Obediencetoanorderofasuperior
1.SELFDEFENSE.
Q:Whatrightsareincludedinselfdefense?
A:Selfdefenseincludesnotonlythedefenseofthe
personorbodyoftheoneassaultedbutalsothatof
his rights, the enjoyment of which is protected by
law.
Thusitincludes:
1. Defenseoftheperson
2. Defenseofrightsprotectedbylaw
3. Therighttohonor.
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4.
5.
Note:Whatisimportantisnotthedualityoftheattack
but whether the means employed is reasonable to
preventtheattack.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofselfdefense?
A:
1. Unlawfulaggression
2. Reasonable necessity of the means
employedtopreventorrepelit
3. Lackofsufficientprovocationonthepart
ofthepersondefendinghimself
Ratio:Herunstheriskofbeingattackedinthebackby
theaggressor.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofselfdefense?
A:
1. When all the elements are present the
person defending himself is free from
criminalliabilityandcivilliability.
2. Whenonlyamajorityoftheelementsare
present
privileged
mitigating
20
Q:Whatisunlawfulaggression?
Q:Whatarethetypesofunlawfulaggression?
A:
1. Actualthedangermustbepresent,that
is,actuallyinexistence.
2. Imminentthedangerisonthepointof
happening. It is not required that the
attack has already begun, for it may be
toolate.
Note:Whatjustifiesthekillingofasupposedunlawful
aggressor is that if the offender did not kill the
aggressor,itwillbehisownlifethatwillbelost.
Nounlawfulaggressionwhentherewasanagreement
tofightandthechallengetofighthasbeenaccepted.
Butaggressionwhichisaheadofastipulatedtimeand
placeisunlawful.
A:Theaggressionmustbeillegal,liketheattackof
thehusbandagainstparamourofhiswifewhomhe
surprisedinanuncompromisingsituation,orachief
ofpolicewhothrewstonesattheaccusedwhowas
runningawaytoeludearrestofacrimecommitted
inhispresence.Theaggressionmustbelawful.
Q:Whatistheeffectifthereisamistakeoffacton
thepartoftheaccused?
Q:Whatisthetestinordertoknowifselfdefense
exists?
A:Onemustask:Atthetimetheaccusedkilledthe
supposedunlawfulaggressor,washisorher lifein
danger?
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A:
1.
2.
3.
Natureandqualityoftheweaponusedby
theaggression.
Physical condition, character, size and
othercircumstancesofboththeoffender
anddefender.
Placeandoccasionoftheassault.
Q:Whataretherequisiteswhichmustbepresent
to satisfy the reasonable necessity of the means
employedtopreventorrepelit?
A:
1. Meanswereusedtopreventorrepel
2. Meansmustbenecessaryandthereisno
otherwaytopreventorrepelit
3. Means must be reasonabledepending
on the circumstances, but generally
proportionate to the force of the
aggressor
Q:Inwhatinstancescantherebelackofsufficient
provocationonthepersondefendinghimself?
A:
1. No provocation at all was given to
aggressorbypersondefendinghimself.
2. Evenifprovocationwasgiven,itwasnot
sufficient.
3. Even if provocation was sufficient, it was
not given by the person defending
himself.
4. Even if provocation was given by person
defending himself, it was not the
proximate and immediate to the act of
aggression.
5. Sufficient means proportionate to the
damagecausedbytheact,andadequate
tostironetoitscommission.
Q:Whatistheeffectiftheaggressorretreats?
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenselfdefense
andretaliation?
SELFDEFENSE
Inselfdefense,the
unlawfulaggressionwas
stillexistingwhenthe
aggressorwasinjuredor
disabledbytheperson
makingthedefense.
RETALIATION
Inretaliation,the
inceptualunlawful
aggressionhadalready
ceasedwhentheaccused
attackedhim.
2.DEFENSEOFRELATIVES.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofdefenseofrelatives?
A:
1. Unlawfulaggression.
2. Reasonable necessity of the means
employedtopreventorrepelit.
3. Relative being defended gave no
provocation.
Q:Whoaretherelativescovered?
A:
1. Spouse
2. Ascendants
3. Descendants
4. Legitimate, adopted brothers and sisters,
or relatives by affinity in the same
degrees.
5. Relatives by consanguinity within the 4th
civildegree.
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Q:Whatifthepersonbeingdefendedisalreadya
secondcousin?
A:Itwillbeconsidereddefenseofastranger.Thisis
vital because if the person making the defense
acted out of revenge, resentment or some evil
motiveinkillingtheaggressor,hecannotinvokethe
justifying circumstance if the relative defended is
already a stranger in the eyes of the law. On the
other hand, it the relative defended is still within
thecoverageofdefenseofrelative,eventhoughhe
actedoutofsomeevilmotive,itwouldstillapply.It
is enough that there was unlawful aggression
against the relative defended, and that the person
defending did not contribute to the unlawful
aggression.
3.DEFENSEOFSTRANGERS.
A:
1. Unlawfulaggression
2. Reasonablenecessityofthemeans
employedtopreventorrepelit
3. Person defending be not induced by
revenge,resentmentorotherevilmotive
Q:Whoisastranger?
A:Anypersonnotincludedintheenumerationof
relativesmentionedabove.
A:
DEFENSEOFRELATIVES
DEFENSEOFSTRANGERS
Indefenseofrelatives,
eventhoughtheperson
makingthedefenseacted
outofsomeevilmotive,
hecanstillinvokethe
justifyingcircumstance,
aslongashedidnot
contributetothe
unlawfulaggression
Indefenseofstrangers,if
thepersonmakingthe
defenseactedoutof
revenge,resentmentor
someevilmotiveinkilling
theaggressor,hecannot
invokethejustifying
circumstance.
A.AntiViolenceagainstWomenandtheir
ChildrenActof2004(R.A.9262)
Q:Whatisabatteredwomansyndrome(BWS)?
22
Q.Whatarethecyclesofviolence?
A:
1. Tensionbuildingphase
2. Acutebatteringincident
Q.Whoisabatteredwoman?
A:Sheiswomanwhoisrepeatedlysubjectedtoany
forcefulphysicalorpsychologicalbehaviorbyaman
in order to coerce her to do something he wants
hertodowithoutconcernforherrights.
Furthermore,inordertobeclassifiedasabattered
woman, the couple must go through the battering
cycleatleasttwice.Anywomanmayfindherselfin
anabusiverelationshipwithamanonce.Ifitoccurs
asecondtime,andsheremainsinthesituation,she
isdefinedasabatteredwoman.(Peoplev.Genosa,
G.R.No.135981,Jan.15,2004)
Q.CanBWSbeusedasadefense?
Thelawnowallowsthebatteredwomansyndrome
as a valid defense in the crime if parricide
independent of self defense under the RPC. (Sec.
26)
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1.
2.
4.AVOIDANCEOFGREATEREVIL.
ORSTATEOFNECESSITY.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofstateofnecessity?
A:
1. Evilsoughttobeavoidedactuallyexists.
2. Injuryfearedbegreaterthanthatdoneto
avoidit.
3. There be no other practical and less
harmfulmeansofpreventingit,and
4. There must be no contribution on the
part of the accused what caused the evil
toarise.
Q:Whatdoesdamagetoanothercover?
A:Damagetoanothercoversinjurytopersonsand
damagetoproperty.
Q:Whatdoesthetermevilmean?
Q:Whomustbeliablecivilly?
5.FULFILLMENTOFDUTY.
Q:Whataretherequisitesoffulfillmentofduty?
Accusedactedintheperformanceofa
dutyorinthelawfulexerciseofarightor
office.
Injury caused or offense committed be
the necessary consequence of the due
performance of duty or the lawful
exerciseofsuchrightoroffice.
Theshootingbyguardsofescapingprisonersisalways
justified.(Peoplev.Delima,G.R.No.138692,June16,
2003)
A:No.Thedefenseofhavingactedinthefulfillment
ofadutyrequiresasacondition,interalia,thatthe
injuryoroffensecommittedbetheunavoidableor
necessary consequence of the due performance of
theduty(Peoplev.Oanis,G.R.No.L47722,July27,
1943). It is not enough that the accused acted in
fulfillment of a duty. After JunJun was shot in the
right leg and was already crawling, there was no
need for Pat. Reyes to shoot him further. Clearly,
Pat. Reyes acted beyond the call of duty which
brought about the cause of death of the victim.
(2000BarQuestion)
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6.OBEDIENCETOANORDERISSUED.
FORSOMELAWFULPURPOSE.
A:
1. Anorderhasbeenissuedbyasuperior
2. Such order must be for some lawful
purpose
3. Means used by the subordinate to carry
outsaidorderislawful
Note: Both the person who gives the order, and the
person who executes it, must be acting within the
limitationsprescribedbylaw.
EXEMPTINGCIRCUMSTANCES.
(Art.12).
Q:Whoareexemptedfromcriminalliability?
A:
1. An imbecile or an insane person, unless
the latter has acted during a lucid
interval.
24
5.
6.
Anypersonwhoactsundertheimpulseof
an uncontrollable fear of an equal or
greaterinjury.
7.
A:Yes.Thereisacrimecommittedbutnocriminal
liability arises from it because of the complete
absence of any of the conditions which constitute
freewillorvoluntarinessoftheact.
Q:Whohastheburdenofproof?
A:Anyofthecircumstancesisamatterofdefense
and must be proved by the defendant to the
satisfactionofthecourt.
1.IMBECILITYANDINSANITY.
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenimbecility
andinsanity?
A:
IMBECILITY
Animbecileisonewho,
whileadvancedinage,
hasamental
developmentcomparable
tothatofchildren
betweentwotoseven
yearsofage.
Nolucidinterval
Exemptincriminalliability
inallcases
INSANITY
Insanityexistswhen
thereisacomplete
deprivationof
intelligencein
committingtheact.
Thereislucidinterval
Notexemptfrom
criminalliabilityifitcan
beshownthatheacted
duringlucidinterval
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1.
2.
a.
b.
Q:Isthepresumptioninfavorofsanity?
A:
1. Atthetimeofthecommissionofthecrime
exempt
3. Afterjudgmentorwhileservingsentence
execution of judgment is suspended, the
accused is committed to a hospital. The
period of confinement in the hospital is
counted for the purpose of the
prescriptionofthepenalty.
Q:Whenshouldinsanitybepresent?
A: Insanity at the time of the commission of the
crime and not at the time of the trial will exempt
onefromcriminalliability.
Q:Whatistheeffectofinsanityatthetimeofthe
trial?
A:Incaseofinsanityatthetimeofthetrial,there
will be suspension of the trial until the mental
capacity of the accused is restored to afford him
fairtrial.
Q:Whataretheotherinstancesofinsanity?
c.
Epilepsywhichischronicnervousdisease
characterized by compulsive motions of
the muscles and loss of consciousness
maybecoveredbytheterninsanity.
Note:Feeblemindednessisnotimbecilitybecausethe
offendercandistinguishrightfromwrong.Animbecile
and an insane to be exempted must not be able to
distinguishrightfromwrong.
2.MINORITY.
B.JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006
(R.A.9344)
Q:Whatisthemeaningofachildinconflictwith
thelaw?
A:Itreferstoachildwhoisallegedas,accusedof,
oradjudgedas,havingcommittedanoffenseunder
Philippinelaws.
Note:Thechildinconflictwiththelawshallenjoythe
presumption of minority. He/she shall enjoy all the
rightsofachildinconflictwiththelawuntilhe/sheis
proventobe18yearsoldorolder.
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A:
AGEBRACKET
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
15yearsoldor
below
Exempt
Above15but
below18,who
actedwithout
discernment
Exempt
Above15but
below18,who
actedwith
discernment
Not
exempt
TREATMENT
Thechildshallbe
subjectedtoan
intervention
program
Thechildshallbe
subjectedtoan
intervention
program
Suchchildshallbe
subjectedtothe
appropriate
proceedingsin
accordancewith
R.A.9344
Uponsuspensionofsentenceandafterconsidering
the various circumstances of the child, the court
shall impose the appropriate disposition measures
asprovidedintheSupremeCourtRuleonJuveniles
inConflictwiththeLaw.(Sec.38)
Q:Howcantheagebedetermined?
A:Theageofachildmaybedeterminedfromthe
child's:
1.
2.
3.
Birthcertificate
Baptismalcertificate
Anyotherpertinentdocuments
Note: In the absence of these documents,
age may be based on information from the
child himself/herself, testimonies of other
persons, the physical appearance of the
childandotherrelevantevidence.Incaseof
doubt as to the age of the child, it shall be
resolvedinhis/herfavor.
26
Uponsuspensionofsentenceandafterconsideringthe
various circumstances of the child, the court shall
impose the appropriate disposition measures as
provided in the Supreme Court Rule on Juveniles in
ConflictwiththeLaw.(A.M.No.02118SC,November
24,2009)
A:
1. Statusoffenses(Sec57)Anyconductnot
considered an offense or not penalized if
committed by an adult shall not be
considered an offense and shall not be
punishedifcommittedbyachild.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
3.ACCIDENTWITHOUTFAULTORINTENTIONOF
CAUSINGIT.(DAMNUMABSQUEINJURIA).
A:
1. Apersonisperformingalawfulact
2. Withduecare
3. He causes injury to another by mere
accident
Withoutfaultorintentionofcausingit
A:Yes.Theinflictionoftheinjurybymereaccident
doesnotgiverisetoacriminalorcivilliability,but
thepersonwhocausedtheinjuryisdutyboundto
attendtothepersonwhowasinjured.
4.
Illustration:
Q:WhatistheeffectofaccidentinrelationtoArt.
275,par.2(failuretohelporrenderassistanceto
another whom he has accidentally wounded or
injured)andArt.365(imprudenceandnegligence).
A:InthecaseofLamerav.CA,GR.No.93475two
informationsarefiledagainstthepetitioner,firstis
for reckless imprudence (Article 365), falls under
the sole chapter (Criminal Negligence) of Title
Fourteen (Quasi Offenses) of Book Two of the
RevisedPenalCode.ThecrimeforAbandonmentof
one's victim (par. 2, Art. 275), falls under Chapter
Two(CrimesAgainstSecurity)ofTitleNine(Crimes
AgainstPersonalLibertyandSecurity)ofBookTwo
ofthesameCode.
QuasioffensesunderArticle365arecommittedby
means ofculpa. Crimes against Security are
committedbymeansofdolo.
Article 365, failure to lend help to one's victim is
neither an offense by itself nor an element of the
offense therein penalized. Its presence merely
increases the penalty by one degree. The last
paragraphoftheArticlespecificallyprovides:
Thepenaltynexthigherindegreetothoseprovided
for in this article shall be imposed upon the
offenderwhofailstolendonthespottotheinjured
partiessuchhelpasmaybeinhandtogive.
Such being the case, it must be specifically alleged
in the information. The information against
petitionerinthiscasedoesnotsoallege.
Upon the other hand, failure to help or render
assistance to another whom one has accidentally
wounded or injured is an offense under paragraph
2ofArticle275ofthesamecodewhichreads:The
penalty ofarresto mayorshall be imposed upon:
xxx Anyone who shall fail to help or render
assistance to another whom he has accidentally
woundedorinjured.
4.COMPULSIONOFIRRESISTIBLEFORCE
A:Thebasisisthecompleteabsenceoffreedom.
Q:Whatisirresistibleforce?
A:
1. Compulsionisbymeansofphysicalforce
2. Physicalforcemustbeirresistible
3. Physical force must come from a third
person
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Theforcemustbesoirresistibleastoreducetheactor
toamereinstrumentwhoactednotonlywithoutwill
butagainsthiswill.
A:ItwasheldthatBaculiwasnotcriminallyliableas
accessory for concealing the body of the crime of
murder committed by the band because he acted
under the compulsion of an irresistible force. (U.S.
v.Caballeros,4Phil.350)
5.UNCONTROLLABLEFEAR
A:Thebasisiscompleteabsenceoffreedom.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofuncontrollablefear?
A:
1. Threat,whichcausesthefear,isofanevil
greater than or at least equal to that
whichheisrequiredtocommit.
Q:Whataretheelements?
A:
1. Existenceofanuncontrollablefear
2. Fearmustberealandimminent
A:
IRRESISTIBLE
FORCE
Apersoniscompelled
byanothertocommita
crimebymeansof
28
UNCONTROLLABLEFEAR
Apersoniscompelledby
anothertocommitacrime
bymeansofintimidation
violenceorphysical
force.
orthreat.
Q:Theevidenceonrecordshowsthatatthetime
theransommoneywastobedelivered,appellants
Arturo
Malit
and
Fernando
Morales,
unaccompanied by any of the other accused,
entered the van wherein Feliciano Tan was. At
that time, Narciso Saldaa, Elmer Esguerra and
Romeo Bautista were waiting for both appellants
fromadistanceofaboutone(1)kilometer.Istheir
defenseofuncontrollablefeartenable?
6.PREVENTEDBYSOMELAWFUL.
ORINSUPERABLECAUSE.
A:Thebasisisabsenceofintent.
Q:Whatisinsuperablecause?
A:
1. Anactisrequiredbylawtobedone.
2. Apersonfailstoperformsuchact.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Sincethereisnocrimeor
criminal, there is no
criminalliabilityaswellas
civilliability.
3.
EXEMPTING
CIRCUMSTANCE
The circumstance affect
theactor.
Since the act complained
of is actually wrongful,
there is a crime. But
because the actor acted
without
voluntariness
there is absence of dolo
or culpa. There is no
criminal
Since there is a crime
committed but there is
no criminal, there is civil
liability for the wrong
done.
However
in
paragraphs 4 and 7 of
Article 12, there is
neither criminal nor civil
liability.
C.TheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsActof
2002(R.A.9165)
1.Immunityfromprosecutionandpunishment
A:Anypersonwho:
1. Has violated Sections 7, 11, 12, 14, 15,
and19,ArticleIIofRA9165
2. Voluntarilygivesinformation
a. About any violation of Sections
4,5,6,8,10,13,and16,Article
IIofthisAct
b. About any violation of the
offenses
mentioned
if
committedbyadrugsyndicate,
or
c. Leading to the whereabouts,
identities and arrest of all or
anyofthemembersthereof
3. Willinglytestifiesagainstsuchpersonsas
describedabove
4.
5.
Theinformantorwitnessshallstrictlyand
faithfully comply without delay, any
condition or undertaking, reduced into
writing, lawfully imposed by the State as
further consideration for the grant of
immunity from prosecution and
punishment.
MITIGATINGCIRCUMSTANCES.
(Art.13).
Q:Whataremitigatingcircumstances?
Q:Whatisthebasisofmitigatingcircumstances?
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A:
1.
A:
1. Ordinarymitigating
2. Privilegedmitigating
A:
ORDINARYMITIGATING
Canbeoffsetby
aggravating
circumstances
Ordinarymitigating
circumstances,ifnot
offset,willoperateto
reducethepenaltytothe
minimumperiod,
providedthepenaltyisa
divisibleone.
PRIVILEGEDMITIGATING
Canneverbeoffsetby
anyaggravating
circumstance.
Privilegedmitigating
circumstancesoperateto
reducethepenaltyby
onetotwodegrees,
dependinguponwhatthe
lawprovides.
1.INCOMPLETEJUSTIFYINGOR.EXEMPTING
CIRCUMSTANCE.
Q:Whatistheconceptofincompletejustifyingor
exemptingcircumstance?
Q:Whatconditionisnecessarybeforeincomplete
selfdefense, defense of relative, or defense of
strangermaybeinvoked?
30
A:Iflessthanamajorityoftherequisitesnecessary
to justify the act or exempt from criminal liability
are present, the offender shall only be entitled to
anordinarymitigatingcircumstance.
Ifamajorityoftherequisitesneededtojustifythe
act or exempt from criminal liability are present,
the offender shall be given the benefit of a
privileged mitigating circumstance. The penalty
shall be lowered by one or two degrees. When
thereareonlytwoconditionstojustifytheactorto
exemptfromcriminalliability,thepresenceofone
shallberegardedasthemajority.
2.UNDER18OROVER70YEARSOLD.
A:Offenderswhoare:
1. Over15butunder18yearsoldwhoacted
withdiscernment
2. Over70yearsold
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
EFFECTONCRIMINALLIABILITY
Exemptingcircumstance
Exemptingcircumstance,providedhe
actedwithoutdiscernment.Mitigating
circumstance,providedheactedwith
discernment
Fullcriminalresponsibility
Mitigatingcircumstance;noimposition
ofdeathpenalty;executionofdeath
sentenceifalreadyimposedis
suspendedandcommuted.
C.TheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsActof
2002(R.A.9165)
2.MinorOffenders
3.Application/NonapplicationofRPCprovisions
(Sec.98,R.A.9165)cf.Art.10,RPC
A:
GR: No, because the law itself prohibits the
applicationofRPCtoR.A.9165.
XPN:Iftheoffenderisaminorandthepenalty
is life imprisonment to death, then the penalty
shall be reclusion perpetua to death, adopting
therefore the nomenclature of the penalties
under the RPC. By adopting the nomenclature
of the penalties under the RPC, the RPC shall
apply, and a minor would now be entitled to a
privilege mitigating circumstance of minority.
(Peoplev.Simon,G.R.No.93026,July29,1994)
3.NOINTENTIONTOCOMMITSOGRAVEA
WRONG.
(PRAETERINTENTIONEM).
A:Thebasisisdiminutionofintent.
Q:Doesitapplytofeloniesbynegligence?
A:No,itisnotapplicablebecausetheoffenderacts
without intent. The intent in intentional felonies is
replacedbynegligenceorimprudence.
A:
1. Theweaponused
2. Thepartofthebodyinjured
3. Theinjuryinflicted
4. Themanneritisinflicted
Q:Isthismitigatingcircumstanceapplicablewhen
theoffenderemployedbruteforce?
4.SUFFICIENTTHREATORPROVOCATION.
Q:Whatisprovocation?
A:Provocationisanyunjustorimproperconductor
act of the offended party, capable of exciting,
incitingorirritatinganyone.
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A:
1. Provocationmustbesufficient.
2. Itmustoriginatefromtheoffendedparty.
3. Itmustbeimmediatetotheact.
Note:Sufficiencydependson:
1. Theactconstitutingtheprovocation
2. Thesocialstandingofthepersonprovoked
3. Timeandplaceprovocationtookplace
Q:TomasmotherinsultedPetra.PetrakillsTomas
because of the insults. Can Petra avail of the
mitigatingcircumstance?
A:No.Thereisnomitigatingcircumstancebecause
itwasthemotherwhoinsultedher,notThomas.
A:Iftherewasanintervaloftime,theconductof
the offended party could not have excited the
accusedtothecommissionofthecrime,hehaving
had time to regain his reason and to exercise self
control.Moreover,thelawpresupposesthatduring
that interval, whatever anger or diminished self
control may have emerged from the offender had
alreadyvanishedordiminished.
32
thatatthetimetheoffendercommittedthe
crime, he is still suffering from outrage of
thethreatorprovocationdonetohim,then,
hewillstillgetthebenefitofthismitigating
circumstance.
A:No.Threatshouldnotbeoffensiveandpositively
strong because if it was, the threat to inflict real
injuryisanunlawfulaggressionwhichmaygiverise
to selfdefense and thus, no longer a mitigating
circumstance.
5.VINDICATIONOFAGRAVEOFFENSE
A:
1. Grave offense has been done to the one
committing the felony, his spouse,
ascendants, descendants, legitimate,
naturaloradoptedbrothersorsisters,or
relatives by affinity within the same
degree.
2. Felonyiscommittedinvindicationofsuch
graveoffense.
Q:Whatisthemeaningofthewordoffenseinthis
particularmitigatingcircumstance?
Note:Thevindicationneednotbedonebytheperson
uponwhomthegraveoffensewascommittedorwho
was offended by the wrong done by the offended
party.
A:
1.Age
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:Yes.Itisenoughthat:
1. Theoffendercommittedthecrime;
2. The grave offense was done to him, his
spouse,hisascendantordescendantorto
his brother or sister, whether natural,
adoptedorlegitimate
3. Thegraveoffenseistheproximatecause
ofthecommissionofthecrime.
Q:Comparethecircumstancesofsufficientthreat
orprovocationandvindicationofagraveoffense.
A:
SUFFICIENTTHREATOR
PROVOCATION
Itismadedirectlyonlyto
thepersoncommitting
thefelony.
Thecausethatbrought
abouttheprovocation
neednotbeagrave
offense.
Itisnecessarythatthe
provocationorthreat
immediatelypreceded
theact.Theremustbeno
intervaloftimebetween
theprovocationandthe
commissionofthecrime.
VINDICATIONOFGRAVE
OFFENSE
Thegraveoffensemaybe
committedalsoagainst
theoffendersrelatives
mentionedinthelaw.
Theoffendedpartymust
havedoneagrave
offenseagainstthe
offenderorhisrelatives
mentionedinthelaw.
Thevindicationofthe
graveoffensemaybe
proximatewhichadmits
ofintervaloftime
betweenthegrave
offensecommittedbythe
offendedpartyandthe
commissionofthecrime
oftheaccused.
6.PASSIONOROBFUSCATION
Q:Whatispassionorobfuscation?
A:
1. Accusedacteduponanimpulse
2. Impulse must be so powerful that it
naturallyproducedpassionorobfuscation
inhim.
A:
1. That there is an act, both unlawful and
sufficient to produce such a condition of
mind.
2. That the said act which produced the
obfuscation was not far removed from
the commission of the crime by a
considerablelengthoftime,duringwhich
theperpetratormightrecoverhisnatural
equanimity.
Note:Thisparticularmitigatingcircumstancestandson
the premise that the offender is suffering from a
diminished selfcontrol because of the passion or
obfuscation.
A:
GR: If the offender is given the benefit of
paragraph 4, he cannot be given the benefit of
paragraph5or6,orviceversa.Onlyoneofthe
three mitigating circumstances should be given
infavoroftheoffender.
Q:Whenispassionorobfuscationnotamitigating
circumstance?
A:Iftheactiscommittedinthespiritof:
1. Lawlessness
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2. Revenge
A:
PASSION/OBFUSCATION
Itisproducedbyanimpulse
whichmaycause
provocation
Theoffenseneednotbe
immediate.Itisonly
requiredthattheinfluence
thereoflastsuntilthe
momentthecrimeis
committed
between
PROVOCATION
Theprovocation
comesfromthe
injuredparty
Itmustimmediately
precedethe
commissionofthe
crime.
A:
PASSIONOBFUSCATION
Mitigatingcircumstance
Itcannotgiveriseto
irresistibleforcebecause
passionorobfuscation
hasnophysicalforce.
Thepassionor
obfuscationisinthe
offenderhimself
Itmustarisefromlawful
sentiments.
IRRESISTIBLEFORCE
Exemptingcircumstance
Itrequiresphysicalforce.
Itmustcomefromathird
person.
Itisunlawful.
7.VOLUNTARYSURRENDERANDCONFESSIONOF
GUILT
A:Thebasisisthelesserperversityoftheoffender.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofvoluntarysurrender
asamitigatingcircumstance?
A:
1. Offenderhadnotbeenactuallyarrested.
2. Surrender was made to a person in
authorityorthelatter'sagent.
3. Surrenderwasvoluntary.
Q:Whenissurrenderconsideredvoluntary?
A:Whenitisspontaneous,demonstratingintentto
submit himself unconditionally to the person in
authorityorhisagent.
Whetherornotawarrantofarresthadbeenissued
againsttheoffenderisimmaterialandirrelevant.
34
Ifaftercommittingthecrime,theoffenderdidnotflee
andinsteadwaitedforthelawenforcerstoarrive,and
thenhesurrenderedtheweaponheusedinkillingthe
victim,voluntarysurrenderismitigating.
Q:Whatdoesspontaneousmean?
Q:Whyisvoluntarysurrenderismitigating?
Q:Whoisapersoninauthority?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Barriocaptain/chairmanincluded.
Q:Whoisanagentofpersoninauthority?
A:Heisapersonwhobydirectprovisionoflaw,or
by election, or by appointment by competent
authorityischargedwiththemaintenanceofpublic
order and the protection and security of life and
property and any person who comes to the aid of
personsinauthority.
A:Yes,becausehefledtothesceneofacrimenot
toescapebuttoseeklegaladvice.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofconfessionofguiltas
amitigatingcircumstance?
A:
1. Offendervoluntarilyconfessedhisguilt.
2. Itwasmadeinopencourt(thatisbefore
the competent court that is to try the
case).
3. It was made prior to the presentation of
evidencefortheprosecution.
Note:Pleaofguiltyisnotapplicabletospeciallaw.
8.PHYSICALDEFECT
Q:Whatisphysicaldefect?
A:Aperson'sphysicalcondition,suchasbeingdeaf
and dumb, blind, armless, cripple, or stutterer,
whereby his means of action, defense or
communication with others are restricted or
limited.Thephysicaldefectthatapersonmayhave
must have a relation to the commission of the
crime.
Note:Thelawsaysthattheoffenderisdeafanddumb,
meaning not only deaf but also dumb, or that he is
blind,meaninginbotheyes,butevenifheisonlydeaf
andnotdumb,ordumbbutnotdeaf,orblindonlyin
eye, he is still entitled to a mitigating circumstance
under this article as long as his physical defects
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Thephysicaldefectthatapersonmayhavemusthave
a relation to the commission of the crime. Not any
physicaldefectwillaffectthecrime.Itwillonlydosoif
it has some relation to the crime committed. This
circumstance must also have a bearing on the crime
committed and must depend on how the crime was
committed.
3.
4.
5.
6.
9.ILLNESSOFTHEOFFENDER
A:Thebasisisdiminutionofintelligenceandintent.
A:
1. Illness of the offender must diminish the
exerciseofwillpower.
10.SIMILARANDANALOGOUSCIRCUMSTANCES
A:
1. Theactoftheoffenderofleadingthelaw
enforcers to the place where he buried
the instrument of the crime has been
considered as equivalent to voluntary
surrender.
36
7.
Defendantwhois60yearsoldwithfailing
eyesight is similar to a case of a person
over 70 years of age. (People v. Reantillo
andRuiz,C.A.G.R.No.301,July27,1938)
A:
1. Mistakeinthebloworaberratioictus
2. Mistakeintheidentity
3. Entrapment
4. Accusedisover18yearsofage
5. Performanceofrighteousaction
A:
1. Illegaldetention(voluntaryreleasewithin
3days;withoutattainingpurpose;before
criminalaction)
2. Adultery(abandonmentofspouse)
3. Infanticide/abortion (intent to conceal
dishonorofmother)
AGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCES(Art.14)
Q:Whatareaggravatingcircumstances?
2. Changethenatureofthecrime.
Q:Whatisthebasisofaggravatingcircumstances?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Placeofcommission
Meansandwaysemployed
Time
Personalcircumstancesofoffenderor
offendedparty
A:
1. Genericorthosethatcangenerallyapply
toallcrime
5. Specialorthosewhichariseunderspecial
conditions to increase the penalty of the
offense and cannot be offset by
mitigatingcircumstances
Q:Whatarethosecircumstanceswhichaggravate
criminalliability?
A:
1. Advantagetakenofpublicposition
2. Contemptorinsulttopublicauthorities
3. Disregard of age, sex, or dwelling of the
offendedparty
4. Abuse of confidence and obvious
ungratefulness
5. Palace and places of commission of
offense
6. Nighttime,uninhabitedplaceorband
7. Onoccasionofcalamityormisfortune
8. Aidofarmedmen,etc.
9. Recidivist
10. Reiteracionorhabituality
11. Price,reward,orpromise
12. Bymeansofinundation,fire,etc.
13. Evidentpremeditation
14. Craft,fraudordisguise
15. Superior strength or means to weaken
thedefense
16. Treachery
17. Ignominy
18. Unlawfulentry
19. Breakingwall
20. Aidofminororbymeansofmotorvehicle
orothersimilarmeans
21. Cruelty
Note:Nos.16,910,14,18,19aregenericaggravating
circumstances
QUALIFYING
AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCES
Canbeoffsetbyan
ordinarymitigating
circumstance.
Cannotbeoffsetbyany
mitigatingcircumstances.
Itisnotaningredientofa
crime.Itonlyaffectsthe
penaltytobeimposed
butthecrimeremainsthe
same.
Noneedtoallegethis
circumstanceinthe
information,aslongasit
isprovenduringtrial.
Ifitisprovedduringtrial,
thesameisconsideredin
imposingthepenalty.
Thecircumstanceis
actuallyaningredientof
thecrime.The
circumstanceaffectsthe
natureofthecrimeitself
suchthattheoffender
shallbeliableforamore
seriouscrime.
Tobeappreciatedassuch
mustbespecifically
allegedinthecomplaint
orinformation.
Ifnotallegedbutproven
duringthetrial,itwillbe
consideredonlyas
genericaggravating
circumstance.Ifthis
happens,theyare
susceptibleofbeing
offsetbyanordinary
mitigatingcircumstance.
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A:No,onlyoneoftheseisqualifying.Ifanyoneof
the three circumstances was proven, the crime
already constitutes murder. If the other two are
also proven, even if they are alleged in the
informationorcomplaint,theyareonlytobetaken
asgeneric.Ifthereisanymitigatingcircumstancein
favoroftheoffender,thetwoothercircumstances
which are otherwise qualifying could be offset by
theordinarymitigatingcircumstances.
38
Q:Whatarepersonalaggravatingcircumstances?
1. Themoralattributesoftheoffender
2. His private relations with the offended
party
3. Anypersonalcause
A:
GR:Thecircumstanceswhichconsistinthe:
1. Materialexecutionoftheact;or
2. Meansemployedtoaccomplishit,
willonlyaggravatethecriminalliabilityofthose
persons who employed or who had knowledge
ofthematthetimeoftheexecutionoftheact
ortheircooperationtherein.
1.TAKINGADVANTAGEOFPUBLICPOSITION
Q:Whenisitapplicable?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Tobeapplicable,thepublicofficermustusehis:
a. influence
b. prestige
c. ascendancy
Q:Whenisitnotapplicable?
2.CONTEMPTORINSULTTOPUBLIC
AUTHORITIES
Q:Whataretherequisitesofcontemptorinsultof
publicauthoritiesasanaggravatingcircumstance?
A:
1. Publicauthorityisengagedintheexercise
ofhisfunctions.
Q:Whoisapublicauthority?
Q:Whoareagentsofapersoninauthority?
Note:Par.2ofArt.14doesnotapplywhenthecrime
iscommittedinthepresenceofanagentonly.
Q:Isitnecessarythattheoffenderhasknowledge
thatapublicauthorityispresent?
3.DISREGARDOFRANK,AGE,SEXORDWELLING
OFOFFENDEDPARTY
A:Theactbecommitted:
Note:Appliesonlytocrimesagainstpersonsorhonor,
andnotagainstpropertylikeRobberywithhomicide.
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Q:Whatdoeswithinsultorindisregardmean?
A:Itmeansthatinthecommissionofthecrime,the
offender deliberately intended to offend or insult
therank,sexorageoftheoffendedparty.
Q:Towhatdoesrankrefer?
Theremustbeadifferenceinthesocialconditionof
theoffenderandtheoffendedparty.
A:Ageappliesincaseswherethevictimisoftender
ageorisofoldage.
Q:Whatdoessexrefer?
A:Sexreferstothefemalesex,nottomalesex.
Q:Whatisdwelling?
Q:Shouldthedwellingbeownedbytheoffended
party?
Q:Whenisdwellingnotaggravating?
A:
1. When owner of the dwelling gave
sufficientandimmediateprovocation.
40
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Inthecrimeoftrespasstodwelling.
Thevictimisnotadwellerofthehouse.
Whenboththeoffenderandtheoffended
party are occupants of the same house
exceptincaseofadulteryintheconjugal
dwelling, the same is aggravating,
however, if the paramour also dwells in
the conjugal dwelling, the applicable
aggravating circumstance is abuse of
confidence.
Q:Whatifonehalfofthehouseisusedasastore
andtheotherhalfisusedfordwellingbutthereis
onlyoneentrance?
A:Ifthedwellingportionisattacked,dwellingisnot
aggravating because whenever a store is open for
business, it is a public place and as such, is not
capableofbeingthesubjectoftrespass.
Note:Wherethedwellingportionisattackedandeven
ifthestoreisopen,thereisanotherseparateentrance
to the portion used for dwelling, the circumstance is
aggravating.
Ifthewifekilledherhusbandintheconjugalhousethe
aggravating circumstance of dwelling cannot be
appreciated.
A:Theprovocationmustbe:
1. Givenbytheownerofthedwelling
2. Sufficient
Note:Ifalltheseconditionsarepresent,theoffended
party is deemed to have given the provocation, and
thefactthatthecrimeiscommittedinthedwellingof
theoffendedpartyisnotanaggravatingcircumstance.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1. Whentheoffenderactedwithpassionor
obfuscation.(Allthreecircumstances)
2. Whenthereexistsarelationshipbetween
the offended party and the offender.
(circumstance of sex only), e.g. parricide,
rape,abductionandseduction.
4.ABUSEOFCONFIDENCEOROBVIOUS
UNGRATEFULNESS
Q:Whataretherequisitesofabuseofconfidence
asanaggravatingcircumstance?
A:
1. Offendedpartyhadtrustedtheoffender.
2. Offenderabusedsuchtrustbycommitting
acrimeagainstoffendedparty.
Note:Thisisaggravatingonlywhentheveryoffended
partyistheonewhoreposedtheconfidence.
A:Yes,aswouldgivetheaccusedtheadvantageor
make it easier for him to commit the crime. The
confidence must be a means of facilitating the
commissionofacrime.
Q:Inwhatcrimesisabuseofconfidenceinherent?
A:
1. Malversation
2. Qualifiedtheft
3. Estafabyconversionormisappropriation
4. Qualifiedseduction
A:
1.
2.
3.
5.PALACEANDPLACESOF.COMMISSION
OFFENSE
Q:Whataretherequisitesofpalaceandplacesof
commission of offense as an aggravating
circumstance?
A:Thecrimebecommitted:
1. InthepalaceoftheChiefExecutive;or
2. Inhispresence;or
3. Where public authorities are engaged in
thedischargeoftheirduties;or
4. Inaplacededicatedtoreligiousworship.
A:Yes.Regardlessofwhetherornotofficialduties
or religious functions are being conducted. Chief
Executive's presence alone in any place where the
crime is committed is enough to constitute the
aggravatingcircumstance.
Note:ThePresidentorChiefExecutiveneednotbein
thePalacetoaggravatetheliabilityoftheoffender.
A:No.Themansionisnotthepalace.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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41
Note:Theplacemustbededicatedtopublicreligious
worship.Privatechapelsnotincluded.
Q:Isapollingprecinctapublicplace?
A:Apollingprecinctisapublicplaceduringelection
day.
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenparagraph5
andparagraph2?
A:
WHEREPUBLIC
CONTEMPTOR
AUTHORITIESAREENGAGED
INSULTTOPUBLIC
INTHEDISCHARGEOFTHEIR
AUTHORITIES(PAR.2)
DUTIES(PAR.5)
Placewherepublicdutyisperformed
Intheiroffice.
Outsideoftheiroffice
Theoffendedparty
Publicauthority
Mayormaynotbethepublic
shouldnotbethe
authority
offendedparty.
6.NIGHTTIME,UNINHABITEDPLACEORBAND
Q:Whataretherequisites?
A:Thecrimebecommitted:
1. Inthenighttime;or
2. Inanuninhabitedplace;or
3. Byaband.
Q:Whenisitaggravating?
A:When:
1. Itfacilitatedthecommissionofthecrime
2. Itespeciallysoughtforbytheoffenderto
ensurethecommissionofthecrimeorfor
thepurposeofimpunity
3.
42
Q:Whatisnighttime?
Q:Whatmakesthiscircumstanceaggravating?
A:Darknessofthenight.Hencewhentheplaceof
the crime is illuminated by light, nighttime is not
aggravating.
Note:Itmustbeshownthattheoffenderdeliberately
sought the cover of darkness and the offender
purposelytookadvantageofnighttimetofacilitatethe
commissionoftheoffense.
A:No,becausewhatshouldbeespeciallysoughtfor
is the darkness of night, not the darkness of the
moviehousewhenthelightswereonlyoffbecause
itwasonly4intheafternoon.
A:No,becauseevenifitwasnighttime,theplaceof
the commission was welllighted when the crime
wascommitted.
A:
GR:Nighttimeisabsorbedintreachery.
Q:Whatisanuninhabitedplace(despoblado)?
A:Itiswheretherearenohousesatall,aplaceata
considerable distance from town, or where the
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whenisuninhabitedplaceaggravating?
Q:Whatisaband?
A:Itmeansthatthereareatleastfourmalefactors
actingtogetherinthecommissionoftheoffense.
7.ONOCCASIONOFCALAMITYORMISFORTUNE
Q:Whatisthereasonfortheaggravation?
A:Thedebasedformofcriminalitymetinonewho,
inthemidstofagreatcalamity,insteadoflending
aidtotheafflicted,addstotheirsufferingbytaking
advantageoftheirmisfortunetodespoilthem.
Note:Offendermusttakeadvantageofthecalamity.
A:Itreferstootherconditionsofdistresssimilarto
theprecedingenumeration.
8.AIDOFARMEDMEN
Q:Whataretheelements?
A:Thecrimebecommittedwiththeaidof:
1. Armedmen,or
2. Personswhoinsureoraffordimpunity
Q:Whataretherequisitesofaidofarmedmenas
anaggravatingcircumstance?
A:
1. Armed men or persons took part in the
commission of the crime, directly or
indirectly.
2. Accused availed himself of their aid or
relied upon them when the crime was
committed.
Note:Armsisnotlimitedtofirearms,sticksandstones
included
Q:Whenisthecircumstanceofaidofarmedmen
notconsideredaggravating?
A:
1. Both the attacking party and the party
attackedwereequallyarmed.
2. Accusedaswellasthosewhocooperated
with him in the commission of the crime
acted under the same plan and for the
samepurpose.
A:Iftherearefourarmedmen,aidofarmedmenis
absorbedinemploymentofaband.
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Iftherearethreearmedmenorless,aidofarmed
menmaybetheaggravatingcircumstance.
A:
BYABAND
Requiresmorethan
three.
Requiresthatmorethan
threearmedmalefactors
shallhaveactedtogether
inthecommissionofthe
offense
Bandmembersareall
principals
WITHTHEAIDOFARMED
MEN
Atleasttwo
Thiscircumstanceis
presentevenifoneofthe
offendersmerelyrelied
ontheiraidisnot
necessary.
Armedmenaremere
accomplices.
FORMSOFREPETITIONORHABITUALITYOFTHE
OFFENDER
A:
1. Recidivism
2. Reiteracion
3. Habitualdelinquency
4. Quasirecidivism
9.RECIDIVISM
Q:Whataretherequisitesofrecidivism?
A:
1. Offenderisontrialforonecrime
2. He was previously convicted by final
judgmentofanothercrime
3. Both the first and second offenses are
embracedinthesametitleoftheRPC
4. Offenderisconvictedofthenewoffense
Q:Whatisthemeaningofatthetimeofhistrial
foronecrime?
A:Itisemployedinitsgenericsense,includingthe
rendering of the judgment. It is meant to include
everything that is done in the course of the trial,
fromarraignmentuntilaftersentenceisannounced
bythejudgeinopencourt.
Q:Whatisthereasonforconsideringrecidivismas
anaggravatingcircumstance?
A:Thelawconsidersthisaggravatingbecausewhen
apersonhasbeencommittingfeloniesembracedin
44
Q.Isrecidivismsubjecttoprescription?
Q:Doespardoneraserecidivism?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
10.REITERACION
Q:Whataretherequisitesofreiteracion?
A:
1. Accusedisontrialforanoffense
2. Hepreviouslyservedsentencefor
a. Another offense to which the law
attachesanequalorgreaterpenalty;
or
b. Two or more crimes to which it
attaches a lighter penalty than that
forthenewoffense.
3. Heisconvictedofthenewoffense.
A:No.Hence,reiteracionisnotalwaysaggravating.
However, when there is a third conviction, even if
the penalty for the subsequent crimes committed
be lighter than the ones already served, the
offenderisalreadyarepeater.
A:
REITERACION
Itisnecessarythat
offenderhasservedout
hissentenceforthe1st
RECIDIVISM
Itisenoughthatthefinal
judgmenthasbeen
renderedforthe1st
offense
Previousandsubsequent
offensemustnotbe
embracedinthesame
titleofRPC
Notalwaysan
aggravatingcircumstance
offense.
Previousandsubsequent
offensemustbeincluded
inthesametitleofRPC
Alwaystakeninto
considerationinfixingthe
penaltytobeimposed
upontheaccused
HABITUALDELIQUENCY
Q:Whatishabitualdelinquency?
A:Aspecialaggravatingcircumstancewhichhasthe
effect of increasing the penalty and imposing an
additionalpenaltywhichescalateswiththeincrease
inthenumberofconvictions.
A:Apersonisahabitualdelinquentif:
1. Withinaperiodof10yearsfromthedate
ofhisreleaseorlastconviction;
2. Of the crimes of falsification, robbery,
estafa, theft, serious or less serious
physicalinjuries;
3. He is found guilty of said crimes a third
timeoroftener.
A;Yes.
Illustration:
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45
crimeforwhichhewillbeconvictedwillbeincreased
to the maximum period, unless offset by a mitigating
circumstance. After determining the correct penalty
forthelastcrimecommitted,anaddedpenaltywillbe
imposedinaccordancewithArticle62.
A:
HABITUALDELINQUENCY
Atleastthreeconvictions
arerequired
Thecrimesarespecified
andlimitedto:(a)serious
physicalinjuries(b)less
seriousphysicalinjuries
(c)robbery(d)theft,(e)
estafaorswindlingand(f)
falsification
Thereisatimelimitof
notmorethan10years
betweeneveryconviction
Habitualdelinquencyisa
specialaggravating
circumstance,henceit
cannotbeoffsetbyany
mitigatingcircumstance.
Thecircumstancemust
beallegedinthe
information,otherwise
thecourtcannotacquire
jurisdictiontoimposethe
penalty.
RECIDIVISM
Twoconvictionsare
enough
Thecrimesarenot
specified.Itisenough
thattheymaybe
embracedunderthe
sametitleoftheRPC
Thereisnotimelimit
betweenthe1st
convictionandthe
subsequentconviction.
Recidivismis
imprescriptible
Itisagenericaggravating
circumstancewhichcan
beoffsetbyanordinary
mitigatingcircumstance.
Ifnotoffset,itwouldonly
increasethepenalty
prescribedbylawforthe
crimecommittedtoits
maximumperiod.
Thecircumstanceneed
notbeallegedinthe
information.
QUASIRECIDIVISM
Q:Whatisquasirecidivism?
Q:Whataretheelementsofquasirecidivism?
A:
1. Offender was already convicted by final
judgmentofoneoffense
46
2.
Note:Theoffendermustbeservingsentencebyvirtue
offinaljudgmenttotriggertheapplicationofArt.160.
Q:WhenisArt.160applicable?
A:
QUASIRECIDIVISM
Doesnotrequirethatthe
offenseforwhichthe
convictisservingandthe
newfelonycommitted
areembracedinthesame
titleoftheCode.
Theaggravating
circumstancesof
recidivismmaynotbe
offsetbyanyordinary
mitigatingcircumstance
presentinthe
commissionofthecrime.
RECIDIVISMPROPER
Itrequiresthatboththe
firstandthesecond
offensesmustembraced
inthesametitleofthe
Code.
Theaggravating
circumstancesof
recidivismmaybeoffset
byanyordinary
mitigatingcircumstance
presentinthe
commissionofthecrime.
Q:Whencanaquasirecidivistbepardoned?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
11.INCONSIDERATIONOFAPRICE
REWARDORPROMISE
Q:Whataretherequisitesunderthisparagraph?
A:
1. Thereareatleasttwoprincipals
a. Principalbyinducement
b. Principalbydirectparticipation
Note:Theprice,rewardorpromiseneednotconsistof
or refer to material things or that the same were
actually delivered, it being sufficient that the offer
made by the principal by inducement be accepted by
12.BYMEANSOFINUNDATION,FIRE,ETC.
A:Ifthecrimeiscommittedbymeansof:
1. Inundation
2. Fire
3. Explosion
4. Stranding of the vessel or intentional
damagethereto
5. Derailmentoflocomotive;or
6. Byuseofanyotherartificeinvolvinggreat
wasteandruin.
Whenusedasameanstokillaperson,itqualifiesthe
crimetomurder.
Q:Whataretherulesastotheuseoffire?
A:
1. Intent was only to burn but somebody
died simple arson but with specific
penalty.
2. If fire was used as a means to kill
murder.
3. If fire was used to conceal the killing
separate crimes of arson and
murder/homicide.
13.EVIDENTPREMEDITATION
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A:
1.
2.
3.
InPeoplev.Mojica,10SCRA515,thelapseofonehour
and fortyfive minutes (4:15 p.m. to 6 p.m.) was
considered by the Supreme Court as sufficient. In
Peoplev.Cabodoc,263SCRA187,whereat1:00p.m.,
theaccusedopenedhisbalisongandutteredIwillkill
him, and at 4:30 p.m. of the said date, the accused
stabbedthevictim,itwasheldthatthelapseofthree
andahalfhours(3hours)fromtheinceptionofthe
plan to the execution of the crime satisfied the last
requisiteofevidentpremeditation.
Q:Whatistheessenceofpremeditation?
A:Whenthevictimisdifferentfromthatintended,
premeditation is not aggravating although it is not
necessary that there is a plan to kill a particular
personforpremeditationtoexist.
14.CRAFT,FRAUDORDISGUISE
48
Q:Whatiscraft?
E.g.:
1.
2.
Q:Whatisfraud?
A:
FRAUD
Wherethereisadirect
inducementbyinsidious
wordsormachinations,
fraudispresent.
CRAFT
Theactoftheaccused
doneinordernotto
arousesuspicionofthe
victimconstitutecraft.
Note:Craftandfraudmaybeabsorbedintreacheryif
they have been deliberately adopted as means,
methodsorformsforthetreacherousstrategy,orthey
may coexist independently where they are adopted
foradifferentpurposeinthecommissionofthecrime.
Q:Whatisdisguise?
Note:
1.
2.
Thetestofdisguiseiswhetherthedeviceor
contrivanceresortedtobytheoffenderwas
intended to make identification more
difficult
The use of an assumed name in the
publicationofalibelconstitutesdisguise
Q:Isitnecessarythattheaccusedbeabletohide
his identity all throughout the commission of the
crime?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:WhatisthedistinctionamongCraft,Fraud,and
Disguise
CRAFT
Involvestheuse
ofintellectual
trickeryand
cunningnotto
arousethe
suspicionofthe
victim
FRAUD
DISGUISE
Involvestheuse
ofdirect
inducementby
insidiouswords
ormachinations
Involvesthe
useofdevise
toconceal
identity
15.ABUSEOFSUPERIORSTRENGTHORMEANS
TOWEAKENDEFENSE
Q:Whatisabuseofsuperiorstrength?
Q:Whatisthemeaningofadvantagebetaken?
A:Itmeanstodeliberatelyuseexcessiveforcethat
is out of proportion to the means for selfdefense
available to the person attacked. (People v.
Lobrigas)
A:
1. Meanswerepurposelysoughttoweaken
the defense of the victim to resist the
assault
2. The means used must not totally
eliminate possible defense of the victim,
otherwise,itwillfallundertreachery.
Q:Inwhatcasesisitapplicable?
16.TREACHERY
Q:Whatistreachery?
A:Treachery(aleviosa)referstotheemploymentof
means, method, or form in the commission of the
crimewhichtenddirectlyandspeciallytoinsureits
execution without risk to himself arising from the
defensewhichtheoffendedpartymightmake.
Note:
Rulesregardingtreachery:
1. Applicableonlytocrimesagainstpersons.
2. Means, methods, or forms need not insure
accomplishmentofcrime
3. Mode of attack must be thought of by the
offender, and must not spring from the
unexpectedturnofevents.
Treacherycannotcoexistwithpassionorobfuscation
(Peoplev.Pansensoy,G.R.No.140634,Sept.12,2002)
Q:Whatisthetestoftreachery?
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Q:Whataretherequisitesoftreachery?
A:
1. At the time of the attack, victim was not
inthepositiontodefendhimself
Note:Thelocationofthewoundsdoesnotgiveriseto
thepresumptionofthepresenceoftreachery.
Q:Whatistheessenceoftreachery?
A:Theessenceoftreacheryisthatbyvirtueofthe
means,methodorformemployedbytheoffender,
the offended party was not able to put up any
defense.
Q:Whenistreacheryabsent?
Q:Whatarethoseinstancesthatmaybeabsorbed
bytreachery?
A:
1. Abuseofsuperiorstrength
2. Aidofarmedmen
3. Byaband
4. Meanstoweakenthedefense
5. Craft
6. Nighttime
A:Itdepends.
1. When the aggression is continuous
treachery must be present at the
beginningoftheassault.
2. Whentheassaultwasnotcontinuousitis
sufficient that treachery was present
whenthefatalblowwasgiven.
50
Note:Alevosiashouldbeconsideredevenif:
1. Thevictimwasnotpredeterminedbutthere
was generic intent to treacherously kill any
firsttwopersonsbelongingtoaclass.
2. Therewasaberratioictusandthebullethit
apersondifferentfromthatintended.
3. There was error in personae, hence, the
victim was not the one intended by the
accused.
Q:Supposing,thevictimhidbehindadrumwhere
he could not be seen by the offender. The
offender, knowing that the victim was hiding
behind the drum shot at the drum. The bullet
penetrated the drum and hit the victim which
caused his death. Can the aggravating
circumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?
Q:WhatisthedistinctionamongTreachery,Abuse
ofSuperiorStrength,MeansEmployedtoWeaken
Defense
TREACHERY
ABUSEOF
SUPERIOR
STRENGTH
MEANS
EMPLOYED
TOWEAKEN
DEFENSE
Means,methods
orformsare
employedbythe
offendertomake
itimpossibleor
hardforthe
offendedpartyto
putanysortof
resistance
Offenderdoes
notemploy
means,methods
orformsof
attack,heonly
takesadvantage
ofhissuperior
strength
Meansare
employedbut
itmaterially
weakensthe
resisting
powerofthe
offended
party
17.IGNOMINY
Q:Towhatdoesignominypertainto?
E.g.
1. Amarriedwomanbeingrapedbeforethe
eyesofherhusband.
2. Rapingawomanfrombehind
3. After having been killed, the body was
thrownintopileorgarbage.
4. Accused embraced and kissed the
offended party not out of lust but out of
angerinfrontofmanypeople
5. Victimwasrapedsuccessivelybyfivemen.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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Q:Whataretherequisitesforignominy?
A:
1. Crimemustbeagainst
a. Chastity
b. lessseriousphysicalinjuries
c. lightorgravecoercion
d. murder
Q:Towhatcrimesisignominyinherent?
A:
1. Libel
2. Actsoflasciviousness
A:
IGNOMINY
Ignominyreferstothe
moraleffectofacrime
anditpertainstothe
moralorder,whetheror
notthevictimisdeador
alive.
CRUELTY
Crueltypertainsto
physicalsufferingofthe
victimsothevictimhas
tobealive.
Note:Ignominyandcrueltyarecircumstancesbrought
about which are not necessary in the commission of
thecrime.
18.UNLAWFULENTRY
Q:Whenisanentryconsideredunlawful?
A:Whenanentryiseffectedbyawaynotintended
forthatpurpose.
Q:Whyisunlawfulentryaggravating?
Q:Supposing,theownersofthehousecommonly
use the window as their ordinary means to enter
thehouse,thentheaccusedenteredthedoor.Can
theaggravatingcircumstanceofunlawfulentrybe
appreciated?
19.BREAKINGWALL
Q:Whataretherequisitesforbreakingawall?
A:
1. Awall,roof,window,ordoorwasbroken
2. Theywerebrokentoeffectentrance
Q:Giveinstanceswherebreakingislawful.
A:
1. Anofficerinordertomakeanarrestmay
break open door or window of any
building in which the person to be
arrestedisorisreasonablybelievedtobe
(Sec.11,Rule133ofRulesofCourt);
2. An officer if refused admittance may
break open any door or window to
execute the search warrant or liberate
himself (Sec. 7, Rule 126 of Rules of
Court);
3. Replevin(Sec.4,Rule60ofRulesofCourt)
A:
BREAKINGWALL
Itinvolvesthebreakingof
theenumeratedpartsof
thehouse.
UNLAWFULENTRY
Presupposesthatthereis
nosuchbreakingasby
entrythroughthe
window.
20.AIDOFMINORSORUSEOFMOTORVEHICLES
ORTHERSIMILARMEANS
AIDOFMINORS
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Theuseofaminorinthecommissionofthecrime
shows the greater perversity of the offender
because he is educating the innocent minor in
committingacrime.
USEOFMOTORVEHICLES
A:Theuseofmotorvehiclesinthecommissionofa
crime poses difficulties to the authorities in
apprehendingtheoffenders.
Thiscircumstanceisaggravatingonlywhenusedto
facilitatethecommissionoftheoffense.
Note:Ifmotorvehicleisusedonlyintheescapeofthe
offender, motor vehicle is not aggravating. (People v.
Espejo,L27708,Dec.19,1970)
A:No.Thecrimehasalreadybeenaccomplished.
A:No.Inorderforittobeappreciated,theremust
be positive proof that the wounds found on the
body of thevictim were inflicted while he wasstill
alivetounnecessarilyprolongphysicalsuffering.
Note:Ifthevictimwasalreadydeadwhentheactsof
mutilation were being performed, this would also
qualify the killing to murder due to outraging of his
corpse.
E.g.Crueltyisaggravatinginrapewheretheoffender
tied the victim to a bed and burnt her face with a
lightedcigarettewhilerapingherlaughingalltheway.
Q:Whataretheotheraggravatingcircumstances?
A:
1. Organizedorsyndicatedcrimegroup
2. Underinfluenceofdangerousdrugs
3. Useofunlicensedfirearm
C.TheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsActof
2002(R.A.9165)
4.Asaqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance
Note:Notwithstandingtheprovisionsofanylawtothe
contrary, a positive finding for the use of dangerous
drugsshallbeaqualifyingaggravatingcircumstancein
the commission of a crime by an offender, and the
application ofthe penalty provided forin the Revised
PenalCodeshallbeapplicable.(Sec.25)
D.DecreeCodifyingtheLawsonIllegal/Unlawful
Possession,Manufacture,Dealingin,Acquisition
orDisposition,ofFirearms,Ammunitionor
Explosives(P.D.1866,asamendedbyR.A.8294)
Note:Evenifthemotorvehicleusedisapublicvehicle,
thecircumstancemaystillbeappreciated.
21.CRUELTY
Q:Whendoescrueltyexist?
A:
1. The injury caused be deliberately
increasedbycausingotherwrong.
2. The other wrong be unnecessary for the
executionofthepurposeoftheoffender.
Q:Iscrueltyinherentincrimesagainstpersons?
52
Q:WhatchangeswerebroughtaboutbyR.A.8294
onP.D.1866?
A:
1.
2.
3.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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4. Unlicensedfirearmshallinclude:firearms
withexpiredlicense;orunauthorizeduse
of licensed firearm in the commission of
thecrime.
A:Iftheunlicensedfirearmisusedinfurtheranceof
or incident to, or in connection with the crime of
rebellion, or insurrection, sedition, or attempted
coupdetat.(Sec.1)
Q: When is the use of unlicensed firearm
consideredanaggravatingcircumstance?
A:Inthecrimesofhomicideandmurder(Sec.1)
Q: When is the use of explosives considered an
aggravatingcircumstance?
A: When a person commits any of the crimes
defined in the Revised Penal Code or special laws
with the use of the aforementioned explosives,
detonation agents or incendiary devices, which
results in the death of any person or persons, the
use of such explosives, detonation agents or
incendiary devices shall be considered as an
aggravatingcircumstance.(Sec.2,RA8294)
E.AntiTortureActof2009(RA9745)
Note: The provisions of the RPC insofar as they are
applicableshallbesuppletorytothisAct.Moreover,if
the commission of any crime punishable under Title
Eight (Crimes Against Persons) and Title Nine (Crimes
Against Personal Liberty and Security) of the Revised
PenalCodeisattendedbyanyoftheactsconstituting
torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment or punishment as defined herein, the
penalty to be imposed shall be in its maximum
period.(Sec.22,RA9745)
F.AntiViolenceAgainstWomenandTheir
ChildrenActof2004(RA9262)
Note: Being under the influence of alcohol, any illicit
drug,oranyothermindalteringsubstanceshallnotbe
adefenseunderthisAct.(Sec.27,RA9262)
ALTERNATIVECIRCUMSTANCES
(Art.15)
Q:Whatisthebasisofalternativecircumstances?
Q:Whatarealternativecircumstances?
A:Thosewhichmustbetakenintoconsiderationas
aggravating or mitigating according to the nature
and effects of the crime and the other conditions
attendingitscommission.
Q:Whatarethefouralternativecircumstances?
A:
1. Relationship
2. Intoxication
3. Degreeofinstruction
4. Educationoftheoffender
1. RELATIONSHIP
Q:Whenisrelationshiptakenintoconsideration?
A:Whentheoffendedpartyisthe:
1. Spouse
2. Ascendant
3. Descendant
4. Legitimate,natural,oradoptedbrotheror
sister;
5. Relativebyaffinityinthesamedegreeof
theoffender
6. Other relatives included by analogy to
ascendants and descendants. e.g.
Stepparents It is their duty to bestow
upontheirstepchildrenamother/fathers
affection,careandprotection.
Q:Whenisrelationshipexempting?
A:
1. Inthecaseofanaccessorywhoisrelated
to the principal within the relationship
prescribedinArticle20.
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3.
Q:Whenisrelationshipmitigating?
A:
1. In crimes against property, by analogy to
Art. 332 (persons exempt from criminal
liability).
Q:Whenisrelationshipaggravating?
A:
1. Incrimesagainstpersonsincases:
a. Whentheoffendedpartyisarelative
ofahigherdegreethantheoffender;
b. Whentheoffenderandtheoffended
partyarerelativesofthesamelevel,
askillingabrother;(Peoplev.Alisub,
69Phil.362)
c. Wherethecrimeisphysicalinjuries:
i. Seriousphysicalinjuriesevenif
the offended party is a
descendantoftheoffender;
Theseriousphysicalinjuriesmust
notbeinflictedbyaparentupon
his
child
by
excessive
chastisement
54
d.
Incrimesagainstchastity.
2.
A:Relationshipisneitheraggravatingnormitigating
whenrelationshipisanelementoftheoffense.e.g.
parricide,adulteryandconcubinage.
Note:Inthecrimeofqualifiedseduction,relationship
is a qualifying aggravating circumstance, where the
offenderisabrotheroranascendantoftheoffended
woman,whetherornotthewomanisavirginorover
18yearsofage.
2.INTOXICATION
Q:Whenisintoxicationmitigating?
A:Ifintoxicationis:
1. Nothabitual;or
Note:Tobemitigating,thestateofintoxicationofthe
accused must be proved. Once intoxication is
establishedbysatisfactoryevidence,intheabsenceof
proof to the contrary, it is presumed to be non
habitualorunintentional.
Q:Whenisintoxicationaggravating?
A:Ifintoxicationis
1. Habitual;or
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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Q:Whoisahabitualdrunkard?
3.DEGREEOFINSTRUCTIONOREDUCATIONOF
THEOFFENDER
Q:Isdegreeofinstructionoreducationmitigating?
A:
GR: Lack or low degree of instruction is
mitigatinginallcrimes.
XPN:Notmitigatingin:
2. Crimesagainstchastity
3. Murderorhomicide
4. Rape
5. Treasonbecauseloveofcountryshould
be a natural feeling of every citizen,
howeverunletteredorunculturedhemay
be.(Peoplev.Lansanas,82Phil.193)
Q:Supposing,thecrimewasdonenotinacivilized
society, can the alternative circumstance of low
degree of instruction be a mitigating
circumstance?
Illustration:
A:Yes.Onemaynothaveanydegreeofinstruction
butisneverthelesseducated.
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IV.PERSONSCRIMINALLYLIABLE
Q:Whoarecriminallyliable?
Note:ThisclassificationistrueonlyundertheRPCand
is not used under special law, because the penalties
under special laws are not graduated. However, if a
speciallawprovidesforthesamegraduatedpenalties
as those provided under the RPC, the classification
undertheRPCmaybeadopted.
Thisarticleappliesonlywhentheoffendersaretobe
judgedbytheirindividual,andnotcollective,liability.
Q:Whocanbethepartiesinthecommissionofa
crime?
A:
1. Activesubject(thecriminal)
2. Passivesubject(theinjuredparty)
Q:Whocanbeactivesubjectsofacrime?
A:Onlynaturalpersoncanbetheactivesubjectof
crimebecauseofthehighlypersonalnatureofthe
criminalresponsibility.
Q:Whocanbepassivesubjectsofacrime?
Q:Maycorpsesoranimalsbepassivesubjectsofa
crime?
A:
GR: Corpses and animals cannot be passive
subjects because they have no rights that may
beimpaired.
56
PRINCIPALS
(Art.17)
Q:Whatarethedifferentclassificationsofcriminal
responsibility?
A:
1. Individual criminal responsibility When
there is no conspiracy, each of the
offenders is liable only for the act
performedbyhim.
Q:Whatarethekindsofprincipals?
A:
1. Principalbydirectparticipation
2. Principalbyinduction/inducement
3. Principalbyindispensablecooperation
1.PRINCIPALBYDIRECTPARTICIPATION
Q:Whataretherequisitesforprincipalsbydirect
participation?
A:
1. They participated in the criminal
resolution.
2. They carried out the plan and personally
took part in its execution by acts, which
directlytendedtothesameend.
A:Ifthesecondelementismissing,thosewho did
not participate in the commission of the acts of
execution cannot be held criminally liable because
there is no conspiracy, unless the crime agreed
upontobecommittedistreason,sedition,coupd
etatorrebellion.
Thisisbecausetheconspiracycontemplatedhereis
a manner of committing a crime which is not
punishable as a rule unless it is a conspiracy to
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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A:Itmeansthat:
1. Theprincipalbydirectparticipationmust
beatthesceneofthecommissionofthe
crime, personally taking part in its
execution.
2. Under conspiracy, although he was not
present in the scene of the crime, he is
equally liable as a principal by direct
participation.
Q:Whoisaprincipalbyinducement?
E.g.Oneservingasguardpursuanttotheconspiracyis
aprincipalbydirectparticipation.
A:
1. By directly forcing another to commit a
crimeby:
Q:Whatistheruleindeterminingcriminalliability
incaseofconspiracy?
A:
GR:Ifthereisconspiracy,thecriminalliabilityof
all the participants will be the same, because
theactofoneistheactofall.
Ratio:Thelawfavorsmilderformofcriminalliabilityif
theactoftheparticipantdoesnotdemonstrateaclear
perversity.
A:
GR:Whenthereisconspiracy,thefactthatthe
elementoftheoffenseisnotpresentasregards
oneoftheconspiratorsisimmaterial.
XPN:
1. Inparricidetheelementofrelationship
mustbepresentasregardstheoffenders.
2. In murder where treachery is an
element of the crime, all offenders must
have knowledge of the employment of
thetreacheryatthetimeoftheexecution
oftheact.
2.PRINCIPALSBYINDUCTION/INDUCEMENT
Q:Whatismeantbyinducement?
Note:Principalsbyinducementareliableevenifthey
donotappearatthesceneofthecrime.
2.
a.
Requisites:
i. Inducement must be made
directly with the intention of
procuring the commission of the
crime;
ii. Such inducement be the
determining cause of the
commission of the crime by the
materialexecutor.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
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57
b.
Usingwordorcommand.
Requisites:
i. The one uttering the words of
command must have the
intention of procuring the
commissionofthecrime;
ii. He must have an ascendancy or
influence over the person who
acted;
iii. Wordsusedmustbesodirect,so
efficacious, and powerful as to
amount to physical or moral
coercion;
iv. Words of command must be
uttered prior to the commission
ofthecrime;
v. Material executor of the crime
has no personal reason to
committhecrime.
Mereimprudentadviceisnotinducement.
A:
1. Conspiracy is negated by the acquittal of
codefendant.
58
2.
A:
PRINCIPALBY
INDUCEMENT
OFFENDERWHOMADE
PROPOSALTOCOMMIT
AFELONY
Inboth,thereisinducementtocommitacrime
Themereproposalto
commitafelonyis
punishableisnot
punishableexceptin
proposaltocommit
Becomesliableonlywhen
treasonorrebellion.
thecrimeiscommitted
However,thepersonto
bytheprincipalbydirect
whomtheproposalis
participation
madeshouldnotcommit
thecrime;otherwise,the
proponentbecomesa
principalbyinducement.
Involvesanycrime
Theproposaltobe
punishablemustinvolve
onlytreasonorrebellion
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:Thosewho:
1. Participated directly in the criminal
resolution;or
Note:Aprincipalbyindispensablecooperationmaybe
a coconspirator under the doctrine of implied
conspiracy. He becomes a coconspirator by
indispensable cooperation, although the common
designorpurposewasnotpreviouslyagreedupon.
Ifthecooperationisnotindispensable,theoffenderis
onlyanaccomplice.
ACCOMPLICES
(Art.18)
Q:Whoisanaccomplice?
A:Anaccompliceisonewho:
1. Concurs with the criminal design of the
principalsbydirectparticipation;
Note:Cooperationofanaccompliceisonlynecessary,
notindispensable.
Incaseofdoubt,theparticipationoftheoffenderwill
be considered that of an accomplice rather than that
ofaprincipal.
A:Hebecomesaprincipalbydirectparticipation.
A:
PRINCIPALBY
INDISPENSABLE
COOPERATION
ACCOMPLICE
Ifthecrimecouldhardly
becommittedwithout
suchcooperation,then
suchcooperationwould
bringaboutaprincipal.
Ifthecooperationmerely
facilitatedorhastened
theconsummationofthe
crime,thiswouldmake
thecooperatormerelyan
accomplice.
A:
ACCOMPLICE
CONSPIRATOR
Inboth,theyagreewiththecriminaldesign
Theycometoknow
Theycometoknowthe
aboutitafterthe
criminalintention
principalshavereached
becausetheythemselves
thedecision,andonly
havedecideduponsuch
thendotheyagreeto
courseofaction.
cooperateinits
execution.
Theyaremerely
instrumentswhoperform
Theyaretheauthorsof
actsnotessentialtothe
thecrime.
perpetrationofthe
offense.
ACCESSORIES
(Art.19)
Q:Whoareaccessories?
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3.
Theaccessorycomesintothepicturewhenthecrime
is already consummated, not before the
consummationofthecrime.
Q:Inwhatsituationsareaccessoriesnotcriminally
liable?
A:
1. When the felony committed is a light
felony.
1.PROFITINGORASSISTINGTHEOFFENDERTO
PROFITBYTHEEFFECTSOFTHECRIME
Illustration:
2.DESTROYINGTHECORPUSDELICTI
Q:Whatisacorpusdelicti?
60
Itisacompoundfactmadeupoftwothings:
Thus,evenifthecorpseisnotrecovered,aslongas
thatkillingisestablishedbeyondreasonabledoubt,
criminal liability will arise and if there is someone
who destroys the corpus delicti to prevent
discovery, he becomes an accessory. (Inovero v.
Coronel,CA,65O.G.3160)
3.HARBORINGORCONCEALINGANOFFENDER
A:
1. Publicofficers
Requisites:
a. Accessoryisapublicofficer
2. Privateperson
Requisites:
a. Accessoryisaprivateperson
b. Heharbors,concealsorassistsinthe
escapeoftheauthorofthecrime
i. Treason
ii. Parricide
iii. Murder
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Attemptagainstthelifeofthe
President
Thattheprincipalisknowntobe
habitually guilty of some other
crime.
A:
GR: The accessory cannot be held criminally
liablewithouttheprincipalbeingfoundguiltyof
anysuchcrime.
ACCESSORIESEXEMPTFROMCRIMINALLIABILITY
(Art.20)
Q:Whatisthecriminalliabilityofanaccessory?
A:
GR: An accessory is exempt from criminal
liability,whentheprincipalishis:
1. Spouse
2. Ascendant
3. Descendant
4. Legitimate, natural, or adopted
brother, sister or relative by affinity
withinthesamedegree.
Nephewandniecearenotincluded.
ThebenefitsoftheexceptioninArt.20donotapplyto
P.D.1829(ObstructionofJustice).
A.DecreePenalizingObstructionofApprehension
andProsecutionofCriminalOffenders
(P.D.1829)
1.Punishableacts
Q:WhataretheactspunishedunderP.D.1829?
A:Anyperson,whoknowinglyorwillfullyobstructs,
impedes, frustrates or delays the apprehension of
suspects and the investigation and prosecution of
criminal cases by committing any of the following
acts:
3. Harboringorconcealing,orfacilitatingthe
escape of, any person he knows, or has
reasonable ground to believe or suspect,
hascommittedanyoffenseunderexisting
penal laws in order to preventhis arrest,
prosecutionandconviction
5. Delayingtheprosecutionofcriminalcases
by obstructing the service of process or
court orders or disturbing proceedings in
the fiscal's offices, in Tanodbayan, or in
thecourts
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61
6.
7.
8.
9.
2.ComparewithArticle20,RPC(accessories
exemptfromcriminalliability)
62
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
V.PENALTIES
A.GENERALPRINCIPLES
(Arts.2124)
Offendedpartycannot
pardontheoffenderso
astorelievehimofthe
penalty.
Itcanbewaivedbythe
offendedparty.
Q:Whatarepenalties?
ornegligentactwhichisagainstthelaw.
A:
2. Commensuratewiththeoffense.
2. The commitment of a minor to a
3. Personal no one should be
reformatoryinstitution.
punishedwiththecrimeofanother.
4. Legalitisaconsequenceofajudgment
3. Suspension from the employment or
accordingtolaw.
publicofficeduringthetrialorinorderto
5. Certainnoonemayescapeitseffects.
instituteproceedings.
6. Equaltoall.
7. Correctional.
4. Fines and other corrective measures
A:
SOCIALINJURY
Producedbythe
disturbanceandalarm
whicharetheoutcomeof
theoffense.
Repairedthoughthe
impositionofthe
correspondingpenalty.
TheStatehasaninterest
inthisclassorinjury.
PERSONALINJURY
Causedtothevictimof
thecrimewhosuffered
damageeithertohis
person,property,honor
orchastity.
Repairedthrough
indemnity.
TheStatehasnoreason
toinsistinitspayment.
Art.342oftheCivilCode.
A:
1. They are not imposed as a result of
judicial proceedings. Those mentioned in
par. 1, 3 and 4 are merely preventive
measuresbeforeconvictionofoffenders.
2. Theoffenderisnotsubjectedtoormade
to suffer these measures in expiation of
oraspunishmentforacrime.
Note:
1.
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2.
3.
4.
Whereaminoroffenderwascommittedtoa
reformatory pursuant to Art. 80 (now P.D.
603),andwhilethusdetainedhecommitsa
crime therein, he cannot be considered a
quasirecidivistsincehisdetentionwasonly
a preventive measure, whereas a quasi
recidivismpresupposesthecommissionofa
crimeduringtheserviceofthepenaltyfora
previouscrime.
B.PURPOSES
A:
1. Retribution or expiation penalty is
commensurate with the gravity of the
offense.
2. Correctionor reformationasshown
bytheruleswhichregulatetheexecution
of the penalties consisting in deprivation
ofliberty.
3. Social defense shown by its inflexible
severity to recidivists and habitual
delinquents.
C.CLASSIFICATIONOFPENALTIES
(ARTS.2526)
A:
1. Principal penalties those expressly
imposed by the court in the judgment of
conviction.
2. Accessory penalties those that are
deemedincludedintheimpositionofthe
principalpenalties.
A:
1. Indivisible penalties those which have
nofixedduration,e.g.deathandreclusion
perpetua
64
2.
Divisiblepenaltiesthosethathavefixed
duration and are divisible into three
periods. e.g. reclusion temporal down to
arrestomenor.
A:
1. Capital
2. Afflictive
3. Correctional
4. Light.
Q:Howarefinesimposed?
A:Finesmaybeimposedasanalternativeorsingle
penalty.
Q:Whatarefinesaccordingtotheirgravity?
A:
1. AfflictiveoverP6,000
2. CorrectionalP200toP6,000
3. LightlessthanP200
1. Isthepenaltyproper?Explain.
2. May the judge impose an alternative
penalty of fine or imprisonment?
Explain.
A:
1. Imposing the penalty of fine jointly and
severallyonthetwoconvictedaccusedis
not proper. The penalty should be
imposed individually on every person
accused of the crime. Any of the
convicted accused who is insolvent and
unable to pay the fine, shall serve the
subsidiaryimprisonment.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
D.DURATIONANDEFFECTOFPENALTIES
(Arts.2745)
Q:Whatisthedurationofpenalties?
A:
PENALTY
Reclusionperpetua
Reclusiontemporal
Prisionmayorand
Temporary
disqualification
Prisioncorrecional
Suspensionand
Destierro
Arrestomayor
Arrestomenor
Bondtokeepthepeace
DURATION
20yearsand1dayto40
years
12yearsand1dayto20
years
6yearsand1dayto12
years
6monthsand1dayto6
years
1monthand1dayto6
months
1dayto1month
Discretionaryonthe
Court
A:
1. Offender is in prison duration of the
temporary penalties is from the day on
which the judgment of conviction
becomesfinal
2. Offender not in prison duration of
penalty consisting in the deprivation of
libertyisfromthedaythattheoffender
is placed at the enforcement of the
penalty
3. Other penalties duration is from the
day on which the offender commences
toservehissentence
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenthepenalty
ofreclusionperpetuaandlifeimprisonment?
A:
RECLUSIONPERPETUA
Pertainstothepenalty
imposedforviolation
oftheRPC
Ithasfixedduration
Itcarrieswithit
accessorypenalties
LIFEIMPRISONMENT
Pertainstothepenalty
imposedforviolationof
speciallaws
Ithasnofixedduration
Itdoesnotcarrywithit
accessorypenalty
Q:Whenisdeathpenaltyimposed?
Q:Isdeathpenaltyalreadyabolished?
Note:However,thecorrespondingcivilliabilityshould
bethecivilliabilitycorrespondingtodeath.(Peoplevs.
Salome,G.R.No.169077,Aug.31,2006)
Q:Whenisdeathpenaltynotimposable?
A:
1. Under age offender is below 18 years
ofageatthetimeofthecommissionof
thecrime
2. Over age offender is more than 70
yearsold
3. No court majority when upon appeal
or automatic review of the case by the
Supreme Court, the vote of eight
members is not obtained for the
impositionofdeathpenalty
Q:Whatisthenatureofdestierro?
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A:
1. In the crime of grave threat or light
threat,whentheoffenderisrequiredto
put up a bond for good behavior but
failed or refused to do so under Article
284, such convict shall be sentenced to
destierrosothathewouldnotbeableto
carryouthisthreat
2. Inthecrimeofconcubinage,thepenalty
prescribedfortheconcubineisdestierro
underArticle334
A:
1. Perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualification
3. Accessorypenalties
Q:Whatiscivilinterdiction?
66
3.
4.
Therighttomanagehisproperty;and
Therighttodisposeofsuchpropertyby
anyactoranyconveyanceintervivos.
Q:Whatprincipalpenaltiesiscivilinterdictionan
accessorypenalty?
A:Itisanaccessorypenaltyin:
1. Death penalty if it is commuted to life
imprisonment;
2. Reclusionperpetua;
3. Reclusiontemporal.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofpenalties?
A:
1. Perpetual or temporary absolute
disqualificationfrompublicoffice:
a. Deprivation of public offices and
employment,evenifbyelection;
Note:Aplebisciteisnotmentionedor
contemplated in Art. 30, par 2
(deprivation of the right to vote),
hence, the offender may voteinthat
exercise, subject to the provisions of
pertinentelectionlawsatthetime
c.
d.
Temporaryabsolutedisqualificationlastsduring
thetermofthesentence,andisremovedafter
theserviceofthesame
2.
3.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
a.
b.
Note:Thepurposeofwhichistopreserve
the purity of elections; one rendered
infamous by conviction of felony or other
baseoffensesindicativeofmoralturpitude
isunfittoexercisesuchrights
4.
5.
6.
Suspensionfrompublicoffice,profession
orcallingortherightofsuffrage:
a. Disqualification from holding such
office or exercising such profession
orcallingorrightofsuffrageduring
thetermofthesentence;
b. If suspended from public office, he
cannot hold another office having
similar functions during the period
ofsuspension.
Civilinterdiction
a. Deprivationoftherightsofparental
authority or guardianship of any
ward
b. Deprivationofmaritalauthority
c. Deprivation of the right to manage
his property and of the right to
disposeofsuchpropertybyanyact
oranyconveyanceintervivos
Bondtokeeppeace
a. Offender must present two
sufficient sureties who shall
undertake that the offender will
not commit the offense sought to
be prevented and in case such
offensebecommitted,theywillpay
the amount determined by the
court;or
b. Offendermustdepositsuchamount
withtheclerkofcourttoguarantee
saidundertaking;or
c. Offender may be detained if he
cannotgivethebond,foraperiod:
i. Not to exceed 6 months for
graveorlessgravefelony;or
ii. Not to exceed 30 days for a
lightfelony.
Note:Bondtokeeppeaceisdifferentfrombailbond
which is posted for the provisional release of a
personarrestedfororaccusedofacrime.
A:
BONDTOKEEPTHE
PEACE
Failuretopostabondto
keepthepeaceresultsto
imprisonmenteitherfor6
monthsor30days,
dependingonwhetherthe
felonycommittedisgrave
orlessgraveononehand,
oritislightonly
BONDFORGOOD
BEHAVIOR
Thelegaleffectof
failuretopostabond
forgoodbehavioris
notimprisonmentbut
destierrounderArticle
284
PENALTIESINWHICHOTHERACCESSORY
PENALTIESAREINHERENT
(Arts.4044)
A:
1. Death, when not executed by reason of
commutationorpardon
a. Perpetual absolute disqualification,
and
b. Civil interdiction during 30 years, if
not expressly remitted in the
pardon
3. Prisionmayor
a. Temporaryabsolutedisqualification
b. Perpetual special disqualification
from suffrage, unless expressly
remitted in the pardon of the
principalpenalty
4. Prisioncorrecional
a. Suspension from public office,
professionorcalling,and
b. Perpetual special disqualification
from suffrage, if the duration of
imprisonment exceeds 18 months,
unless expressly remitted in the
pardonoftheprincipalpenalty
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5.
PREVENTIVEIMPRISONMENT
(Art.39)
Q:Whatispreventiveimprisonment?
Q:Whenwillpreventiveimprisonmentapply?
Q:Whenisthedetentionprisonerentitledtothe
fullcreditofhispreventiveimprisonment?
Q:Whenwillhebecreditedonlywithfourfifths
the time during which he has undergone
preventiveimprisonment?
EFFECTSOFPARDON
(Art.36)
Q:WhatistheeffectofpardonbythePresident
onthepoliticalrightsoftheaccused?
A:
GR: Executive pardon does not restore the
right to hold public office or the right to
suffrage
XPN:Whensuchrightsareexpresslyrestored
68
A:
1. Executive pardon can only be exercised
afterconvictionbyfinaljudgment
2. Executive pardon does not extend to
casesofimpeachment
A:
GR: Pardon granted in general terms
extinguishes only the principal penalty and
doesnotincludetheaccessorypenalty
XPN:
1. When absolute pardon is granted after the
termofimprisonmenthasexpired,itremoves
all that is left of the consequences of the
conviction
A:
EXECUTIVEPARDON
Coversanycrime,
unlessotherwise
providedbythe
Constitutionorthe
laws
Extinguishescriminal
liability
Executivepardondoes
notincludecivilliability
Grantedonlyafter
convictionbyfinal
judgment
PARDONBYTHE
OFFENDEDPARTY
Crimesagainstchastity
undertheRPC
Doesnotextinguish
criminalliability
Civilliabilitycanbe
waived
Shouldbegivenbefore
theinstitutionofthe
criminalaction
COSTS
(Art.37)
Q:Whatiscostorcostofsuit?
Q:Whatdocostsinclude?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
A:
A:
1.
2.
Fees
Indemnities, in the course of judicial
proceedings
Q:Towhomarecostschargeable?
A:
1. Incaseofconvictionchargeabletothe
accused
2. Incaseofacquittalcostsaredeofficio,
eachpartybearinghisownexpenses
Note:Paymentofcostsisdiscretionarytothecourts
PECUNIARYLIABILITIES
(Art.38)
Q:Whatdopecuniaryliabilitiesinclude?
A:Inthefollowingorder:
1. Reparationofthedamagecaused
2. Indemnification of the consequential
damages
3. Fine
4. Costsofproceedings
Note:
1.
2.
SUBSIDIARYPENALTY
Q:Whenissubsidiarypenaltyimposed?
A:
1. When there is a principal penalty of
imprisonment or any other principal
penaltyanditcarrieswithitafine;or
2. Whenpenaltyisonlyafine.
1.
2.
3.
CONFISCATIONANDFORFEITURESOF
THEPROCEEDSORINSTRUMENTSOF
THECRIME(Art.45)
A:
1. Everypenaltyimposedcarrieswithitthe
forfeiture of the proceeds of the crime
andtheinstrumentsortoolsusedinthe
commissionofthecrime.
2. Confiscation and forfeiture are in favor
ofthegovernment
rd
3. Propertyofa3 personnotliableforthe
offenseisnotsubjecttoconfiscationand
forfeiture
4. Propertynotsubjectoflawfulcommerce
rd
(whetheritbelongstotheaccusedor3
person)shallbedestroyed
A:
1. The instruments belong to an innocent
thirdparty.
2. Such properties have not been placed
underthejurisdictionofthecourt.
3. When it is legally or physically
impossible.
E.APPLICATIONOFPENALTIES
(Arts.4477)
Q:Howarepenaltiesapplied?
A:
GR:Penaltyprescribedbylawingeneralterms
shall be imposed upon the principals for the
consummatedfelony
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Q:Whenisthegraduatedscalefollowed?
Scale1
1. Death
2. ReclusionPerpetua
3. ReclusionTemporal
4. Prisionmayor
5. PrisionCorreccional
6. ArrestoMayor
7. Destierro
8. ArrestoMenor
9. Publiccensure
10. Fine
Scale2
1. Perpetual or Temporary Absolute
Disqualification
2. Perpetual or Temporary Special
Disqualification
3. Suspensionfrompublicoffice,therightto
vote and to be voted for, the profession
orcalling
4. PublicCensure
5. Fine
Q:Howisgraduationofpenaltiesdone?
A:Graduationofpenaltiesmaybeby:
1. ByDegrees:
a. Stagesofexecution(consummated,
frustrated,orattempted);and
b. Degree of criminal participation of
the offender (principal, accomplice
oraccessory).
A:
CONSUMMATED
0
1
2
70
FRUSTRATED
Principal
1
Accomplice
2
Accessory
3
ATTEMPTED
2
3
4
Interpretation:
0representsthepenaltyprescribedbylaw,
which is to be imposed on the principal
inaconsummatedoffense.
1representsthatpenaltyprescribedbylaw
mustbeloweredbyonedegreetomeet
the different situations and so on with
numbers2,3,4
A:
1.
Stagereached.
2.
Participationsofthepersonsliable.
3.
Aggravating
or
mitigating
circumstancesattendant.
Q:Whataretherulesinapplicationofindivisible
penalties?
A:
1. Single indivisible it shall be applied
regardless of any mitigating or
aggravatingcircumstances
2. Composedoftwoindivisiblepenalties
a. Only one aggravating circumstance
greaterpenaltyshallbeimposed
b. No mitigating and no aggravating
circumstanceslesserpenaltyshall
beimposed
c. Mitigating circumstance and no
aggravating lesser penalty shall
beimposed
d. Both mitigating and aggravating
circumstances are present court
shalloffseteachother
Note:Moralvalue,notnumericalweight,should
prevail
XPN:Privilegedmitigatingcircumstancesof
Arts.68(personunder18yearsold)and69
(incomplete justifying or exempting
circumstance)
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
A:Appliesonlywhenthepenaltyhasthreeperiods
1. No aggravating and no mitigating
mediumperiod
2. Onlyamitigatingminimum
3. Onlyanaggravatingmaximum
A:
1. Whenpenaltyissingleandindivisible
2. Onfeloniesthroughnegligence
3. ThepenaltytobeimposeduponaMoro
orothernonChristianinhabitants.Itlies
inthediscretionofthecourt
4. Whenpenaltyisonlyfineimposedbyan
ordinance
5. Whenpenaltiesareprescribedbyspecial
laws
Q:Whatisthethreefoldrule?
Subsidiarypenaltyformspartofthepenalty.
A:
1. Perpetualabsolutedisqualification
2. Perpetualspecialdisqualification
3. Temporaryabsolutedisqualification
4. Temporaryspecialdisqualification
5. Suspension
6. Destierro
7. Fineandbondtokeepthepeace
8. Civilinterdiction
9. Confiscationandpaymentofcost
Note:Theabovepenalties,exceptdestierro,maybe
servedsimultaneouslywithimprisonment.
ADDITIONALPENALTIESTOBEIMPOSEDUPON
CERTAINACCESSORIES
(Art.58)
A:Publicofficerswhohelptheauthorofthecrime
bymisusingtheirofficeanddutiesshallsufferthe
additionalpenaltiesof:
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71
1.
Q:WhataretherulesunderArt.49?
A:
1. Ifpenaltyforfelonycommittedishigher
thanthatintendedLowerpenaltyinits
maximumperiodshallbeimposed
Note:Art.49appliesinerrorinpersonaeorwhen
thereismistakeintheidentityofthevictimofthe
crime.
Thepenaltyfrotheintendedcrimeandtheactual
crime committed are compared and the lower
penaltyisimposedinthemaximumperiod.
PENALTYFORIMPOSSIBLECRIME
(Art.59)
Q:Whatisthebasisfortheimpositionofpenalty
forimpossiblecrime?
A:
1. Thesocialdangeritcouldcause
2. Degree of criminality shown by the
offender.
1.IndeterminateSentenceLaw
(R.A.4103,asamended)
Q:Whatisanindeterminatesentence?
72
Q:Whendoesindeterminatesentenceapply?
Q:Howistheindeterminatesentenceimposed?
RPC
SPL
Maximum
That which could be Anywhere within the
properly imposed under the range of penalty
RPC,
considering
the prescribed by the
aggravating and mitigating special law, as long as
it will not exceed the
circumstances
limitofthepenalty.
Minimum
Within the range of penalty Anywhere within the
one degree lower than that range of penalty
prescribed by the RPC for prescribed by the
the felony committed, special law, as long as
without considering the itwill notbeless than
aggravating and mitigating the minimum limit of
thepenaltyundersaid
circumstances.
law.
Thetermmaximumreferstothemaximumlimitofthe
durationthattheconvictmaybeheldinjail.
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
discretion in the imposition of the indeterminate
penalty.
b.
Q:Whoaredisqualifiedfromavailingthebenefits
oftheindeterminatesentencelaw?
c.
Anoffenderisnotdisqualifiedtoavailofthebenefits
oftheindeterminatesentencelawevenifthecrimeis
committedwhileheisonparole.
A:Wheneveranyprisonershall:
1. Have served the minimum penalty
imposeduponhim
A:Ifduringtheperiodofsurveillancesuchparoled
prisonershall:
1. Show himself to be a law abiding citizen
and;
2. Notviolateanylaw,
TheBoardmayissueafinalcertificationinhisfavor,
forhisfinalreleaseanddischarge.(Sec.6)
Q:Whatarethesanctionsfortheviolationofthe
conditionsofparole?
A:
1. Incorrect, a straight penalty cannot be
imposedundertheISLAW.
2. Correct, because if the range of the
penalty is one year or less, you can
impose a straight penalty of one year.
HereISLAWisnotapplicable.
3. Correct,sameas(b).
4. Incorrect, if the maximum penalty is one
year or less, then it is not covered by
ISLAW.Hence,thereisnoneedtoprovide
for maximum and minimum periods in
imposingapenalty.
5. Correct, if the maximum period of the
penalty imposed is more than one year,
theISLAWapplies.
F.EXECUTIONANDSERVICEOFPENALTIES
(Arts.7888)
Q:Whataretherulesincaseofinsanity?
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73
A:
A:
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q:Whenisdeathpenaltynotimposed?
A:
1. When the convict is below 18 yrs old at
thetimeofthecommissionofthecrime.
2. Whentheconvictisover70yrsoldatthe
timeofthecommissionofthecrime.
Q:Isthedeathpenaltyalreadybeenabolished?
Note:However,thecorrespondingcivilliabilityshould
bethecivilliabilitycorrespondingtodeath.(Peoplevs.
Salome,G.R.No.169077,Aug.31,2006)
74
2.
Whenaconvictshallbecomeinsaneoran
imbecile after final sentence has been
pronounced.(Art.79)
Q:Whenisdeathpenaltyimposedbutnotcarried
out?
A:
1. Incaseofcommutationofsentence.
2. Ifconvictattainstheageof70yrs.Oldin
which case the penalty will be
automatically lowered to reclusion
perpetua.
Q:Inwhatcasesisdestierroimposed?
A:
1. Death or serious physical injuries is
caused or are inflicted under exceptional
circumstances.(Art.247)
2. Failuretogivebondforgoodbehaviorin
graveandlightthreats.(Art.284)
3. Penaltyfortheconcubineinconcubinage
(Art.334)
Q:Howisdestierroexecuted?
A:
1. Convict shall not be permitted to enter
the place designated in the sentence nor
within the radius specified, which shall
not be more than 250 and not less than
25kmfromtheplacedesignated.
Q:Whereistheplaceofserviceofarrestomenor?
A:
1. Inthemunicipaljail;
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
2.
1.ProbationLaw(P.D.968,asamended)
Q:Whatisprobation?
A:Itisadispositionunderwhichadefendant,after
conviction and sentence, is released subject to
conditions imposed by the court and to the
supervisionofaprobationofficer.(Sec.3[a])
Q:Whatarethepurposesofprobation?
A:
1. To promote the correction and
rehabilitationofanoffenderbyproviding
himwithindividualizedtreatment
3. Topreventthecommissionofoffenses
4. Todecongestourjails
5. To save the government much needed
financeformaintainingconvictsinjail.
Q:Whenmayprobationbeavailedof?
Q:Ifapersonalreadyperfectedanappeal,canhe
stillavailofprobation?
A:
GR: No. Even if a person may be eligible for
probation,themomentheperfectsanappealfrom
the judgment of conviction, he cannot avail of
probation anymore. The benefit of probation must
be invoked at the earliest instance after
conviction.(Franciscov.CA,G.R.No.108747April6,
1995)
Ratio:Whenoneappliesforprobation,headmitsthe
correctnessofthecourtsdecision.Ontheotherhand,
if he appeals, he is not satisfied with the courts
decision,thushewantstheappellatecourttoreverse
ormodifythedecisionofthelowercourt.
A:Anapplicationforprobationisexclusivelywithin
thejurisdictionofthetrialcourtthatrenderedthe
judgment. The courts are always required to
conduct a hearing whether a convict who is
otherwise disqualified for probation may be given
thebenefitofprobationornot.
Q:Whocanapplyforprobation?
A:
GR: Only those whose penaltydoes not exceed six
years of imprisonment are qualified for probation,
withoutregardtothenatureofthecrime.Hence,if
thepenaltyissixyearsandoneday,heisnolonger
qualifiedforprobation.
XPN:
1.FirsttimeminoroffendersunderRa9165
2.Violationoftheomnibuselectioncode
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imprisonmentofnotlessthanonemonth
A: Yes, the offender is still qualified for probation.
andonedayand/orafineofnotlessthan
The basis of determining whether the penalty
twohundredpesos;
disqualifies the offender from probation or not is
4. Whohavebeenonceonprobationunder
the term of the individual imprisonment and not
theprovisionsofPD968;and
the totality of all the prison terms imposed in the
5. Who are already serving sentence at the
decision.
timethesubstantiveprovisionsofPD968
becameapplicablepursuanttoSection33
Hence, even if the prison term would sum up to
ofPD968.(Sec.9)
more than six years, if none of the individual
orsubversion.
Q:
What
are the kinds of conditions imposed
undertheprobationlaw?
Q:Whatarethecriteriaforplacinganoffenderon
probation?
A:
1. Mandatoryconditions
A: In determining whether an offender may be
2. Discretionaryconditions
placedonprobation,thecourtshallconsider:
Q:Whatarethemandatoryconditions?
1. All information relative, to the character,
76
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
Note: These conditions are mandatory, hence, the
moment any of these is violated, the probation is
terminated.
Q:Whatarethediscretionaryconditions?
Q:Whataretherulesonthegrantofprobation?
A:
1. After having convicted and sentenced a
defendant, the trial court may suspend
the execution of the sentence, and place
the defendant on probation, upon
application by the defendant within the
periodforperfectinganappeal.
4. Theapplicationshallbefiledwiththetrial
court, and the order granting or denying
probationshallnotbeappealable.
Q:Whatistheremedyofanoffenderifhisorher
applicationforprobationisdenied?
Q:Whatistheperiodofprobation?
A:
PENALTY
IMPOSED
Imprisonmentfornot
morethanoneyear
Imprisonmentofmore
PERIODOFPROBATION
Theperiodofprobation
shallnotexceedtwo
years
Theperiodofprobation
thanoneyear
Thesentenceimposes
onlyafineandthe
offenderismadetoserve
subsidiaryimprisonment
shallnotexceed6years
Theperiodofprobation
shallbetwicethetotal
numberofdaysof
subsidiaryimprisonment
A:
1. The court may issue a warrant for the
arrestofaprobationer.
2. Ifviolationisestablished,thecourtmay:
a. Revokehisprobation;or
b. Continue his probation and modify
the conditions thereof. This order is
notappealable.
Q:Whenmayprobationbeterminated?
A:
1. Caseisdeemedterminated.
2. Restoration of all civil rights lost or
suspended.
3. Fully discharges liability for any fine
imposed.
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2.JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006
(R.A.9344)
Q:Whatisthemeaningofachildinconflictwith
thelaw?
A:Itreferstoachildwhoisallegedas,accusedof,
oradjudgedas,havingcommittedanoffenseunder
Philippinelaws.
Note:Thechildinconflictwiththelawshallenjoythe
presumption of minority. He/she shall enjoy all the
rightsofachildinconflictwiththelawuntilhe/sheis
proventobe18yearsoldorolder.
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
15yearsoldor
below
Exempt
Above15but
below18,who
actedwithout
discernment
Exempt
Above15but
below18,who
actedwith
discernment
Not
exempt
TREATMENT
Thechildshallbe
subjectedtoan
intervention
program
Thechildshallbe
subjectedtoan
intervention
program
Suchchildshallbe
subjectedtothe
appropriate
proceedingsin
accordancewith
R.A.9344
Q:Whatisjuvenilejusticeandwelfaresystem?
A:JuvenileJusticeandWelfareSystem"referstoa
systemdealingwithchildrenatriskandchildrenin
conflict with the law, which provides child
appropriate proceedings, including programs and
servicesforprevention,diversion,rehabilitation,re
integration and aftercare to ensure their normal
growthanddevelopment.(Sec.4,RA9344)
IMINALLIABILIT
EFFECTSOFTHEATTENDINGMITIGATING
AND/ORAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCESAND
OFHABITUALDELINQUENCY
(Art.62)
A:Forthepurposeofthisarticle,apersonshallbe
deemed to be habitual delinquent, if with in a
periodoftenyearsfromthedateofhisreleaseor
last conviction of the crimes of serious or less
serious physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa or
falsification,heisfoundguiltyofanysaidcrimesa
thirdtimeoroftener.
A:
1. Aggravating circumstances (generic and
specific)increasesthepenalty,without
however, exceeding the maximum
providedbylaw
A:
1. Aggravating circumstances that are not
taken into account to increase the
penaltyarethosewhich:
78
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
BOOK 1: Penalties
a.
3. Circumstancesthatservetoaggravateor
mitigate the liability of those persons
onlywhohadknowledgeofthematthe
timeoftheexecutionoftheactortheir
cooperation therein are those which
consist:
a. Inthematerialexecutionoftheact;
or
b. In the means employed to
accomplishit.
A:
1. Offender had been convicted of any of
thecrimesof:
a. Serious or less serious physical
injuries
b. Robbery
c. Theft
d. Estafa
e. Falsification
2. Afterthatconvictionorafterservinghis
sentence, he again committed, and,
st
within 10 years from his release or 1
conviction, he was again convicted of
any of the said crimes for the second
time.
Q:Whataretheadditionalpenaltiesforhabitual
delinquency?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Upon3rdconvictionPrisioncorrecional
initsmediumandmaximumperiods
th
Upon4 convictionPrisionmayorinits
mediumandminimumperiods
th
Upon 5 or additional conviction
Prision mayor in its minimum period to
Reclusion temporal in its minimum
period
Note:Totalpenaltiesnottoexceed30years.
Totalpenaltiesrefertothepenalties:
1. For the last crime of which he is found
guilty;
2. Additionalpenalty.
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenhabitual
delinquencyandrecidivism?
A:
HABITUALDELIQUENCY
RECIDIVISM
Astothecrimescommitted
Sufficientthataccusedon
Offenderhadbeen
convictedofanyofthe thedateoftrialshallhave
beenpreviouslyconvicted
crimesof:serious
byfinaljudgmentof
physicalinjuries,
robbery,theft,estafa,or anothercrimeembraced
inthesametitleofRPC.
falsification.
Astoperiodoftimethecrimesarecommitted
Offenderfoundguiltyof
anyofthecrimeswithin
10yearsfromhislast
releaseorlast
conviction.
Noperiodoftime
betweentheformer
convictionandthelast
conviction.
Astonumberofcrimescommitted
3rdconvictionoroftener. 2ndconvictionissufficient.
Astoeffects
Ifnotoffsetbymitigating
Anadditionalpenaltyis circumstances,servesto
increasethepenaltyonly
imposed
tothemaximum
Q:JuandeCastroalreadyhadthree(3)previous
convictions by final judgment for theft when he
was found guilty of Robbery with Homicide. In
the last case, the trial judge considered against
the accused both recidivism and habitual
delinquency. The accused appealed and
contended that in this last conviction, the trial
court cannot consider against him a finding of
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recidivismand,again,ofhabitualdelinquency.Is
theappealmeritorious?Explain.
Juanisarecidivistbecausehahadbeenpreviously
convicted by final judgment for theft and again
foundguiltyforrobberywithhomicide,whichare
bothcrimesagainstproperty,embracedunderthe
same Title (Title Ten, Book Two) of the Revised
Penal Code. The implication is that he is
specializing in the commission of crimes against
property, hence aggravating in the conviction for
robberywithhomicide.
Q:Awaschargedwithhomicide.Duringthetrial,
uncontradicted evidence consisting of medical
certificates were presented showing that the
accused had sustained injuries in ten (10)
previous occasions while engaged in fisticuffs
with different persons. He was also confined at
the National Mental Hospital for mental ailment
diagnosed as homicidal and suicidal instincts.
During his second confinement thereat, he
escaped. Upon conviction, the prosecutor
objected to the applicationof the Indeterminate
Sentence Law contending that the accused is a
habitual delinquent and an escapee from the
National Mental Hospital. If you are the Judge,
ruleontheobjection.
A:Theobjectionshouldbeoverruled.Acouldnot
be legally considered a habitual delinquent.
Habitual delinquency cannot be validly invoked
without being alleged in the information and
proven during trial. Besides there is no indication
that A was convicted within ten (10) years from
last conviction or release, three times, or oftener
of the crimes of robbery, theft, estafa, physical
injuries, or falsification. Being an escapee from a
mental hospital will not disqualify him from the
application of the ISL as Section 2 thereof
contemplates having escaped from confinement
or evaded sentence. Confinement presupposes
80
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Q:Howiscriminalliabilityextinguished?
A:
1. Death of the convict as to personal
penalties; and as to pecuniary penalties,
liabilitytheretoisextinguishedonlywhen
death of the offender occurs before final
judgment
Note:Extinguishmentofcriminalliabilityisa
groundformotiontoquash.
Serviceofsentence
Amnesty which completely extinguished
thepenaltyandallitseffects
4. Absolutepardon
5. Prescriptionofthecrime
6. Prescriptionofthepenalty
7. Marriage of the offended woman as in
the crimes of rape, abduction, seduction
andactsoflasciviousness
A:
1. Conditionalpardon
2. Commutationofsentence
3. For good conduct allowances which the
culprit may earn while he is serving
sentence
4. Parole
5. Probation
Q:Whatistheeffectofoffendersdeath?
A:
1. If before final judgment his death
extinguishes both his criminal and civil
liabilities.
Note:However,civilliabilityarisingfromsourcesother
than the crime committed survives and may be
pursued in a separate civil action. (People v. Bayotas,
G.R.no.152007,Sept.2,1994)
A.PRESCRIPTIONOFCRIMESUNDERTHERPC
(Art.90)
Q.Whatisprescriptionofcrimes?
A:Prescriptionofcrimesistheforfeitureorlossof
the right of the State to prosecute the offender
afterthelapseofcertaintime.
GR:Prescriptionofthecrimebeginsontheday
thecrimewascommitted.
2.
3.
CRIMES
Crimespunishableby
death,Reclusion
perpetua,Reclusion
temporal
Crimespunishableby
otherafflictivepenalties
Crimespunishableby
othercorrectional
penalties
Libelorothersimilar
offenses
Oraldefamationand
slanderbydeed
Lightoffenses
PRESCRIPTION
20years
15years
10years,exceptthose
punishablebyarresto
mayorwhereinthe
prescriptiveperiodis5
years.
1year
6months
2months
Prescriptiondoesnottakeawaythecourtsjurisdiction
butonlyabsolvesthedefendantandacquitshim.
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A:Wherethelastdayoftheprescriptiveperiodfor
filing an information falls on a Sunday or legal
holiday,theinformationcouldnolongerbefiledon
thenextdayasthecrimehasalreadyprescribed.
A:Thehighestpenaltyisthebasisoftheapplication
oftherulescontainedherein.
Q:Suppose,in1980,Acommitsacrime,thengoes
into hiding, he resurfaces 20 years later, and the
government finds a witness, can they institute a
case?
Q:Whatistheeffectiftheaccusedfailstomove
toquashbeforepleading?
2. Courthasnojurisdiction
4. Theaverments,iftrue,wouldconstitutea
legal excuse or justification (Sec.9, Rule
117,RulesofCourt)
PRESCRIPTIONOFOFFENSESPUNISHABLEUNDER
SPECIALLAWSANDMUNICIPALORDINANCES
IMPOSABLEPENALTY
Imprisonmentofsix(6)yearsor
more
Imprisonmentoftwoyearsbutless
thansixyears
OffensesundertheNIRC
Imprisonmentofoveronemonth
butlessthantwoyears
Fineorimprisonmentofnotover
82
PRESCRIPTION
12years
8years
5years
4years
1year
onemonthorboth
Violationsofmunicipalordinances
2months
2.
3.
4.
Thefilingofthecomplaintorinformationincourtfor
preliminaryinvestigationinterruptstherunningofthe
prescriptiveperiod.
B.PRESCRIPTIONOFPENALTIES
Q:Whatisprescriptionofpenalties?
A:Prescription ofpenaltiesisthelossorforfeiture
oftherightofthegovernmenttoexecutethefinal
sentenceafterthelapseofcertaintime.
Q:Whenwilltheprescriptiveperiodcommenceto
run?
Q.Whenwillsuchperiodbeinterrupted?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:Itisinterruptedwhentheconvict;
1. Giveshimselfup
2. Iscaptured
3. Goestoaforeigncountrywithwhichthe
Philippineshasnoextraditiontreaty;or
4. Commits any crime before theexpiration
oftheperiodofprescription
A:
1. Continuing crimes prescriptive period
willstarttorunonlyattheterminationof
theintendedresult).
3. Electionoffense
a. If discovery of the offense is
incidental to judicial proceedings,
prescription begins when such
proceedingterminates;or
b. From the date of commission of the
offense.
A:Iftheamendmentchargesadifferentcrime,the
date of amended complaint or information should
be considered. If it is merely a correction of a
defect, the date of the original complaint or
informationshouldbeconsidered.
IMPOSABLEPENALTY
Death,
reclusionperpetua,
reclusiontemporal
Otherafflictivepenalties
Correctionalpenalties
exceptarrestomayor
Lightpenalties
PRESCRIPTION
20years
15years
10years
1year
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenprescription
ofcrimesandprescriptionofpenalties?
A:
PRESCRIPTIONOF
CRIMES
Lossorforfeitureofthe
Statetoprosecute.
PRESCRIPTIONOF
PENALTIES
Lossofforfeitureofthe
Statetoenforce
judgment
Startscountingupon
discoveryofthe
commissionofthecrime
Mereabsencefromthe
Philippinesinterruptsthe
runningofthe
prescription
Commissionofanother
crimebeforethe
expirationoftheperiod
doesnotinterrupt
prescription.
Startscountinguponthe
escapeorevasionof
serviceofsentence
Absencefromthe
Philippinesinterruptsthe
periodonlywhenhegoes
toaforeigncountry
withoutextraditiontreaty
withus.
Commissionofanother
crimebeforeexpiration
oftheperiodinterrupts
theprescription.
Q:OnefatefulnightinJanuary1990,while5year
oldAlbertwasurinatingatthebackoftheirhouse,
heheardastrangenoisecomingfromthekitchen
of their neighbor and playmate, Ara. When he
peeped inside, he saw Mina, Aras stepmother,
very angry and strangling the 5year old Ara to
death. Albert saw Mina carry the dead body of
Ara, place it inside the trunk of the car and drive
away. The dead body of Ara was never found.
Mina spread the news in the neighborhood that
Ara went to live with her grandparents in Ormoc
City.Forfearofhislife,Albertdidnottellanyone,
even his parents and relatives, about what he
witnessed.Twentyandahalf(20&)yearsafter
the incident, and right after his graduation in
Criminology, Albert reported the crime to NBI
authorities.Thecrimeofhomicideprescribesin20
years. Can the state still prosecute Mina for the
deathofAradespitethelapseof20and1/2years?
Explain.
ALLOWANCEFORGOODCONDUCT
(Art.97)
IMPRISONMENT
First2years
35years
DEDUCTION
5daysforeachmonthof
goodbehavior
8daysforeachmonthof
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goodbehavior
10daysforeachmonthof
goodbehavior
15daysforeachmonthof
goodbehavior
610years
11andsoonyears
84
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
I.CRIMESAGAINSTNATIONALSECURITY(114123)
Q:WhatarethecrimesagainstNationalSecurity?
A:
1.Treason(Art.114)
2.Conspiracyandproposaltocommittreason
(Art.115)
3.MisprisionofTreason(Art.116)
4.Espionage(Art.117)
5.Incitingtowarandgivingmotivesfor
reprisal(Art.118)
6.ViolationofNeutrality(Art.119)
7.Correspondencewithhostilecountry
(Art.120)
8.Flighttoenemycountry(Art.121)
Q:Whatarethecrimesagainstthelawofnations?
A:
1.Piracyandmutiny(Art.122)
2.QualifiedPiracyandMutiny
Q:Whencanthecrimeagainstnationalsecuritybe
committed?
A:GR:Allcrimesagainstnationalsecuritycanonly
becommittedintimesofwar.
XPN:
1.Espionage
2.Incitingtowarorgivingmotivesfor
reprisal
3.Violationofneutrality
4.Mutinyandpiracy.(Boado2008p.366)
ChapterOne:CrimesAgainstNationalSecurity
(Art.114123)
TREASON(Art.114)
Q:Whatisthecrimeoftreason?
Q:Whatisallegiance?
Q:Whataretheelementsoftreason?
A:
1. Offender is a Filipino citizen or an alien
residinginthePhilippines.
2. There is a war in which the Philippines is
involved.
Note:Formaldeclarationoftheexistenceofastateof
warisnotnecessary.
3.
Offendereither
a. Levies war against the government,
or
b. Adheres to the enemies by giving
themaidandcomfort.
Note:Treasonisawarcrime.Itcanonlybecommitted
intimesofwar.Theremustbeactualhostilities.
A:
1. Levyingwaragainstthegovernment,or
2. Adheringtotheenemies,givingthemaid
andcomfort.
Givinginformationto(Peoplev.Paar,86Phil.864)or
commandeering foodstuffs (People v. Mangahas, 93
Phil.118)forenemyisevidenceofbothadherenceand
aidorcomfort.
Q:Whoarethepersonsthatmaybeliableforthe
crimeoftreason?
A:Filipinocitizensandresidentalienscanbeliable
for treason. A citizen owes permanent allegiance
whilearesidentalienowestemporaryallegianceto
thegovernment.
A:Itdepends.
1. IftheoffenderisaFilipinocitizen,hecan
commit this crime even if he is outside
thePhilippines.
2. Treasonbyanalienmustbecommittedin
the Philippines (EO 44) except in case of
conspiracy.
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Q:Isthereacrimeoftreasonthrunegligence?
Q:Whatistheextentofaidorcomfort?
A:Itmustbeadeedorphysicalactivityanditmust
beintentional.
Q:Whataretheelementsoflevyingofwar?
Q:Whatarethewaysofprovingtreason?
A:
A:
1. There must be an actual assembling of
1. Twowitness rule The testimony of two
men
witnesses is required to prove the same
2. For the purpose of executing a
overtactofgivingaidorcomfort.
treasonabledesignbyforce
A:Adherencetotheenemymeansthatthecitizen
intellectuallyoremotionallyfavorstheenemiesand
harbors sympathies or convictions disloyal to his
countrys policy or interest. It means that there is
intenttobetray.
Note:Adherencealonewithoutaidandcomfortdoes
not constitute treason, although it may be inferred
fromtheactscommitted.
Q:Howmayadherencebeproved?
A:Adherencemaybeproved:
1. Byonewitness,
2. Fromthenatureoftheactitself,or
3. From the circumstances surrounding the
act.
Q:Whatisthemeaningofaidandcomfort?
86
sameact,placeandmomentoftime.
Q:AtestifiedthathesawXgoingtothehouseofC
in search of the latters revolver. B testified that
when C went to the garrison, X required C to
produce his revolver. Is the twowitness rule
compliedwith?
Q:Onewitnesssaidheheardagunreport,andsaw
asmokingguninthehandoftheaccusedandsaw
thevictimfall.Anotherwitness,whowasdeaf,said
hesawtheaccusedraiseandpointthegunandsaw
a puff of smoke from it. Is the twowitness rule
compliedwith?
A:Yes.Althoughthetestimoniesarenotidentical,
thetestimoniesofbothwouldcertainlybetothe
sameovertact.(Hauftv.UnitedStates)
2. Confessionoftheaccusedinopencourt.
Q:Issuspendedallegianceadefenseintreason?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Duressorcontrollablefearandobediencetothe
defactogovernmentaredefensesfortreason.
Q:Xfurnishedwomentotheenemy.Doestheact
constitutetreason?
A:Commandeeringofwomentosatisfythelustof
theenemiesortoenliventheentertainmentheldin
their honor was NOT treason even though the
womenandtheentertainmentshelpedtomakelife
morepleasantfortheenemies.(Peoplev.Perez,83
Phil.)
Q:Xisaspyandaninformeroftheenemy.CanX
beheldliablefortreason?
A:Yes,becausesuchactsstrengthentheenemyin
theconductofwar.
Q:Istreasonacontinuingoffense?
Q:Doesthecrimeoftreasonadmitstages?
Q:Howistreasondistinguishedfromsedition?
A:
TREASON
Violationbyasubjectof
hisallegiancetohis
sovereignorcountry.
Requiresastateofwar
withanothercountry.
SEDITION
Raisingofcommotionsor
disturbancesinastate
Conflictismerelyinternal
Q:Howistreasondistinguishedfromrebellion?
A:
TREASON
Thepurposeof
levyingwaristo
helptheenemy.
REBELLION
Thepurposeismerelyto
substitutethegovernmentwith
therebelsownformof
government
CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSALTOCOMMIT
TREASON(Art.115)
Q:Whataretheelementsofconspiracytocommit
treason?
A:
1. Intimeofwar
2. Two or more persons come to an
agreementto:
a. Levywaragainstthegovernment,or
b. Adheretoenemiesandtogivethem
aidorcomfort
3. Theydecidetocommitit
A:
1. Intimeofwar
2. A person who has decided to levy war
against the government, or to adhere to
the enemies and give them aid and
comfort.
3. Proposes its execution to some other
personorpersons.
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Note:Twowitnessruledoesnotapplybecausethisis
aseparateanddistinctoffensefromthatoftreason.
Q:Ifactualactsoftreasonarecommittedafterthe
conspiracyoraftertheproposalisaccepted,what
crimeiscommitted?
MISPRISIONOFTREASON(Art.116)
A:
1. Offendermustbeowingallegiancetothe
governmentofthePhilippines
2. Offenderisnotaforeigner
3. He has knowledge of any conspiracy to
commit treason against the said
government
4. Heconcealsorfailstodiscloseandmake
known the same as soon as possible to
the:
a. Governor
b. Fiscaloftheprovince
c. Mayor or fiscal of the city in which
heresides.
Q:Howistheoffenderpunished?
Q:Whatdoesthephraseshallbepunishedasan
accessorytothecrimeoftreasonmean?
88
1. Thisarticleisofspecialapplication,whereas
Art.20ofgeneralapplication
2. Security of State is more paramount than
mererelationshipand
3. The offender commits the distinct crime of
misprisionoftreasonwhichisseparateand
distinctfromtreason.
ESPIONAGE(Art.117)
Q:Whatisthecrimeofespionage?
A:
1. First mode: By entering, without
authority, a warship, fort or military or
naval establishments or reservation to
obtain any information, plans or other
dataofconfidentialnaturerelativetothe
defenseofthePhilippines.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1. Thattheoffender(aFilipinooraresident
agent) enters any of the places
mentionedtherein
2.
3.
Thathehasnoauthoritytherefore
Thathispurposeistoobtaininformation,
plans, photographs or other data relative
tothedefenseofthePhilippines.
A:
1. Thattheoffenderisapublicofficer;
2. That he has in possession the articles,
dataorinformationreferredinparagraph
1 of Art. 117, by reason of the public
officeheholds;
3. That he discloses their contents to a
representativeofaforeignnation.
Q:Underthefirstmodeofcommittingespionage,
is it necessary that the offender succeeds in
obtainingtheinformation?
Q:Iswiretappingaformofespionage?
Q:Isitnecessarythatthecountryisatwarforthe
crimeofespionagetobecommitted?
Q:Whataretheactsofespionagepunishedunder
Commonwealth Act 616 (An Act to Punish
EspionageandOtherOffensesagainsttheNational
Security)?
A:
1. Unlawfulobtainingofinformationrelative
tothedefenseofthePhilippinesortothe
advantageofanyforeignnation
2. Unlawful disclosing of information
relativetothedefenseofthePhilippines
3. Disloyalactsintimeofpeace
4. Disloyalactsintimeofwar
5. Conspiracytoviolateanyofthesaidacts;
6. Harboring or concealing violators of the
law
7. Photographing from aircraft of vital
militaryinformation
A:
ESPIONAGE
Maybecommittedboth
intimeofpeaceandin
timeofwar.
TREASON
Committedonlyintime
ofwar
Islimitedintwowaysof
committingthecrime:
Maybecommittedin
levyingwarandadhering
manyways.
totheenemygivinghim
aidandcomfort.
Botharecrimesnotconditionedbythecitizenshipof
theoffender.
INCITINGTOWARORGIVINGMOTIVESFOR
REPRISAL(Art.118)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender
performs
unlawful
or
unauthorizedacts
2. Such acts provoke or give occasion for a
war involving or liable to involve the
Philippines or expose the Filipino citizens
toreprisalsontheirpersonsandproperty
Q:Whatisreprisal?
Note:Reprisalisresortedtoforthepurposeofsettling
a dispute or redressing a grievance without going to
war.
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Intentionoftheoffenderisimmaterial.
Itiscommittedintimeofpeace.
Q:Whatistheextentofreprisals?
VIOLATIONOFNEUTRALITY
(Art.119)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. There is a war in which the Philippines is
notinvolved
3. Offenderviolatessuchregulation.
Note:Committedonlyintimesofwarandneutralityof
thePhilippinesisviolated
Q:Whatisneutrality?
A:Neutralityisaconditionofanationthat,intimes
of war, takes no part in the dispute but continues
peacefuldealingswiththebelligerents.
Note:Itisastatuscreatedunderinternationallaw,by
meansofastandonthepartofaStatenottosidewith
anyofthepartiesatwar.
Q:Whohastheauthoritytoissuearegulationfor
theenforcementofneutrality?
CORRESPONDENCEWITHHOSTILECOUNTRY
(Art.120)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
90
A:
1.
2.
3.
Offendermakescorrespondencewiththe
enemy country or territory occupied by
enemytroops
Correspondenceiseither
a. ProhibitedbytheGovernment
b. Carriedoninciphersorconventional
signs
c. Containing notice or information
whichmightbe usefultotheenemy
or intended by the offender to aid
theenemy
Q:Whatiscorrespondence?
A:Itiscommunicationbymeansoflettersoritmay
refertotheletterswhichpassbetweenthosewho
havefriendlyorbusinessrelations.
Q:Whatareciphers?
A:Secretmessageorcode.
A:Thatthe:
1. Notice or information might be useful to
theenemy
2. Offenderintendedtoaidtheenemy.
Note:Bothmustconcur.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
FLIGHTTOENEMYSCOUNTRY
(Art.121)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Existence of war in which the Philippines
isinvolved
2. Offender owes allegiance to the
Philippines
3. Offender attempts to flee or go to the
enemycountry
4. Going to enemy country is prohibited by
competentauthority
Q:WhocanbeheldliableunderArt.121?
A:TheoffendermaybeFilipinocitizensorresident
aliens because Art. 121 contemplates both
permanent and temporary allegiance. An alien
resident may be held guilty for this crime because
heowesallegiancetothePhilippines.
PIRACYINGENERALANDMUTINYONTHEHIGH
SEAS(Art.122)
Q:Whatispiracy?
A:Piracyisrobberyordepredationinthehighseas,
without lawful authority and done with animo
furandi (with intent to steal) and in the spirit and
intentionofuniversalhostility.
A:Piracyisacrimeagainstallmankind.Piratesare
inlaw,hostishumanigeneris.
Q:Whatarethemodesofcommittingpiracy?
A:
1. Firstmode:Byattackingorseizingavessel
on the high seas or in Philippine waters;
or
2. Secondmode:Byseizingthewholeorpart
of the cargo or equipment of the vessel
while on the high seas or the personal
Q:Whataretheelementsofpiracy?
A:
1. Vessel is on high seas or in Philippine
waters
2. Offenders are not members of its
complementorpassengersofthevessel,
3. Offenders
a. Attackthatvessel,or
b. Seizethewholeorpartofthe cargo
of said vessel, its equipment or
personal
belongings
of
its
complementorpassengers.
Q:Whatisthemeaningofhighseas?
A:Philippineseasshallrefertoallbodiesofwater,
such as but not limited to seas, gulf, bays around,
betweenandconnectingeachoftheislandsofthe
Philippine archipelago irrespective of its depth,
breadth, length or dimension and all waters
belongingtothePhilippinesbyhistoricorlegaltitle,
including territorial sea, the seabed, insular
shelves,andothersubmarineareasoverwhichthe
Philippineshassovereigntyandjurisdiction.(Sec.2,
P.D.532)
Q:WhatarethekindsofpiracyunderArt.122,as
amendedbyR.A.7659?
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A:JurisdictionisvestedwithPhilippinecourts.
Q:Howispiracydistinguishedfromrobberyonthe
highseas?
A:
PIRACY
Theoffenderis
anoutsider.
ROBBERYONTHEHIGHSEAS
Theoffenderisamemberofthe
complementorapassengerofthe
vessel.
Q:Whatismutiny?
A:Itistheunlawfulresistancetoasuperiorofficer
or the raising of commotions and disturbances on
board a ship against the authority of its
commander.
Q:Distinguishpiracyfrommutiny.
A:
PIRACY
Offendersarestrangers
tothevessel.Hence,
offendersareneither
passengersnorcrew
members.
Intenttogainisan
elementofpiracy.
Attackfromthe
outside.
MUTINY
Offendersaremembersof
thecomplementorthe
passengersofthevessel.
Intenttogainisimmaterial.
Theoffendersmayonly
intendtoignoretheships
officerortheymaybe
promptedbyadesireto
commitplunder.
Attackfromtheinside.
QUALIFIEDPIRACY
(Art.123)
A:
1. Seizureofthevesselbyboardingorfiring
uponthesame
92
2.
3.
Q:Isthereacrimeofqualifiedmutiny?
A:Yes,althoughArt.123merelyreferstoqualified
piracy, there is also a crime of qualified mutiny.
Mutiny is qualified under the following
circumstances:
Q:Whenpiracyiscommittedandaccompaniedby
murder, homicide, physical injuries and rape, can
thesecrimesbecomplexedwithpiracy?
Note:Qualifiedpiracyisconsideredaspecialcomplex
crime. It is punishable by reclusion perpetua to death
regardlessofthenumberofvictims.
A.AntiPiracyandAntiHighwayRobbery
(P.D.532)
1.Definitionofterms
Q:WhatconstitutesPhilippinewaters?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatisavessel?
Q:WhatconstitutesPhilippinehighway?
A:PhilippineHighwayshallrefertoanyroad,street,
passage,highwayandbridgesorotherpartsthereof
orrailwayorrailroadwithinthePhilippinesusedby
personsorvehiclesorlocomotivesortrainsforthe
movement or circulation of persons or
transportation of goods, articles or property or
both.
Q:Whatispiracy?
A:Piracyisanyattackuponorseizureofanyvessel
or the taking away of the whole or part thereof or
its cargo, equipment or the personal belongings of
its complement or passengers, irrespective of the
value thereof, by means of violence against or
intimidation of persons or force upon things
committed by any person including a passenger or
member of the complement of said vessel, in
Philippinewaters,shallbeconsideredaspiracy.The
offenders shall be considered as pirates and
punishedashereinafterprovided.
Q:Whatishighwayrobberyorbrigandage?
2.Punishableacts
Q:WhatisthepunishableactunderP.D.532?
A:Itpunishestheactofaidingorabettingpiracy.
Note:Underthepresentlaw(Article122asamended
byR.A.7659andP.D.532)piracymaybecommittedin
thePhilippinewatersorinthehighseasbyanyperson
(outsider,passenger,ormemberofthecomplementof
the vessel) (People v. Roger Tulin, G. R. No. 111709,
Aug.30,2001).
Q:Whataretheelements?
A:
1. A person knowingly aids or protects
pirates,
2. Acquires or receives property taken by
suchpirates,orinanymannerderivesany
benefittherefrom,
3. Directly and indirectly abets the
commissionofthepiracy.
A:
ART.122
Art.122limitsthe
offenderstonon
passengersornon
membersofthecrew.
P.D.532
Noqualificationastothe
criminal,hence,offender
maybeacrew,a
passengerorastranger.
B.AntiHijackingLaw(PD6235)
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderPD6235?
A:
1. Usurping or seizing control of an aircraft
of Philippine registry while it is in flight,
compelling the pilots thereof to change
thecourseordestinationoftheaircraft;
Note:Aggravatingcircumstancestonos.1and2:
a. When the offenderhas firedupon the
pilot, member of the crew, or
passengeroftheaircraft;
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
93
b.
c.
A:TheaircraftmustbeofPhilippineregistryandit
mustbeinflight.
Q:Whenisanaircraftconsideredinflight?
Q:Iftheaircraftisofforeignregistry,isitrequired
thatitisinflightbeforeR.A.6235applies?
Q:Istherehijackingintheattemptedstage?
A:ThecrimeremainstobeaviolationoftheAnti
Hijacking law, but the penalty thereof shall be
higher because a passenger or complement of the
aircraft had been killed. The crime of homicide or
murderperseisnotpunished.
94
A:
CRIMESAGAINSTTHE
LAWOFNATIONS
Can be prosecuted
anywhere in the world
because these crimes
are considered crimes
againsthumanity.
CRIMESAGAINST
NATIONALSECURITY
Can be tried only in the
Philippines.
The acts against national
security may be committed
abroad and still be
punishable under our law,
butitcannotbetriedunder
foreignlaw.
C.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsofterrorism?
2. SpecialPenalLaws:
a. TheLawonArson(P.D.1613)
b. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
(R.A.6969)
c. Atomic Energy Regulatory and
LiabilityActof1968(R.A.5207)
d. AntiHijackingLaw(R.A.6235)
e. AntiPiracy
and
AntiHighway
RobberyLawof1974(P.D.532)and
f. Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal
and
Unlawful
Possession,
Manufacture, Dealing In, Acquisition
or Disposition of Firearms,
Ammunitions or Explosives (P.D.
1866asamended)
Note:Theactsunderspeciallawsmust:
i.
Sow and create a condition of widespread
andextraordinaryfearandpanicamongthe
populace;
ii.
Coerce the government to give in to an
unlawfuldemand.(Sec.3)
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableunderthisact?
A:
1. Principal Any person who commits any
oftheactsunderSection3and4.
2. Accompliceanypersonwhonotbeinga
principalunderArticle17oftheRPCora
conspirator as defined under Section 4
hereof, cooperates in the execution of
either the crime of terrorism or
conspiracy to commit terrorism by
previousorsimultaneousacts.
XPNtotheXPN:thosefallingunder(a).
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
95
II.CRIMESAGAINSTTHEFUNDAMENTALLAWSOF
THESTATE(124133)
ARBITRARYDETENTIONOREXPULSION,
VIOLATIONOFDWELLING
PROHIBITION,INTERRUPTION,ANDDISSOLUTION
OFPEACEFULMEETINGANDCRIMES
AGAINSTRELIGIOUSWORSHIP(Arts.124133)
Q:Whataretheclassesofarbitrarydetention?
A:
1. Detainingapersonwithoutlegalground
2. Delayinthedeliveryofdetainedpersons
totheproperauthorities
3. Delayingrelease
ARBITRARYDETENTION
(Art.124)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrimeofarbitrary
detention?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Hedetainsaperson
3. Detentioniswithoutlegalgrounds.
Q:Whenisapersonconsideredindetention?
96
1.
Whenhehasnotcommittedanycrimeor,
atleast,thereisnoreasonablegroundfor
suspicionthathehascommittedacrime.
Q:Isitnecessarythatthepublicofficerbeapolice
officer for him to be held liable for arbitrary
detention?
A:Yes.Hehasauthority,inordertomaintainpeace
and order, to cause the arrest and detention of a
person.(Boado,2008)
A:Yes,iftheyconspiredwithsuchpublicofficers.
Q:Whatarethelegalgroundsforthedetentionof
persons without which a public officer may be
heldliable?
A:
GR:
1. Commissionofacrime
2. Violentinsanityorotherailmentrequiring
compulsoryconfinementofthepatientin
ahospital
3. When the person to be arrested is an
escapingprisoner
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Mayarbitrarydetentionbecommittedthrough
simplenegligence?
A:Yes,aswhenaprisonerwasreleasedbyajudge
but the police officer believing that the order is
illegal,rearrestedtheprisonerandputhimbackin
jail.
Thepenaltyforarbitrarydetentiondependsuponthe
period involved. A greater penalty is imposed if the
periodislonger.
A:
ARBITRARYDETENTION
Theprincipaloffender
mustbeapublicofficer.
Theoffenderwhoisa
publicofficerhasaduty
whichcarrieswithitthe
authoritytodetaina
person.
Q:Ifthepublicofficerwhoeffectedthearresthas
no such authority to detain a person, what crime
canhebemadeliablefor?
A:
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
Theoffenderisa
publicofficer
possessedwith
authoritytomake
arrests.
Illustration:
Apoliceofficerrearrestsawomanwhohadbeen
released by means of verbal order of the judge.
Thepoliceofficeractedwithoutmalice,butdidnot
verify the order of release before proceeding to
make the rearrest. He is liable for arbitrary
detentionthroughsimpleimprudence.
Q:Whataretheformsofillegaldetention?
A:
1. Detainingapersonwithoutlegalgrounds
2. A legal ground exists but the arrest was
made without a warrant, and the public
officer does not deliver the arrested
person to the proper judicial authority
within the period of 12, 18, or 36 hours,
asthecasemaybe
3. Delaying release by competent authority
with the same period mentioned in
number2.
ILLEGALDETENTION
Theprincipaloffenderisa
privateperson.
Theoffender,evenifheis
apublicofficer,doesnot
includeashisfunction
thepowertoarrestand
detainaperson.
Thepurposefor
detainingthe
offendedpartyis
todenyhimofhis
liberty.
UNLAWFULARREST
Theoffendermaybeany
person.
Thepurposeistoaccusethe
offendedpartyofacrimehedid
notcommit,todeliverthe
persontotheproperauthority,
andtofilethenecessarycharges
inawaytryingtoincriminate
him.
Q:SupposeXplantedevidencetoeffectthearrest,
whatcrime,ifany,iscommitted?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
97
DELAYINTHEDELIVERYOFDETAINEDPERSONS
TOTHEPROPERJUDICIALAUTHORITY
(Art.125)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. He has detained a person for some legal
ground
3. He fails to deliver such person to the
properjudicialauthoritieswithin:
a. 12 hours for crimes/offenses
punishablebylightpenaltiesortheir
equivalent;
b. 18 hours for crimes/offenses
punishable by correctional penalties
ortheirequivalent;
c. 36 hours for crimes/offenses
punishable by afflictive penalties or
theirequivalent.
A:
1. Themeansofcommunication
2. Thehourofarrest
3. Other circumstances such as the time of
surrender and material possibility of the
fiscaltomaketheinvestigationandfilein
timethenecessaryinformation.
Q:WhatsituationsarecontemplatedbyArt.125?
Q:Whatismeantbydelivery?
98
Q:Whatismeantbyproperjudicialauthorities?
A:Itreferstothecourtsofjusticeorjudgesofsaid
courts vested with judicial power to order the
temporary detention or confinement of a person
chargedwithhavingcommittedapublicoffense.
Q:Ifapersonisarrestedpursuanttoawarrantof
arrest, within what period should a police officer
turn over the arrested person to the judicial
authority?
Q:Whatisthelengthofwaiver?
A:
1. Lightoffense5days
2. Serious and less serious offenses 7 to 10
days
A:ThearrestingofficerwillhavetocomplywithArt.
125andfilethecaseimmediatelyincourtwithout
preliminaryinvestigation.
Note:Thefilingoftheinformationincourtbeyondthe
specified period does not cure illegality of detention
hencedetainingofficerisstillliableforunderArt.125.
Neither does it affect the legality of the confinement
underprocessissuedbythecourt.
A:
DELAYINTHEDELIVERYOF
DETAINEDPERSONS
Thedetentionislegalatthe
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
Thedetentionis
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
illegalatthevery
inceptionbecause
oftheabsenceof
lawfulcausefor
sucharrest.
DELAYINGRELEASE
(Art.126)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Delaying the performance of judicial or
executive order for the release of a
prisoner
Q:Whataretheelementsofdelayingrelease?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Thereisajudicialexecutiveorderforthe
release of the prisoner or detention
prisoner, or that there is a proceeding
uponapetitionfortheliberationofsuch
person
3. Offenderwithoutgoodreasondelays:
a. Serviceofnoticeofsuchordertothe
prisoner,or
b. Performance of such judicial or
executiveorderforthereleaseofthe
prisoner,or
c. Proceedings upon a petition for the
releaseofsuchperson.
EXPULSION
(Art.127)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
GR:
1. ExpellingapersonfromthePhilippines
2.
Q:Whataretheelementsofexpulsion?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Heeither:
a. Expels any person from the
Philippines
b. Compels a person to change
residence
3. Offenderisnotauthorizedtodosobylaw
Q:Whatistheessenceofthecrimeofexpulsion?
A:Gravecoercion
Q:X,themayorofCityofManilawantedtomake
thecityfreefromprostitution.Heorderedcertain
prostitutes to be transferred to Davao, without
observing due process. What is the crime
committedbyX?
A:Expulsion.
Note:Onlythecourtsbyafinaljudgmentcanordera
persontochangehisresidence.
Q:WhatcrimeiscommittedwhenaFilipinowho,
after voluntarily leaving the country, is illegally
refusedreentrybyapublicofficer?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
99
VIOLATIONOFDOMICILE
(Art.128)
Q:Whatarethemodesofcommittingthiscrime?
A:
1. First mode: Entering any dwelling against
thewilloftheownerthereof
2.
3.
Note:Inthethirdmode,whatispunishedis
the refusal to leave, the entry having been
madesurreptitiously.
Q:Whatarethecommonelements?
A:
1. Offenderispublicofficeroremployee;
A:Qualifiedtrespasstodwelling(Art.280,RPC).
Q:SupposethepunishableactsunderArt.128are
committedbyaprivateperson,whatcrimedidhe
commit?
A:Trespasstodwelling.
100
Q:Ifapublicofficersearchesapersonoutsidehis
dwelling, not armed with a search warrant or a
warrant of arrest, are the provisions of Art. 128
applicable?
A:
1. Ifcommittedatnighttime
WARRANTSMALICIOUSLYOBTAINEDANDABUSE
INTHESERVICEOFTHOSELEGALLYOBTAINED
(Art.129)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Procuring a search warrant without just
cause.
Elements:
a. That the offender is a public officer
oremployee
b. Thatheprocuresasearchwarrant
c. Thatthereisnojustcause
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Elements:
a. That the offender is a public officer
oremployee
b. Thathehaslegallyprocuredasearch
warrant
c. Thatheexceedshisauthorityoruses
unnecessary severity in executing
thesame
Q:Whatisasearchwarrant?
A:Itisanorderinwriting,issuedinthenameofthe
People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and
directed to a peace officer, commanding him to
searchforpersonalpropertydescribedthereinand
bringitbeforethecourt.
Note:Asearchwarrantshallbevalidfortendaysfrom
itsdate.
Q:Whatistherequisitefortheissuanceofsearch
warrant?
Q:Whatisthetestforlackofjustcause?
A:Whenasearchwarrantwasprocuredwithouta
probablecause.
SEARCHINGDOMICILEWITHOUTWITNESSES
(Art.130)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
3. Hesearchesthedomicile,papersorother
belongingsofanyperson
1.
2.
3.
4.
Searchwarrantwasirregularlyobtained
Theofficerexceededhisauthorityunderthe
warrant
When the public officer employs
unnecessary or excessive severity in the
implementationofthesearchwarrant
Owner of dwelling or any member of the
familywasabsent,ortwowitnessesresiding
within the same locality were not present
duringthesearch
A:
1. Homeowner
2. Members of the family of sufficient age
anddiscretion
3. Responsible members of the community
Q:CompareArt.128withArts.129and130.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
101
A:
ART.128
Thepublic
officerisnot
armedwitha
warrant.
ARTS.129AND130
Thepublicofficerisarmedwitha
warrantbutitwasmaliciously
obtainedorevenifitwasissued
regularly,therewasabuseinthe
implementationthereof.
PROHIBITION,INTERRUPTIONANDDISSOLUTION
OFPEACEFULMEETINGS
(Art.131)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Prohibiting or interrupting, without legal
ground, the holding of a peaceful
meeting,orbydissolvingthesame
Q:Whatarethecommonelements?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. He performs any of the acts mentioned
above
Q:TobeheldliableunderArt.131,isitnecessary
that the offender be a stranger, not a participant
of a meeting that has been interrupted and
dissolved?
102
Q:Istherighttopeacefulassemblyabsolute?
A:Therighttopeacefulassemblyisnotabsolute.It
may be regulated in order that it may not be
injurious to the equal enjoyment of others having
equal rights, nor injurious to the right of the
communityorsociety.
A:Thecrimecommittedisprohibitiontopeaceably
assembleinaccordancewithArt.131.
Q:Suppose,theofficerwouldnotgivethepermit
unless the meeting is held in particular place
which he dictates and such place defeats the
exercise of the rights to peaceably assemble, is
Art.131violated?
A:Yes.
Note:Meetingmustbepeacefulandtheremustbeno
groundforprohibiting,dissolving,orinterruptingthat
meeting.
A:
1. DangerousTendencyRule
2. ClearandPresentDangerRule
Q:WhatarethedistinctionsbetweenProhibition,
Interruption, or Dissolution of Peaceful Meetings
under Art. 131 and Tumults and other
Disturbances,underArt.153?
A:
ART.131
Thepublicofficerisnota
participant.Asfarasthe
gatheringisconcerned,
thepublicofficerisa
thirdparty.
ART.153
Thepublicofficerisa
participantofthe
assembly.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Theoffenderneednotbe
inpublicoffice
INTERRUPTIONOFRELIGIOUSWORSHIP
(Art.132)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
2. Religiousceremoniesormanifestationsof
any religious are about to take place or
aregoingon
3. Offenderpreventsordisturbsthesame
Note:Qualifiedbyviolenceorthreats.
Iftheprohibitionordisturbanceiscommittedonlyina
meetingorrallyofasect,itwouldbepunishableunder
Art. 131. E.g. reading of Bible and then attacking
certainchurchesinpublicplaza.
OFFENDINGTHERELIGIOUSFEELINGS
(Art.133)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Actscomplainedofwereperformed:
a. In a place devoted to religious
worship (not necessary that there is
religiousworship)
b. During the celebration of any
religiousceremony
2. Actsmustbenotoriouslyoffensivetothe
feelingsofthefaithful.
Note:Offenseoffeelingisjudgedfromcomplainants
pointofview.
Theremustbedeliberateintenttohurtthefeelingsof
the faithful, mere arrogance or rudeness is not
enough.
Q:Maythecrimebecommittedbyapublicofficer
oraprivateindividual?
A:Yes.Theoffendercanbeanyperson.
A.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
Q:Whatistheperiodofdetentionwithoutjudicial
warrantofarrest?
A:
GR: Notwithstanding Art. 125 of RPC , any
police of law enforcement personnel who has
taken custody of a person charged or
suspected of the crime of terrorism or
conspiracy to commit terrorism shall deliver
said charged person to the proper judicial
authority within 3 days counted from the
momentofthearrest.
A:Religiousceremoniescoveredarethosereligious
acts performed outside of a church, such as
processionandspecialprayersforburyingperson.
Note:IfthearrestismadeduringSaturdays,Sundays,
holidays or after office hours, the arresting police or
lawenforcementpersonnelshallbringthepersonthus
arrested to the residence of any of the officials
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
103
mentionedabove.Thewrittenapprovalofanyofsaid
officialsshallbesecuredwithin5daysafterthedateof
detention. Provided that within 3 days after the date
of detention of the suspects, whose connection with
the terror attack or threat is not established, shall be
releasedimmediately.
9.
10. Pullingoutoffingernails
11. Harmfulexposuretotheelementssuchas
sunlightandextremecold
B.AntiTortureAct(R.A.9745)
12. Theuseofplasticbagandothermaterials
placed over the head to the point of
asphyxiation
1.
Systematic
beating,
headbanging,
punching,kicking,strikingwithtruncheon
or rifle butt or other similar objects, and
jumpingonthestomach
2.
3.
Electricshock
Dentaltortureortheforcedextractionof
theteeth
14. Otheranalogousactsofphysicaltorture
1.
Blindfolding
2.
3.
4.
Prolongedinterrogation
5.
6.
Causingunscheduledtransferofaperson
deprived of liberty from one place
toanother,creatingthebeliefthathe/she
shallbesummarilyexecuted
7.
8.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Mutilationoramputationoftheessential
parts of the body such as the genitalia,
ear,tongue,etc.
104
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Denialofsleep/rest
c.
12. Other
analogous
acts
mental/psychologicaltorture(Sec.4)
of
Q.WhoarepunishedunderAntiTortureAct?
A:
1.
2.
a.
b.
Bythemselvesprofitingfromor
assisting the offender to profit
from the effects of the act of
tortureorothercruel, inhuman
anddegradingtreatment
Byconcealingtheactoftorture
or other cruel, inhuman and
degrading
treatment
or
punishment and/or destroying
the effects of instruments
By harboring, concealing or
assisting in the escape of the
principal/s in the act of torture
or other cruel, inhuman and
degrading
treatment
or
punishment: Provided, that the
accessory acts are done with
theabuseoftheofficialspublic
function.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
105
III.CRIMESAGAINSTPUBLICORDER(134159)
REBELLION,COUPDETAT,SEDITIONAND
DISLOYALTY
Q:Whatarepoliticalcrimes?
A:Thosethataredirectlyaimedagainstthepolitical
order, as well as such common crimes as may be
committed to achieve a political purpose. The
decisivefactoristheintentormotive.
Q:Whatisthenatureofthecrimeofrebellion?
Q:Whoareliableforrebellion?
Illustration:
REBELLIONANDINSURRECTION
(Art.134)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Therebe:
a. Publicuprising,and
b. Takingarmsagainstgovernment
Note:Theuseofunlicensedfirearmisabsorbedinthe
crimeofrebellionifusedinfurtheranceoforincident
to, or in connection with the crime of rebellion, or
insurrection,orsedition.(Sec.1
Q:Whatistheessenceofthecrimeofrebellion?
Note:Ifthereisnopublicuprising,thecrimeisdirect
assault.
106
A:
REBELLION
Theobjectofthe
movementis
completelyto
overthrowand
supersedethe
existinggovernment.
INSURRECTION
Themovementseeksmerely
toeffectsomechangeof
minorimportance,orto
preventtheexerciseof
governmentalauthoritywith
respectofparticularmatters
ofsubjects.
SEDITION
Itissufficientthatpublic
uprisingbetumultuous.
Purposemaybepoliticalor
social,thatismerelytogo
againsttheestablished
governmentnotto
overthrowit.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
REBELLION
Theuprisingisagainstthe
government.
Thepurposeisto
substitutetheexisting
governmentwith
another.
TREASON
Thelevyingofwarisdone
toaidtheenemy.
Thepurposeistodeliver
thegovernmenttothe
enemy.
A:
REBELLION
Crimeagainstpublic
order.
Theremustbepublic
uprisingtooverthrow
thegovernment.
SUBVERSION
Crimeagainstnational
security.
Beingofficersandranking
membersofsubversive
groupsconstitutesubversion.
A:IfIweretheprosecutor,IwouldchargeJoselito
andVicentewiththecrimeofrebellion,considering
that the killers were members of the liquidation
squadoftheNPAandthekillingwasuponordersof
theircommander;hence,politicallymotivated.This
was the ruling in People v. Avila, SCRA 1568,
involvingidenticalfactswhichisamovementtaken
judicialnoticeofasengagedinrebellionagainstthe
Government.
Rebellionisacontinuingcrimealongwiththecrimeof
conspiracyorproposaltocommitrebellion.
Inrebellion,itisnotadefensethattheaccusednever
took the oath of allegiance, or that they never
recognizedthegovernment.
COUPDETAT
(134A)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapersonorpersonsbelonging
tomilitaryorpoliceorholdinganypublic
officeoremployment
2. Itiscommittedbymeansofaswiftattack
accompanied by violence, intimidation,
threat,strategyorstealth
3. Attackisdirectedagainstdulyconstituted
authorities of the Republic of the
Philippines or any military camp or
installation, communication networks,
public utilities or other facilities needed
fortheexerciseandcontinuedpossession
ofpower
Note: Theuseofunlicensedfirearmisabsorbedinthe
crimeofrebellionifusedinfurtheranceoforincident
to,orinconnectionwiththecrimeofattemptedcoup
detat.
Q:Whatistheessenceofthecrimeofcoupdetat?
Q:Whatistheobjectiveofcoupdetat?
Q:Howiscoupdetatcarriedout?
A:Itmaybecarriedbyforceorviolenceorthrough,
stealth,threat,orstrategy.
Q:Whoaretheprincipaloffendersofcoupdetat?
A:TheprincipaloffendersaremembersoftheAFP
or of the PNP organization or a public officer with
orwithoutciviliansupport.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
107
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweencoupdetat
andrebellion?
A:
COUPDETAT
Essenceisaswiftattackagainst
thegovernment,itsmilitary
camporinstallations,
communicationnetworkand
publicfacilitiesandutilities
essentialtothecontinued
exerciseofgovernmental
powers.
Maybecarriedoutsinglyor
simultaneously.
Principaloffendersmustbe
membersofthemilitary,
nationalpoliceorpublicofficer,
withorwithoutciviliansupport.
Thepurposeismerelyto
paralyzetheexisting
government.
REBELLION
Essenceofthe
crimeispublic
uprisingandtaking
uparmsagainstthe
government.
Requiresapublic
uprising,or
multitudeof
people.
Offendersneedto
becommittedby
theuniformed
personnelofthe
militaryorthe
police.
Thepurposeisto
overthrowthe
existing
government.
PENALTYFORREBELLIONORINSURRECTIONOR
COUPDETAT
(Art.135)
1. Leader
a. Any person who promotes,
maintains, or heads a rebellion or
insurrection
b. Any person who leads, directs, or
commands others to undertake a
coupdetat
2. Participants
a. Any person who participates or
executesthecommandsofothersin
rebellion,orinsurrection
108
in
Note:Thecrimeofcoupdetatmaybecommittedwith
orwithoutcivilianparticipation.
A:Anypersonwhoinfact:
1. Directedtheothers
2. Spokeforthem
3. Signed receipts and other documents
issuedintheirname
4. Performed similar acts on behalf of the
rebels
CONSPIRACYANDPROPOSALTOCOMMIT
REBELLIONORINSURRECTION
(Art.136)
Q:Whenisthereconspiracytocommitrebellion?
Note:Themerefactofgivingandrenderingspeeches
favoring communism would not make the accused
guilty of conspiracy, if there is no evidence that the
hearers then and there agreed to rise up in arms
againstthegovernment.
DISLOYALTYOFPUBLICOFFICERAND
EMPLOYEES
(Art.137)
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
A:
1.
2.
1.
Failingtoresistarebellionbyallmeansin
theirpower
Continuingtodischargethedutiesoftheir
officesunderthecontroloftherebels
2.
3.
INCITINGTOREBELLIONORINSURRECTION
(Art.138)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrimeofinciting
torebellion/insurrection?
A:
1. Offender does not take arms or is not in
openhostilityagainstthegovernment
Note:Incitingmusthavebeenintentionallycalculated
toinduceotherstocommitrebellion.
A:
PROPOSALTOCOMMIT
INCITINGTOREBELLION
REBELLION
Itisnotrequiredthatthe Thepersonwhoproposes
hasdecidedtocommit
offenderhasdecidedto
rebellion.
commitrebellion.
Thepersonwhoproposes
Theactofincitingisdone
theexecutionofthecrime
publicly
usessecretmeans.
Theoffenderinducesanothertocommitrebellion.
Thecrimeofrebellionshouldnotbeactually
committedbythepersonstowhomitisproposedor
whoareincited.Iftheycommitrebellionbecauseof
theproposalorinciting,theproponentortheone
incitingmaybecomeaprincipalbyinducementinthe
crimeofrebellion.
SEDITION
(Art.139)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrimeofsedition?
Offenderrise
a. Publicly,and
b. Tumultuously
Note:Theoffendermaybeapublicorprivateperson.
Theuseofunlicensedfirearmisabsorbedinthecrime
ofrebellionifusedinfurtheranceoforincidentto,or
inconnectionwiththecrimeofsedition.
A:
SEDITION
Seditioninvolves
disturbanceofpublic
TREASON
Thereisnopublic
uprising.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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109
INCITINGTOSEDITION
(Art.142)
orderresultingfrom
tumultuousuprising.
Q:Whataretumultuousacts?
A:
SEDITION
TUMULTSANDOTHER
DISTURBANCEOFPUBLIC
ORDER
Seditioninvolves
disturbanceofpublic
orderresultingfrom
tumultuousuprising.
Thereisnopublic
uprising.
Insedition,itisimmaterialiftheobjectbecompletely
attained.
Ratio:Murderisnotanobjectofsedition.
CONSPIRACYTOCOMMITSEDITION
(Art.141)
Q:Isthereacrimeofproposaltocommitsedition?
110
A:
1. Inciting others to the accomplishment of
any of the acts which constitute sedition
by means of speeches, proclamations,
writings,emblems,etc
Note:Scurrilousmeanslow,vulgar,meanor
foul.
Note:Itistheuseofwords,emblems,etc.andnotthe
performance of an act that is punished in inciting to
sedition.
Inincitingtosedition,theoffendermustnottakepart
inanypublicortumultuousuprising.
A:Suchareseditiouswhenthey:
A:
1. Clear and present danger rule words
must be of such nature that by uttering
them there is a danger of public uprising
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:Itisthedangeroustendencyrulethatisgenerally
adopted in the Philippines with respect to sedition
cases.Itisenoughthatthewordsusedmaytendto
createdangerofpublicuprising.
Q:Whataresomeinstancesofincitingtosedition?
A:
1. Meeting for the purpose of discussing
hatredagainstthegovernment
Q:Supposetheobjectiveofabovementionedacts
istooverthrowthegovernment,whatisthecrime
committed?
A:Thecrimewouldbeincitingtorebellion.
CRIMESAGAINSTPOPULARREPRESENTATION
ACTSTENDINGTOPREVENTTHE.MEETINGOF
THECONGRESSOFTHEPHILIPPINESANDSIMILAR
BODIES(Art.143)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. There be projected or actual meeting of
the Congress or any of its committees or
subcommittees,
constitutional
committeesordivisionsthereof,orofany
provincial board or city or municipal
councilorboard
DISTURBANCEOFPROCEEDINGS
(Art.144)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. There is a meeting of Congress or any of
its committees or subcommittees,
constitutional
commissions
or
committees or divisions thereof, or any
provincial board or city or municipality
councilorboard
2. Offenderdoesanyofthefollowingacts:
a. Disturbsanysuchmeetings
b. Behaveswhileinthepresenceofany
such bodies, in such a manner as to
interruptitsproceedingsortoimpair
therespectdueit
VIOLATIONOFPARLIAMENTARYIMMUNITY
(Art.145)
A:
1. Using force, intimidation, threats, or
frauds to prevent any member of
Congressfrom
a. Attending the meetings of congress
or of any of its committees or
subcommittees,
constitutional
commissionsorcommittees
b. Expressinghisopinions
c. Castinghisvote
Note:TheoffenderinPar.1maybeanyperson.
Parliamentaryimmunitydoesnotprotectmembersof
Congress from responsibility before the legislative
bodyitself.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
111
Q:Whatissession?
ILLEGALASSEMBLIES
(Art.146)
Q:Whataretheformsofillegalassemblies?
A:
1. Any meeting attended by armed persons
forthepurposeofcommittinganyofthe
crimespunishableundertheRPC.
Q:Supposeinthemeeting,theaudienceisincited
tothecommissionofrebellionorsedition,whatis
the criminal liability of the leaders or organizers
thereofandthepersonspresenttherein?
A:Theleadersororganizersofthemeetingandthe
persons present therein are liable for the crime of
illegalassembly.
112
A:
1. There is a meeting, a gathering or group
of persons, whether in fixed place or
moving
3. Thepurposeofthemeetingistocommit
any of the crimes punishable under the
RPC
Note:Inthefirstformofillegalassembly,armedmen
attend the gathering with the purpose of committing
anyofthecrimespunishableunderRPC.Thepresence
of armed men during the gathering brings about the
crimeofillegalassembly.
A:
1. There is a meeting, a gathering group of
persons, whether in a fixed place or
moving
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatisthegravamenofillegalassembly?
2.
Meremembersoftheassociation.
A:
illegalpurposewhich
unlawfulpurposewhichis
Q:Whoarepersonsliableforillegalassembly?
constitutesacrime
notlimitedtoaviolationof
undertheRPC.
theRPC.
A:Thepersonsliableare:
Necessarythatthere
1. Organizersorleadersofthemeeting
Notnecessarythattherebe
isanactualmeeting
2. Personsmerelypresentatthemeeting
anactualmeeting.
orassembly.
Actofformingororganizing
Meetingandthe
Q:Ifthepresenceofapersonisoutofcuriosity,is
andmembershipinthe
attendanceatsuch
heliable?
associationaretheacts
meetingaretheacts
punished.
punished.
A: No, since he does not have intent to commit
felonyofillegalassembly.
ASSAULTUPON,ANDRESISTANCEAND
DISOBEDIENCETOPERSONSINAUTHORITYAND
Q:Supposetheillegalpurposeforthegatheringis
THEIRAGENTS
for the commission of a crime punishable under
committedwouldbeillegalassociation.
A:
A:
2. Second form: Without public uprising, by
1. Associations totally or partially organized
attacking, by employing force, or by
forthepurposeofcommittinganyofthe
seriously intimidating or seriously
crimespunishableundertheRPC.
resistinganypersoninauthorityoranyof
Q:Whataretheelementsofthefirstform?
Q:Whatarepublicmorals?
A:
A: Public morals refer to matters which affect the
1. That the offender employs force or
interestofsocietyandpublicinconvenienceandare
intimidation.
not limited to good customs. It refers to acts that
2. That the aim of the offender is to attain
areinaccordancewithnaturalandpositivelaws.
any of the purposes of the crime of
A:Thepersonsliablearethefollowing:
Q:Whataretheelementsofthesecondform?
1. Founders, directors and president of the
association
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
113
A:
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Thattheoffender:
a. Makesanattack
b. Employsforce
c. Makesaseriousintimidation
d. Makesaseriousresistance
Thatatthetimeoftheassaulttheperson
inauthorityorhisagent
a. Isengagedintheactualperformance
ofofficialduties,or
b. Thatheisassaulted,byreasonofthe
pastperformanceofofficialduties
Thattheoffenderknowsthattheonehe
isassaultingisapersoninauthorityorhis
agentintheexerciseofhisduties
Thatthereisnopublicuprising
Note:Inthesecondform,thereisaneedtodistinguish
a situation where a person in authority or his agent
wasattackedwhileperformingofficialfunctions.
Illustration:
Note:Itisalsoimportantthattheoffenderknewthat
thepersonheisattackingisapersoninauthorityoran
agentofthepersoninauthority,performinghisofficial
functions. No knowledge means no lawlessness or
contempt.
114
1.
Q:Whatispenalizedinthecrimeofdirectassault?
A:Thecrimeofdirectassaultpunishesthespiritof
lawlessness and the contempt or hatred for the
authorityortheruleoflaw.
Illustration:
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatistheexceptiontotheaboverule?
Q:Whoisapersoninauthority?
A:Anypersonwhobydirectprovisionoflaworby
election or by appointment by competent
authority, is charged with the maintenance of
publicorderandtheprotectionandsecurityoflife
and property, such as a barangay kagawad,
barangay tanod, barangay leader and any person
whocomestotheaidofapersoninauthority.
Note:Teachers,professors,andpersonschargedwith
the supervision of public or duly recognized private
schools, colleges, and universities and lawyers in the
actualperformanceoftheirdutiesorontheoccasion
of such performance, shall be deemed a person in
authority.
Q:Isitimportantthattheoffenderknowsthatthe
personheisattackingisapersoninauthority?
Q:Whatkindofforceisrequiredtobeemployed
toconstitutedirectassault?
Q:Whenisitimportanttoascertainthemotivefor
theassault?
A:Iftheassaulttookplacewhentheoffendedparty
was not engaged in the performance of his official
duties in this case, it must be shown that the
A:Itmeanstheimpellingmotiveoftheattackisthe
performanceofofficialduty.
Q:Whenisdirectassaultqualified?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Note:Evenwhenthepersoninauthorityortheagent
agreestofight,directassaultisstillcommitted.
A:Thecomplexcrimeofdirectassaultwithmurder
was committed. A, as a Barangay Captain, is a
person in authority and was acting in an official
capacitywhenhetriedtomaintainpeaceandorder
during the public dance in the Barangay by
admonishingBtokeepquietandnottodisturbthe
dance and peace of the occasion. When B, instead
ofheedingAsadvice,attackedthelatter,Bactedin
contempt and lawless defiance of authority
constituting the crime of direct assault, which
characterized the stabbing of A. And since A was
stabbedatthebackwhenhewasnotinaposition
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
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115
todefendhimselfnorretaliate,therewastreachery
in the stabbing. Hence, the death caused by such
stabbing was murder and having been committed
with direct assault, a complex crime of direct
assault in murder was committed by B. (2000 Bar
Question)
Note:Evidenceofmotiveoftheoffenderisimportant
when the person in authority or his agent who is
attacked or seriously intimidated is not in the
performanceofhisofficialduty.
Thecrimeofdirectassaultisnotcommittedwhenthe
personinauthorityorhisagentissuspendedorunder
suspensionwhenheisattacked.
Directassaultabsorbslightfelonybecauselightfelony
isthemeansofcommittingdirectassault.
INDIRECTASSAULTS
(Art.149)
Q:Whataretheelementsofindirectassault?
A:
1. Person in authority or his agent is the
victimoftheformsofdirectassault
Q:Towhomistheassaultdirectedinthecrimeof
indirectassault?
A:Thevictiminthecrimeofindirectassaultisnot
thepersoninauthorityorhisagentbuttheperson
whocomesintheaidofapersoninauthorityorhis
agent.
116
AsArticle149nowstands,thecrimeofindirectassault
canonlybecommittedifaprivatepersonwhocomes
intheaidofanagentofapersoninauthorityonthe
occasion of direct assault against the latter, is
assaulted. He does not become another agent of the
personinauthority.
DISOBEDIENCETOSUMMONSISSUEDBY
CONGRESS,ITSCOMMITTEESOR
SUBCOMMITTEES,BYTHECONSTITUTIONAL
COMMISSIONS,ITSCOMMITTEES,
SUBCOMMITTEESORDIVISIONS(Art.150)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Refusing, without legal excuse, to obey
summons of Congress, its special or
standingcommitteesandsubcommittees,
the Constitutional Commissions and its
committees, subcommittees or divisions,
or by any commission or committee
chairman or member authorized to
summonwitnesses
3. Refusingtoansweranylegalinquiryorto
produceanybooks,papers,documentsor
records in his possession, when required
by them to do so in the exercise of their
functions
Q:WhoarethepersonsliableunderArt.150?
A:
1. Any person who commits any of the
aboveacts
2. Anypersonwho:
a. Restrains another from attending as
awitness
b. Induceshimtodisobeyasummons
c. Induceshimtorefusetobeswornto
suchbody
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Anyoftheactsenumeratedmayalsoconstitute
contempt of Congress and could be punished as such
independentofthecriminalprosecution.
RESISTANCEANDDISOBEDIENCETOAPERSONIN
AUTHORITYORTHEIRAGENTS
(Art.151)
RESISTANCEANDSERIOUSDISOBEDIENCE
(Art.151,par.1)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. Person in authority or his agent is
engaged in the performance of official
duty or gives a lawful order to the
offender
3. Actoftheoffenderisnotincludedinthe
provisionsofArts.148,149and150
SIMPLEDISOBEDIENCE
(Art.151,par.1)
Q:Whataretheelementsofsimpledisobedience?
A:
1. An agent of a person in authority is
engaged in the performance of official
duty or gives a lawful order to the
offender
2. Offenderdisobeyssuchagentofaperson
inauthority
3. Suchdisobedienceisnotaseriousnature
Q:Whatarethedistinctionbetweenresistanceor
seriousdisobedienceanddirectassault?
A:
RESISTANCEORSERIOUS
DISOBEDIENCE
DIRECTASSAULT
Personinauthorityorhis
agentmustbeinactual
performanceofhis
duties.
Committedonlyby
resistingorseriously
disobeyingapersonin
authorityorhisagent.
Theuseofforceisnotso
serious,asthereisno
manifestintentionto
defythelawandthe
officersenforcingit.
Personinauthorityorhis
agentmustbeengagedin
theperformanceof
officialdutiesorthatheis
assaultedbyreason
thereof.
Committedinfourways
By:
1.Attacking.
2.Employingforce
3.Seriouslyintimidating
4.Seriouslyresistinga
personinauthorityor
hisagent
Theattackor
employmentofforce
whichgiverisetothe
crimeofdirectassault
mustbeseriousand
deliberate.
Q:Whatisthecrimecommittedifthepersonwho
was resisted is a person in authority and the
offenderusedforceinsuchresistance?
Thedisobediencecontemplatedconsistsinthefailure
or refusal to obey a direct and lawful order from the
authorityorhisagent,otherwiseresistanceisjustified.
PERSONSINAUTHORITYANDAGENTSOF
PERSONINAUTHORITY
(Art.152)
Q:Whoisapersoninauthority?
A:Apersoninauthorityisonedirectlyvestedwith
jurisdiction, that is, the power and authority to
governandexecutethelaws.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
117
4.
A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Mayors
Divisionsuperintendentofschool
Publicandprivateschoolteachers
ProvincialFiscal
Judges
Lawyersinactualperformanceofduties
SangguniangBayanmember
BarangayChairman
MembersoftheLupongTagapamayapa
Note:Items7,8,and9oftheenumerationareadded
bytheLGCwhichexpresslyprovidesthatsaidpersons
shall be deemed as person(s) in authority in their
jurisdictions.(Sec.388)
Teachers,lawyersandheadsofschoolsarepersonsin
authority only for purposes of Art. 152 in relation to
Arts.148and151,andinconnectionwiththeirduties.
Q:Whoisanagentofapersoninauthority(APA)?
A:Anypersonwhobydirectprovisionoflaworby
electionorbyappointmentbycompetentauthority
ischargedwiththe:
1. Maintenanceofpublicorder;and
2. Protection and security of life and
property.
Note:Agentsofpersonsinauthorityincludes:
1. BarangayKagawad
2. BarangayTanod
3. BarangayCouncilman
4. Anypersonwhocomestotheaidofpersons
inauthority.
PUBLICDISORDER
TUMULTSANDOTHERDISTURBANCESOFPUBLIC
ORDER(Art.153)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Causing any serious disturbance in a
publicplace,officeorestablishment.
5.
Q:Whenisthedisturbancedeemedtumultuous?
Q:Whatdoesthewordarmedmean?
A:Thetermarmeddoesnotrefertofirearmsonly
but includes even big stones capable of causing
graveinjury.
A:
MAKINGANYOUTCRY
TENDINGTOINCITE
SEDITIONOR
REBELLION
Themeeting atthe
outsetwaslegal,and
becameapublic
disorderonlybecauseof
suchoutcry.
Theoutburstswhichby
naturemaytendto
inciterebellionor
seditionare
spontaneous.
INCITINGTOSEDITIONOR
REBELLION
Themeetingfromthe
beginningwasunlawful.
Thewordsutteredare
deliberatelycalculated
withmalice,aforethought
toinciteothersto
rebellionorsedition.
118
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatdoesoutcrymean?
A:Outcrymeanstoshoutsubversiveorprovocative
words tending to stir up the people to obtain by
means of force or violence any of the objects of
rebellionorsedition.
UNLAWFULUSEOFMEANSOFPUBLICATIONAND
UNLAWFULUTTERANCES
(Art.154)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Publishing or causing to be published, by
means of printing, lithography or any
other means of publication, as news any
false news which may endanger the
public order, or cause damage to the
interestorcreditoftheState.
2. Encouragingdisobediencetothelaworto
theconstitutedauthoritiesorbypraising,
justifyingorextollinganyactpunishedby
law, by the same means or by words,
utterancesandspeeches.
4. Printing,publishing,ordistributingbooks,
pamphlets, periodicals or leaflets which
do not bear the real printers name, or
whichareclassifiedasanonymous.
Iftheprinter/owneroftheprintingestablishmenttook
partinthepreparationandpublicationofthelibelous
writingsheshallbeliableunderArt.360.
Ifthepublicationisbothobsceneandanonymous,the
offensecannotbecomplexedastheyinvolvedifferent
acts separately punished under this Article and Art.
201onobscenepublications.
ALARMSANDSCANDALS
(Art.155)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Discharging any firearm, rocket,
firecracker, or other explosive within any
town or public place, calculated to cause
alarmordanger.
2. Instigatingortakinganactivepartinany
charivari or other disorderly meeting
offensive to another or prejudicial to
publictranquility.
Q:Whatistheessenceofthecrimeofalarmsand
scandals?
A:Theessenceofthecrimeisdisturbanceofpublic
tranquilityandpublicpeace.
A:
1. Alarms and scandals If the offender
dischargesafirearminapublicplacebut
the firearm is not pointed to a particular
personwhendischarged.
2. IllegaldischargeoffirearmIfthefirearm
was directed to a particular person who
wasnothitifintenttokillisnotproved.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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119
4.
5.
Q:Whatischarivari?
A:Charivariisamockserenadeofdiscordantnoises
made of cans, pans, kettles, tins, horns etc.
designedtoannoyandinsult.Thisbringsaboutthe
crimeofalarmsandscandals.
A:
1. Alarms and scandals If the disturbance
affects the public in general (i.e. by
playing noisily during the wee hours in
themorningintheneighborhood).
DELIVERINGPRISONERSFROMJAIL
(Art.156)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. There is a person confined in a jail or
penalestablishment
2. Offenderremovestherefromsuchperson
orhelpstheescapeofsuchperson
Illustration:
Aslongasthepersonwhowasassistedinhisescapeis
aprisoner,whatevermeansisemployedbytheperson
who removed him from jail, is punishable under this
law. If a twin brother of a prisoner helped the latter
escape by substituting himself, and because of their
120
verysimilarappearancewasnotatoncenoticedbythe
guard,thattwinbrotherisliable.
Eveniftheprisonerreturnedtojailafterseveralhours,
theonewhoremovedhimfromjailisliable.Sothatif
A, pretending to be an NBI agent, asked the jailer of
prisoner B to turn the latter over him on the pretext
that he (A) will investigate the prisoner, but after
several hours of drinking liquor with B in a store,
returnedthesaidprisonertothejailer,Aiscriminally
liableunderthisarticle.
Illustration:
Soalsoajailguardwho,whilehewasoffduty,brought
a released prisoner inside the jail to substitute for a
detention prisoner whom he brought out of jail,
returning him inside the jail after five hours may be
held liable under this article. (People v. del Barrio,., 4
C.A.Rep337)
Q:Whomaybetheoffender/s?
A:
1. Usually,anoutsidertothejail
2. Itmayalsobe:
a. An employee of the penal
establishment who does not have
thecustodyoftheprisoner
Q:Supposetheprisonerwasconfinedinahospital
when he was assisted in escaping, is the crime
deliveryofprisonersfromjailcommitted?
Illustration:
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
DELIVERINGPRISONERS
FROMJAIL
INFIDELITYINTHE
CUSTODYOF
PRISONERS
1.
Theoffenderisnotthe
custodianoftheprisonerat
thetimeofthe
escape/removal
Theoffenderisthe
custodianatthetimeof
theescape/removal
2.
3.
Note:Inboth,theoffendermaybeapublicofficerora
private citizen. In both crimes, the person involved
maybeaconvictorameredetentionprisoner.
Q:Whatarethequalifyingcircumstance?
A:Useofviolence,intimidationorbribery.
Q:Whatisthemitigatingcircumstance?
A:Ifittakesplaceoutsidethepenalestablishment
bytakingtheguardsbysurprise.
Q:SupposeMichaelwasconvictedofrobberyand
heisservinghissentenceinMuntinlupa.Together
with his friends, Sarah and the jail warden, Z
hatched the plan of escaping from the prison
facility which eventually materialized. Determine
thecriminalliabilityofMichael,SarahandZ.
Z,thejailwardencommittedthecrimeof
infidelityinthecustodyofprisoners;
EVASIONOFSERVICEOFSENTENCE
(Art.157)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. Offenderisaconvictbyfinaljudgment
2. Heisservinghissentencewhichconsistof
deprivationofliberty
Note:Thecrimeisacontinuingoffensewhichmaybe
prosecuted in any place where the offender was
found.
A:Ifevasionorescapetakesplace:
1. Bymeansofunlawfulentry(byscaling)
2. Bybreakingdoors,windows,gates,walls,
roofs,orfloors
A:Evasionofserviceofsentencehasthreeforms:
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121
3.
ormutinyhasbeenannouncedasalready
passedunderArt.158.
A:
1.
2.
Q:Ifaprisonerissentencedtodestierro,canhebe
liableforthecrimeofevasionofservice?
Q:Aforeignerwasfoundguiltyofviolationofthe
law,andwasorderedbythecourttobedeported.
Later on, he returned to the Philippines in
violationofthesentence.Isheguiltyofevasionof
serviceofsentence?
A:No,becausethelawisnotapplicabletooffenses
executed by deportation. (U.S. v. Loo Hoe, 36 Phil
867)
Q:Whatiftheoffenderescapedwithinthe15day
periodformakinganappeal?
A:Thecrimeisnotevasionbecausejudgmentisnot
yetfinal.
EVASIONOFSERVICEOFSENTENCEONTHE
OCCASIONOFDISORDERS,CONFLAGRATIONS,
EARTHQUAKESOROTHERCALAMITIES
(Art.158)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
122
3.
4.
Thereisdisorder,resultingfrom:
a. Conflagration
b. Earthquake
c. Explosion
d. Similarcatastrophe
e. Mutiny in which he has not
participated
Q:WhatisthebasisofliabilityunderArt.158?
Q:Whatconstitutesmutinyinthesecondformof
evasionofserviceofsentence?
A:Themutinyreferredtohereinvolvessubordinate
personnel rising against the supervisor within the
penalestablishment.
Q:Whatisamutiny?
A:Amutinyisanorganizedunlawfulresistancetoa
superiorofficersimilartoseditionorarevolt.
Mutinyisoneofthecauseswhichmayauthorizea
convict serving sentence in the penitentiary to
leavethejailprovidedhehasnottakenpartinthe
mutiny.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
OTHERCASESOFEVASIONOFSERVICE
(Art.159)
VIOLATIONOFCONDITIONALPARDON
Q:Whatisaconditionalpardon?
Theconditionimposedupontheprisonernottobe
guilty of another crime is not limited to those
punishable by the RPC. It includes those punished
underspeciallaw.(Peoplev.Corral,74Phil.357)
Theperiodwhenconvictwasatlibertyisnotdeducted
incaseheisrecommitted.
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderwasaconvict
2. He was granted a conditional pardon by
theChiefExecutive
3. Heviolatedanyoftheconditionsofsuch
pardon
A:
VIOLATIONOF
CONDITIONALPARDON
Itisnotapublicoffense
foritdoesnotcause
harmorinjurytothe
rightofanotherperson
nordoesitdisturbpublic
order.
EVASIONOFSERVICEOF
SENTENCE
Itisapublicoffense
separateand
independentfromany
otheract.
A.DecreeCodifyingtheLawsonIllegal/Unlawful
Possession,Manufacture,Dealingin,Acquisition
orDisposition,ofFirearms,Ammunitionor
Explosives(P.D.1866,asamendedbyR.A.8294)
B.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsofterrorism?
A:
a.RPC:
i. Piracy in General and Mutiny in the
HighSeasorinthePhilippineWaters
ii. RebellionorInsurrection
iii. Coup d'etat, including acts committed
byprivatepersons
iv. Murder
v. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal
Detention
vi. CrimesInvolvingDestruction;or
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
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123
b.SpecialPenalLaws:
i. TheLawonArson
ii. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
NuclearWasteControlActof1990
iii. Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability
Actof1968
iv. AntiHijackingLaw
v. AntiPiracy and AntiHighway Robbery
Lawof1974and
vi. Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal
andUnlawfulPossession,Manufacture,
DealingIn,AcquisitionorDispositionof
Firearms,AmmunitionsorExplosives
Note:Theabovementionedactmust:
1. Sow and create a condition of widespread
andextraordinaryfearandpanicamongthe
populace
2. Coerce the government to give in to an
unlawfuldemand.(Sec.3)
Q:WhoareliableunderR.A.9372?
A:
2. Accompliceanypersonwhonotbeinga
principalunderArticle17oftheRPCora
conspirator as defined under Section 4
hereof, cooperates in the execution of
either the crime of terrorism or
conspiracy to commit terrorism by
previousorsimultaneousacts
c. By harboring, concealing, or
124
XPN:Spouses,ascendants,descendants,
legitimate, natural and adopted
brothers and sisters or relatives by
affinitywithinthesamedegree
XPNtotheXPN:thosefallingunder(a).
Q:IsprosecutionunderR.A.9372abartoanother
prosecution under the RPC or any other special
penallaws?
(3)AbsorptionPrincipleinrelation
tocomplexcrimes
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
FORGERIES
COUNTERFEITINGTHEGREATSEALOFTHE
GOVERNMENTOFTHEPHILIPPINEISLANDS,
FORGINGTHESIGNATUREORSTAMPOFTHE
CHIEFEXECUTIVE(Art.161)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. ForgingthegreatsealoftheGovernment
ofthePhilippines
2. ForgingthesignatureofthePresident
3. ForgingthestampofthePresidentofthe
GovernmentofthePhilippines
USINGFORGEDSIGNATUREORCOUNTERFEIT
SEALORSTAMP(Art.162)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Great Seal of the Republic was
counterfeited or the signature or stamp
of the Chief Executive was forged by
anotherperson
InusingtheforgedsignatureorstampofthePresident
of forged seal, the participation of the offender is in
effectthatofanaccessory.Althoughthegeneralruleis
that he should be punished by a penalty 2 degrees
lower,underArt.162,heispunishedbyapenaltyonly
1degreelower.
COUNTERFEITINGCOINS
MAKINGANDIMPORTINGANDUTTERINGFALSE
COINS(Art.163)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Therebefalseorcounterfeitedcoins
Offendermade,importedorutteredsuch
coins
Q:Whatiscounterfeiting?
Q:Apersongaveacoppercenttheappearanceof
asilverpiece,itbeingsilverplated,andattempted
to pay with it a package of cigarettes which he
bought at a store. What crime, if any, was
committed?
Q:Canformercoinswithdrawnfromcirculationbe
counterfeitedunderArt.163?
Note:Thereasonforpunishingthefabricationofcoin
withdrawn from circulation is the possibility that the
counterfeiter may later apply his trade to the making
ofcoinsinactualcirculation.(Reyes,2008)
Q:Whatispunishedinimportingfalsecoins?
Q:Whatismeantbyutteringofcoins?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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125
A:
A:
1.
2.
3.
3.
Coinmutilatedisoflegaltender
Offender gains from the precious metal
dustabstractedfromthecoin
Ithastobeacoin.
Note:Foreignnotesandcoinsarenotincludedunder
thisarticle.Also,theremustbeintentiontomutilate.
Q:Whataretheactsoffalsificationorfalsity?
A:
1. Counterfeiting refers to money or
currency
A:Counterfeitingandmutilationofcoins.
MUTILATIONOFCOINSIMPORTATIONAND
UTTERANCEOFMUTILATEDCOINS
(Art.164)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Mutilatingcoinsoflegalcurrencywiththe
further requirement that there be intent
todamageordefraudanother
Q:Whatismutilation?
Q:Whataretherequisitesofmutilation?
126
1.
2.
SELLINGOFFALSEORMUTILATEDCOIN,
WITHOUTCONNIVANCE(Art.165)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Possession of coins counterfeited or
mutilated by another person, with intent
toutterthesame,knowingthatitisfalse
ormutilated.
Note:Constructivepossessionorthesubjectionofthe
thingtoonescontrolisincluded.
Accusedmusthaveknowledgeofthefactthatthecoin
isfalse.
A:G.R.:No.
XPN:Ifthecoinisamutilatedcoin,itmustbea
legaltender.
Q:Whatifthefalseormutilatedcoinsarefoundin
possession of the counterfeiters or mutilators or
importers?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Forgingorfalsificationoftreasuryorbank
notes or other documents payable to
bearer.
3.
Note:Itmeansofferingobligationsornotes
knowing them to be false or forged,
whethersuchofferisacceptedornot,with
arepresentation.
Q:Xpleadedguiltytothechargeofhavingpassed
a P20 counterfeit bill in a store. Can he be held
guiltyofviolatingArt.166?
A:No.Utteringforgedbillmustbewithconnivance
with the authors of the forgery to constitute a
violationofArt.166.(Reyes,2008)
A:
FORGERY
Committedbygivingtoa
treasuryorbanknoteor
anyinstrumentpayable
tothebearerortoorder
theappearanceoftrue
andgenuinedocument.
FALSIFICATION
Committedbyerasing,
substituting,
counterfeiting,oraltering
byanymeans,thefigures,
letters,words,orsigns
containedtherein.
A:
1. Treasuryorbanknotes
2. Certificatesand
3.
COUNTERFEITING,IMPORTINGANDUTTERING
INSTRUMENTSNOTPAYABLETOBEARER
(Art.167)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. There be an instrument payable to order
or other document of credit not payable
tobearer
A:
1. Forging instruments payable to order or
documents of credit not payable to
bearer
2. Importingsuchfalseinstruments
3. Uttering such false instruments in
connivance with the forger or the
importer
ILLEGALPOSSESSIONANDUSEOFFALSE
TREASURYORBANKNOTESANDOTHER
INSTRUMENTS(Art.168)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Any treasury or bank notes or certificate
or other obligation and security payable
to bearer, or any instrument payable to
order or other document of credit not
payabletobearerisforgedorfalsifiedby
anotherperson
2. Offender knows that any of those
instrumentsisforgedorfalsified
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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127
3. Heperformsanyoftheseacts:
a. Using any of such forged or falsified
instrument;or
b. Possessing with intent to use any of
suchforgedorfalsifiedinstruments
Note:ForgeryundertheRPCappliestopapers,which
areintheformofobligationsandsecuritiesissuedby
the Philippine Government as its own obligations,
which are given the same status as legal tender. E.g.
Treasuryandbanknotes.
Note:Apersoninpossessionoffalsifieddocumentand
who makes use of the same is presumed to be the
materialauthoroffalsification.
FORGERY(Art.169)
Q:Howisforgerycommitted?
A:
1. By giving to a treasury or bank note or
any instrument payable to bearer or to
ordermentionedtherein,theappearance
ofatrueandgenuinedocument
2. Byerasing,substituting,counterfeiting,or
alteringbyanymeansthefigures,letters,
words, or signs contained therein. (Art.
169)
Q:Xcausedtheprintingofthechecksanddirected
the printer to incorporate therein the important
detailsandwordingscontainedinchecksregularly
issuedbyaUSgovernmentoffice.Whatcrimedid
Xcommit?
A:Xcommittedforgerywithinthemeaningofpar.1
of Art. 169 of the RPC on instruments payable to
order.(Peoplev.Orqueza)
Q:Areceivedatreasurywarrant,acheckissuedby
theGovernment.Itwasoriginallymadepayableto
B, or his order. A wrote Bs name on the back of
said treasury warrant as if B had indorsed it, and
then presented it for payment. It was paid to A.
WhatcrimedidAcommit?
128
Q:Wheniscounterfeitingnotforgery?
A:Thesubjectofforgeryshouldbetreasuryorbank
notes. If the subject of forgery were a document
other than these, the crime would be falsification.
(Boado,2008)
Q:Whatistheessenceofforgery?
A:Theessenceofforgeryisgivingadocumentthe
appearanceofatrueandgenuinedocument.
A:Forgeryiscommittedwhenthefiguresorwords
arechangedwhichmateriallyaltersthedocument.
Q:Inacasewheretheaccused,insteadofcarrying
outhisintention,threwawaytheforgednote,can
hebemadeliable?
FALSIFICATIONOFLEGISLATIVEDOCUMENTS
(Art.170)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. There be a bill, resolution or ordinance
enactedorapprovedorpendingapproval
by either House of the Legislature or any
provincialboardormunicipalcouncil
2. Offenderaltersthesame
3. Hehasnoproperauthoritytherefore
4. Alteration has changed the meaning of
thedocument
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Thebill,resolutionorordinancemustbegenuine.
Q:Definedocument.
Q:Whatarethekindsofdocuments?
A:
1. Public document any instrument
notarizedbyanotarypublicorcompetent
public official with the solemnities
requiredbylaw.
E.g.
a. Civilserviceexaminationpapers
b. Official receipt required by the
government to be issued upon receipt
ofmoneyforpublicpurposes
c. Residencecertificate
d. Driverslicense
2.
Officialdocumentanyinstrumentissued
by the government or its agents or
officershavingauthoritytodosoandthe
offices, which in accordance with their
creation,theyareauthorizedtoissue.
3.
4.
E.g.
a.Billsofexchange
b.LettersofCredit
c.Checks
d.Quedans
e.Drafts
f.Billsoflading
E.g.Acashierisrequiredtoissueanofficialreceiptfor
theamounthereceives.Theofficialreceiptisapublic
documentwhichisanofficialdocument.
A:
1. Adraftofamunicipalpayrollwhichisnot
yetapprovedbytheproperauthority
Q:Whatarethefiveclassesoffalsification?
A:
1. Falsificationoflegislativedocuments
Q:Howisdocumentfalsified?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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129
FALSIFICATIONBYPUBLICOFFICER,EMPLOYEEOR
NOTARYORECCLESIASTICALMINISTRY
(Art.171)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer,employee,or
notarypublic.
2. Hetakesadvantageofhisofficialposition
e.
f.
c.
d.
g.
h.
Note:In1st,2nd,6th,7th(2ndpart),8thmode
of falsification, there must be genuine
document.
Inotherparagraphsof171,falsificationmay
becommittedbysimulatingorfabricatinga
document.
Elements:
i. That the offender makes in a
document untruthful statements
inanarrationoffacts;
ii. That he has legal obligation to
disclose the truth of the facts
narratedbyhim;
iii. The facts narrated by the
offenderareabsolutelyfalse.
iv. The untruthful narration must be
such as to affect the integrity of
the document or to change the
effects which it would otherwise
produce.
Making
any
alteration
or
intercalation in a genuine document
whichchangesitsmeaning
Note:Thealterationmustaffecteither
the veracity of the document or the
effectthereof.
b.
Alteringtruedates
4.
Q:Xwaschargedwithfalsificationbecauseinher
certificate of candidacy for the position of
councilor she had willfully and unlawfully made
the false statement that she was eligible to said
130
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:No.Whentheaccusedcertifiedshewaseligible
for the position, she practically wrote a conclusion
of law. Hence she may not be declared guilty of
falsification because Art. 171 punishes untruthful
statementsinnarrationoffacts.(Peoplev.Yanza)
Q:Whoarethepersonsliable?
A:
1. Publicofficer,employees,ornotarypublic
whotakesadvantagesofofficialposition
A:No.Augustinafailedtopointtoanylawimposing
upon Bernante the legal obligation to disclose
wherehewasgoingtospendhisleaveofabsence.
Legal obligation means that there is a law
requiring the disclosure of the truth of the facts
narrated. Bernante may not be convicted of the
crimeoffalsificationofpublicdocumentbymaking
false statements in a narration of facts absent any
legal obligation to disclose where he would spend
his vacation leave and forced leave. (Enemecio v.
Office of the Ombudsman [Visayas] G.R. No.
146731,Jan.13,2004)
FALSIFICATIONBYPRIVATEINDIVIDUALSANDUSE
OFFALSIFIEDDOCUMENTS
(Art.172)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Falsification of public official or
commercial document by a private
individual.
Elementsunderparagraph1:
a.
b.
c.
Lackofmaliceorcriminalintentmaybeput
upasadefenseunderthisarticle,aswhenit
is with the authority of the heirs of a
deceasedinadeedofsale.
Amereblankformofanofficialdocumentis
notinitselfadocument.
2.
Elementsunderparagraph2:
a. Offender committed any of the acts
of falsification except Art. 171 (7),
that is issuing in an authenticated
formadocumentpurportingtobea
copy of an original document when
nosuchoriginalexists,orincludingin
suchacopyastatementcontraryto,
ordifferentfromthatofthegenuine
original
b. Falsification was committed in any
privatedocument
c. Falsificationcausedamagetoathird
partyoratleastthefalsificationwas
committedwithintenttocausesuch
damage
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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131
Damagetooneshonorisincluded.(People
v.Marasigan)
A:NO,becausetheimmediateeffectoffalsification
ofprivatedocumentisthesameasthatofestafa.
3. Useoffalsifieddocument.
Elementsunderthelastparagraph:
a. In introducing in a judicial
proceeding
i. Offender knew that the
document was falsified by
anotherperson
ii. The falsified document is in
Articles171or172(1or2)
iii. Heintroducedsaiddocumentin
evidence
in
a
judicial
proceeding
b. Inuseinanyothertransaction
i. Offenderknewthatadocument
wasfalsifiedbyanotherperson
ii. Thefalsedocumentisembraced
inArt.171or172(1or2)
iii. Heusedsuchdocument
iv. The use caused damaged to
another or at least used with
intenttocausedamage
132
Note:Theuserofthefalsifieddocumentsis
deemed the author of the falsification, if:
1.Theusewassocloselyconnectedwiththe
falsification;and2.theuserhadcapacityof
falsifyingthedocument.
Q:Isdamagearequirementintheuseoffalsified
document?
A:Theelementofdamagetoanotherisarequisite
only when the falsified document is introduced in
evidenceinaproceedingotherthanjudicial.
Note:Onlywhenheisacquittedtherefromwillhebe
prosecutedforthecrimeofuseoffalsifieddocument.
(Boado,2008)
A:None.Falsificationisconsummatedthemoment
thegenuinedocumentisalteredofthemomentthe
falsedocumentisexecuted.(Reyes,2008)
A:Wheretheintenttopervertthetruthisabsent.
Intentional falsification requires criminal intent to
falsify. Lack of criminal intent is shown by the
followingcircumstances:
a. Accused did not benefit out of the
falsification,and
b. No damage has been caused either
to the government or third person.
(Boado,2008)
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenfalsification
ofpublicdocumentandprivatedocument?
A:
FALSIFICATIONOF
PUBLICDOCUMENT
Merefalsificationis
enough
FALSIFICATIONOF
PRIVATEDOCUMENT
Asidefromfalsification,
prejudicetoathird
personorintenttocause
it,isessential.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
E.g.Malversationthrough
falsificationofapublic
document;Estafa
throughfalsificationofa
publicdocument.
Thereisnocomplex
crimeofestafathrough
falsificationofaprivate
document.Hence,when
onemakesuseofa
privatedocument,which
hefalsified,todefraud
another,thereresults
onlyonecrime:thatof
falsificationofaprivate
document.
3.
Q:Doesthepaymentmadeshowslackofdamage
andconsequently,negatescriminalintent?
A:No.Theabsenceofdamagedoesnotnecessarily
imply that there can be no falsification as it is
merely an element to be considered to determine
whether or not there is criminal intent to commit
falsification. It is a settled rule that in the
falsificationofpublicorofficialdocuments,itisnot
necessarythattherebepresenttheideaofgainor
the intent to injure a third person. This is so
because in the falsification of a public document,
the principal thing punished is the violation of the
public faith and the destruction of the truth as
thereinsolemnlyproclaimed.(Lastrillav.Granda,G.
R.No160257,Jan.31,2006)
FALSIFICATIONOFWIRELESS,CABLE,TELEGRAPH,
ANDTELEPHONEMESSAGES,ANDUSEOFSAID
FALSIFIEDMESSAGES
(Art.173)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Uttering fictitious, wireless, telegraph or
telephonemessage
2. Falsifyingwireless,telegraphortelephone
message
Elements:
a. Offenderisanofficeroremployeeof
the government or an officer or
employee of a private corporation
engagedintheserviceofsendingor
receiving wireless, cable or
telephonemessage
b. He falsifies wireless, cable telegraph
ortelephonemessage
Usingsuchfalsifiedmessage
Elements:
a. Offender knew that wireless, cable,
telegraph, or telephone message
was falsified by an officer or
employee of a private corporation,
engagedintheserviceofsendingor
receiving wireless, cable or
telephonemessage
b. Heusedsuchfalsifieddispatch
c. Theuseresultedintheprejudiceofa
third party or at least there was
intenttocausesuchprejudice
Note:ActNo.1851,Sec.4,punishesprivateindividuals
whoforgeoraltertelegrams.
Thepublicofficer,tobeliablemustbeengagedinthe
service of sending or receiving wireless, cable and
telegraphortelephonemessage.
Forutteringorfalsifying,aprivateindividualmaybea
principal by inducement but not direct participation.
Foruseofafalsifiedmessage,theoffendermaybeany
person.
FALSEMEDICALCERTIFICATES,FALSE
CERTIFICATESOFMERITORSERVICEETC.
(Art.174)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Issuanceoffalsecertificatebyaphysician
or surgeon in connection with the
practiceofhisprofession
2.
Note:Intenttogainisimmaterial.Butifthe
public officer issued the false certificate in
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133
MANUFACTURINGANDPOSSESSION.OF
INSTRUMENTSORIMPLEMENTSFOR
FALSIFICATION(Art.176)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. MakingorintroducingintothePhilippines
any stamps, dies, marks, or other
instruments
or
implements
for
counterfeitingorfalsification
Q:Isitnecessarythattheimplementsconfiscated
form a complete set for counterfeiting or
falsification?
A:No,itbeingenoughthattheymaybeemployed
by themselves or together with other implements
to commit the crime of counterfeiting or
falsification.
OTHERFALSITIES
USURPATIONOFAUTHORITYOROFFICIAL
FUNCTIONS(Art.177)
Q:Whataretheformsofusurpation?
A:
1. Usurpation of Authority Knowingly and
falsely representing oneself to be an
officer, agent or representative of any
department or agency of the Philippine
Governmentoranyforeigngovernment.
3.
Q:Whatisacertificate?
Q:WhoarethepeopleliableunderthisArticle?
A:
1. Physicianorsurgeon
2. Publicofficer
3. Private individual who falsified a
certificatefallingintheclassesmentioned
innos.1and2.
ThephraseorsimilarcircumstancesinArt.174does
notseemtocoverproperty,becausethecircumstance
contemplatedmustbesimilartomerit,service,or
goodconduct.
USINGFALSECERTIFICATES
(Art.175)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Aphysicianorsurgeonhadissuedafalse
medical certificate, or public officer had
issue a false certificate or service, good
conduct, or similar circumstance, or a
private person had falsified any of said
certificates
3. Heusedthesame
Note:WhenanyoffalsecertificatesmentionedinArt.
174 is used in judicial proceedings, Article 172 does
not apply because it is limited only to those false
documentsembracedinArticles171and172.
134
Theremustbepositive,expressandexplicit
representation.
2.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Underthesecondform,withoutfalse
pretensethere is no crime of usurpation of
authority.
Q:Canapublicofficialcommitthiscrime?
Note:Itdoesnotapplytoanoccupantundercolorof
title. If it can be proven that the usurpation of
authority orofficial functionsby accusedwas done in
goodfaithorunderclothofauthority,thenthecharge
ofusurpationwillnotapply.
USINGFICTICIOUSNAMEANDCONCEALINGTRUE
NAME(Art.178)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Usingfictitiousname
Elements:
a. Offenderusesanameotherthanhis
realname
b. Heusesthefictitiousnamepublicly
c. Purposeofuseistoconcealacrime,
to evade the execution of a
judgment or to cause damage (to
publicinterest)
2.
Concealingtruename
Elements:
a. Offenderconcealshistruenameand
otherpersonalcircumstances
b. Purpose is only to conceal his
identity
Q:Whatisafictitiousname?
A:
USINGFICTITIOUSNAME
Elementofpublicitymustbe
present.
Thepurposeiseithertoconceal
acrime,toevadetheexecution
ofajudgment,ortocause
damage.
CONCEALINGTRUE
NAME
Elementofpublicity
isnotnecessary.
Thepurposeis
merelytoconceal
identity.
COMMONWEALTHACTNo.142,
asamendedbyR.A.No.6085
(AnActRegulatingtheUseofAliases)
Q:Whatdoesthislawprohibit?
A:
GR: No person shall use any name different
from the one with which he was registered at
birth in the office of the local civil registry, or
with which he was registered in the bureau of
immigration upon entry; or such substitute
name as may have been authorized by a
competentcourt.
Thejudicialauthorityfortheuseofalias,theChristian
name and the aliens immigrant name shall be
recorded in the proper local civil registry, and no
personshalluseanyname/sotherthanhisoriginalor
real name unless the same is or are duly recorded in
theproperlocalcivilregistry.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
135
ILLEGALUSEOFUNIFORMORINSIGNIA
(Art.179)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. Offender makes use of insignia, uniform
ordress
2. Theinsignia,uniformordresspertainsto
anofficenotheldbytheoffenderortoa
class of persons of which he is not a
member
3. Said insignia, uniform, or dress is used
publiclyandimproperly
A:No.Colorableresemblancecalculatedtodeceive
ordinarypersonsissufficient.
Q:Whatismeantbyimproperuseofuniformor
insignia?
Note:Usinguniform,decoration,orregaliaofaforeign
StateispunishedbyR.A.75.
FALSETESTIMONY
Q:Whatisafalsetestimony?
A:Afalsetestimonyisadeclarationunderoathofa
witnessinajudicialproceedingwhichiscontraryto
136
A:Falsetestimonyin:
1. CriminalCases
2. CivilCases
3. OtherCases
FALSETESTIMONYAGAINSTTHEDEFENDANT
(Art.180)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Thereisacriminalproceeding
2. Offender testifies falsely under oath
againstthedefendanttherein
3. Offender who gives false testimony
knowsthatitisfalse
4. Defendant against whom the false
testimony is given is either acquitted or
convictedinafinaljudgment
Violationofthisarticlerequirescriminalintent.Hence,
itcannotbecommittedthroughnegligence.
Q:Istherefalsetestimonyevenifthetestimonyis
notconsideredbythecourt?
A:Yes,becausewhatisbeingconsideredhereisthe
tendencyofthetestimonytoestablishoraggravate
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Theoffenderneednotimputeguiltupontheaccused
to be liable. For this crime to come into play, the
decision in the criminal case where he testified must
havebeenalreadyfinal.
Art.180appliestoSpecialPenalLawsbecauseSpecial
PenalLawsfollowthenomenclatureoftheRPC.
FALSETESTIMONYFAVORABLETOTHE
DEFENDANT(Art.181).
Q:Whatisessentialinthiscrime?
A:Intenttofavortheaccused
Note:Falsetestimonyinfavorofadefendantneednot
directlyinfluencethedecisionofacquittalanditneed
not benefit the defendant. The intent to favor
defendantissufficient.
A:No.
Note:Falsetestimonybynegativestatementisstillin
favorofthedefendant.
Astatementofmereopinionisnotpunishable.
Convictionoracquittalisnotnecessary(finaljudgment
isnotnecessary),butgravityofcrimeinprincipalcase
shouldbeshown.
Q:Canadefendantwhofalselytestifiedinhisown
behalf in a criminal case be guilty of false
testimonyfavorabletothedefendant?
A:Yes.Itmustnotbeforgottenthattherightofan
accused to testify in his own behalf is secured to
him,notthathemaybeenabledtointroducefalse
testimony into the record, but to enable him to
spreadupontherecordthetruthastoanymatter
within his knowledge which will tend to establish
hisknowledge.(U.S.v.Soliman)
FALSETESTIMONYINCIVILCASES
(Art.182)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Testimonymustbegiveninacivilcase.
2. It must relate to the issues presented in
saidcase
3. Itmustbefalse
4. It must be given by the defendant
knowingthesametobefalse
5. It must be malicious and given with an
intent to affect the issued presented in
saidcase
Q:Whatistheeffectonprescriptiveperiodofthe
classificationofthefalsetestimonyastowhether
it was given in favor or against the accused in a
criminalcase?
A:Theclassificationsignificantindeterminingwhen
theprescriptiveperiodbeginstorun:
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137
FALSETESTIMONYINOTHERCASES
ANDPERJURYINSOLEMNAFFIRMATION
(Art.183)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Falselytestifyingunderoath
2. Makingafalseaffidavit.
Q:Whataretheelementsofperjury?
A:
1. Accusedmadeastatementunderoathor
executed an affidavit upon a material
matter
2. Statementoraffidavitwasmadebeforea
competent officer, authorized to receive
andadministeroath
3. Inthatstatementoraffidavit,theaccused
madeawillfulanddeliberateassertionof
afalsehood
4. Sworn statement or affidavit containing
thefalsityisrequiredbylaw
Q:Whatisperjury?
Q:Whatisanoath?
A:Oathisanyformofattestationbywhichaperson
signifiesthatheisboundinconsciencetoperform
anactfaithfullyandtruthfully.
Q:Whatismeantbymaterialmatter?
A:Materialmattermeansthemainfactwhichisthe
subject of the inquiry or any circumstance which
tendstoprovethatfact,oranyfactorcircumstance
which tends to corroborate or strengthen the
testimony relative to the subject of inquiry, or
whichlegitimatelyaffectsthecreditofanywitness
whotestifies.
Q:Whatisthetesttodeterminethematerialityof
thematter?
A:Thetestisnotwhethertheevidencewasproper
to be admitted but whether if admitted it could
properlyinfluencetheresultofthetrial.
138
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenperjuryand
falsetestimony?
A:
PERJURY
Anywillfulandcorrupt
assertionoffalsehoodon
materialmatterunder
oathandnotgivenin
judicialproceedings
FALSETESTIMONY
Giveninthecourseofa
judicialproceeding
Contemplatesactualtrial
wherejudgmentof
convictionoracquittalis
rendered.
Perversionoftruth
Thereisperjuryeven
duringthepreliminary
investigation.
Q:Whatcouldbeusedasadefense?
OFFERINGFALSETESTIMONYINEVIDENCE
(Art.184)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender offered in evidence a false
witnessorfalsetestimony
2. He knew the witness or testimony was
false
3. Offer was made in a judicial or official
proceeding
Q:Whatissubordinationofperjury?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
perjuryunderArt.183.Itis,however,requiredthat
thefalsewitnessmustfirstbeconvictedofperjury
before the subordinate may be prostituted for his
acts.
Note:Thefelonyisconsummatedthemomentafalse
witnessisofferedinanyjudicialorofficialproceeding.
FRAUDS,MACHINATIONSINPUBLICAUCTIONS
(Art.185)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Soliciting any gift or promise as a
consideration for refraining from taking
partinanypublicauction.
Elements:
a. Thereisapublicauction
b. Offender solicits any gift or
compromisefromanyofthebidders
c. Such gift or promise is the
consideration for his refraining from
takingpartinthatpublicauction
d. Offenderhastheintenttocausethe
reduction of the price of the thing
auctioned
2.
Attemptingtocausebidderstostayaway
from an auction by threats, gifts,
promisesoranyotherartifice.
Elements:
a. Thereisapublicauction
b. Offender attempts to cause the
bidderstostayawayfromthatpublic
auction
c. It is done by threats, gifts, promises
oranyotherartifice
d. Offenderhastheintenttocausethe
reduction of the price of the thing
auctioned
MONOPOLIESANDCOMBINATIONSIN
RESTRAINTOFTRADE(Art.186)
Q:Whatismonopoly?
Q:Whatiscombinationinrestraintoftrade?
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Combination to prevent free competition
inthemarket.
Elements:
a. Entering into any contract or
agreement or taking part in any
conspiracy or combination in the
formofatrustorotherwise
b. Inrestraintoftradeorcommerceor
to prevent by artificial means free
competitioninthemarket
Elements:
a. Bymonopolizinganymerchandiseor
object of trade or commerce, or by
combining with any other person or
persons to monopolize said
merchandiseorobject
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139
b.
c.
3.
Inordertoalterthepricesthereofby
spreading false rumors or making
useofanyotherartifice
To restrain free competition in the
market
Mereconspiracyorcombinationispunished.
IMPOSITIONANDDISPOSITIONOFFALSELY
MARKEDARTICLESORMERCHANDISEMADEOF
GOLD,SILVER,OROTHERPRECIOUSMETALSOR
THEIRALLOYS(Art.187)
Elements:
a. Manufacturer, producer, processor
or importer of any merchandise or
objectofcommerce
b. Combines, conspires, or agrees with
anyperson
c. Purpose is to make transactions
prejudicialtolawfulcommerceorto
increase the market price of any
merchandise or object of commerce
manufactured, produced, processed,
assembled or imported into the
Philippines
Q:Whatisunfaircompetition?
Q:Whatisthetestofunfaircompetition?
A:Thegroundsforliabilityare:
1. Knowingly permitting commission of the
punishableacts;or
2. Failing to prevent the commission of the
saidacts.
140
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderimports,sells,ordisposesofany
ofthosearticlesormerchandise
2. Stamps,brands,ormarksofthosearticles
of merchandisefail to indicate the actual
finenessorqualityofsaidmetalsoralloys
3. Offender knows that the stamps, brands
or marks fail to indicate the actual
fineness or the quality of the metals or
alloys
Note:Manufacturerwhoaltersthequalityorfineness
ofanythingpertainingtohisartorbusinessisliablefor
estafaunderArt.315subdivision2(b)oftheRPC.
A:
1. Gold
2. Silver
3. Otherpreciousmetals
4. Theiralloys
Note:Sellingthemisbrandedarticlesisnotnecessary.
SUBSTITUTINGANDALTERINGTRADEMARKS,
TRADENAMESORSERVICEMARKS
(Art.188)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Substitutingthetradenameortrademark
ofsomeothermanufacturerordealer,or
a colorable imitation thereof, for the
tradename or trademark of the real
manufacturer or dealer upon any article
ofcommerceandsellingthesame
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Sellingorofferingforsalesucharticlesof
commerce, knowing that the trade name
ortrademarkhasbeenfraudulentlyused
3. Using or substituting the service mark of
someotherpersonorcolorableimitation
ofsuchmark,inthesaleoradvertisingof
hisservices
4. Printing, lithographing or reproducing
tradename, trademark, or servicemark of
one person, or a colorable imitation
thereof, to enable the person to
fraudulently use the same knowing the
fraudulent purpose for which it is to be
used.
UNFAIRCOMPETITION,FRAUDULENT
REGISTRATIONOFTRADENAME,TRADEMARK,OR
SERVICEMARK,FRAUDULENTDESIGNATIONOF
ORIGIN,ANDFALSEDESCRIPTION
(Art.189)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Selling goods, giving them the general
appearance of the goods of another
manufacturer or dealer. (Unfair
competition)
2. Affixingtohisgoodorusinginconnection
with his services a false designation of
origin, or any false description or
representation and selling such goods or
services(Fraudulentdesignationoforigin.
(Falsedescription)
B.TheNewPublicBiddingLaw(R.A.9184)
Q:WhataretheprohibitedactsunderR.A.9184?
A:
1. Public officers who commit any of the following
acts:
a.
e. Whentheheadoftheagencyabusesthe
exerciseofhispowertorejectanyandall
bids as mentioned under Section 41 of
this Act with manifest preference to any
bidder who is closely related to him in
accordancewithSection47ofthisAct.
c.
c. Whentwoormorebiddersenterintoan
agreementwhichcallupononetorefrain
from bidding for Procurement contracts,
or which call for withdrawal of bids
already submitted, or which are
otherwise intended to secure as undue
advantagetoanyoneofthem.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
141
suppresscompetitionandthusproducea
resultdisadvantageoustothepublic.
142
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A. TheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsActof
2002(R.A.9165)
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsunderthisact?
A:
1. Importation of Dangerous Drugs and/or
Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals
(Sec.4)
Note:Anyperson,who,unlessauthorizedbylaw,shall
import or bring into the Philippines any dangerous
drug, regardless of the quantity and purity involved,
including any and all species of opium poppy or any
partthereoforsubstancesderivedtherefromevenfor
floral,decorativeandculinarypurposes.
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Theidentityofthebuyerandtheseller
2. Theobject,andtheconsideration
3. The delivery of the thing sold and the
paymenttherefor.
3.MaintenanceofaDen,DiveorResort(Sec.6)
Q:Whoareliable?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Visitorofden,diveorresortwhoisaware
of the nature of the place as such and
shallknowinglyvisitthesame
Note: Ifsuchdenordiveisownedbya3rdperson,the
followingisrequired:
1. That the criminal complaint shall allege that
such place is intentionally used in the
furtheranceofthecrime
2. That the prosecution shall prove such intent
on the part of the owner touse the property
forsuchpurpose
3. Thattheownershallbeincludedasanaccused
inthecriminalcomplaint
4.Manufactureof:
a. Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled
PrecursorsandEssentialChemicals
b. Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and
OtherParaphernaliaforDangerousDrugs
and/or Controlled Precursors and
EssentialChemicals(Sec.8)
Q:Whatdoyoumeanbymanufacturing?
A:Itisthe:
1. The
production,
preparation,
compounding or processing of any
dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical, either
directlyorindirectlyorbyextractionfrom
substances of natural origin, or
independently by means of chemical
synthesis or by a combination of
extractionandchemicalsynthesis,
2. And shall include any packaging or
repackagingofsuchsubstances,designor
configuration of its form, or labeling or
relabelingofitscontainer;
3. Except
preparation,
compounding,
packaging or labeling of a drug or other
substances by a duly authorized
practitioner as an incident to his/her
administration or dispensation of such
drugorsubstanceinthecourseofhis/her
professional practice including research,
teaching and chemical analysis of
dangerous drugs or such substances that
arenotintendedforsaleorforanyother
purpose.(Sec.8)
4. Possessionof:
a. Dangerousdrugs(Sec.11)
b. Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and
Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
(Sec.12)
c. Dangerous Drugs during Parties, Social
GatheringsorMeetings(Sec.13)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
143
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1.
2.
3.
5.
Theaccusedwasinpossessionofanitem
oranobjectidentifiedtobeaprohibited
orregulateddrug
Suchpossessionisnotauthorizedbylaw
The accused was freely and consciously
awareofbeinginpossessionofthedrug.
Useofdangerousdrugs(Sec.15)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Theaccusedwasapprehendedfortheuse
ofdangerousdrugs
Hewasfoundtobepositiveforuseofany
dangerousdrugs
Nootherdangerousdrugwasfoundinhis
possession.
NOTE:Wherethepersontestedisalsofoundtohave
inhispossessionanyotherdangerousdrugs,s/heshall
be prosecuted in accordance with Sec. 11, for illegal
possessionofdangerousdrugs.
Notwithstanding the provisions of any law to the
contrary, a positive finding for the use of dangerous
drugsshallbeaqualifyingaggravatingcircumstancein
the commission of a crime by an offender, and the
applicationofthepenaltyprovidedforintheRPCshall
beapplicable.
Q:WhatdoyoumeanbycultivationinR.A.9165?
144
Q:Whoareliable?
A: Any practitioner, manufacturer, wholesaler,
importer,distributor,dealerorretailerwhoviolates
or fails to comply with the maintenance and
keeping of the original records of transactions on
any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor
and essential chemical in accordance with Section
40ofthisAct.
8. Unnecessary Prescription of Dangerous Drugs
(Sec.18)
Q:Whoareliable?
Q:Whoareliable?
A:Anyperson,who,unlessauthorizedbylaw,shall
make or issue a prescription or any other writing
purporting to be a prescription for any dangerous
drug.
Q:Whatistheeffectofattemptorconspiracyon
thecriminalliability?
A: The accused shall be penalized by the same
penaltyprescribedforthecommissionofthesame
asprovidedunder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
GAMBLINGANDBETTING
Note:Arts.195196havebeenrepealedandmodified
byP.D.Nos.449,483and1602,asamendedbyLetters
ofInstructionsNo.816.
OFFENSESAGAINSTDECENCYANDGOOD
CUSTOMS
GRAVESCANDAL
ART.200
Q:Whataretheelementsofgravescandal?
A:
1. Offenderperformsanactoracts
3.
4.
Ifinpublicplace,thereiscriminalliabilityirrespective
ofwhethertheimmoralactisopentothepublicview.
Publicviewisnotrequired.Itissufficientifcommitted
inpublicplace.
A:
GRAVESCANDAL
Thescandalinvolved
referstomoralscandal
offensivetodecency,
althoughitdoesnot
disturbpublicpeace.But
suchconductoractmust
beopentothepublic
view.
ALARMANDSCANDAL
Thescandalousactsare
committedagainstthe
willofthewoman.Force
orintimidationis
employed.
A:
GRAVESCANDAL
Theperformanceof
scandalousactsis
mutuallyconsented.
ACTSOF
LASCIVIOUSNESS
Thescandalousactsare
committedagainstthe
willofwoman.Forceor
intimidationisemployed.
IMMORALDOCTRINES,OBSCENEPUBLICATIONS
ANDEXHIBITIONS,ANDINDECENTSHOWS
(Art.201)
Q:Whoarethepersonsliable?
A:
1. Those who shall publicly expound or
proclaim doctrines openly contrary to
publicmorals
a. Glorifycriminalsorcondonecrimes
b. Servenootherpurposebuttosatisfy
the market for violence, lust or
pornography
c. Offendanyrace,orreligion
d. Tend to abet traffic in and use of
prohibiteddrugs
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
145
e.
Note:Publicityisanessentialelement.
Merenudityinpaintingsandpictureisnotobscene.
4.
Thosewhoshallsell,giveaway,orexhibit,
film, prints, engravings, sculptures, or
literature which are offensive to morals.
Publicityisessential.
Q:Whatisthetestofobscenity?
A:Whetherornotthematerialchargedasobscene
hasthetendencytodepraveandcorrupttheminds
of those open to the influence thereof, or into
whosehandssuchmaterialmaycometo(Kottinger
Rule)
Q:Iftheviewingofpornographicmaterialsisdone
privately,cantherebeviolationofArt.201?
VAGRANTSANDPROSTITUTES
(Art.202)
Q:Whoarevagrants?
Q:Whatistherationaleofpenalizingvagrancy?
A:Thepurposeofthelawisnotsimplytopunisha
personbecausehehasnomeansoflivelihood;itis
topreventfurthercriminality.
Q:Whoarethepersonsliable?
A:
1. Anypersonhavingnoapparentmeansof
subsistence, who has the physical ability
to work and who neglects to apply
himselforherselftosomecalling
3.
4.
5.
Anypersonwhonotbeingincludedinthe
provisions of other articles of this Code,
shall be found loitering in any inhabited
oruninhabitedplacebelongingtoanother
withoutanylawfulorjustifiablepurpose
Prostitutes.
146
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whoareprostitutes?
Q:Isthereacrimeofprostitutionbyconspiracy?
A:
VAGRANCY
Canbecommittedby
eitheramanorwoman.
Amanifheengagesin
sexformoneyisnota
prostitute,butavagrant.
PROSTITUTION
Canonlybecommitted
byawoman.
Awomanwhoforprofit
ormoneyhabitually
engagesinsexualor
lasciviousconductisa
prostitute.
Note:Art.202isnotapplicabletominors.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
147
VII.CRIMESCOMMITTEDBYPUBLICOFFICERS
PRELIMINARYPROVISIONS
PUBLICOFFICERS
(Art.203)
A:Tobeapublicofficer,onemust:
1. Take part in the performance of public
functions in the government, or in
performing in said government or in any
of its branches public duties as an
employee, agent or subordinate official,
oranyrankorclass;and
Note:Publicofficersincludeeverypublicservantfrom
the lowest to the highest rank provided that they
exercisepublicfunctions.
Q:Javierwaschargedwithmalversationofpublic
funds.Shewastheprivatesectorrepresentativein
the National Book Development Board (NBDB),
whichwascreatedbyRepublicAct(R.A.)No.8047,
otherwiseknownastheBookPublishingIndustry
Development Act. Is Javier, a private sector
representativetotheboardapublicofficer?
A: Yes. Notwithstanding that Javier came from the
privatesectortositasamemberoftheNBDB,the
law invested her with some portion of the
sovereignfunctionsofthegovernment,sothatthe
purposeofthegovernmentisachieved.Inthiscase,
the government aimed to enhance the book
publishingindustryasithasasignificantroleinthe
nationaldevelopment.Hence,thefactthatshewas
appointedfromthepublicsectorandnotfromthe
otherbranchesoragenciesofthegovernmentdoes
148
A:
1. Misfeasance when a public officer
performsofficialactsinthemannernotin
accordancewithwhatthelawprescribes.
Q:Whatarecrimesofmisfeasance?
A:
1. Knowinglyrenderingunjustjudgment
2. Renderingjudgmentthroughnegligence
3. Renderingunjustinterlocutoryorder
4. Malicious delay in the administration of
justice
Q:Whatisacrimeofnonfeasance?
A:Derelictionofdutyintheprosecutionofoffenses
Q:Whatarecrimesofmalfeasance?
A:
1. Directbribery
2. Indirectbribery
KNOWINGLYRENDERINGUNJUSTJUDGMENT
(Art.204)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisajudge
2. He renders a judgment in a case
submittedtohimfordecision
3. Thatthejudgmentisunjust
4. Thatthejudgeknowsthathisjudgmentis
unjust
Q:Whatisjudgment?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatisanunjustjudgment?
Q:Whatarethesourcesofunjustjudgment?
A:
1. Error
2. Illwillorrevenge
3. Bribery
Abuseofdiscretionormereerrorofjudgmentcannot
likewise serve as basis for rendering an unjust
judgment in the absence of proof of an allegation of
badfaith.
A:No,itmaybecommittedonlybyajudgeofatrial
courtandneverofacollegiatebody.
Ratio:IncollegiatecourtsliketheCAandSC,notonly
one magistrate renders or issues the judgment or
interlocutory order. Conclusions and resolutions
thereof are handed down only after deliberations
among the members, so that it cannot be said that
thereismaliceorinexcusablenegligenceorignorance
in the rendering of a judgment or order that is
supposedlyunjust.
JUDGMENTRENDEREDTHROUGHNEGLIGENCE
(Art.205)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisajudge
2.
3.
4.
UNJUSTINTERLOCUTORYORDER
(Art.206)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisajudge
2. Heperformsanyofthefollowingacts:
a. Knowingly renders an unjust
interlocutoryorderordecree;or
b. Renders a manifestly unjust
interlocutory order or decree
through inexcusable negligence or
ignorance.
Q:Whatisaninterlocutoryorder?
A:Itisoneissuedbythecourtdecidingacollateral
orincidentalmatter;it isnotafinaldetermination
oftheissuesoftheactionorproceeding.
E.g.JudgesorderorresolutiondenyingtheDemurrer
toEvidencesubmittedbytheaccused.
A:IftheorderanswersthequestionDoesitleave
somethingtobedoneinthetrialcourtwithrespect
tothemeritsofthecase?intheaffirmative,then
itisinterlocutory;ifitdoesnot,itisfinal.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
149
MALICIOUSDELAYINTHEADMINISTRATIONOF
JUSTICE(Art.207)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisajudge
2. Thereisaproceedinginhiscourt
3. Hedelaystheadministrationofjustice
4. Delayismalicious,thatis,withdeliberate
intenttoinflictdamageoneitherpartyin
thecase
Note:Meredelaywithoutmaliceisnotpunishable.
PROSECUTIONOFOFFENSE;NEGLIGENCEAND
TOLERANCE(Art.208)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Maliciously refraining from instituting
prosecutionagainstviolatorsofthelaw.
2. Maliciously tolerating the commission of
offenses.
Q:Whataretheelementsofderelictionofdutyin
theprosecutionofoffenses?
A:
1. Offender is a public officer or officer of
the law who has a duty to cause the
prosecutionof,ortoprosecuteoffenses
Q:WhocanbeoffendersinArt.208?
A:
1. Apublicofficer(officerintheprosecution
department whose duty is to institute
criminal proceedings upon being
informed)
150
Q:Whatdoesmaliciouslyconnote?
Note:Aderelictionofdutycausedbyapoorjudgment
orhonestmistakeisnotpunishable.
Q:Whocanbeliableforderelictionofdutyinthe
prosecutionofoffenses?
Q:Ifapoliceofficertoleratesthecommissionofa
crimeorotherwiserefrainsfromapprehendingthe
offender,isheliableforderelictionofduty?
A:No.Suchpoliceofficercannotbeprosecutedfor
dereliction of duty but he can be prosecuted as
follows:
1. An accessory to the crime committed by
the principal in accordance with Article
19,paragraph3
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatiscoveredinprevaricacion?
A:
PREVARICACION
Appliestopublicofficers
ingeneralwhoisremiss
orwhoismaliciously
refrainingfromexercising
thedutiesofhisoffice.
DERELICTIONOFDUTY
Derelictionofdutyrefers
onlytoprosecuting
officers.
BETRAYALOFPUBLICTRUSTBYANATTORNEYOR
SOLICITORREVELATIONOFSECRETS
(Art.209)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Causing damage to his client, either by
anymaliciousbreachofprofessionalduty
byinexcusablenegligenceorignorance.
Note:Damageisnotnecessary.
2.
3.
Note:iftheclientconsentstotheattorneys
takingthedefenseoftheotherparty,there
isnocrime.
Q:Whatistherulewithregardtocommunications
madewithprospectiveclients?
Note:Thatprivilegecommunicationwithaprospective
clientimpliesthatthesameisconfidential.Therefore,
if the lawyer would reveal the same or otherwise
accept a case from the adverse party, he would
alreadybeviolatingArticle209.
Itisnotonlythelawyerwhoisprotectedbythematter
ofprivilegebutalsotheofficestafflikethesecretary.
Q:WhoisaProcuradorJudicial?
DIRECTBRIBERY
(Art.210)
Q:Whatisbribery?
Q:Whatarethekindsofbribery?
A:
1. Agreeingtoperformorperforminganact
pertainingtothedutiesoftheofficewhich
constitutesacrimeIftheactoromission
amounts to a crime, it is not necessary
that the corruptor should deliver the
consideration or the doing of the act.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
151
A:
1.
2.
3.
Illustration:
This is the first kind of direct bribery. If a court
stenographer, in consideration of a gift or present or
even a promise, agrees with the accused to alter the
notestakenbyhimduringthetrialtomakeitappear
that the witness testified favorably to the accused,
whenintruth,histestimonywasadversetohim,said
stenographerisguiltyofbribery.Heagreedtoperform
falsificationwhichisacrime.Heandtheaccusedshall
likewise be held liable for Falsification of Public
Documents.
2.
Illustration:
Thus, the Secretary of the Municipal Mayor who was
underinstructiontoreceivetheapplicationofawards
inthemunicipalityspublicmarketforonlytenpersons
therebeingonlytenstallsthatcouldbeleased,andin
consideration of some money received from the
eleventh applicant, making it appear that his
applicationwasthetenthisguiltyofthisformofDirect
Bribery.Theactofthesecretarywhoisapublicofficer
is not a crime but it is unjust, it being unfair to the
tenthapplicant.
3.
Illustration:
A police traffic officer who, in consideration of gift
receivedorpromiseofferedbyataxidriverwhobeat
the red light, refrains from issuing a TVR and from
confiscationsthedriverslicensewhenitishisdutyto
doso,commitsthisthirdformofDirectBribery.
Q:Whataretheelementsofdirectbribery?
152
4.
Suchofferorpromisebeaccepted,orgift
orpresentreceivedbythepublicofficer
a. With a view of committing some
crime
b. In consideration of the execution of
an act which does not constitute a
crime,buttheactmustbeunjust
c. To refrain from doing something,
whichishisofficialdutytodo;
Q:Isitrequiredthattheactwascommitted?
A:No.ThelastphraseofArt.210whichprovides
if the same shall have been committed does not
presumethattheactwascommitted.
A:
1. Onthepartoftheofficer:
a. DirectBribery
b. Falsificationofpublicdocument.
2. Onthepartofthecorruptor:
a. Corruptionofpublicofficer
b. Falsificationofpublic
document,asprincipalby
inducement.(Boado,2008)
Q:Istherefrustratedbribery(directorindirect)?
A:Theoffenseisattemptedcorruptiononlyandnot
frustrated. The official did not agree to be
corrupted.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenbriberyand
robbery?
A:
BRIBERY
Thepersonarrestedhas
committedthecrimeand
heisthreatenedtogive
moneysoasnottobe
prosecuted.
Thetransactionis
generallymutualand
voluntary.
ROBBERY
Thepersonarrestedhas
notcommittedacrime.
Thetransactionisneither
mutualnorvoluntarybut
consummatedbytheuse
offorceorintimidation.
A:Yes.Aprivatepersonmaycommitthiscrimeonly
in the case in which custody of prisoners is
entrustedtohim.
Q:DeputySheriffBenRivasreceivedfromtheRTC
Clerk of Court a Writ of Execution in the case of
Ejectment filed by Mrs. Maria Estrada vs. Luis
Ablan. The judgment being in favor of Estrada,
Rivas went to her lawyers office where he was
given the necessary amounts constituting the
sheriffs fees and expenses for execution in the
A:ThesheriffcommittedthecrimeofDirectBribery
under the second paragraph of Article 210, RPC,
since the P2000.00 was received by him in
consideration of the prompt enforcement of the
writ of execution which is an official duty of the
sherifftodo.
INDIRECTBRIBERY
(Art.211)
Q:Whatisindirectbribery?
Note:Ifthepublicofficerdoesnotacceptthegift,this
crime is not committed but the offeror is guilty of
CorruptionofPublicOfficialsunderArticle212.
Q:Whataretheelementsofindirectbribery?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. Heacceptsgifts
3. Saidgiftsareofferedtohimbyreasonof
hisoffice
Thegiftisgiveninanticipationoffuturefavorfromthe
publicofficer.
Q:Shouldtherebeaclearintentiononthepartof
thepublicofficertotakethegiftoffered?
A:
DIRECTBRIBERY
INDIRECTBRIBERY
Publicofficerreceivesgift
Thereisnoagreement
Thereisagreement
betweenthepublic
betweenthepublic
officerandthecorruptor. officerandthecorruptor.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
153
Thepublicofficeriscalled
upontoperformor
refrainfromperforming
anofficialact.
Thepublicofficerisnot
necessarilycalleduponto
performanyofficialact.It
isenoughthatheaccepts
thegiftsofferedtohim
byreasonofhisoffice.
QUALIFIEDBRIBERY
(Art.211A)
Q:Whataretheelementsofqualifiedbribery?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficerentrustedwith
lawenforcement
CORRUPTIONOFPUBLICOFFICIALS
(Art.212)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offendermakesoffersorpromiseorgives
giftsorpresentstoapublicofficer
Q:Whenthepublicofficerrefusestobecorrupted,
whatcrimeiscommitted?
A:Attemptedcorruptionofpublicofficialonly.
154
FRAUDANDILLEGALEXACTIONSAND
TRANSACTIONS
FRAUDSAGAINSTTHEPUBLICTREASURY.AND
SIMILAROFFENSES(Art.213)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Entering into an agreement with any
interested party or speculator or making
use of any other scheme, to default the
Government, in dealing with any person
or with regard to furnishing supplies, the
makingofcontracts,ortheadjustmentor
settlement of accounts relating to public
propertyfunds.
3.
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
c.
A:No.Theallocationoroutlaywasmadethebasis
offraudulentquotationsmadebythepublicofficer
involved.
Q:Whataretheelementsofillegalexactions?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficerentrustedwith
the collection of taxes, licenses, fees and
otherimposts.
2. Heisguiltyofanyofthefollowingactsor
omissions:(FormsofIllegalExactions)
b.
A:Theessenceofthecrimeisnotmisappropriation
ofanyoftheamountsbuttheimpropermakingof
the collection which would prejudice the
accounting of collected amounts by the
government.
Q:Whomaybeliableforillegalexaction?
A:Illegalexactionisusuallycommitteesbyapublic
officer charged with the duty to collect taxes,
license fees, import duties and other dues payable
tothegovernment.
Illustration:
If sums are received without demanding the same, a
felonyunderthisarticleisnotcommitted.However,if
the sum is given as a sort of gift or gratification, the
crimeisindirectbribery.
Wherethereisdeceitindemandingagreaterfeethan
thoseprescribedbylaw,thecrimecommittedisestafa
andnotillegalexaction.
Thisfelonymaybecomplexedwithmalversation.E.g.
A tax collector who collected a sum larger than that
authorized by law spent all of them is guilty of two
crimes: (1) illegal exaction, for demanding a greater
amount; and (2) malversation, for misappropriating
theamountcollected.
OTHERFRAUDS
(Art.214)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
155
A:
1.
2.
3.
Offenderisapublicofficer
Hetakesadvantageofhisofficialposition
He commits any of the frauds or deceits
enumeratedinArticles315318
Q:Whichcourthasjurisdiction?
PROHIBITEDTRANSACTIONS
(Art.215)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisanappointivepublicofficer
4. Hebecomesinterestedinthetransaction
duringhisincumbency
POSSESSIONOFPROHIBITEDINTERESTBYA
PUBLICOFFICER(Art.216)
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableunderthisarticle?
A:
1. Public officer who, directly or indirectly,
became interested in any contract or
businessinwhichitwashisofficialdutyto
intervene.
156
3.
Note:Themereviolationoftheprohibitionispunished
althoughnofraudoccurstherefrom.
Constitutionalprohibitionexists:
Congresscannotpersonallyappearascounsel;cannot
be interested financially in any franchise or special
privilege granted by government; cannot intervene in
anymatterbeforeofficeofGovernment;
Executivecannotholdanyotheroffice;
MALVERSATIONOFPUBLICFUNDSORPROPERTY
(Art.217)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Appropriatingpublicfundsorproperty
2. Takingormisappropriatingthesame
3. Consenting, or through abandonment or
negligence, permitting any other person
totakesuchpublicfundsorproperty
4. Being otherwise guilty of the
misappropriation or malversation of such
fundsorproperty.
Note:Thenatureofthedutiesofthepublicofficerand
not the name of the office controls. (People v. Reyes,
SBCaseNo.26892,August15,2006)
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
3.
4.
Hehadthecustodyorcontroloffundsor
property by reason of the duties of his
office
Those funds or property were public
funds or property for which he was
accountable
He appropriated, took, misappropriated
or consented, or through abandonment
negligence, permitted another person to
takethem
Q:Whatisthethrustofthecrimeofmalversation?
A:Malversationispredicatedontherelationshipof
theoffendertothepropertyorfundsinvolved.
Q:Ingeneral,whocanbeheldliableforthecrime
ofmalversation?
Q:Whoareaccountableofficers?
A:Accountableofficersincludecashiers,disbursing
officers or property custodians and any public
officer having custody of public funds or property
forwhichheisaccountable.
Q:Isitnecessarythattheoffenderprofitedbyhis
malversation?
Q:Ifthechargeisforintentionalmalversationbut
what was proved was culpable malversation, can
theoffenderbeconvictedunderthatInformation?
involvedandconvictionthereofisproper.(Peoplev.
Pepito)
A:Yes,becausethepaymentorrestitutiondoesnot
extinguish criminal liability for malversation but
onlythecivilliabilityoftheoffender.
A:No.Thereisonlymalversationonlyifthepublic
officer who has custody of public funds should
appropriate, take, misappropriate; or consents or
permitsanyotherperson,throughabandonmentor
negligence,totakesuchpublicfundsorproperty.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
157
Ratio:Acheckisclearedonlyafterthreedays.During
that period of three days, the government is being
deniedtheuseofthepublicfund.
4. Whenheisconstitutedasthedepositary
or administrator of funds or property
seized or attached by public authority
even though said funds or property
belongtoaprivateindividual
Q:Isdemandanelementofmalversation?
Q:Iffalsificationofdocumentswasresortedtofor
the purpose of concealing malversation, is a
complexcrimecommitted?
A:No,forcomplexcrimesrequirethatonecrimeis
used to commit another. If the falsification is
resorted to for the purpose of hiding the
malversation,thefalsificationandmalversationare
separateoffenses.(Peoplev.Sendaydiego)
158
andliquidated,thatis,acompleteandtrustworthy
auditshouldhavebeenundertaken.
Note:Themomentanymoneyiscommingledwiththe
public fund even if not due the government, it
becomes impressed with the characteristic of being
partofpublicfunds.
A:
MALVERSATION
Committedbyan
accountablepublic
officer.
Dealswithpublicfundsor
property.
Maybecommitted
withoutpersonal
misappropriation,as
whentheaccountable
officerallowsanotherto
misappropriatethesame.
between
ESTAFA
Committedbyaprivate
personorevenapublic
officerwhoactsina
privatecapacity.
Dealswithprivate
property.
Committedbypersonal
misappropriationonly.
FAILUREOFACCOUNTABLEOFFICERTORENDER
ACCOUNTS(Art.218)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
4.
FAILUREOFARESPONSIBLEPUBLICOFFICERTO
RENDERACCOUNTSBEFORELEAVINGTHE
COUNTRY(Art.219)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. He must be an accountable officer for
publicfundsorproperty
3. He must have unlawfully left (or be on
point of leaving) the Philippines without
securingfromtheCommissiononAudita
certificateshowingthathisaccountshave
beenfinallysettled
ILLEGALUSEOFPUBLICFUNDSORPROPERTY
(Art.220)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. Thereispublicfundorpropertyunderhis
administration
3. Such public fund or property has been
appropriatedbylaworordinance
4. Heappliesthesametoapublicuseother
thanthatforwhichsuchfundorproperty
has been appropriated by law or
ordinance
malversationbecausedisbursementofpublicfundsfor
public use is per se not an unlawful act.(Abdulla v.
People,G.R.No.150129,April6,2005)
Q:Whyisittermedtechnicalmalversation?
A:Becauseunderthisarticle,thefundorproperty
involvedisalreadyappropriatedorearmarkedfora
certainpublicpurpose.
Q:Howistechnicalmalversationcommitted?
A:Yes,becausedamageisnotanessentialelement
oftechnicalmalversation.
Q:Supposethefundshadbeenappropriatedfora
particular public purpose, but the same was
applied to private purpose, what is the crime
committed?
A:
TECHNICAL
MALVERSATION
MALVERSATION
Offendersareaccountablepublicofficersinboth
crimes.
Offenderderivesno
Generally,theoffender
personalgainorbenefit.
derivespersonalbenefit.
Conversionisforthe
Publicfundorpropertyis
personalinterestofthe
divertedtoanother
offenderorofanother
publicuseotherthanthat
person.
providedforinthelaw.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
159
FAILURETOMAKEDELIVERYOFPUBLICFUNDS
ORPROPERTY(Art.221)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Failing to make payment by a public
officer who is under obligation to make
suchpaymentfromGovernmentfundsin
hispossession
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. That the public officer has government
fundsinhispossession
3. Thathefailstomakepaymentmaliciously
OFFICERSINCLUDEDINTHEPRECEDING
PROVISIONS(Art.222)
A:
1. Private individual who in any capacity
whatsoever,havechargeofanynational,
provincial or municipal funds, revenue or
property
Privatepropertyisincludedifitisattached,seizedor
depositedbypublicauthority.
160
A:
1.
2.
3.
A:No.Tobeapublicofficer,onemust:
1. Take part in the performance of public
functions in the government, or in
performing in said government or in any
of its branches public duties as an
employee, agent or subordinate official,
oranyrankorclass;and
2. That his authority to take part in the
performance of public functions or to
performpublicdutiesmustbeby:
a. Directprovisionofthelaw,or
b. Popularelection,or
c. Appointmentbycompetentauthority.
(Azarconv.Batausa)
CONNIVING
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. He is charged with the conveyance or
custody of a prisoner, either detention
prisonerorprisonerbyfinaljudgment
3. Such prisoner escapes through his
negligence
Note:Theremusthavebeendefinitelaxityamounting
todeliberatenonperformanceofduty.
Thereisrealandactualevasionofserviceofsentence
when the custodian permits the prisoner to obtain
relaxationofhisimprisonment.
Illustration:
Thefactthatthepublicofficerrecapturedtheprisoner
who escaped from his custody does not afford
completeexculpation.
Ifapolicemanonguarddutyunlockedthedoorofthe
jail to let a detention prisoner to go out so he can
clean the premises, but on the latters third trip to a
nearby faucet, he walked behind the police
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Mereorder,howevertoaprisonertokeepclosewhile
answeringthetelephoneisnotasufficientprecaution
under the circumstances and of the escape of the
prisoner,heisliableunderthisarticle.Heshouldhave
locked the prisoner back in jail before answering the
telephone as there was nothing in the call
necessitating preference to accuseds official duty of
lockinghimbackinjail.
A:
1. If the fugitive is serving his sentence by
reason of final judgment he is liable for
evasion of the service of sentence under
Art.157;
2. Ifthefugitiveisonlyadetentionprisoner
hedoesnotincuranycriminalliability.
ESCAPEOFPRISONERUNDERTHECUSTODYOFA
PERSONNOTAPUBLICOFFICER(Art.225)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicperson
3. Prisonerorpersonunderarrestescapes
Note:Theelementsofthisfelonyaresimilartothatof
infidelity in the custody of prisoners, except that the
offender is a private person to whom the custody of
prisonershallhavebeenconfided.
Illustration:
When such private person shall accept any
considerationorgiftforthenonperformanceofaduty
confided to him, bribery is committed in addition
because he is performing a public function, hence, at
thatinstance,heisdeemedtobeapublicofficer.
REMOVAL,CONCEALMENTORDESTRUCTIONOF
DOCUMENT(Art.226)
Note:Thiscrimeisalsocalledinfidelityinthecustody
ofdocuments.
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficer
3.
4.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
161
Damageinthisarticlemayconsistinmerealarm
tothepublicorinthealienationofitsconfidence
inanybranchofthegovernmentservice.
Q:Mustremovalbeforanillicitpurpose?
1. Tamperwithit
2. Profitbyit
3. Commit an act constituting a breach of
trustintheofficialcarethereof.
Q:Whenisthecrimeconsummated?
A:Itisthebreachofpublictrustwhichispunished.
A:
1. Removal presupposes appropriation of
theofficialdocuments.Itdoesnotrequire
that the record be brought out of the
premises where it is kept. It is enough
that the record be removed from the
place where it should be transferred to
anotherplacewhereitisnotsupposedto
bekept.
162
3.
A:Thecrimecommittedisinfidelityinthecustody
of documents because the money adduced as
exhibitspartakethenatureofadocumentandnot
asmoney.
OFFICERBREAKINGSEAL
(Art.227)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. Heischargedwiththecustodyofpapers
orproperty
3. These papers or property are sealed by
properauthority
4. Hebreaksthesealsorpermitsthemtobe
broken
Damageispresumed.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
OPENINGOFCLOSEDDOCUMENTS
(Art.228)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
4. Hedoesnothaveproperauthority
Note:Thecloseddocumentmustbeentrustedtothe
custodyoftheaccusedbyreasonofhisoffice.
REVELATIONOFSECRETSBYANOFFICER
(Art.229)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Revealing any secrets known to the
offending public officer by reason of his
officialcapacity.
Elements:
a. Offenderisapublicofficer
b. Heknowsofasecretbyreasonofhis
officialcapacity
c. He reveals such secret without
authorityorjustifiablereasons
d. Damage,greatorsmall,iscausedto
thepublicinterest
Elements:
a. Offenderisapublicofficer
b. Hehaschargeofpapers
c. Those papers should not be
published
d.
e.
f.
Note:Thesecretsreferredtointhisarticlearethose
which have an official or public character, the
revelationofwhichmayprejudicepublicinterest.They
refer to secrets relative to the administration of the
government.
A:
REVELATIONOFSECRETS
BYANOFFICER
INFIDELITYINTHE
CUSTODYOFTHE
DOCUMENTS/PAPERSBY
REMOVINGTHESAME
Thepaperscontain
secretsandtherefore
shouldnotbepublished
andthepublicofficer
havingchargethereof
removesanddelivers
themwrongfullytoa
thirdperson.
Thepapersdonot
containsecretsbuttheir
removalisforanillicit
purpose.
PUBLICOFFICERREVEALINGSECRETSOFPRIVATE
INDIVIDUAL(Art.230)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
163
A:
1.
2.
3.
Offenderisapublicofficer
He knows of the secrets of private
individualbyreasonofhisoffice
Herevealssuchsecretswithoutauthority
orjustifiablereason
Note:Therevelationwillnotamounttoacrimeunder
thisarticleifthesecretsarecontrarytopublicinterest
ortotheadministrationofjustice.
Q:Shouldthesecretsberevealedpublicly?
A: No. The crime is consummated if the same are
communicatedtoanotherevenincloseintimacy.
DISOBEDIENCETOORDEROFSUPERIOROFFICER,
WHENSAIDORDERWASSUSPENDEDBYINFERIOR
OFFICER(Art.232)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
3.
4.
5.
OTHEROFFENSESORIRREGULARITIESBYPUBLIC
OFFICERS
OPENDISOBEDIENCE
(Art.231)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisajudicialorexecutiveofficer
Note:Judgmentshouldhavebeenrendered
inahearing
4.
164
REFUSALOFASSISTANCE
(Art.233)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
3. Offenderfailstodosomaliciously
Q:Givesomeoftheinstancesofthecrimerefusal
ofassistance.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Therequestmustcomefromonepublicofficeto
another.
REFUSALTODISCHARGEELECTIVEOFFICE
(Art.234)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderiselectedbypopularelectionto
apublicoffice
2. Herefusestobesworninortodischarge
thedutiesofsaidoffice
3. There is no legal motive for such refusal
tobesworninortodischargetheduties
ofsaidoffice
Note:Refusaltodischargethedutiesofanappointive
officeisnotcovered.
MALTREATMENTOFPRISONERS
(Art.235)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficeroremployee
3.
i.
ii.
b.
By
the
imposition
of
punishments not authorized by
theregulations
By inflicting such punishments
(those authorized) in a cruel or
humiliatingmanner
Illustration:
The public officer/employee either imposed
punishment not authorized by the regulation or by
law, or inflicted punishment/disciplinary action
authorizedbylawinacruelorhumiliatingmanner.
Thus,hittingaprisonerbyalatigoevenifthepurpose
is to instill discipline is not authorized by law and
constitutesviolationofthisarticle.Ontheotherhand,
requiringprisonerstodigacanalwhereculvertsshall
beplacedtopreventfloodingintheprisoncompound
is authorized by law and does not violate this article;
butifthepublicofficerwouldordertheprisonertodo
sofrommorninguptolateeveningwithoutanyfood,
then this article is involved, as he inflicted such
authorized punishment in a cruel and humiliating
manner.
A:Thepublicofficerisliableforphysicalinjuries.
Q:Whatismeantbyunderhischarge?
A:Underhischargemeansactualcharge.
Q:Whenapersonismaltreatedbyapublicofficer
who has actual charge of prisoners, how many
crimesmaybecommitted?
Q:Towhatdoesmaltreatmentreferto?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
165
3.
Q:Supposethepersonmaltreatedisnotaconvict
or a detention prisoner, what crime is/or
committed?
A:Thecrimecommittedwouldeitherbe:
1. Coercionifthepersonnotyetconfinedin
jailismaltreatedtoextortaconfession,or
2. Physicalinjuriesifthepersonmaltreated
has already been arrested but is not yet
bookedintheofficeofthepoliceandput
injail.
Illustration:
If a Barangay Captain maltreats a person after the
latters arrest but before confinement, the offense is
not maltreatment but physical injuries. The victim
must actually be confined either as a convict or a
detentionprisoner.(Peoplev.Baring,37O.G.1366)
ANTICIPATIONOFDUTIESOFAPUBLICOFFICE
(Art.236)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender is entitled to hold public office
or employment, either by election or
appointment
2. Lawrequiresthatheshouldfirstbesworn
inand/orshouldfirstgiveabond
4. Hehasnottakenhisoathofofficeand/or
givethebondrequiredbylaw
PROLONGINGPERFORMANCEOFDUTIESAND
POWERS(Art.237)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisholdingapublicoffice
166
Q:Whoaretheofficerscontemplated?
ABANDONMENTOFOFFICEORPOSITION.
(Art.238).
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. Heformallyresignsfromhisposition
3. Hisresignationhasnotyetbeenaccepted
4. He abandons his office to the detriment
ofthepublicservice
Note:Theremustbeaformalorwrittenresignation.
A:ThecrimeofAbandonmentofOfficeorPosition
will be qualified if the purpose behind the
abandonment is to evade the discharge of duties
consisting of preventing, prosecuting or punishing
any of the crimes against national security (E.g.
espionageortreason),inwhichcase,thepenaltyis
higher.
A:
ABANDONMENTOF
OFFICE
Committedbyapublic
officer.
Thepublicofficer
abandonshisofficeto
evadethedischargeofhis
duty.
DERELICTIONOFDUTY
Committedonlybypublic
officerswhohavethe
dutytoinstitute
prosecutionofthe
punishmentofviolations
oflaw.
Thepublicofficerdoes
notabandonhisoffice
buthefailstoprosecute
anoffensebydereliction
ofdutyorbymalicious
toleranceofthe
commissionofoffenses.
USURPATIONOFLEGISLATIVEPOWERS
(Art.239)
Q:Whataretheelementsthiscrime?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1.
2.
Offenderisanexecutiveorjudicialofficer
USURPATIONOFEXECUTIVEFUNCTIONS
(Art.241)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisajudge
2. He:
a. Assumes a power pertaining to the
executiveauthorities;or
b. Obstructs executive authorities in
thelawfulexerciseoftheirpowers.
USURPATIONOFJUDICIALFUNCTIONS
(Art.242)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender is an officer of the executive
branchoftheGovernment
Note:Art.239to241punishinterferencebyofficersof
oneof thethree departmentof the governmentwith
thefunctionsofanofficialofanotherdepartment.
DISOBEYINGREQUESTFORDISQUALIFICATION
(Art.242)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. Proceeding is pending before such public
officer
3. There is a question brought before the
proper
authority
regarding
his
jurisdiction,whichisyettobedecided
4. He has been lawfully required to refrain
fromcontinuingtheproceeding
5. Hecontinuestheproceeding
Note:Theoffenderisanypublicofficerwhohasbeen
lawfully required to refrain from continuing with his
course of action. He must wait until the question of
jurisdictionisfinallysettled.
ORDERSORREQUESTSBYEXECUTIVEOFFICERS
TOANYJUDICIALAUTHORITY
(Art.243)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisanexecutiveofficer
2. He addresses any order or suggestion to
anyjudicialauthority
3. The order or suggestion relates to any
case or business coming within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of
justice.
Meresuggestionispunishable.
UNLAWFULAPPOINTMENTS
(Art.244)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
2. He nominates or appoints a person to a
publicoffice
3. Such person lacks the he legal
qualificationthereof
4. Offender knows that his nominee or
employee lacks the qualifications at the
time he made the nomination or
appointment
Note:Theremustbealawprovidingforqualifications
ofapersontobenominatedorappointedtoapublic
office.
ABUSESAGAINSTCHASTITY
(Art.245)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
167
A:
1.
2.
3.
Solicitingormakingindecentadvancesto
the wife, daughter, sister or relative
withinthesamedegreebyaffinityofany
person in the custody of the offending
wardenorofficer
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapublicofficer
3. Suchwomanis:
a. Interestedinmatterspendingbefore
the offender for decision or with
respect to which he is required to
submit a report to or consult with a
superiorofficer;or
b. Underthecustodyoftheoffenderis
a warden or other public officer
directly charged with the care and
custody of prisoners or persons
underarrest;or
c. Thewife,daughter,sisterorrelative
withinthesamedegreebyaffinityof
the person in the custody of the
offender.
Q:Whataretheinstanceswhereabuseofchastity
mayarise?
A:
1. Thewoman,whoistheoffendedparty,is
the party in interest in a case where the
offender is the investigator or he is
required to render a report or he is
requiredtoconsultwithasuperiorofficer.
This does not include any casual or
incidental interest. This refers to interest
in the subject of the case under
investigation.
2.
3.
Note:Thecrimeiscommittedbymereproposal.Ifthe
offender succeeds in committing a crime against
chastity, the solicitation and advances are considered
asmerelyaspreparatoryacts.
Q:Whatistheessenceofthecrimeabusesagainst
chastity?
168
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:Rapeiscommittedasidefromtheabuseagainst
chastity. Abuse of chastity is not absorbed in the
crime of rape because the basis of penalizing the
actsisdifferentfromeachother.
A.AntiGraftandCorruptPracticesAct
(R.A.3019,asamended)
Q:Whoarecoveredunderthisact?
Nationalgovernment
Localgovernment
GOCCs
Otherinstrumentalitiesoragencies
Theirbranches
A:
1. Apublicofficer:
a. Persuading, inducing, or influencing
anotherpublicofficerto:
i.
Perform an act constituting a
violation of the Rules and
Regulations duly promulgated
bycompetentauthority,or
ii.
An offense in connection with
theofficialdutiesofthelatter
Note:Thisisaspecialformofbribery
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Theoffenderisapublicofficer
2. He requested and/or received, directly
or indirectly a gift, present or
consideration
3. Thegift,presentorconsiderationwasfor
thebenefitofthesaidpublicofficerorfor
anyotherperson
4. It was requested and/or received in
connectionwithacontractortransaction
withtheGovernment
5. The public officer has the right to
intervene in such contract or transaction
inhisofficialcapacity
3.Directlyorindirectlyrequestingorreceiving
anygift,presentorotherpecuniaryormaterial
benefit, for himself or for another, from any
person for whom the public officer, in any
manner or capacity, has secured or obtained,
or will secure or obtain, any Government
permitorlicense,inconsiderationforthehelp
givenortobegiven.
Note:Thisisaspecialformofbribery
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
169
A:
A:
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
Theaccusedmustbeapublicofficer
dischargingadministrative,judicialor
officialfunctions
Thathisactioncaused:
i.
Any undue injury to any
party,
including
the
government,or
ii.
Giving any private party
unwarranted
benefits,
advantageorpreferencein
the discharge of his
functions.
6.
Neglectingorrefusing,afterduedemand
orrequest,withoutsufficientjustification,
to act within a reasonable time on any
matterpendingbeforehim.
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
170
a.
b.
c.
d.
Offenderisapublicofficer
Suchfailuretoactisforthepurposeof:
i.
Obtaining(directlyorindirectly)
from any person interested in
the matter some pecuniary or
materialbenefitoradvantage,
ii.
Favoringhisowninterest,
iii.
Givingundueadvantageinfavor
of or discriminating against any
otherinterestedparty.
7.
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Accusedisapublicofficer
Thepublicofficerenteredintoacontract
or transaction on behalf of the
government
Suchcontractortransactionisgrosslyand
manifestly disadvantageous to the
government.(thethresholdofthecrime)
8.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
9.
3.
ii.
A:Itshallbeunlawful:
1.
11. a.Divulgingvaluableinformationofa:
i.
Confidentialcharacter
ii.
Acquiredbyhisofficeorbyhim
on account of his official
positiontounauthorizedperson
b. Releasing such information in
advance of its authorized released
date.
ClosePersonalrelationsinclude:
a. Closepersonalfriendship
b. Socialandfraternalrelations
c. Personalemployment
Thisallgivesrisetointimacywhichassumesfree
accesstosuchpublicofficer.
causeanypublicofficialtocommitanyof
theoffensesdefinedinSec.3.(Sec.6)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
171
2.
3.
4.
Anyapplicationfiledbyhimtheapproval
of which is not discretionary on the part
of the official or officials concerned but
dependsuponcompliancewithrequisites
provided by law, or rules or regulations
issuedpursuanttolaw
B.AntiPlunderAct
(R.A.7080,asamended)
Q:Whoarecoveredunderthisact?
A: Public officers which means any person holding
anypublicofficeintheGovernmentoftheRepublic
of the Philippines by virtue of an appointment,
electionorcontract.
Q:Whatisillgottenwealth?
A: It is any asset, property, business enterprise or
material possession of any person, acquired by a
public officer directly or indirectly through
dummies, nominees, agents, subordinates and/or
businessassociates.
Q:Howisillgottenwealthacquired?
A:Itisacquiredbyanycombinationorseriesofthe
followingmeansorsimilarschemes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
172
Bytheillegalorfraudulentconveyanceor
disposition of assets belonging to the
National government or any of its
subdivisions,agenciesorinstrumentalities
or governmentowned or controlled
corporationsandtheirsubsidiaries
5.
6.
Q:WhatisPlunder?
Q:Whatiscombination?
Q:Whatisseries?
Q:Isitnecessarytoproveeachandeverycriminal
act done by the accused to commit the crime of
plunder?
A:No.Itissufficienttoestablishbeyondreasonable
doubtapatternofovertorcriminalactsindicative
oftheoverallunlawfulschemeorconspiracy.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
C.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
Q:Whatisthepenaltyforinfidelityinthecustody
ofdetainedpersons?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
173
VIII.CRIMESAGAINSTPERSONS(246266)
DESTRUCTIONOFLIFE
PARRICIDE
(Art.246)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Deceasediskilledbytheaccused.
2. Deceasedisthe:
a. Father
b. Mother
c. Child, whether legitimate or
illegitimate
d. Legitimate other ascendant or other
descendant
e. Legitimatespouseoftheaccused.
Illustration:
A:Yes,exceptwhentheoffenderandtheoffended
partyarerelatedasparentandchild.
Note:Iftheoffenderandtheoffendedparty,although
related by blood and in the direct line, are separated
by an intervening illegitimate relationship, parricide
cannolongerbecommitted.
Theonlyillegitimaterelationshipthatcanbringabout
parricide is that between parents and illegitimate
childrenastheoffenderandtheoffendedparties.
Thepresenceofanyofthequalifyingcircumstancesin
murder will be considered a generic aggravating
circumstanceinparricide.
Q:Supposeastrangerconspiresinthecommission
of the crime of parricide, what is his criminal
liability?
A:Thestrangerisliableforhomicideormurder,as
the case may be, because of the absence of
relationship.Theruleonconspiracythattheactof
oneistheactofalldoesnotapplyherebecauseof
the personal relationship of the offender to the
174
offendedparty.Itisimmaterialthatheknewofthe
relationshipoftheaccusedandthedeceased.
Q:Toconstituteparricideofaspouse,whatmust
beestablished?
A:Theremustbeavalidsubsistingmarriageatthe
time of the killing. Also, the information should
allege the fact of such valid marriage between the
accusedandthevictim.
Note:Parricideofspouserequiresproofofmarriage.
Q:SupposeaMuslim,whohasthreewives,killed
thethird.Isheliableforparricide?
A:No.Muslimhusbandswithseveralwivescanbe
convicted of parricide only in case the first wife is
killed. There is no parricide if the other wives are
killedalthoughtheirmarriageisrecognizedasvalid.
Ratio:ACatholicmancancommitthecrimeonlyonce.
If a Muslim husband could commit the crime more
than once, in effect, he is being punished for the
marriage which the law itself authorized him to
contract.
A:
1. Parricidethroughnegligence(Art.365)
2. Parricidethroughmistake(Art.249)
3. Parricideunderexceptionalcircumstances
(Art.247)
Q:Whataretheessentialelementsofthecrime?
Q:Akilled:
1. A woman with whom he lived without
thebenefitofclergy
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Theirchildwhowasonlytwodaysold
Theirdaughter;and
Theiradoptedson
WhatcrimeorcrimesdidAcommit?
A:Acommittedthefollowingcrimes:
DEATHORPHYSICALINJURYINFLICTEDUNDER
EXCEPTIONALCIRCUMSTANCES
(Art.247)
Q:WhataretheelementsofArt.247?
A:
1. A legally married person or a parent
surprises his spouse or daughter, the
latter under 18 years of age and living
withhim,intheactofcommittingsexual
intercourse.
Note:Thisarticledoesnotdefineacrime.Itprovidesa
defense,whichtheaccusedmustprove
Q:WhatistherationaleforArt.247?
Q:WhatisthenatureofArt.247?
A:Art.247farfromdefiningafelonyismoreofan
exempting circumstance as the penalty intended
morefortheprotectionoftheaccusedratherthan
apunishment.Putdifferently,itpracticallygrantsa
privilege amounting to an exemption for adequate
punishment.
A:
1. When the offender surprised the other
spousewithaparamourormistress.
Note:Surprisemeanstocomeuponsuddenly
orunexpectedly.
2.
Q:Isitnecessarythatthespouseactuallysawthe
sexualintercourse?
A: No. It is enough that he/she surprised them
undersuchcircumstancesthatnootherreasonable
conclusioncanbeinferredbutthatacarnalactwas
beingperformedorhasjustbeencommitted.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
175
Abarexaminee,whokilledtheparamourofhiswifein
a mahjong session, an hour after he had surprised
them in the act of sexual intercourse in his house,
sinceatthattime,hehadtorunawayandgetagunas
theparamourwasarmed,wasgrantedthebenefitsof
thisarticle.(Peoplev.Abarca,G.R.No.74433,Sept.14,
1987)
Q:Whenthirdpersonsareinjuredinthecourseof
the firing at the paramour, will the offending
spousebefreefromcriminalliability?
Q:Whatisthemeaningofthephraselivingwith
them?
A:Thephraselivingwiththemisunderstoodtobe
in their own dwelling because of the
embarrassment and humiliation done not only to
theparentbutalsototheparentalabode.Ifitwas
doneinamotel,thearticledoesnotapply.
Thesexualactisbetweenthedaughterandaseducer.
Theparentscannotinvokethisprovision,if,inaway,
they have encouraged the prostitution of the
daughter.Theparentneednotbelegitimate.
Q:AandBarehusbandandwife.Aisemployedas
asecurityguardatLandmark,hisshiftbeingfrom
11:00p.m.to7:00a.m.Onenight,hefeltsickand
cold, hence, he decided to go home around
midnight after getting permission from his duty
officer.Uponreachingthefrontyardofhishome,
he noticed that the light in the master bedroom
was on and that the bedroomwindow wasopen.
Approaching the front door, he was surprised to
hear sighs and giggles inside the bedroom. He
176
openedthedoorverycarefullyandpeepedinside
wherehesawhiswifeBhavingsexualintercourse
withtheirneighborC.Arushedinsideandgrabbed
Cbutthelattermanagedtowresthimselffreeand
jumped out of the window. A followed suit and
managed to catch C again and after a furious
struggle,managedalsotostranglehimtodeath.A
thenrushedbacktotheirbedroomwherehiswife
B was cowering under the bed covers. Still
enraged,AhitBwithfistblowsandrenderedher
unconscious. The police arrived after being
summonedbytheirneighborsandarrestedAwho
was detained, inquested and charged for the
deathofCandseriousphysicalinjuriesofB.
1. IsAliableforCsdeath?Why?
2. IsAliableforBsinjuries?Why?
A:
1. Yes.AisliableforCsdeathbutunderthe
exceptional circumstances in Art. 247 of
the RPC where only destierro is
prescribed. Article 247 governs since A
surprised his wife B in the act of having
sexual intercourse with C, and the killing
of C was immediately thereafter as the
discover, escape, pursuit and killing of C
formonecontinuousact.(USv.Vargas,2
Phil194)
MURDER
(Art.248)
Q:Whataretheelementsofmurder?
A:
1.Thatapersonwaskilled
2.Thattheaccusedkilledhim
3. That the killing was attended by any of the
qualifying circumstances mentioned in Art.
248
4.Thatthekillingisnotparricideorinfanticide
Note:Oneattendingcircumstanceisenoughtoqualify
thecrimeasmurderandanyotherwillbeconsidered
genericaggravatingcircumstances.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Ifthisaggravatingcircumstanceispresentin
the commission of the crime, it affects not
onlythepersonwhoreceivedthemoneyor
rewardbutalsothepersonwhogaveit.
3.
4.
5.
Withevidentpremeditation
6.
Thereisnocrueltyiftheactistheresultof
an impulse of passion or extreme
obfuscationassuchwillbeinconsistentwith
theconceptofdeliberatenessinaugmenting
thesufferingofthevictim
Q:Whenistheretreachery?
A: There is treachery when the offender commits
any of the crimes against the person employing
means,methodsorforms intheexecutionthereof
that tend directly and especially to insure its
execution without risk to himself arising from the
defensewhichtheoffendedpartymightmake.
Illustration:
Thekillingofachildoftenderageismurderqualified
bytreacherybecauseoftheweaknessofthechilddue
tohistenderageresultsintheabsenceofanydanger
totheaggressor.
Q:Whataretheelementsoftreachery?
A:
1. The employment of means of execution
that would insure the safety of the
accused from retaliatory acts of the
intended victim and leaving the latter
withoutanopportunitytodefendhimself
2. Themeansemployedweredeliberatelyor
consciouslyadoptedbytheoffender
Q:Whatistheessenceoftreachery?
Illustration:
Asuddenandunexpectedattackundercircumstances
which render the victim unable to defend himself by
reason of the suddenness and severity of the act
constitutesalevosia.(Peoplevs.Santos,2004)
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
177
A:Theprimordialcriminalintentoftheoffenderis
considered:
1. Murderiftheprimordialcriminalintent
oftheoffenderistokillandfirewasonly
usedasameanstodoso.
2. Arsoniftheprimordialcriminalintentof
the offender is to destroy the property
with the use of pyrotechnics and
incidentally, somebody within the
premisesiskilledoriftheintentistoburn
ahousebutitjustsohappensthatthere
issomeoneinsidethehouse.
3.
4.
Homicideiftheburningisresortedtoas
ajokebutdeathresulted.
Illustration:
A:Theremustbeproofasclearastheevidenceof
thecrimeitselfofthefollowingelements:
1. The time when the offender determined
tocommitthecrime
Q:Whatisthedifferenceofcrueltyasaqualifying
circumstanceofmurder(Art.248)andcrueltyasa
genericaggravatingcircumstanceunderArt.14?
178
A:
CRUELTY
(ART.248)
Asidefromcruelty,any
actthatwouldamountto
scoffingordecryingthe
corpseofthevictimwill
qualifythekillingto
murder.
CRUELTY
(ART.14)
Requiresthatthevictim
bealive,whenthecruel
woundswereinflicted
and,therefore,mustbe
evidencetothateffect.
Illustration:
However,iftheoffendermaynothaveintendedto
kill the victim but he only wanted to commit a
crime against him in the beginning, he will still be
liableformurderifinthemannerofcommittingthe
felony, there was treachery and as a consequence
thereof,thevictimdied.
A:No,becauseanyofthequalifyingcircumstances
under Art. 248 is an ingredient of murder, not
merelyqualifyingcircumstance.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:Yes,Biscriminallyliableformurder(qualifiedby
treachery) because the death of A appears to be
theproximatecauseoftheovertactsofB.
HOMICIDE
(Art.249)
Q:Whatishomicide?
Q:Whataretheelementsofhomicide?
A:
1. Thatapersoniskilled
2. That the accused killed him without any
justifyingcircumstance
3. Theaccusedhadintentiontokillwhichis
presumed
4. Thekillingwasnotattendedbyanyofthe
qualifyingcircumstancesofmurder,orby
thatofparricideorinfanticide
Inallcrimesagainstpersoninwhichthedeathofthe
victim is an element, there must be satisfactory
evidenceof:
1. Thefactofdeath
2. Theidentityofthevictim.
Q:Isthereacrimeoffrustratedhomicidethrough
recklessimprudence?
Illustration:
Illustration:
Theshootingofapeaceofficerwhowasfullyawareof
therisksinpursuingthemalefactorswhendoneinthe
spur of the moment is only homicide. (People v.
Porras,G.R.Nos.11426364,Mar.29,1996)
A:
HOMICIDE
Inattemptedor
frustratedhomicide,
thereisintenttokill.
PHYSICALINJURIES
Thereisnointenttokill.
However,ifasaresultofthe
physicalinjuriesinflicted,the
victimdied,thecrimewillbe
homicide
Ratio:Thelawpunishesthe
result,andnottheintentof
theact.
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179
A:Allofthemliableforhomicide.
A:Thecrimewouldonlybehomicideormurderas
thecasemaybebecausetheuseoffirearmisonly
consideredasanaggravatingcircumstance.
Q:Whatisaccidentalhomicide?
A:Accidentalhomicideisdeathofapersonbrought
about by a lawful act performed with proper care
andskillandwithoutintenttokill.
DEATHCAUSEDINATUMULTOUSAFFRAY
(Art.251)
Q:Whatisatumultuousaffray?
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Therebeseveralpersons
2. They did not compose groups organized
for the common purpose of assaulting
andattackingeachotherreciprocallyand
assaulted one another in a confused and
tumultuousmanner
3. Someone was killed in the course of the
affray
4. It cannot be ascertained who actually
killedthedeceased
5. The person or persons who inflicted
serious physical injuries or who used
violencecanbeidentified
180
Note:Thisarticledoesnotapplyifthereisconcerted
fightbetweentwoorganizedgroups.
A:Itistheinabilitytoascertainactualperpetrator,
not the tumultuous affray itself, that brings about
thecrime.Itisnecessarythattheverypersonwho
causedthedeathcannotbeknown,andnotthathe
cannotbeidentified.
Q:Whatisthecrimecommittedifthepersonwho
caused the death is known but he cannot be
identified?
A:Ifheisknownbutonlyhisidentityisnotknown,
he will be charged for the crime of homicide or
murder under a fictitious name not death in a
tumultuousaffray.
Q:WhomaybeavictimunderArticle251?
A:Thevictimmaybeaparticipantintheaffrayora
merepasserby.
Illustration:
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1. The person who inflicted serious physical
injuriesuponthevictim
PHYSICALINJURIESINATUMULTUOUSAFFRAY
(Art.252)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Thereisatumultuousaffrayasreferredto
intheprecedingarticle
2. Aparticipantorsomeparticipantsthereof
suffers physical injuries of a less serious
natureonly
Q:WhomaybeavictimunderArt.252?
A:Thevictimmustbeaparticipantintheaffray.
Q:Whomaybeliable?
A:Onlythosewhohaveusedviolencearepunished
becauseiftheonewhocausedthephysicalinjuries
is known, he will be liable for physical injuries
actuallycommittedandnotunderthisarticle.
GIVINGASSISTANCETOSUICIDE
(Art.253)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Assisting another to commit suicide,
whether the suicide is consummated or
not
Q:Supposetheintentionisnottocommitsuicide,
aswhenhejustwantedtohaveapicturetakenof
him to impress upon the world that he is
committing suicide because he is not satisfied of
the government, what is the crime committed by
the person giving assistance to facilitate the said
act?
Q:Whatistheliabilityofthepersonattemptingto
commitsuicideshouldhesurvive?
A:Hehasnoliabilitybecausecommittingsuicideis
notpenalizedbytheRPC.However,hemaybeheld
liableforthecrimeofdisturbanceofpublicorderif
indeed serious disturbance of public peace
occurredduetohisattempttocommitsuicide.
Illustration:
Onewhouponapleaofhisfriendtopullthetriggerof
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181
theguntowhichhehimselfpokedonhistempleashe
could no longer bear the pain due to a brain cancer,
squeezedthesaidtriggercausingthedeathofhislong
sufferingfriendisliableunderthisarticle.
A:
GIVINGASSISTANCETO
SUICIDE
Theprincipalactoristhe
personcommittingthe
suicide.
MERCYKILLINGOR
EUTHANASIA
Thevictimisnotina
positiontocommit
suicide.Whoever
wouldheedhisadviceis
notreallygiving
assistancetosuicidebut
doingthekillinghimself.
Note:Inboth,theintentiontoendthelifecomesfrom
thevictimhimself.Thevictimmustpersistentlyinduce
theoffendertoendhislife.
DISCHARGEOFFIREARMS
(Art.254)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthecrime?
A:
1. Offender discharges a firearm against
anotherperson
2. Offender has no intention to kill the
person
Q:Canthecrimeofillegaldischargebecommitted
throughimprudence?
Q:Whatisthepurposeoftheoffenderunderthe
article?
A:Thepurposeoftheoffenderistomerelyfrighten
orintimidatetheoffendedparty.
Q:Ifthefirearmisdirectedatthepersonandthe
triggerwaspressedbutdidnotfire,whatcrimeis
committed?
A:Thecrimeisfrustrateddischargeoffirearm.
182
Q:Supposeslightseriousphysicalinjuriesresulted
from the discharge, what crime/s is/are
committed?
Illustration:
Q:Isthedischargetowardsthehouseofthevictim
adischargeoffirearm?
INFANTICIDE
(Art.255)
Q:Whatisinfanticide?
A:Itisthekillingofanychildlessthan3daysoldor
72hoursofage,whetherthekilleristheparentor
grandparent,anyrelativeofthechild,orastranger.
Note:Ifthekilleristhemother,orfather,orlegitimate
grandfathers,althoughthecrimeisstillinfanticideand
notparricide,thepenaltyhowever,isthatofparricide.
Q:Whataretheelementsofinfanticide?
A:
1. Achildwaskilledbytheaccused.
2. Deceasedchildwaslessthan3daysoldor
lessthan72hoursofage
3. Accusedkilledthesaidchild
Q:Ifthechildisborndead,orifthechildisalready
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:No.Infanticideisnotcommitted.
A:No.Itmerelylowersthepenalty.
PARRICIDE
Thevictimisthreedays
oldorabove.
Thecoconspiratoris
liableformurderbecause
oftheabsenceof
relationship.
Concealmentofdishonor
inkillingthechildisnota
mitigatingcircumstance
Note:Inboth,thereisintenttokillthechild.
INTENTIONALABORTION
(Art.256)
Q:Whatisabortion?
A:
1. Usinganyviolenceuponthepersonofthe
2.
3.
pregnantwoman
Byadministeringdrugsorbeveragesupon
such pregnant woman without her
consent
Byadministeringdrugsorbeverageswith
theconsentofthepregnantwoman
Q:Whataretheelementsofintentionalabortion?
A:
1. Thereisapregnantwoman
2. Violenceisexerted,ordrugsorbeverages
administered, or that the accused
otherwise acts upon such pregnant
woman
3. Asaresultoftheuseofviolenceordrugs
or beverages upon her, or any other act
of the accused, the fetus dies, either in
the womb or after having been expelled
therefrom
4. Abortionisintended
A:
1. The person who actually caused the
abortionunderArt.256
2. The pregnant woman if she consented
underArt.258
Q:Whatdeterminespersonality?
A:UnderArt.40oftheCivilCode,birthdetermines
personality.Apersonisconsideredbornatthetime
when the umbilical cord is cut. He then acquires a
personality separate and distinct from his mother.
But even though the umbilical cord has been cut,
Art. 41 of the Civil Code provides that if the fetus
had an intrauterine life of less than 7 months, it
must survive at least 24 hours after the umbilical
cordiscutforittobeconsideredborn.
Note:Aslongastheasthefetusdiesasaresultofthe
violence used or drugs administered, the crime of
abortionexistsevenifthefetusisoverorless than7
months.
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183
Q:Shouldthefetusdietoconsummateabortion?
Nomitigationforparents
ofpregnantwomaneven
ifthepurposeisto
concealdishonor.
INFANTICIDE
Thevictimisalreadya
personlessthan3days
oldor72hoursandis
viableorcapableofliving
separatelyfromthe
motherswomb.
Themotherandmaternal
grandparentsofthechild
areentitledtothe
mitigatingcircumstanceof
concealingthedishonor.
A:Thecrimeiscomplexcrimeofmurderorphysical
injurieswithabortion.
Q:Supposetheexpelledviablefetuscouldsustain
life from the mothers womb, what crime is
committed?
A:Thecrimeisalreadyinfanticide.
184
abortion.
UNINTENTIONALABORTION
(Art.257)
A:
1. Thereisapregnantwoman
3. Violenceisintentionallyexerted
Illustration:
Note:Theforceorviolencemustcomefromanother.
Mereintimidationisnotenoughunlessthedegreeof
intimidationalreadyapproximatesviolence.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Supposeapregnantwomandecidedtocommit
suicide by jumping out of the window of the
buildingbutlandedonapasserby,shedidnotdie
but abortion followed. Is she liable for
unintentionalabortion?
A:Thewomanisliableforintentionalabortion.
Note:Ifgravethreatsweremadetocauseabortion,a
complex crime of grave threats and intentional
abortioniscommitted.Iflightthreatsweremade,two
separate crimes of light threats and intentional
abortioniscommitted.
ABORTIONPRACTICEDBYTHEWOMANHERSELF
ORBYHERPARENTS(Art.258)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. There is a pregnant woman who has
sufferedabortion
2. Abortionisintended
3. Abortioniscausedby:
a. Thepregnantwomanherself
b. Anyotherperson,withherconsent
c. Anyofherparents,withherconsent
for the purpose of concealing her
dishonor
Note:Theliabilityofthepregnantwomanismitigated
ifthepurposeforabortionistoconcealherdishonor.
However, in case of parents, there is no mitigation
evenifforthesamepurpose,unlikeininfanticide.
ABORTIONPRACTICEDBYPHYSICIANMIDWIFE
ANDDISPENSINGOFABORTIVES
(Art.259)
A:
1. There is a pregnant woman who has
sufferedabortion
2. Abortionisintended
3. The offender must be a physician or
midwifewhocausesorassistedincausing
theabortion
4. Saidphysicianormidwifetakesadvantage
ofhisorherscientificknowledgeorskill.
A:
1. Offenderisapharmacists
2. There is no proper prescription from a
physician
3. Offenderdispensesanabortive
Note:Astothepharmacist,thecrimeisconsummated
bydispensinganabortivewithoutproperprescription
fromaphysician.Itisnotnecessarythattheabortiveis
actuallyused.
Q:Supposeabortionisresortedtosavethelifeof
the mother, is the physician liable for abortion
underArt.259?
A:No.Thisisresortedtoasatherapeuticabortion.
Inthiscase,thereismedicalnecessitywhichwould
warrant abortion. Simply put, there must be no
otherpracticalorlessharmfulmeansofsavingthe
lifeofthemothertomaketheabortionjustified.
A:Yes.Theconsentofthewomanorherhusbandis
notenoughtojustifyabortion.
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185
RESPONSIBILITYOFPARTICANTSINADUEL
(Art.260)
Q:Whatisaduel?
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Killingonesadversaryinaduel
2. Inflicting upon such adversary physical
injuries
3. Making a combat although no physical
injurieshavebeeninflicted
Illustration:
IfthefightisnotaduelasdefinedunderArt.260,the
resulting death or injury is as homicide, murder or
physicalinjuriesasthecasemaybe.
Iftheaccusedandthedeceased,afteraverbalheated
argument in the bar, left the place at the same time
andpursuanttotheiragreement,wenttotheplazato
fight each other to death with knives which they
bought on the way, the facts do not constitute the
crime of duel since there was no seconds who fixed
the conditions of the fight in a more or less formal
manner. If one is killed, the crime committed is
homicide.
CHALLENGINGTOADUEL
(Art.261)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Challenginganothertoaduel
2. Inciting another to give or accept a
challengetoaduel
3. Scoffing at or decrying another publicly
for having refused to accept a challenge
tofightaduel
Note:Thepunishableactistochallengetoaduelnot
challengetoafightbecauseifitisthelatter,thecrime
wouldbelightthreatsunderArt.285(2).
186
Q:Whoarethepersonsliable?
A:Thechallengerandtheinstigators.
PHYSICALINJURIES
MUTILATION
(Art.262)
Q:Whatismutilation?
Q:Whatarethekindsofmutilation?
A:
1. Intentionally mutilating another by
depriving him, either totally or partially,
ofsomeessentialorganforreproduction.
Elements:
a. There must be a castration, that is,
mutilation of organs necessary for
generation, such as the penis or
ovarium
Note:Inthefirstkindofmutilation,the
castration must be made purposely.
Otherwise, it will be considered as
mutilationofthesecondkind.
b.
2.
Q:Mustmutilationbeintentional?
Q:Supposethereisnointenttodeprivethevictim
of the particular part of the body, what is the
crimecommitted?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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A:Thecrimeisonlyseriousphysicalinjury.
Note:Cruelty,asunderstoodinArt.14(21)isinherent
inmutilationandinfact,thatistheonlyfelony,where
said circumstance is an integral part and is absorbed
therein.Ifthevictimdies,thecrimeismurderqualified
by cruelty but the offender may still claim and prove
thathehadnointentiontocommitsograveawrong.
Note:Lossoftheindexandmiddlefingersis
eitheradeformityorlossofamember,not
a principal one, of his body or use of the
same. If the injury would require medical
attendance for more than 30 days, the
illness of the offended party maybe
considered as lasting more than 30 days.
Thefactthattherewasmedicalattendance
for that period of time shows that the
injuries were not cured for that length of
time.
SERIOUSPHYSICALINJURIES
(Art.263)
A:By:
1. Wounding
2. Beating
3. Assaulting
4. Administeringinjurioussubstance
Q:Whatareseriousphysicalinjuries?
A:
1. Whentheinjuredpersonbecomesinsane,
imbecile, impotent, or blind in
consequence of the physical injuries
inflicted.
Whentheinjuredperson:
a. Losestheuseofspeechorthepower
tohearortosmell,orloosesaneye,
ahand,afoot,anarmoraleg;or
b. Loses the use of any such member,
or
c. Becomes incapacitated for the work
inwhichhewasthereforehabitually
engaged in consequence of the
physicalinjuriesinflicted.
2.
3.
Whentheinjured:
a. Becomesdeformed
b. Losesanyothermemberofhisbody
or
c. Losestheusethereof;or
4.
Indeterminingincapacitytheinjuredpartymusthave
a vocation or work at the time of the injury. Work
includesstudiesorpreparationforaprofession.
Q:Whatisthenatureofphysicalinjuries?
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A:Thecrimeisonlyphysicalinjuriesnotattempted
orfrustratedhomicide.
Q:Howisintenttokilldetermined?
A:Intenttokillmustbemanifestedbyovertacts.It
cannotbemanifestedbyoralthreats.
Note:Oncephysicalinjuriesresultedtodeformity,itis
classifiedasseriousphysicalinjuries.
Q:Whataretherequisitesofdeformity?
A:
1. Physicalugliness
2. Permanentanddefiniteabnormality
3. Conspicuousandvisible
Illustration:
1. Lossofmolartooththisisnotdeformityas
itisnotvisible.
Q:XthrewacidonthefaceofYandwereitnotfor
the timely medical attention, a deformity would
have been produced on the face of Y. After the
plastic surgery, Y became more handsome than
beforetheinjury.Whatcrimewascommitted?In
whatstagewasitcommitted?
188
A:
1. If it is committed by any of the persons
referredtointhecrimeofparricide.
2. If any of the circumstances qualifying
murderattendeditscommission.
Illustration:
Afatherwhoinflictsseriousphysicalinjuriesuponhis
sonwillbeliableforqualifiedseriousphysicalinjuries.
A:Themutilationmusthavebeencausedpurposely
anddeliberatelytoloporclipoffsomepartofthe
body so as to deprive the offended party of such
part of the body. This special intention is not
presentinotherkindsofphysicalinjuries.
A:
ATTEMPTEDORFRUSTRATED
HOMICIDE
Attemptedhomicidemaybe
Theoffenderinflicts
committedevenifnophysical
physicalinjuries.
injuriesareinflicted.
Offenderhasno
Theoffenderhasintenttokill
intentiontokillthe
theoffendedparty.
offendedparty.
PHYSICALINJURIES
ADMINISTERINGINJURIOUSSUBSTANCESOR
BEVERAGES(Art.264)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. The offender inflicted serious physical
injuriesuponanother.
2. Itwasdonebyknowinglyadministeringto
him any injurious substances or
beverages or by taking advantage of his
weaknessofmindorcredulity.
3. Hehadnointenttokill.
Itdoesnotapplywhenthephysicalinjuriesthatresult
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
LESSSERIOUSPHYSICALINJURIES
(Art.265)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offended party is incapacitated for labor
for 10 days or more (but not more than
30 days), or shall require medical
attendanceforthesameperiodoftime.
A:
1. Whenthereismanifestintenttoinsultor
offendtheinjuredperson
2. When there are circumstances adding
ignominytotheoffense
3. Whenthevictimistheoffendersparents,
ascendants, guardians, curators, or
teachers.
4. When the victim is a person of rank or
personinauthority,providedthecrimeis
notdirectassault.
SLIGHTPHYSICALINJURIESANDMALTREATMENT
(Art.266)
A:
1. Physical injuries which incapacitated the
offendedpartyforlaborfrom1to9days,or
required medical attendance during the
sameperiod
3.
A:
1. Slander by deed if the slapping was
done to cast dishonor to the person
slapped.
2. Illtreatment if the slapping was done
withouttheintentionofcastingdishonor,
ortohumiliateorembarrasstheoffended
partyoutofaquarreloranger.
RAPE
RAPE(Art.266A)and(R.A.8353)
Q:Howisrapecommitted?
A:
1. By a man who shall have carnal
knowledgeofawoman.
2. SexualAssault
A:
1. Offenderisaman
2. Offender had carnal knowledge of the
woman
3. Suchactisaccomplishedunderanyofthe
followingcircumstances:
a. Throughforce,threatorintimidation
b. Whentheoffendedpartyisdeprived
of reason or is otherwise
unconscious
c. By means of fraudulent machination
orgraveabuseofauthority
d. Whentheoffendedpartyisunder12
years of age or is demented, even
though none of the above
circumstances mentioned above be
present.
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189
2.
A:
1.
2.
3.
Note:UnderR.A.8353,thecrimeofrapecannowbe
committedbyamaleorfemale.
Q:Isthereacrimeoffrustratedrape?
A:None.Theslightestpenetrationofpenisintothe
labia of the female organ consummates the crime
of rape. However, mere touching alone of the
genitalsandmonspubisorthepudendumcanonly
be considered as attempted rape, if not acts of
lasciviousness.
Theremustbesufficientandconvincingproofthat
the penis indeed touched the labia or slid into the
femaleorgan,andnotmerelystrokedtheexternal
surface thereof, for an accused to be convicted of
consummated rape. (People v. Brioso, G.R. No.
182517,March13,2009)
Note:Whenthewomanisunder12yearsofageoris
demented,sexualintercoursewithherisalwaysrape.
In fact, even if the sexual intercourse was with her
consent,themanisliable.
A:
1. Theproceduralrequirementofconsentof
the offended party to file the case is no
longer needed because this is now a
public crime, unlike when it was still
classifiedasacrimeagainstchastity.
190
Thereisnowanimpossiblecrimeofrape
because impossible crimes can only be
committedagainstpersonsorproperty.
Q:WhatarethekindsofrapeunderR.A.8353?
A:
1. The traditional concept under Art. 335
carnal knowledge with a woman against
her will. The offended party is always a
womanandtheoffenderisalwaysaman.
Q:Whatisthenecessarydegreeofforce?
A:
1. Force sufficient to consummate culprits
purpose
2. Considerage,sizeandstrengthofparties
andtheirrelationtoeachother
A:No.Rapemaybecommittednotwithstandingthe
fact that persons involved are both males. R.A.
8353 provides that an act of sexual assault can be
committedbyanypersonwhoinsertshispenisinto
the mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument or
object into the genital or anal orifice of another
person. The law, unlike rape under Art. 266A, has
not made any distinction on the sex of either the
offender or the victim. Neither must the courts
makesuchdistinction.(Ordinariov.People,G.R.No.
155415,May20,2004)
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whenisitconsideredasqualifiedrape?
2. Whenthevictimisunder18yearsofage
and the offender is a parent, ascendant,
stepparent, guardian, relative by
consanguinity or affinity within the third
civildegree,orthecommonlawspouseof
thevictim.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
physicalmutilationordisability.
Note:Theforegoingcircumstancesareinthenatureof
qualifying aggravating circumstances which must be
specifically pleaded or alleged with certainty in the
information.
Q:Whataretheeffectsofpardononthecriminal
liabilityoftheaccusedchargedwithrape?
A:
1. The offended woman may pardon the
offender through a subsequent valid
marriage, the effect of which would be
theextinctionoftheoffendersliability.
Q:Whatisincestuousrape?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
191
Q:Whataretheelementsofstatutoryrape?
A:
1. Accused had carnal knowledge of a
woman.
2. Womanisbelow12yearsofage.
Ratio:Itisnotnecessarythatthevictimwasintimated
or force used against her because in statutory rape,
the law presumes that the victim on account of her
tenderagedoesnotandcannothaveawillofherown.
Note:Inincestuousrapeofaminor,proofofforceand
violence exerted by the offender are not essential.
Moralascendancyorparentalauthorityoftheaccused
overtheoffendedpartytakestheplaceofviolence.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenattemptedrape
192
andactsoflasciviousness?
A:
ATTEMPTEDRAPE
Thereisintenttoeffect
sexualcohesion,
althoughunsuccessful.
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
Thereisnointentiontolie
withtheoffendedwoman.
Theintentionismerelyto
satisfylewddesign.
A:
1. Anaccusationforrapecanbemadewith
facility, is difficult to prove, but more
difficult for person accused, though
innocent,todisprove
2. Onlytwopersonsareinvolved,testimony
of complainant must be scrutinized with
extremecaution.
A.AntiViolenceagainstWomenandtheirChildren
Actof2004(R.A.9262)
A:Violenceagainstwomenandtheirchildrenrefers
to any act or a series of acts committed by any
person against a woman who is his wife, former
wife, or against a woman with whom the person
has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with
whomhehasacommonchild, oragainstherchild
whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or
withoutthefamilyabode,whichresultinorislikely
to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or
suffering, or economic abuse including threats of
suchacts,battery,assault,coercion,harassmentor
arbitrarydeprivationofliberty.
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderRA9262?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Placingthewomanorherchildinfearof
imminentphysicalharm
a. Threatening to deprive or
actuallydeprivingthewomanor
her child of custody to her/his
family
b. Depriving or threatening to
deprive the woman or her
children of financial support
legallydueherorherfamily,or
deliberately providing the
woman's children insufficient
financialsupport
c. Depriving or threatening to
deprivethewomanorherchild
ofalegalright
7.
8.
9.
a. Stalkingorfollowingthewoman
or her child in public or private
places
b. Peering in the window or
lingering outside the residence
ofthewomanorherchild
B.AntiChildPornographyLaw(R.A.9775)
Q:WhoareconsideredchildrenunderR.A.9775?
A:Childrenreferstoapersonbelow18yearsofage
or over, but is unable to fully take care of
themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty,
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
193
b.
exploitationordiscriminationbecauseofaphysical
ormentaldisabilityorcondition.
Note:Achildshallalsoreferto:
1.
2.
Q:Whatischildpornography?
c.Writtentextormaterialthatadvocatesor
counsels explicit sexual activity with a
child and whose dominant characteristic
isthedescription,forasexualpurpose,of
anexplicitsexualactivitywithachild.
Q:Whatarechildpornographymaterials?
A:Childpornographymaterialsreferstothemeans
andmethodsbywhichchildpornographyiscarried
out:
1. Astoform:
a.
194
Visualdepictionwhichincludesnot
onlyimagesofrealchildrenbutalso
digital image, computer image or
computergenerated image that is
indistinguishable from that of real
children engaging in an explicit
sexual activity. Visual depiction shall
include:
i.
Undeveloped
film
and
videotapes
ii.
Dataand/orimagesstoredona
computer disk or by electronic
means capable of conversion
intoavisualimage
iii.
Photograph,film,video,picture,
digital image or picture,
computer image or picture,
whether made or produced by
electronic, mechanical or other
means
iv.
Drawings, cartoons, sculptures
orpaintingsdepictingchildren
v.
Other
analogous
visual
depiction
2.
a. Sexualorganortheanalregion,
orarepresentationthereof;or
b. Breasts, or a representation of
thebreasts,ofafemaleperson.
Q:Whatisexplicitsexualactivity?
A: Explicit sexual activity refers to actual or
simulated:
1.
2.
Bestiality
3.
Masturbation
4.
Sadisticormasochisticabuse
5.
6.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatisluring?
A: Luring refers to the act of communicating, by
means of a computer system, with a child or
someone who the offender believes to be a child
for the purpose of facilitating the commission of
sexual activity or production of any form of child
pornography.
Q:Whatareprimarilysexualpurposes?
A: It refers to purposes which will fulfill all the
followingconditions:
1.
2.
3.
The
average
person
applying
contemporary community standards
would find the work taken as a whole
appealing to prurient interest and
satisfying only the market for gratuitous
sexandviolence
Theworktakenasawholeimbuedwithin
its context, manner or presentation,
intention and culture, lascivious, literary,
artistic,politicalandscientificvalue
7.
C.AntiHazingLaw(R.A.8049)
Q:WhatisHazing?
A: Hazing is an initiation rite or practice as a
prerequisite for admission into membership in a
fraternity, sorority or organization by placing the
recruit, neophyte or applicant in some
embarrassing or humiliating situations such as
forcing him to do menial, silly, foolish and other
similar tasks or activities or otherwise subjecting
himtophysicalorpsychologicalsufferingorinjury.
Q:Whataretheallowedinitiationrites?
A:
1.
Q:WhatarepunishableactsunderRA9775?
A:Thepunishableactsare:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tohire,employ,use,persuade,induceor
coerce a child to perform in the creation
orproductionofchildpornography
Toproduce,direct,manufactureorcreate
any form of child pornography and child
pornographymaterials
Tosell,offer,advertiseandpromotechild
pornography and child pornography
materials
2.
Q:Whoareliable?
A:
1.
Theff.areliableasPRINCIPAL:
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
195
a.
b.
c.
A:
The officers and members of the
fraternity, sorority or organization
who actually participated in the
inflictionofphysicalharm.
Note:Thepresenceofanypersonduringthehazingis
prima facie evidence of participation therein as
principal,UNLESShepreventedthecommissionofthe
actspunishabletherein.
2.
Theff.areliableasACCOMPLICE:
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
Q:Whenwillmaximumpenaltybeimposed?
196
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Whentherecruitmentisaccompaniedby
force, violence, threat, intimidation or
deceit on the person of the recruit who
refusestojoin
Whenthehazingiscommittedoutsideof
theschoolorinstitution
Whenthevictimisbelow12yearsofage
atthetimeofthehazing.
D.SpecialProtectionofChildrenAgainstChild
Abuse,Exploitation,andDiscriminationAct
(R.A.7610,asamended)
Q:Ingeneral,whatarethepunishableactsunder
thisact?
A:
1.
Childprostitutionandothersexualabuse
(Sec.5)
2. Childtrafficking.(Sec.7)
Q:Whatischildprostitution?
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderSec.5?
A:ThePunishableactsaretheff:
1.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
2.
whichinclude,butarenotlimitedto,the
following:
b. Inducingapersontobeaclientofa
child prostitute by means of written
or oral advertisements or other
similarmeans
e. Givingmonetaryconsiderationgoods
orotherpecuniarybenefittoachild
with intent to engage such child in
prostitution
3.
Anypersonwho,notbeingarelativeofa
child, is found alone with the said child
insidetheroomorcubicleofahouse,an
inn, hotel, motel, pension house,
apartelle or other similar establishments,
vessel, vehicle or any other hidden or
secludedareaundercircumstanceswhich
would lead a reasonable person to
believe that the child is about to be
exploitedinprostitutionandothersexual
abuse.
Q:Whatischildtrafficking?
2. Aperson,agency,establishmentorchild
caring institution recruits women or
couples to bear children for the purpose
ofchildtrafficking
E.JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006
(R.A.9344)
Q:WhataretheprohibitedactsunderRA9344?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
197
1. Refrainfrombrandingorlabelingchildren
as young criminals, juvenile delinquents,
prostitutes or attaching to them in any
manneranyotherderogatorynames
F.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsofterrorism?
A:
a. RPC:
i.
Piracy in General and Mutiny in the
HighSeasorinthePhilippineWaters
(Art.122)
ii.
RebellionorInsurrection(Art.134)
iii.
Coup d' etat, including acts
committed by private persons (Art.
134a)
iv.
Murder(Art.248)
v.
Kidnapping and Serious Illegal
Detention(Art.267)
198
vi.
b.
SpecialPenalLaws:
i.
TheLawonArson(P.D1613)
ii.
ToxicSubstancesandHazardousand
Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
(R.A.6969)
iii.
Atomic Energy Regulatory and
LiabilityActof1968,(R.A.5207)
iv.
AntiHijackingLaw(R.A.6235)
v.
AntiPiracy
and
AntiHighway
RobberyLawof1974(PD532)
vi.
Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal
and
Unlawful
Possession,
Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition
or Disposition of Firearms,
AmmunitionsorExplosives(PD1866,
asamended
Note:Providedthatsuchacts:
1. Sow and create a condition of widespread
and extraodinary fear and panic among the
populace
2. Coerce the government to give in to an
unlawfuldemand.(Sec.3)
Q.WhomaybeliableunderR.A.9372?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
IX.CRIMESAGAINSTLIBERTYANDSECURITY
KIDNAPPINGANDSERIOUSILLEGALDETENTION
(Art.267)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisaprivateindividualwhoisnot
anyoftheparentsofthevictim
2. He kidnaps or detains another, or in any
other manner deprives the latter of his
liberty
3. Act of detention or kidnapping must be
illegal
4. In the commission of the offense, any of
thefollowingcircumstancesispresent:
a. Kidnapping or detention lasts for
morethan3days
b. It is committed simulating public
authority
c. Any serious physical injuries are
inflicted upon the person kidnapped
ordetainedorthreatstokillhimare
made
d. Thepersonkidnappedordetainedis
aminor,female,orapublicofficer.
Q:Whatistheessenceofthiscrime?
Note:Ifthepersonkilled,torturedorrapedisnotthe
same victim of kidnapping or detention, the crimes
may be complexed or be considered as separate
offenses.
A:No.Itmayconsistnotonlyinplacingapersonin
anenclosurebutalsoindetaininghimordepriving
himinanymannerofhisliberty.
A:
KIDNAPPING
Itsessenceistransporting
theoffendedpartyfrom
oneplacetoanother.
Thepurposeofthe
offenderistoextort
ransomeitherfromthe
victimorfromanyother
person.
SLIGHTILLEGAL
DETENTION
Oneisrestrainedofhis
libertywithout
necessarilytransporting
himfromoneplaceto
another.
Apersonistransported
notforransom.
A:
1. Forcible abduction If a woman is
transportedfromoneplacetoanotherby
virtueofrestrainingherofherlibertyand
thatactiscoupledwithlewddesigns.
2. Kidnappingwithseriousillegaldetention
Ifawomanistransportedjusttorestrain
her liberty. There is no lewd design or
intent.
Illustration:
Ifthevictimwasnotkidnappedortakenawaybutwas
restrainedand deprived of his liberty, like inthe case
ofahostageincidentwheretheaccused,whowasone
oftheoccupantsofthehouse,grabbedachild,poked
a knife on the latters neck, called for media people
anddemandedavehiclefromtheauthoritieswhichhe
coulduseinescaping,asitturnedoutthattherewas
an unserved arrest warrant against him, the proper
chargeisSeriousillegaldetention(withoutkidnapping
anymore)butlikewiseunderArt.267oftheRPC.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
199
A:Deathpenaltyshallbeimposedinthefollowing:
3. Whenthevictimisraped.
4. Whenthevictimissubjectedtotortureor
dehumanizingacts.
Note:Ifthevictimisawomanorapublicofficer,the
detention is always serious no matter how short the
periodofdetentionis.
A:
ILLEGALDETENTION
Committedbyaprivate
personwhokidnaps,detains
orotherwisedeprives
anotherofhisliberty.
Crimeisagainstpersonal
libertyandsecurity.
ARBITRARY
DETENTION
Committedbyapublic
officerwhodetainsa
personwithoutlegal
grounds.
Crimeagainstthe
fundamentallawof
theState.
A:
1. Kidnappingwithhomicide
2. Kidnappingwithrape
3. Kidnappingwithphysicalinjuries
Q:Howisthetermhomicideinthelastparagraph
ofArt.267construed?
200
A:Thecrimeiskidnappingwithhomicide.Assuch,
it is a single indivisible offense and not a complex
crime. Regardless of the number of persons killed
whoarenecessarilythekidnappedvictims,thereis
onecrimeonlyofkidnappingwithhomicide.
Illustration:
Q:Inkidnappingwithhomicide,woulditmakeany
difference if the killing was purposely sought or
wasmerelyanafterthought?
A:Twoseparatecrimesofmurderorhomicideand
kidnapping. The killing would be treated as a
separatecrime.
A:Thecrimeisonlymurdernotthespecialcomplex
crime of kidnapping with homicide because the
primordial intent is to kill the victim and the
deprivationoflibertyismerelyincidentalthereto.
Q:Supposethekidnappedvictimdisappeared,will
such disappearance negative criminal liability of
thekidnappers?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:No,becauseinkidnapping,theessentialelement
is deprivation of the victims liberty and the
subsequent disappearance of the victim will not
exonerate the accused from prosecution.
Otherwise,kidnapperscaneasilyavoidpunishment
by the simple expedient of disposing of their
victimsbodies.
A:Qualify.
Q:Whatisaransom?
Note:Theransomismerelyaqualifyingcircumstance
and no matter how short the detention and
kidnapping is, the crime is still committed because
ransomisnotanelementofkidnapping.
A:
KIDNAPPINGWITHRAPE
Thecrimeiscompositeor
aspecialcomplexcrimeif
thewomankidnappedis
alsoraped.
Thereisnolewddesign
Rapeisnotaseparate
crimebutmerelya
qualifyingcircumstance.
Eveniftherearemultiple
rapes,thereisonlyone
crimeofkidnappingwith
rape.
FORCIBLEABDUCTION
WITHRAPE
Thecrimeiscomplex
underArt.48since
forcibleabductionisa
necessarymeansto
committherape.
Thereislewddesign.
Rapeistreatedasa
separatecrime.
Iftherearemultiple
rapes,onlyonerapeshall
becomplexedwith
forcibleabduction
Ifrapewasmerely
attempted,2separate
crimesarecommitted
kidnappingandserious
illegaldetentionand
attemptedrape.
becausetheabductionis
anecessarymeansto
commitonlythefirst
rape,thustheotherrape
incidentswillbetreated
asseparatecrimes.
Ifrapeismerely
attempted,thereisonly
forcibleabduction,the
attempttorapeis
deemedmerelya
manifestationoflewd
designs.
Q:Whatdistinguisheskidnappingforransomfrom
robbery, insofar as the delivery of money to the
offendersisconcerned?
A:
KIDNAPPINGFOR
RANSOM
ROBBERY
Ransomispaidin
exchangeforthe
offendedpartysliberty.
Themotiveofthe
offendersisnottorestrain
ordeprivethevictimof
hislibertybuttodivest
himofhisvaluables.
A:
KIDNAPPING
Attheoutset,the
intentionoftheoffender
ismerelytodetainthe
victim.
FORCIBLEABDUCTION
Attheoutset,thetaking
ofthevictimiscoupled
withlewddesigns.
SLIGHTILLEGALDETENTION
(Art.268)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisaprivateindividual
2. He kidnaps or detains another, or in any
othermannerdepriveshimofhisliberty
3. Actofkidnappingordetentionisillegal
4. Crime is committed without the
attendance of any of the circumstances
enumeratedinArt.267
A:Thepersonhasthesameliabilityastheprincipal
although said person generally acts as an
accomplice.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
201
underArt.267,voluntarilyreleaseisnotmitigating.
2.
UNLAWFULARREST
(Art.269)
Q:Whataretheelementsofunlawfularrest?
A:
1. Offender arrests or detains another
person
2. Purpose of the offender is to deliver him
totheproperauthorities
3. Arrest or detention is not authorized by
law or there is no reasonable ground
thereof
Q:Whomaybeheldliableunderthisarticle?
A:Offenderisanyperson,whetherapublicofficer
or a private individual. However, the public officer
must not be vested with the authority to arrest or
detain a person or must not act in his official
capacity. Otherwise, Art.124 is applicable and not
Art.269.
Q:Isthereaperiodofdetentionfixedbylaw?
Q:Whatvariantcrimesarecommittedifaperson
isarrestedand/ordetained?
A:
1. If the arrest is made without a warrant
and under circumstances not allowing a
warrantless arrest, the crime would be
unlawfularrest.
202
3.
4.
Q:WhatarethedistinctionsbetweenDelayinthe
DeliveryofDetainedPersonsandUnlawfulArrest?
A:
DELAYINTHEDELIVERY
OFDETAINEDPERSONS
Detentionisforsome
legalground
Crimeiscommittedby
failingtodeliversuch
persontotheproper
judicialauthoritywithin
acertainperiod
UNLAWFULARREST
Detentionisnot
authorizedbylaw
Committedbymakingan
arrestnotauthorizedby
law
KIDNAPPINGANDFAILURETORETURNAMINOR
(Art.270)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisentrustedwiththecustodyof
aminorperson(whetheroverorunder7
yearsbutlessthan21yearsofage)
2. He deliberately fails to restore the said
minortohisparentsorguardians.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
KIDNAPPINGAND
SERIOUSILLEGAL
DETENTION
Offenderisnot
entrustedwiththe
custodyofthevictim
Illegallydetainingor
kidnappingtheminor
KIDNAPPINGAND
FAILURETORETURNA
MINOR
A:
KIDNAPPINGAND
SERIOUSILLEGAL
DETENTION(ART.267)
Offenderisentrustedwith
thecustodyoftheminor
Whatispunishedisthe
deliberatefailureofthe
offenderhavingthe
custodyoftheminorto
restorehimtohisparents
orguardian
INDUCINGAMINORTOABANDONHISHOME
(Art.271)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. A minor (whether over or under 7 years
ofage)islivinginthehomeofhisparents
orguardianorthepersonentrustedwith
hiscustody.
2. Offender induces said minor to abandon
suchhome.
Q:Whatistherationaleforpenalizingthecrimeof
inducingaminortoabandonhishome?
A:Thisarticleisintendedtodiscourageandprevent
disruption of filial relationship and undue
interferencewiththeparentsrightanddutytothe
custodyoftheirminorchildrenandtorearthem.
Illustration:
Note:Mitigatedifcommittedbythefatherormother
ofthevictim.
Cannotbecommittedby
theparentsoftheminor.
INDUCINGAMINORTO
ABANDONHISHOME
(ART.271)
Parentscancommitthis
crimeagainsttheirown
children.
SLAVERY
(Art.272)
Q:WhataretheelementsofSlavery?
A:
1. That the offender purchases, sells,
kidnapsordetainsahumanbeing.
2. That the purpose of the offender is to
enslavesuchhumanbeing.
Q:Isthereanyqualifyingcircumstance?
A:Yes,suchaswhenthepurposeoftheoffenderis
to assign the offended party to some immoral
traffic.E.g.Prostitution
A:
SLAVERY
Theoffenderisnot
engagedinprostitution.
WHITESLAVE TRADE
Theoffenderisengagedin
prostitution.
A:
SLAVERY
Thepurposeforthe
detentionistoenslave
theoffendedparty.
ILLEGALDETENTION
Thepurposeistodeprive
orrestraintheoffended
partyofhisliberty.
Note:Inboth,theoffendedpartyisdetained.
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203
EXPLOITATIONOFCHILDLABOR
(Art.273)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderretainsaminorinhisservice
2. Itisagainstthewilloftheminor
Note:Indebtednessisnotagroundfordetention.
SERVICESRENDEREDUNDERCOMPULSIONIN
PAYMENTOFDEBT
(Art.274)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender compels a debtor to work for
him, either as household servant or farm
laborer
2. Itisagainstthedebtorswill
Q:WhatdistinguishesArt.274fromArt.273?
A:
EXPLOITATIONOFCHILD
LABOR(ART.273)
Victimisaminor
Minoriscompelledto
renderservicesforthe
supposeddebtofhis
parentorguardian
Serviceofminorisnot
limitedtohouseholdand
farmwork
SERVICESRENDERED
UNDERCOMPULSIONIN
PAYMENTOFDEBT
(ART.274)
Doesnotdistinguish
whethervictimisaminor
ornot
Debtorhimselfistheone
compelledtoworkforthe
offender
Limitedtohouseholdand
farmwork
ABANDONMENTOFPERSONSINDANGERAND
ABANDONMENTOFONESOWNVICTIM
(Art.275)
204
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Failingtorenderassistancetoanyperson
whom the offender finds in an
uninhabited place wounded or in danger
of dying when he can render such
assistance without detriment to himself,
unless such omission shall constitute a
moreseriousoffense.
Elements:
a. Theplaceisnotinhabited
b. Accused found there a person
woundedorindangerofdying
c. Accused can render assistance
withoutdetrimenttohimself
d. Accusedfailstorenderassistance
3.
Q:Whatisanuninhabitedplace?
A:Anuninhabitedplaceisdeterminedbypossibility
ofpersonreceivingassistancefromanother.Evenif
there are many houses around the place may still
be uninhabited if possibility of receiving assistance
isremote.
Q:Supposetheaccident(underthesecondformof
abandonment) is due to reckless imprudence or
simple negligence, for what crime shall the
offenderbeprosecuted?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
ABANDONINGAMINOR
(Art.276)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderhasthecustodyofthechild
2. Childisunder7yearsofage
3. Heabandonssuchchild
4. Hehasnointenttokillthechildwhenthe
latterisabandoned
Q:Whatkindofabandonmentiscontemplatedby
law?
Q:Supposetherewasintenttokillonthepartof
theoffenderandthechilddies,whatisthecrime?
Iftheintentinabandoningthechildistoloseitscivil
status, the crime under Art.347 (concealment or
abandonmentofalegitimatechild)iscommitted.
Q:Whatarethequalifyingcircumstances?
A:
1. When death of the minor resulted from
suchabandonment.
2. Iflifeoftheminorwasindangerbecause
oftheabandonment.
ABANDONMENTOFMINORBYAPERSON
ENTRUSTEDWITHHISCUSTODY;INDIFFERENCEOF
PARENTS(Art.277)
A:
1. Offender has charge of the rearing of
educationofaminor
A:
1. Offenderisaparent
3. Hisstationinliferequiressucheducation
andhisfinancialconditionpermitsit
A:
ABANDONMENTOF
MINORBYAPERSON
ENTRUSTEDWITHHIS
CUSTODY;INDIFFERENCE
OFPARENTS(ART.277)
Thecustodyofthe
offenderisspecific,thatis,
thecustodyfortherearing
oreducationoftheminor.
Minorisunder18yearsof
age.
Note:Iftheoffenderistheparentoftheminorwhois
abandoned,heshallbedeprivedofparentalauthority.
Minorisdeliveredtoa
publicinstitutionorother
person.
ABANDONINGA
MINOR(ART.276)
Thecustodyofthe
minorisstatedin
general.
Minorisunder7years
ofage.
Minorisabandoned in
suchawayastodeprive
himofthecareand
protectionthathis
tenderyearsneed.
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205
EXPLOITATIONOFMINORS
(Art.278)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Causing any boy or girl under 16 to
performanydangerousfeatofbalancing,
physical strength or contortion, the
offenderbeinganyperson
2. Employingchildrenunder16yearsofage
who are not the children or descendants
of the offender in exhibitions of acrobat,
gymnast, rope walker, diver, or wild
animal tamer, the offender being an
acrobat,etc.,orcircusmanagerorperson
engagedinanyofsaidcallings
3. Employinganydescendantunder12years
of age in dangerous exhibitions
enumerated in the next preceding
paragraph,theoffenderbeingengagedin
anyofthesaidcallings.
Q:WhatkindofbusinessdoesArt.278speakof?
206
Ratio:Becauseiftheemployerisanascendant,thelaw
regards that he would look after the welfare and
protectionofthechild.Hence,theageisloweredto12
years.Belowthatage,thecrimeiscommitted.
Q:WhatarethedistinctionsbetweenExploitation
ofMinors(Art.278,Par.5)andInducingaMinorto
AbandonhisHome(Art.271)?
A:
EXPLOITATIONOFMINORS
(ART.278,PAR.5)
INDUCINGA
MINORTO
ABANDONHIS
HOME(ART.271)
Thepurposeofinducingthe
minortoabandonthehomeisto
followanypersonengagedin
anyofthecallingsmentioned.
Nosuchperson.
Victimisunder16yearsofage.
Victimisaminor
(under18yearsof
age)
A:
EXPLOITATIONMINORS
Appliestominorsbelow
16yearsofage
Thebusinessisofsuch
kindthatwouldplacethe
lifeorlimboftheminor
indanger,eventhough
workingforhimisnot
againstthewillofthe
minor.
Ifthechildfelland
sufferedphysicalinjuries
whileworking,the
employershallbeliable
forsaidphysicalinjuries
inadditiontohisliability
forexploitationof
minors.
R.A.7610
Appliestominorsbelow
18yearsold
Aslongasthe
employmentisinimical
eventhoughthereisno
physicalriskand
detrimentaltothechilds
interestagainstmoral,
intellectual,physical,and
mentaldevelopmentof
theminor.
Nosuchsimilarprovision
existsunderR.A.7610.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:TheneglectofchildpunishedunderArt.59(4)of
P.D. 603 is also a crime (known as indifference of
parents) penalized under the second paragraph of
Art.277 of the RPC (De Guzman v. Perez, G.R. No.
156013,July25,2006).Hence,itisexcludedfromthe
coverageofR.A.7610.
ADDITIONALPENALTIESFOROTHEROFFENSES
(Art.279)
QUALIFIEDTRESPASSTODWELLING
(Art.280)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisaprivateperson
2. Heentersthedwellingofanother
3. Suchentranceisagainstthelatterswill
Q:Whatisadwelling?
A:Adwellingisaplacethatapersoninhabitsorany
building or structure exclusively devoted for rest
and comfort. Whether a building is a dwelling
houseornotdependsupontheuse.Itincludesthe
dependencies which have interior communication
with the house. It is not necessary that it be a
permanentdwellingofaperson.
E.g.
1.
2.
Apersonsroominahotel
Aroomwhereoneresidesasaboarder
Q:Whatismeantbythephraseagainstthewill?
A:Againstthewillmeansthattheentranceiseither
expresslyorimpliedlyprohibited.
A:
1.
2.
3.
Q:Citeexamplesoftrespassbymeansofviolence.
A:
1. Pushing the door violently and
maltreatingtheoccupantsafterentering
3. Woundingbemeansofabolo,theowner
ofthehouseimmediatelyafterentrance
A:
1. Firing a revolver in the air by persons
attempting to force their way into a
house.
Note:Theremustbeanoppositiononthepartofthe
owner of the house to the entry of the accused.
Prohibition is not necessary when violence or
intimidationwasemployedbytheoffender.
A:
1. If the purpose in entering the dwelling is
notshown,trespassiscommitted.
3. Butifthepurposeisnotshownandwhile
inside the dwelling he was found by the
occupants, one of whom was injured by
him,thecrimecommittedwillbetrespass
to dwelling and frustrated homicide,
physicalinjuries,oriftherewasnoinjury,
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207
unjustvexation.
Q:Maytrespasstodwellingbecommittedbythe
ownerofthehouse?
Q:Underwhatcircumstancesthecrimeoftrespass
todwellingisnotcommitted?
A:
1. When the purpose of the entrance is to
prevent serious harm to himself, the
occupantorthirdpersons.
A:
TRESPASSTO
DWELLING
VIOLATIONOFDOMICILE
Maybecommittedby
anyprivateperson
whoshallenterthe
dwellingofanother
againstthelatters
will.
Maybecommittedonlybya
publicofficeroremployee
andtheviolationmayconsist
ofanyofthethreeacts
mentionedinArticle128:
2.Searchingpapersorother
effects found in such
dwelling
without
the
previous consent of the
ownerthereof
208
OTHERFORMSOFTRESPASSTODWELLING
(Art.281)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenders enter the closed premises or
thefencedestateofanother.
2.
3.
4.
Prohibitiontoenterismanifest.
Trespasser has not secured the
permissionoftheownerorthecaretaker
thereof.
A:
TRESPASSTO
DWELLING
Offenderisaprivate
person.
Offenderentersa
dwellinghouse.
Placeenteredis
inhabited.
Actconstitutingthe
crimeisenteringthe
dwellingagainstthe
willoftheowner.
Prohibitiontoenter
isexpressorimplied.
TRESPASSTOPROPERTY
Offenderisanyperson.
Offenderentersclosed
premisesorfencedestate.
Placeenteredisuninhabited.
Actconstitutingthecrimeis
enteringtheclosedpremises
orthefencedestatewithout
securingthepermissionofthe
ownerorcaretakerthereof.
Prohibitiontoentermustbe
manifest.
GRAVETHREATS
(Art.282)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Threatening another with the infliction
upon his person, honor or property or
thatofhisfamilyofanywrongamounting
to a crime and demanding money or
imposing any other condition even
though not unlawful, and the offender
attainedhispurpose.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
3.
Bythreateninganotherwiththeinfliction
upon his person, honor or property or
thatofhisfamilyofanywrongamounting
toacrime,thethreatnotbeingsubjectto
acondition.
Q:Whatistheessenceofthiscrime?
A:Intimidation.Toconstitutegravethreats,itmust
inspire terror or fear upon another. It is
characterized by moral pressure that produces
alarm.
Note:Actthreatenedtobecommittedmustbewrong
orunlawful.E.g.threateningtosueisnotunlawful.
Itisconsummatedassoonasthethreatscometothe
knowledge of the person threatened. It is not
necessary that the offended party was present at the
timethethreatsweremade.
Q:Whatisathreat?
XPN:Ifthethreatwasmadewiththedeliberate
purpose of creating in the mind of the person
threatened the belief that the threat would be
carried into effect. In such a case the crime is
grave threats, and the minor crime which
accompanieditshouldbedisregarded.
A:
GRAVETHREATS
Whenthewrong
threatenedtobeinflicted
amountstoacrime.
LIGHTTHREATS
Whenthewrong
threatenedtobeinflicted
doesnotamounttoa
crime.
A:
THREAT
Essenceofthreatis
intimidation
Wrongorharm
doneisfutureand
conditional
COERCION
Essenceofcoercionisviolence
orintimidation
Thereisnoconditioninvolved;
hence,thereisnofuturityin
theharmorwrongdone
A:
THREAT
Intimidationisfutureand
conditional.
Intimidationmaybe
throughanintermediary.
Mayrefertotheperson,
honororproperty.
Intenttogainisnot an
essentialelement.
Thedangertothevictim
isnotinstantlyimminent
northegainoftheculprit
immediate.
ROBBERY
Intimidationisactualand
immediate.
Intimidationispersonal.
Referstopersonal
property.
Thereisintenttogain.
Thedangerinvolvedis
directlyimminenttothe
victimandthe
obtainmentofgain
immediate.
LIGHTTHREATS
(Art.283)
A:
1. Offender makes a threat to commit a
wrong
2. Thewrongdoesnotconstituteacrime
4. Offenderhasattainedorhasnotattained
hispurpose
Note:Lightthreatisinthenatureofblackmailing.The
wrong threatened does not amount to a crime,
coupledwithademandformoneyorotherconditions,
eventhoughlawful.
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209
2.
BONDSFORGOODBEHAVIOR
(Art.284)
OTHERLIGHTTHREATS
(Art.285)
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderArt.285?
A:
1. Threateninganotherwithaweapon,orby
drawingsuchweaponinaquarrel,unless
it be in lawful selfdefense. Here, the
weaponmustnotbedischarged
2. Orallythreateninganother,intheheatof
anger, with some harm constituting a
crime, without persisting in the idea
involvedinhisthreat
3. Anythreatmadeinajestorintheheatof
angerconstituteslightthreatonly
Q:Whatisthenatureofotherlightthreats?
GRAVECOERCIONS
(Art.286)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Preventinganother,bymeansofviolence,
threat or intimidation, from doing
somethingnotprohibitedbylaw
210
rightorwrong
Q:Whataretheelementsofgravecoercion?
A:
1. A person prevented another from doing
something not prohibited by law, or that
he compelled him to do something
againsthiswill,beitrightorwrong.
3. Personthatrestrainedthewillandliberty
ofanotherhasnoauthorityoflaworthe
righttodoso.
Q:Whencantherebegravecoercion?
Q:Whatarethekindsofgravecoercion?
A:
1. Preventive The offender uses violence
topreventthevictimfromdoingwhathe
wants to do. Here, the act prevented is
notprohibitedbylaw.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
GRAVECOERCION
UNJUST
VEXATION
Theactofpreventingbyforce
mustbemadeatthetimethe
offendedpartywasdoingor
abouttodotheacttobe
prevented.
Theactwas
alreadydone
whenviolenceis
exerted.
LIGHTCOERCION
(Art.287)
Q:Whataretheelementsoflightcoercion?
A:
1. Offendermustbeacreditor
2. Heseizesanythingbelongingtohisdebtor
3. Seizure of the thing cannot be
accomplished by means of violence or a
display of material force producing
intimidation
4. Purpose of the offender is to apply the
sametothepaymentofthedebt
Note:Lightcoercionunderthe1stpar.ofArt.287will
be unjust vexation if the 3rd element (employing
violenceorintimidation)isabsent.
A:Toenforcetheprinciplethatnopersonmaytake
the law into his hands and that our government is
oneoflaws,notofmen.
A:
1. Light coercion If by means of violence,
thepropertyisappliedtothedebt.
COMPULSORYPURCHASEOFMERCHANDISEAND
PAYMENTOFWAGESBYMEANSOFTOKENS
(Art.288)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Forcing or compelling, directly or
indirectly or knowingly permitting the
forcing or compelling of the laborer or
employee of the offender to purchase
merchandise or commodities of any kind
fromhim.
Elements:
a. Offender is any person, agent or
officer of any association or
corporation
b. He or such firm or corporation has
employedlaborersoremployees
c. He forces or compels directly or
indirectly,orknowinglypermitstobe
forcedorcompelled,anyofhisorits
laborers or employees to purchase
merchandise or commodities of any
kind from him or said firm or
corporation
Elements:
a. Offender pays the wages due a
laborer or employee employed by
himbymeansoftokensorobject
b. Those tokens or objects are other
than the legal currency of the
Philippines
c. Such employee or laborer does not
expresslyrequestthathebepaidby
meansoftokensorobjects
Inducinganemployeetogiveupanypartofhiswages
by force, stealth, intimidation, threat or by any other
means is unlawful under Art. 116 of the Labor Code,
andnotundertheRPC.
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211
FORMATION,MAINTENANCE,ANDPROHIBITION
ORCOMBINATIONOFCAPITALORLABOR
THROUGHVIOLENCEORTHREATS(Art.289)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderemploysviolenceorthreats,ina
degreeastocompelorforcethelaborers
oremployeesinthefreelegalexerciseof
theirindustryorwork.
A:
ART.230
Publicofficercomesto
knowthesecretofany
privateindividualby
reasonofhisoffice.
Thesecretisnot
necessarilycontainedin
papersorletters.
Revealsthesecret
withoutjustifiable
reason.
ART.290
Offenderisaprivate
individualorevenapublic
officernotintheexercise
ofhisofficialfunction
Itisnecessarythatthe
offenderseizesthepapers
orlettersofanotherto
discoverthesecretsofthe
latter.
Ifthereisasecret
discovered,itisnot
necessarythatitbe
revealed.
REVEALINGSECRETSWITHABUSEOFOFFICE
(Art.291)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender is a manager, employee or
servant
3. Herevealssuchsecrets
Q:Whatistheessenceofthiscrime?
REVELATIONOFINDUSTRIALSECRETS
(Art.292)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisapersonincharge,employee
or workman of a manufacturing or
industrialestablishment
2. Manufacturingorindustrialestablishment
has a secret of the industry which the
offenderhaslearned
3. Offenderrevealssuchsecrets
4. Prejudiceiscausedtotheowner
Q:Correlatearticles230(publicofficerrevealing
secretsofprivateindividual)and290oftheRPC?
Note:Thebusinesssecretmustnotbeknowntoother
business entities or persons. It is a matter to be
discovered, known and used by and must belong to
DISCOVERINGSECRETSTHROUGHSEIZUREOF
CORRESPONDENCE(Art.290)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender is a private individual or even a
public officer not in the exercise of his
officialfunction
2. Heseizesthepapersorlettersofanother
3. Purposeistodiscoverthesecretsofsuch
anotherperson
Q:Whatisthenatureofthiscrime?
212
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ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A.AntiWireTappingAct(R.A.4200)
Q:WhataretheactspunishableunderR.A.4200?
A:Itshallbeunlawfulforanyperson:
1. Notbeingauthorizedbyallthepartiesto
any private communication or spoken
word,totapanywireorcable,orbyusing
any other device or arrangement, to
secretly overhear, intercept, or record
such communication or spoken word by
using a device commonly known as a
dictaphone
or
dictagraph
or
detectaphone or walkietalkie or tape
recorder,orhoweverotherwisedescribed
Q:Whataretheexceptionstotheprohibition?
A:Ifthewiretappingisdonebyapublicofficerwho
isauthorizedbywrittenorderofthecourtincases
involving the crimes of treason, espionage,
provokingwaranddisloyaltyincaseofwar,piracy,
mutiny in the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and
proposal to commit rebellion, inciting to rebellion,
sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition, inciting to
sedition, kidnapping as defined by the RPC, and
violationsofC.A.No.616,punishingespionageand
otheroffensesagainstnationalsecurity.
A:No.Anextensiontelephonecannotbeplacedin
the same category as a dictaphone, dictagraph or
the other devices under R.A. No. 4200 as the use
thereofcannotbeconsideredas"tapping"thewire
or cable of a telephone line. (Gaanan v. IAC, G.R.
No.L69809,Oct.16,1986)
B.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
(1)Surveillanceofsuspectsandinterceptionand
recordingofcommunications
Q:Canapoliceofficerorlawenforcementofficial
listen or record any communication of a terrorist
organizationofgroupofpersons?
A:
GR: Yes. A police or police or law enforcement
officialandthemembersofhisteammay,upon
a written order of the CA, listen to, intercept
and record with the use of any mode, form ,
kind or type of electronic or other surveillance
equipmentorinterceptingandtrackingdevices,
orwiththeuseofanysuitablewaysandmeans
forthatpurpose,anycommunication,message,
conversation, discussion, or spoken or written
words between members of a judicially
declared and outlawed terrorist organization,
association, or group of persons or of any
person charged with or suspected of the crime
ofterrorismorconspiracytocommitterrorism.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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213
(2)Restrictionontravel
Q:Whenisthererestrictionontherighttotravel?
Q:Whenwilltherestrictionsbeterminated?
A:Therestrictionsshallbeterminated:
1. Upontheacquittaloftheaccused;or
2. Upon the dismissal of the case filed
againsthim;or
3. Earlieruponthediscretionofthecourton
motion of the prosecutor or of the
accused.
(3)ExaminationofBankDeposits
3. Suchpersonisamemberofsuchjudicially
declared and outlawed organization,
association, or group of persons, may
authorize in writing any police or law
enforcement officer and the members of
214
his/herteamdulyauthorizedinwritingby
theantiterrorismcouncilto:
b. Gatherorcausethegatheringofany
relevant information about such
deposits,placements,trustaccounts,
assets, and records from a bank or
financial institution. The bank or
financial institution concerned, shall
notrefusetoallowsuchexamination
or to provide the desired
information, when so, ordered by
andservedwiththewrittenorderof
theCA.(Sec.27)
A:
1. Ex parte application to the CA by the
policeorlawenforcementofficial
3. Examinationunderoathoraffirmationof
the applicant and the witnesses he may
produce to establish the facts that will
justifytheneedandurgencyofexamining
and freezing the bank deposits,
placements, trust accounts, assets and
records.(Sec.28)
A:
1. Thetimespecifiedinthewrittenorderof
the CA, which shall not exceed 30 days
from the date of receipt of the written
orderbytheapplicantpolice.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
c.
A:
1. Written application of DOJ filed before
theauthorizingdivisionofCA
Q:Whatistheevidentiaryvalueofdepositedbank
materials?
(4)Unauthorizedrevelationofclassifiedmaterials
Q:Whatareclassifiedinformation?
A:Thefollowingareclassifiedinformation:
A:Thepenaltyof10yearsand1dayto12yearsof
imprisonment shall be imposed upon any person,
policeorlawenforcementagent,judicialofficeror
civilservantwho,notbeingauthorizedbytheCourt
ofAppealstodoso,revealsinanymannerorform
anyclassifiedinformationunderthisAct.
C.AntiTraffickinginPersonsActof2003
(R.A.9208)
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderR.A.9208?
A: It shall be unlawful for any person, natural or
juridical,tocommitanyofthefollowingacts:
1.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
215
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
216
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
ROBBERY
(Art.293)
Q:Whatisrobbery?
A:Itisthetakingofpersonalpropertybelongingto
another, with intent to gain, by means of violence
againstorintimidationofanypersonorusingforce
uponanything.
Q:Whataretheclassesofrobbery?
A:
1. Robbery with violence against, or
intimidationofpersons(Art.294,297and
298)
Q:Whataretheelementsofrobberyingeneral?
A:
1. There is personal property belonging to
another
2. Thereisunlawfultakingofthatproperty
3. Takingmustbewithintenttogain
4. There is violence against or intimidation
ofanypersonorforceuponanything
A:No.Legalpossessionissufficient
Q:Istheidentityofrealowneressential?
A:
GR: It is not essential so long as the personal
propertytakendoesnotbelongtotheaccused.
XPN:IfthecrimeisRobberywithHomicide
Q:Whatisthemeaningofunlawfultaking?
Q:Whenisunlawfultakingcomplete?
A:
1. As to robbery with violence against or
intimidation of persons from the
momenttheoffendergainspossessionof
the thing even if the culprit has had no
opportunity to dispose of the same, the
unlawfultakingiscomplete
2. Astorobberywithforceuponthingsthe
thing must be taken out of the
building/premises to consummate the
crime
Q:Whatisthepresumptionofintenttogain?
A:Unlawfultakingofpersonalproperty.
Q:Whenshouldviolenceandintimidationoccur?
A:Violenceorintimidationmustbepresentbefore
the taking of personal property is complete. But
whenviolenceresultsinhomicide,rapeintentional
mutilation or any of the serious physical injuries
penalizedunderPars.1and2ofArt263,thetaking
ofthepersonalpropertyisrobberycomplexedwith
any of those crimes under Art. 294, even if the
takingwasalreadycompletewhentheviolencewas
usedbytheoffender.
Q:Whatdistinguishesrobberywithviolencefrom
gravethreatsandgravecoercion?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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217
A:
5.
ROBBERY
WITH
VIOLENCE
Thereisintent
togain
Intimidation;
Immediate
harm
GRAVE
THREATS
GRAVECOERCION
Nointentto
gain
Nointenttogain
Promises
somefuture
harmor
injury
Intimidationis
immediateand
offendedpartyis
compelledtodo
somethingagainst
hiswill.
6.
Q:Distinguishrobberyfrombribery.
A:
ROBBERY
Thevictimisdeprivedofhis
money,propertybyforceor
intimidation
BRIBERY
Hepartswithhis
money,inasense,
voluntarily
7.
ROBBERYWITHVIOLENCEAGAINSTOR
INTIMIDATIONOFPERSONS
(Art.294)
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderArt.294?
A:
1. When by reason or on occasion of the
robbery the crime of homicide is
committed
2. Whentherobberyisaccompaniedby:
a. Rape
b. Intentionalmutilation
c. Arson
218
ROBBERYWITHHOMICIDE
(PAR.1)
Q:Whatisrobberywithhomicide?
A:Ifdeathresultsorevenaccompaniesarobbery,
the crime will be robbery with homicide provided
that the robbery and the homicide are
consummated.
Ifasidefromhomicide,rapeorphysicalinjuriesare
alsocommittedbyreasonorontheoccasionofthe
robbery, the rape or physical injuries are
considered aggravating circumstances in the crime
ofrobberywithhomicide.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Thetermhomicideisusedinthegenericsense;
itembracesallformsofkilling.
Q:Shouldtherebeintenttokill?
A:No,becausetheintentionoftheperpetratorsis
reallytokillthevictimandrobberycameonlyasan
afterthought. The perpetrators are liable for two
separate crimes of robbery and homicide or
murder,asthecasemaybe.
Q:A,ahiredassassin,shotB,andwhenaboutto
leave the scene, saw the watch of B and forcibly
took the same.A, with a gun in his hand, shot to
death B, who was trying to get back the watch.
Whatcrimewascommitted?
A:Robberywithhomicide.
Q:IfwhatAdidintheaboveexamplewastofire
his gun upward to scare B from pursuing the
lattersintentiontorecoverthewatch,andfatally
hitCwhowaswatchingfromhiswindow.Whatis
thecrimecommitted?
A:Evenifthekillingismerelyincidental,thecrime
isstillrobberywithhomicide.Thecrimeofrobbery
with homicide requires proof of the following
elements:
Q:JervisandMarlonaskedtheirfriend,Jonathan,
to help them rob a bank. Jervis and Marlon went
insidethebank,butwereunabletogetanymoney
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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219
fromthevaultbecausethesamewasprotectedby
a timedelay mechanism. They contented
themselves with the customers' cellphones and a
total of P5,000 in cash. After they dashed out of
thebankandrushedintothecar,Jonathanpulled
thecaroutofthecurb,hittingapedestrianwhich
resulted in the latter's death. What crime or
crimesdidJervis,MarlonandJonathancommit?
Ontheotherhand,thetakingofthecellphonesand
P5,000.00fromthecustomersaretheseparateacts
of Jervis and Marlon, and do not involve Jonathan
asitwasnotpartoftheiroriginalagreement.Jervis
andMarlonshouldbechargedforthecrimeofrob
bery.
ROBBERYWITHRAPE
(PAR.2)
Q:Whatisthecrimeofrobberywithrape?
A:Thecrimeofrobberywithrapeisacrimeagainst
property which is a single indivisible offense. The
rapeaccompaniestherobbery.Inthiscasewhere
rapeandnothomicideiscommitted,thereisonlya
crimeofrobberywithrapeifboththerobberyand
therapeareconsummated.
Illustration:
220
However,ifthe2crimeswereseparatedbothbytime
andspace,thereisnocomplexcrimeofRobberywith
Rape.
ROBBERYWITHPHYSICALINJURIES
Q:Shouldthephysicalinjuriesbeserious?
Ifthephysicalinjuriesareonlylessseriousorslight,
they are absorbed in the robbery. The crime
becomes merely robbery. But if the less serious
physicalinjurieswerecommittedaftertherobbery
was already consummated, there would be a
separate charge for the less serious physical
injuries.Itwillonlybeabsorbedintherobberyifit
was inflicted in the course of the execution of the
robbery. The same is true in the case of slight
physicalinjuries.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
ROBBERYWITHARSON
(R.A.7659)
Q:Howisthiscrimecommitted?
A:Thecompositecrimewouldonlybecommittedif
the primordial intent of the offender is to commit
robbery and there is no killing, rape, or intentional
mutilation committed by the offender during the
robbery. Otherwise, the crime would be robbery
with homicide, or robbery with rape, or robbery
with intentional mutilation, in that order and the
arsonwouldonlybeanaggravatingcircumstance.
Q:Shouldrobberyprecedearson?
OTHERCASESOFSIMPLEROBBERY
(Par.5)
Q:Howisthiscrimecommitted?
Illustration:
1. Snatching money from the hands of the
victim and pushing her as a result of which
her skirt was torn and she fell on the
ground;
2. Grabbing a pawnshop ticket and
intimidatingthevictimwitharevolver
ROBBERYWITHPHYSICALINJURIES,COMMITTED
INANUNINHABITEDPLACEANDBYABAND,OR
WITHTHEUSEOFFIREARMONASTREET,ROAD
ORALLEY(ART.295)
A:Ifcommitted:
1. Inanuninhabitedplace
2. Byaband
4. By
entering
the
passengers
compartments in a train, or in any
manner taking the passengers thereof by
surpriseintherespectiveconveyances
ROBBERYCOMMITTEDBYABAND
(Art.296)
Q:Whenisrobberycommittedbyaband?
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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221
ATTEMPTEDANDFRUSTRATEDROBBERY
COMMITTEDUNDERCERTAINCIRCUMSTANCES
(Art.297)
Q:Wheredoesthisarticleapply?
Note:Thetermhomicideisusedinagenericsense.It
includesmurder,parricideandinfanticide.
EXECUTIONOFDEEDSBYMEANSOFVIOLENCE
ORINTIMIDATION(Art.298)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderhasintenttodefraudanother
2. Offendercompelshimtosign,execute,or
deliver any public instrument or
document
3. Compulsion is by means of violence or
intimidation
A:
EXECUTIONOF
DEEDS
Thereisanintentto
gain
Fearisproducedby
threateningto
causeanevilor
damagewhichis
immediate
A:
1.
Q:Definethefollowing:
1. Forceuponthings
2. Inhabitedhouse
3. Publicbuilding
4. Dependencies
5. Falsekeys
A:
1. Forceuponthingsrequiressomeelement
of trespass into the establishment where
the robbery was committed; e.g. the
offendermusthaveenteredthepremises
wheretherobberywascommitted.
Note:Ifnoentrywaseffected,eventhough
force may have been employed actually in
the taking of the property from within the
premises,thecrimewillonlybetheft.
2.
GRAVECOERCION
Nointenttogain
Fearisproducedinthemindof
theoffendedpartyinorderto
obtainsomethingfromhimby
threateningtocausehiman
evilordamagewhichisnot
immediatebutremote
3.
ROBBERYINANINHABITEDHOUSEORPUBLIC
BUILDINGOREDIFICEDEVOTEDTOWORSHIP
(Art.299)
st
Q: What are the elements of the 1 kind of
robberywithforceuponthingsunderArt.299?
222
4.
Publicbuildingeverybuildingownedby
theGovernmentorbelongingtoaprivate
person but used or rented by the
Government, although temporarily
unoccupiedbythesame.
Dependenciesallinteriorcourts,corrals,
warehouses, granaries, barns, coach
houses,stables,orotherdepartments,or
enclosed interior entrance connected
therewith and which form part of the
whole.Orchardsandotherlandsusedfor
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Requisites:
a. Itmustbecontiguoustothebuilding
b. It must have an interior entrance
connectedtherewith
c. Itmustformpartofthewhole
Illustration:
Asmallstorelocatedonthegroundfloorof
ahouseisadependencyofthehouse,there
being no partition between the store and
the house, and in going to the main
stairway, one has to enter the store which
hasadoor.(U.S.vs.Ventura,39Phil.523)
5.
Falsekeysgenuinekeysstolenfromthe
owner or any keys other than those
intendedbytheownerforuseinthelock
forciblyopenedbytheoffender.
Note:Falsekeyorpicklockmustbeusedto
enterthebuilding.Itisonlytheftwhenthe
falsekeyisusedtoopenwardrobeorlocked
receptacleordrawerorinsidedoor.
A:
1. Offenderisinsideadwellinghouse,public
building or edifice devoted to religious
worship, regardless of circumstances
underwhichheenteredit
a. Bythebreakingofdoors,wardrobes,
chests,oranyotherkindoflockedor
sealed furniture or receptacle, or
door.
b.
ROBBERYINANUNINHABITEDPLACEANDBYA
BAND(Art.300)
Q:Whatisanuninhabitedplace?
ROBBERYINANUNINHABITEDPLACEORINA
PRIVATEBUILDING(Art.302)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderenteredanuninhabitedplaceor
a building which was not a dwelling
house, not a public building, or not an
edificedevotedtoreligiousworship.
b.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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223
c.
d.
e.
Door,wardrobe,chest,oranysealed
orclosedfurnitureorreceptaclewas
broken
Note:Underlettersdande,therobber
did not enter through a window or
effected entrance by breaking the
floor, door, wall, etc., otherwise these
circumstances by themselves already
make the act as that of robbery. In
these 2 letters, the robbers entered
through the door, and once inside,
broke wardrobe, sealed or close
receptaclesetc.,ortookawayclosedor
sealed receptacle to be broken
elsewhere.
3.
ROBBERYOFCEREALS,FRUITS,ORFIREWOODIN
ANUNINHABITEDPLACEORPRIVATEBUILDING
(Art.303)
2.
3.
FALSEKEYS
(Art.305)
Q:Whatdofalsekeysinclude?
A:Falsekeysinclude:
1. Picklocksorsimilartools
2. Genuinekeysstolenfromtheowner
3. Anykeyotherthanthoseintendedbythe
ownerforuseinthelockforciblyopened
bytheoffender.
BRIGANDAGE
(Art.306)
Q:Whatisbrigandage?
A:Brigandageiscommittedbymorethan3armed
persons who form a band of robbers for the
purpose of committing robbery in the highway or
kidnappingpersonsforthepurposeofextortionor
to obtain ransom, or for any other purpose to be
attainedbymeansofforceandviolence.
Q:Whatistheessenceofbrigandage?
A:
ROBBERYBYA
BAND
POSSESSIONOFPICKLOCKSORSIMILARTOOLS
(Art.304)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender has in his possession picklocks
orsimilartools.
Purposeisto
commitrobbery
notnecessarilyin
highways.
Actualcommission
ofrobberyis
necessary.
BRIGANDAGEUNDER
ART.306
Purposeistocommitrobberyin
highway;ortokidnapaperson
forransomoranyother
purposeattainedbyforceand
violence
Mereformationispunished.
224
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:WhatishighwayrobberyunderP.D.532?
A:Highwayrobberyorbrigandageistheseizurefor
ransom, extortion or other unlawful purposes or
thetakingawayofpropertyofanotherbymeansof
violence against or other unlawful means,
committed by any person on any Philippine
Highway.
2.
Note:Lostpropertyincludesstolenproperty
so that the accused who found a stolen
horseisliableifhefailstodeliverthesame
totheownerortotheauthoritiessincethe
term lost is generic in nature and
embraceslossbystealingorbyanyactofa
person other than the owner as well as by
the act of the owner himself through same
casual occurrence. (People v. Rodrigo, G.R.
No.L18507,Mar.31,1966)
3.
4.
AIDINGANDABETTINGABANDOFBRIGANDS
(Art.307)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Thereisabandofbrigands.
2. Offender knows the band to be of
brigands.
3. Offenderdoesanyofthefollowingacts:
a. He in any manner aids, abets or
protectssuchbandofbrigands
b. He gives them information of the
movements of the police or other
peaceofficersofthegovernment
c. Heacquiresorreceivestheproperty
takenbysuchbrigands
THEFT
(Art.308)
Q:Whatistheft?
Q:Whoarethepersonsliablefortheft?
A:
1. Those who, with intent to gain, but
without violence against or intimidation
of persons nor force upon things, take
personalpropertyofanotherwithoutthe
lattersconsent.
Thosewhohavingfoundlostproperty,fail
to deliver the same to the local
authoritiesortoitsowner.
Q:Whataretheelementsoftheft?
A:
1. Thereistakingofpersonalproperty
2.
3.
Propertytakenbelongstoanother
Takingwasdonewithintenttogain
4.
Illustration:
Whileprayinginachurch,Afeltandsawhis
walletbeingtakenbyB,butbecauseofthe
solemnityoftheproceedings,didnotmake
any move; while the taking was with his
knowledge, it was without his consent, and
Theftiscommitted.
5.
Takingisaccomplishedwithouttheuseof
violence against or intimidation of
personsofforceuponthings.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
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225
Q:Whatisthemeaningoftakinginlaw?
Q:Whenisthecrimeoftheftproduced?
Q:Intheft,isitrequiredforthethieftobeableto
carryawaythethingtakenfromtheowner?
A:No,theconsummationofthiscrimetakesplace
upon the voluntary and malicious taking of the
property which is realized upon the material
occupation of the taking, that is, when he had full
possession thereof even if he did not have the
opportunitytodisposeofthesame.
Illustration:
Q:Cantherebeacrimeoffrustratedtheft?
Withtheseconsiderations,underArticle308ofthe
RPC,theftcannothaveafrustratedstage.Theftcan
onlybeattemptedorconsummated.
Q:Forthecrimeofthefttobeconsummated,isit
necessary that the offender, once having
committed all the acts of execution for theft, is
able or unable to freely dispose of the property
stolen?
A:No.Sincethedeprivationfromtheowneralone
has already ensued from such acts of execution.
Under Article 308 of the RPC, there is only one
operative act of execution by the actor involved in
theftthe taking of personal property of another.
The ability of the offender to freely dispose of the
propertystolenisnotaconstitutiveelementofthe
crime of theft. Such factor runs immaterial to the
226
Q:Whenisunlawfultakingcomplete?
A:
THEFT
Thecrimeisqualified
theftifonlythe
physicalormaterial
possessionofthe
thingistransferred.
ESTAFA
Whereboththematerialand
juridicalpossessionare
transferred,misappropriation
ofthepropertywould
constituteestafa.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Illustration:
Illustration:
THEFTOFTHEPROPERTYOFTHENATIONAL
LIBRARYANDNATIONALMUSEUM(Art.311)
QUALIFIEDTHEFT
(Art.310)
Q:Whenistheftqualified?
A:
1. If theft is committed by a domestic
servant
2. Ifthetheftiscommittedwithgraveabuse
ofconfidence
4. Ifthepropertystolenconsistofcoconuts
takenfromthepremisesofaplantation
5. Ifthepropertystolenisfishtakenfroma
fishpondorfishery
OCCUPATIONOFREALPROPERTYOR
USURPATIONOFREALRIGHTSINPROPERTY
(Art.312)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Taking possession of any real property
belongingtoanother.
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender takes possession of any real
property or usurps any real rights in
property.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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227
4.
Thereisintenttogain.
Note:Thereisonlycivilliabilityifthereisnoviolence
orintimidationintakingpossessionofrealproperty.
UsurpationunderArticle312iscommittedinthesame
way as robbery with violence or intimidation of
persons. The main difference is that in robbery,
personal property is involved; while in usurpation of
realrights,itisrealproperty.
Consideringthatthisisacrimeagainstproperty,there
mustbeintenttogain.Intheabsenceoftheintentto
gain,theactmayconstitutecoercion.
Q:WhatispunishedbyR.A.947?
Q:Whoaresquatters?
A:
1. Thosewhohavethecapacityormeansto
payrentorforlegitimatehousingbutare
squattinganyway.
ALTERINGBOUNDERIESORLANDMARKS
(Art.313)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Thereareboundarymarksormonuments
of towns, provinces, or estates, or any
other marks intended to designate the
boundariesofthesame.
2. Offenderalterssaidboundarymarks.
228
CULPABLEINSOLVENCY
FRAUDULENTINSOLVENCY
(Art.314)
A:
1. Offender is a debtor, that is, he has
obligationsdueandpayable.
2. Heabscondswithhisproperty.
3. Therebeprejudicetohiscreditors.
Q:Whatistheessenceofthiscrime?
A:Theessenceofthecrimeisthatanypropertyof
thedebtorismadetodisappearforthepurposeof
evading the fulfillment of the obligations and
liabilities contracted with one or more creditors to
theprejudiceofthelatter.
Thefraudmustresulttotheprejudiceofhiscreditors.
Iftheaccusedconcealedhispropertyfraudulentlybut
it turned out that he has some other property with
which to satisfy his obligation, he is not liable under
thisarticle.
Beingamerchantqualifiesthecrimeasthepenaltyis
increased.
SWINDLINGANDOTHERDECEIT
SWINDLING(Estafa)
(Art.315)
Q:Whataretheelementsofestafaingeneral?
A:
1. Accused defrauded another by abuse of
confidence or by means of deceit This
covers the three different ways of
committing estafa under Article 315;
thus,estafaiscommitted:
2. Damageorprejudicecapableofpecuniary
estimationiscausedtotheoffendedparty
orthirdperson.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Illustration:
UnderP.D.115(TrustReceiptsLaw),thefailureofthe
entrusteetoturnovertheproceedsofthesaleofthe
goods, documents, or instruments covered by a trust
receipt, to the extent of the amount owing to the
entruster, or as appearing in the trust receipt; or the
failure to return said goods, documents, or
instruments if they were not sold or disposed of in
accordance with the terms of the trust receipt
constituteestafa.
c.
d.
Illustration:
A:
1. Underparagraph(a):
a. Offender has an onerous obligation
todeliversomethingofvalue
b. He alters its substance, quantity, or
quality
c. Damage or prejudice is caused to
another
Illustration:
3.
2.
Underparagraph(b):
a. Money, goods, or other personal
property is received by the offender
in trust, or on commission, or for
administration, or under any other
obligationinvolvingthedutytomake
deliveryof,ortoreturn,thesame
b. There is misappropriation or
conversion of such money or
Underparagraph(c):
a. The paper with the signature of the
offendedpartyisinblank;
b. Offended party delivered it to the
offender;
c. Abovethesignatureoftheoffended
party, a document is written by the
offenderwithoutauthoritytodoso;
d. The document so written creates a
liabilityof,orcausesdamageto,the
offendedpartyoranythirdperson.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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229
A:
1. Underparagraph(a)
a. Usingfictitiousname
b. Falselypretendingtopossesspower,
influence, qualifications, property,
credit,agency,businessorimaginary
transactions;or
c. Bymeansofothersimilardeceits
3. Underparagraph(c)Pretendingtohave
bribed any government employee,
without prejudice to the action for
calumny which the offended party may
deem proper to bring against the
offender.
4. Underparagraph(d)
a. Offender postdated a check, or
issued a check in payment of an
obligation;
b. Such postdating or issuing a check
wasdonewhentheoffenderhadno
funds in the bank, or his funds
depositedthereinwerenotsufficient
tocovertheamountofthecheck.
Q:WhendoesArt.315(2)(d)apply?
A:Onlywhen:
1. Obligationisnotpreexisting
2. Checkisdrawntoenterintoanobligation
3. Doesnotcovercheckswherethepurpose
of drawing the check is to guarantee a
loan.
Illustration:
230
Thus,ifAissuedacheckinfavorofBforadebthehas
incurredamonthorsoago,thedishonorofthecheck
for insufficiency of funds in the bank does not
constitute Estafa. But if A told B to deliver to him
P10,000andhe(A)wouldissueinhisfavoracheckin
thesumofP11,000asitwasaSundayandAneeded
the cash urgently, and B gave his P10,000 having in
mindtheprofitofP1,000whenheencashesthecheck
onMondayandthecheckbouncedwhendeposited,A
canbeheldliableforEstafa.Insuchcase,itwasclear
thatBwouldhavenotpartedwithhisP10,000wereit
notfortheissuanceofAscheck.
Itmustnotbepromissorynotes,orguaranties.
Q:Isgoodfaithadefense?
A:Yes.Thepayeesknowledgethatthedrawerhas
nosufficientfundstocoverthepostdatedchecksat
thetimeoftheirissuancenegatesestafa.
Q:Canthefactthattheaccusedwasnottheactual
makerofthecheckbeputupasadefense?
A:No.InthecaseofPeoplev.Isleta,et.al.(61Phil.
332), and reiterated in the case of Zalgado v. CA
(178SCRA146) itwasheldthattheappellantwho
only negotiated directly and personally the check
drawnbyanotherisguiltyofestafabecausehehad
guilty knowledge that at the time he negotiated
thecheck,thedrawerhasnosufficientfunds.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:No.TheessenceofestafaunderArt.315(1)(b)
of the RPC is the appropriation or conversion of
moneyorpropertyreceived,totheprejudiceofthe
owner thereof. It takes place when a person
actually appropriates the property of another for
hisownbenefit,useandenjoyment.Thefailureto
account, upon demand, for funds or property held
in trust is a mere circumstantial evidence of
misappropriation. In other words, the demand for
the return of the thing delivered in trust and the
failure of the accused to account for it are
circumstantial evidence of misappropriation.
However, this presumption is rebuttable. If the
accusedisabletosatisfactorilyexplainhisfailureto
producethethingdeliveredintrust,hemaynotbe
held liable for estafa. In the case at bar, however,
since the medrep failed to explain his inability to
producethethingdeliveredtohimintrust,therule
that the failure to account, upon demand, for
funds or property held in trust is circumstantial
evidence of misappropriation applies without
doubt. (Filadams Pharma, Inc. v. CA, G.R. No.
132422,Mar.30,2004)
A:
1. Underparagraph(a)
a. Offenderinducedtheoffendedparty
tosignadocument.
b. Deceit was employed to make him
signthedocument.
c. Offendedpartypersonallysignedthe
document.
d. Prejudicewascaused.
Illustration:
2.
Underparagraph(b)Resortingtosome
fraudulent practice to insure success in a
gamblinggame;
3.
Underparagraph(c)
a. Offender removed, concealed or
destroyed.
b. Any court record, office files,
documentsoranyotherpapers.
c. Withintenttodefraudanother.
Illustration:
A:
ROBBERY
THEFT
ESTAFA
Subject
matter
maybe
real
property
Onlypersonal
propisinvolved.
Onlypersonalprop
isinvolved.
Takingisby
meansofforce
uponthingsor
violenceagainst
orintimidationof
persons.
Notso
Notso
Penaltydoesnot
necessarily
dependonthe
amountinvolved.
Penaltydepends
ontheamount
involved
Penalty
depends
onthe
amount
involved
Offendertakes
theproperty
withoutthe
consentofthe
ownerbyusing
threats,
intimidationor
violence
Offendertakesthe
propertywithout
theconsentofthe
ownerandwithout
usingthreats,
intimidationor
violence
Offender
receives
the
property
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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231
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenestafawith
abuseofconfidenceandmalversation?
A:
ESTAFAWITHABUSEOF
CONFIDENCE
Fundsorpropertyare
alwaysprivate.
Offenderisaprivate
individualorevena
publicofficerwhoisnot
accountableforpublic
fundsorproperty.
MALVERSATION
Involvespublicfundsor
property.
Offenderwhoisusuallya
publicofficeris
accountableforpublic
fundsorproperty.
Crimeiscommittedby
appropriating,takingor
misappropriatingor
consenting,or,through
abandonmentor
negligence,permittingany
otherpersontotakethe
publicfundsorproperty.
Offendersareentrustedwithfundsorproperty
Continuingoffenses
Crimeiscommittedby
misappropriating,
convertingordenying
havingreceivedmoney,
goodsorotherpersonal
property.
Note:Estafathroughfalsepretensemadeinwritingis
onlyasimplecrimeofestafa,notacomplexcrimeof
estafathroughfalsification.
A:Yes,Alfredocommittedthecrimeofestafathru
abuseofconfidence,evenifhehadnointentionto
permanently misappropriate the corporate funds
forhimself.Thelawonestafaisclearanddoesnot
make any distinctions between permanent and
232
Thiswasinthenatureofatrustfundentrustedto
him for corporate purposes. While it is a general
principle that misappropriation of trust funds for
shortperiodsdoesnotalwaysamounttoestafa,it
has been held that this principle cannot extend to
cases where officers of corporations converted
corporatefundstotheirownuse,(U.S.vs.Sevilla,
43 Phil. 190). Fraudulent intent is not even
necessary in such cases because the breach of
confidence involved in the misappropriation or
conversion of trust funds takes the place of
fraudulent intent and is in itself sufficient. (1989
BarQuestion)
Q:AureliaintroducedRosatoVictoria,adealerin
jewelrywhodoesbusinessinTimog,QuezonCity.
Rosa, a resident of Cebu City, agreed to sell a
diamond ring and bracelet to Victoria on a
commissionbasis,onconditionthat,iftheseitems
cannotbesold,theymaybereturnedtoVictoria
forthwith. Unable to sell the ring and bracelet,
Rosa delivered both items to Aurelia in Cebu City
withtheunderstandingthatAureliashall,inturn,
returntheitemstoVictoriainTimog,QuezonCity.
Aurelia dutifully returned the bracelet to Victoria
but sold the ring, kept the cash proceeds thereof
to herself, and issued a check to Victoria which
bounced. Victoria sued Rosa for estafa under
Article315,RPC,Victoriainsistingthatdeliveryto
a third person of the thing held in trust is not a
defense in estafa. Is Rosa criminally liable for
estafaunderthecircumstances?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
ESTAFA
Privateindividual
wasentrusted
Intenttodefraud
d.
INFIDELITYINTHECUSTODY
OFDOCUMENTS
3.
Elements:
a. Offender is the owner of personal
property
b. Said personal property is in the
lawfulpossessionofanother
c. Offenderwrongfullytakesitfromits
lawfulpossessor
d. Prejudice is thereby caused to the
possessororthirdperson
4.
Acceptinganycompensationgiventohim
under the belief it was in payment of
servicesorlaborwhenhedidnotactually
perform such services or labor. Selling,
mortgaging or in any manner
encumbering real property while being a
surety in bond without express authority
from the court or before being relieved
fromtheobligation.
Publicofficerentrusted
Nointenttodefraud
A:
GR: There must be a formal demand on the
offendertocomplywithhisobligationbeforehe
canbechargedwithestafa.
XPN:
1. Whentheoffendersobligationtocomply
issubjecttoaperiod,and
2. When the accused cannot be located
despiteduediligence.
OTHERFORMSOFSWINDLING
(Art.316)
Q:Whataretheotherformsofswindling?
A:
1. Conveying, selling, encumbering, or
mortgaginganyrealproperty,pretending
tobetheownerofthesame
Elements:
a. Thingbeimmovable
b. Offender who is not the owner of
said property should represent that
heistheownerthereof
c. Offender should have executed an
act of ownership (selling, leasing,
encumbering or mortgaging the real
property)
d. Act is made to the prejudice of the
ownerorofathirdperson.
Elements:
a. Thingdisposedofberealproperty;
b. Offenderknewthattherealproperty
was encumbered, whether the
encumbranceisrecordedornot
c. There
must
be
express
representation by the offender that
5.
Elements:
a. Offender is a surety in a bond given
inacriminalorcivilaction
b. He guaranteed the fulfillment of
suchobligationwithhisrealproperty
orproperties
c. He sells, mortgages, or, in any other
manner encumbers said real
property
d. Suchsale,mortgageorencumbrance
iswithoutexpressauthorityfromthe
court, or made before the
cancellation of his bond, or before
being relieved from the obligation
contractedbyhim
SWINDLINGAMINOR
(Art.317)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender takes advantage of the
inexperienceoremotionsorfeelingsofa
minor.
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
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233
2.
3.
4.
d.
e.
OTHERDECEITS
(ART.318)
A:
1. Defrauding or damaging another by any
other deceit not mentioned in the
precedingarticles.
2. Interpreting dreams, making forecasts,
telling fortunes, or taking advantage of
the credulity of the public in any other
similarmanner,forprofitorgain.
Note:Anypersoncanbetheoffender.
2.
Note:Deceitsinthisarticleincludefalsepretensesand
fraudulentacts.
CHATTELMORTGAGE
REMOVAL,SALEORPLEDGEOFMORTGAGED
PROPERTY(Art.319)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Knowingly removing any personal
property mortgaged under the Chattel
Mortgage Law to any province or city
otherthantheoneinwhichitwaslocated
atthetimeofexecutionofthemortgage,
without the written consent of the
mortgagee
or
his
executors,
administratorsorassigns.
Elements:
a. Personal property is mortgaged
undertheChattelMortgageLaw
b. Offenderknowsthatsuchpropertyis
somortgaged
c. Offender removes such mortgaged
personalpropertytoanyprovinceor
city other than the one in which it
234
Elements:
a. Personalpropertyisalreadypledged
under the terms of the Chattel
MortgageLaw
b. Offender, who is the mortgagor of
such property, sells or pledges the
sameoranypartthereof
c. There is no consent of the
mortgagee written on the back of
the mortgage and noted on the
record thereof in the office of the
registerofdeeds.
Q:Distinguishchattelmortgagefromestafa
A:
CHATTELMORTGAGE
Thepropertyinvolvedis
personalproperty
Sellingorpledgingof
personalpropertyalready
pledgedormortgagedis
committedbythemere
failuretoobtaintheconsent
ofthemortgageeinwriting
eveniftheoffendershould
informthepurchaserthat
thethingsoldismortgaged
Thepurposeofthelawisto
protectthemortgagee
ESTAFA
Thepropertyinvolved
isrealproperty
Toconstituteestafa,it
issufficientthatthe
realproperty
mortgagedbesoldas
free,eventhoughthe
vendormayhave
obtainedtheconsent
ofthemortgageein
writing
Thepurposeisto
protectthepurchaser,
whetherthefirstor
thesecond
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Q:Whatisarson?
A:Arsonisthemaliciousdestructionofpropertyby
fire.
2.
Q:Whatarethekindsofarson?
A:
1. Arson,underSec.1ofP.D.1613.
2. Destructivearson,underArt.320RPC,as
amendedbyR.A.7659.
3. Othercasesofarson,underSec.3ofP.D.
1613.
DESTRUCTIVEARSON
(Art.320,asamendedbyRA7659)
Q:HowisDestructiveArsoncommitted?
A:
1. Anypersonwhoshallburn:
a. One or more buildings or edifices,
consequent to one single act of
burning, or as a result of
simultaneous
burnings,
or
committed on several or different
occasions
3.
Anypersonwhoshallburn:
a. Anyarsenal,shipyard,storehouseor
militarypowderorfireworksfactory,
ordinance, storehouse, archives or
generalmuseumoftheGovernment.
Q:Whataretheotherkindsofarson?
A:Thepropertyburnedisanyofthefollowing:
1. Any building used as offices of the
Governmentoranyofitsagencies;
2. Anyinhabitedhouseordwelling;
3. Anyindustrialestablishment,shipyard,oil
wellormineshaft,platformortunnel;
4. Any plantation, farm, pasture land,
growing crop, grain field, orchard,
bamboogroveorforest;
5. Any rice mill, sugar mill, cane mill or mill
central;and
6. Anyrailwayorbusstation,airport,wharf
orwarehouse.(Sec.3P.D.1613)
Q:Whatarethespecialaggravatingcircumstances
inarson?(Sec.4,P.D.1613):
A:
1. Ifcommittedwithintenttogain.
2. Ifcommittedforthebenefitofanother.
3. If the offender is motivated by spite or
hatredtowardstheowneroroccupantof
thepropertyburned.
4. If committed by a syndicate. (Sec.4 PD
1613)
Note:Offenseiscommittedbyasyndicateif
it is planned or carried out by a group of
threeormorepersons.
Illustration:
WheretheaccusedwaschargedwithviolationofP.D.
613 without specifying the particular provision
breachedandtheinformationfailingtoallegewhether
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UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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235
MALICIOUSMISCHIEF
(Art.327)
Q:Whatismaliciousmischief?
Q:Whataretheelementsofmaliciousmischief?
A:
1.
Offender deliberately caused damage to
thepropertyofanother
2.
Such act does not constitute arson or
othercrimesinvolvingdestruction
3.
Act of damaging anothers property be
committed merely for the sake of
damagingit
Note:Thepropertymustbepersonalproperty.
236
Q:MariowashiredbythePNBascaretakerofits
lot situated in Balanga, Bataan. Consequently,
Mario put up on the said lot a sign which reads
"No Trespassing, PNB Property" to ward off
squatters. Despite the sign, Julita, believing that
the said lot was owned by her grandparents,
constructed a nipa hut thereon. Hence, Mario,
together with four others, tore down and
demolished Julita's hut. She thus filed with the
MTC a criminal complaint for malicious mischief.
Mario was subsequently convicted of malicious
mischief.
SPECIALCASESOFMALICIOUSMISCHIEFAND
QUALIFIEDMALICIOUSMISCHIEF
(Art.328)
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsunderthisarticle?
A:
1. Causing damage to obstruct the
performanceofpublicfunctions.
3. Spreadinganyinfectionsamongcattle.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
DAMAGEOROBSTRUCTIONTOMEANSOF
COMMUNICATION(Art.330)
Q:Howisthiscrimecommitted?
Q:Whatwouldqualifythiscrime?
DESTROYINGORDAMAGINGSTATUTES,PUBLIC
MONUMENTSORPAINTINGS(Art.331)
Q:Whoarepersonsliableforthiscrime?
A:
1. Any person who shall destroy or damage
statutes or any other useful or
ornamentalpublicmonuments
2. Any person who shall destroy or damage
any useful or ornamental painting of a
publicnature.
EXEMPTIONFROMCRIMINALLIABILITYINCRIMES
AGAINSTPROPERTY
PERSONSEXEMPTFROMCRIMINALLIABILITY
(Art.332)
Q:Whatarethecrimesinvolvedinthisarticle?
A:
1. Theft
2. Swindling(estafa)
3. Maliciousmischief
Q:WhoarethepersonsexemptedunderArt.332?
Q:Whoareincludedintheenumeration?
Note:Art.332alsoappliestocommonlawspouses.
Exemptiondoesnotapplytostrangersparticipatingin
thecommissionofthecrime.
Estafashouldnotbecomplexedwithanyothercrime
inorderforexemptiontooperate.
A.AntiFencingLaw(P.D.No.1612)
Q:Whatisfencing?
A:Fencingistheactofanypersonwho,withintent
togainforhimselforforanother,shallbuy,receive,
possess, keep, acquire, conceal, sell or dispose of,
orshallbuyandsell,orinanyothermannerdealin
anyarticle,item,objectoranythingofvaluewhich
heknows,orshouldbeknowntohim,tohavebeen
derivedfromtheproceedsofthecrimeofrobbery
ortheft.(Sec.2[a])
Q:Whatistheessenceoffencing?
Q:Whatisthenatureofthecrimeoffencing?
A:Fencingisacrimeinvolvingmoralturpitude.
Ratio:Infencing,actualknowledgeofthefenceofthe
fact that the property received is stolen, displays the
samedegreeofmaliciousdeprivationofonesrightful
propertyasthatwhichanimatedtherobberyortheft
which by their very nature are crimes of moral
turpitude. (Dela Torre v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 121592,
July5,1996)
Q:Whoisafence?
Q:Whataretheelementsoffencing?
A:
1. A crime of robbery or theft has been
committed.
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3.
4.
Theaccusedknowsorshouldhaveknown
that said article, item, object or anything
of value has been derived from the
proceedsofthecrimeofrobberyortheft.
Q:Isfencingacontinuingoffense?
A:Fencingisnotacontinuingoffense.Jurisdictionis
with the court of the place where the personal
property subject of the robbery or theft was
possessed, bought, kept, or dealt with. The place
where the theft or robbery was committed was
inconsequential.
Q:Whendoesthepresumptionoffencingarise?
Thepresumptiondoesnotoffendthepresumption
of innocence enshrined in the fundamental law. It
only shifted the burden of proof to the defense.
Burdenofproofisuponthefencetoovercomethe
presumption.
E.g.Whenthepriceofanarticleiswaybelowordinary
prices, this fact may serve as knowledge/notice that
the article was derived from the proceeds of theft or
robbery.
Q:Whatdistinguishesfencingfromrobbery?
A:Thelawonfencingdoesnotrequiretheaccused
to have participated in the criminal design to
commit,ortohavebeeninanywiseinvolvedinthe
commission of, the crime of robbery or theft.
Neither is the crime of robbery or theft made to
dependonanactoffencinginorderthatitcanbe
238
Q:Whatisthesimilarityoffenceandaccessoryin
thecrimesofrobberyortheft?
A:Thereisasimilarityinthesensethatalltheacts
ofonewhoisanaccessorytothecrimesofrobbery
ortheftareincludedintheactsdefinedasfencing.
In fact, the accessory in the crimes of robbery or
theftcouldbeprosecutedassuchundertheRPCor
as a fence under P.D. 1612. (DizonPamintuan v.
People,G.R.No.111426,July11,1994)
A:
FENCING
Fencingislimitedto
theftandrobbery.The
termstheftandrobbery
areusedasageneric
termtorefertoanykind
ofunlawfultaking,not
justtheftorrobbery
Merepossessionof
stolenitemscreatesa
presumptionoffencing.
Fencingisaprincipal
crimeinitself.Assuch,it
canstandonitsown.
Thereisnoneedto
provethatoneisguilty
oftheftorrobbery.
Thepenaltyishigher
thanthepenaltyofan
accessory.
Malumprohibitum and
thereforethereisno
needtoprovecriminal
intent.
Thefenceneednotbea
naturalpersonbutmay
beafirm,association,
corporationor
partnershiporother
organization
ACCESSORY
Notlimitedinscope
Thereisnopresumption
ofviolation.
Itisnecessarytoprove
thattheprincipal
committedthecrime.
Hence,beforean
accessorycouldbeheld
liable,theprincipalmust
havebeenconvictedfirst
ofthecrimecharged
Penaltyislessthanthat
imposedinfencing.
Maluminseandtherefore
thereisaneedtoprove
criminalintent
Naturalpersononly
Q:Mayonewhoischargedasanaccessoryunder
Art.19par.1belikewisechargedunderP.D.1612
forthesameact?
A:Yes.WhatisprohibitedundertheConstitutionis
the prosecution of the accused twice for the same
offense.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
2.
A:
GR: There is a prima facie evidence of
knowledgeofinsufficientfundswhenthecheck
was presented within 90 days from the date
appearingonthecheckandwasdishonored.
XPN:
1. When the check was presented after 90
daysfromdate
2. Whenthemakerordrawer:
b. Makesarrangementsforpaymentin
full by the drawee of such check
withinfivebankingdaysafternotice
ofnonpayment.
Q:Whatpenaltymaybeimposedbythejudgefor
violationofB.P.22?
A:SCACNo.122000,asclarifiedbySCACNo.13
2001,establishedaruleonpreferenceinimposing
the penalties. When the circumstances of the case
clearly indicate good faith or clear mistake of fact
alone may be considered as the preferred penalty.
The determination of the circumstances that
warranttheimpositionoffinerestsupontrialjudge
only. Should the judge deem that imprisonment is
appropriate,suchpenaltymaybeimposed.
Q:Isbeingafirsttimeoffenderthesolefactorfor
thepreferentialpenaltyoffinealone?
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CircularNo.122000isnottoremoveimprisonmentas
an alternative penalty but to lay down a rule of
preferenceintheapplicationofthepenaltiesprovided
forinB.P.22.
Thus,AdministrativeCircularNo.122000establishesa
rule of preference in the application of the penal
provisions of B.P. 22 such that where the
circumstances of both the offense and the offender
clearly indicates good faith or a clear mistake of fact
without taint of negligence, the imposition of fine
alone should be considered as the more appropriate
penalty. Needless to say, the determination of
whether the circumstances warrant the imposition of
fine alone rests solely upon the judge. Should the
judge decide that imprisonment is the more
appropriate penalty, Administrative Circular No. 12
2000oughtnottobedeemedahindrance.
C.AntiCarnappingActof1972(R.A.6539)
(1)Definitionofterms
Q:Whatiscarnapping?
A:Carnappingisthetaking,withintenttogain,ofa
motor vehicle belonging to another without the
lattersconsent,orbymeansofviolenceagainstor
intimidation of person, or by using force upon
things.
Note:Theovertactwhichisbeingpunishedunderthis
lawascarnappingisalsothetakingofamotorvehicle
undercircumstancesoftheftorrobbery.
Q:Whatisamotorvehicle?
A:"Defacingor tamperingwith"aserialnumberis
the erasing, scratching, altering or changing of the
240
Q:Whatisrepainting?
Q:Whatisbodybuilding?
Q:Whatisremodeling?
Q:Whatisdismantling?
A:"Dismantling"isthetearingapart,piecebypiece
orpartbypart,ofamotorvehicle.
Q:Whatisoverhauling?
Q:Howiscarnappingcommitted?
A:Itcanbecommittedintwoways:
Illustration:
2.
Inanyotherunlawfulmeans.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Note:Ineithercase,thetakingisalwaysunlawfulfrom
thebeginning.
Q:SupposePedrosdriverdroveawayhiscar,isit
carnapping?
A:No.Thetakingofthevehicleisnotunlawfulfrom
thebeginningbecausethedriverwasauthorizedto
use the vehicle. The crime is qualified theft of a
motorvehicleunderArticle310oftheRPC.
(2)Registration
Q:Inwhatinstancesisregistrationrequired?
A:
Q:Whoshallregister?
A:Theownerinhisnameorinthenameofthereal
ownerwhoshallbereadilyavailabletoanswerany
claim over the registered motor vehicle engine,
engineblockorchassis.
A:Itshallbeconsideredas:
1. Untaxedimportation
2. Comingfromanillegalsource
3. Carnapped
2.
Registrationofsale,transfer,conveyance,
substitution or replacement of a motor
vehicleengine,engineblockorchassis.
(3)Whoareliable
(a)Dutyofcollectorofcustoms
Q:Whatisthedutyofcollectorofcustoms?
Note:Ifthemotorvehicleengine,engineblock,chassis
orbodydoesnotbearanyserialnumber,theCollector
of Customs concerned shall hold the motor vehicle
engine, engine block, chassis or body until it is
numberedbytheLandTransportationCommission.
(b)Dutyofimporters,distributorsandsellers
Q:Whatisthedutyofimporters,distributorsand
sellers?
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241
2.
(c)Clearanceandpermit
Q:Whenisclearanceandpermitrequired?
A:
1. For assembly or rebuilding of motor
vehicles. - Any person who shall
undertaketoassembleorrebuildorcause
the assembly or rebuilding of a motor
vehicle shall first secure a certificate of
clearance
from
the
Philippine
Constabulary
2.
Clearancerequiredforshipmentofmotor
vehicles, motor vehicle engines, engine
blocks, chassis or body Any person who
owns or operates interisland shipping or
any water transportation with launches,
boats,vesselsorshipsshallwithin7days
submit a report to the Philippine
Constabulary on all motor vehicle, motor
vehicle engines, engine blocks, chassis or
bodies transported by it for the motor
vehicle, motor vehicle engine, engine
block, chassis or body to be loaded on
boardthelaunch,boatvesselorship.
(4)Punishableacts
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
242
A:
1.
2.
D.HumanSecurityActof2007(R.A.9372)
Q:Whatarethepunishableactsofterrorism?
A:
a.RPC:
i. Piracy in General and Mutiny in the
HighSeasorinthePhilippineWaters
ii. RebellionorInsurrection
iii. Coup d'etat, including acts committed
byprivatepersons
iv. Murder
v. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal
Detention
vi. CrimesInvolvingDestruction;or
b.SpecialPenalLaws:
i. TheLawonArson
ii. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
NuclearWasteControlActof1990
iii. Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability
Actof1968
iv. AntiHijackingLaw
v. AntiPiracy and AntiHighway Robbery
Lawof1974and
vi. Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal
andUnlawfulPossession,Manufacture,
DealingIn,AcquisitionorDispositionof
Firearms,AmmunitionsorExplosives
Note:Theabovementionedactmust:
1. Sow and create a condition of widespread
andextraordinaryfearandpanicamongthe
populace
2. Coerce the government to give in to an
unlawfuldemand.(Sec.3)
E.AntiArsonLaw(P.D.1613)
Q:WhoareliableunderP.D.1613
A:Anypersonwho:
1.
Burnsorsetsfiretothepropertyof
another
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
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SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
4.Anyplantation,farm,pastureland,growing
crop, grain field, orchard, bamboo grove
orforest
5. Any rice mill, sugar mill, cane mill or mill
central
Q:Whenistheredestructivearson?
A:Whenthepropertyburnedis:
1. Any ammunition factory and other
establishment
where
explosives,
inflammableorcombustiblematerialsare
stored.
2. Any archive, museum, whether public or
private,oranyedificedevotedtoculture,
educationorsocialservices.
3. Any church or place of worship or other
buildingwherepeopleusuallyassemble.
4.Anytrain,airplaneoranyaircraft,vesselor
watercraft,
or
conveyance
for
transportationofpersonsorproperty
5.Anybuildingwhereevidenceiskeptforuse
in any legislative, judicial, administrative
orotherofficialproceedings.
6. Any hospital, hotel, dormitory, lodging
house, housing tenement, shopping
center, public or private market, theater
or movie house or any similar place or
building.
6.Anyrailwayorbusstation,airport,wharf
orwarehouse.(Sec.3)
Q: What are the aggravating circumstance under
P.D.1613?
A:
1.Ifcommittedwithintenttogain
2.Ifcommittedforthebenefitofanother
3. If the offender is motivated by spite or
hatred towards the owner or occupant of the
propertyburned
4.Ifcommittedbyasyndicate
Note:Theoffenseiscommittedbyasyndicateifitsis
plannedorcarriedoutbyagroupofthree(3)ormore
persons.
If the foregoing circumstance(s) are present, the
penalty shall be imposed to its maximum
period.(Sec.4)
7.Anybuilding,whetherusedasadwellingor
not,situatedinapopulatedorcongested
area.(Sec.2)
Q:WhataretheothercasesofArson?
A:Whenthepropertyburnedis:
1. Any building used as offices of the
governmentoranyofitsagencies
2.Anyinhabitedhouseordwelling
3. Any industrial establishment, shipyard, oil
wellormineshaft,platformortunnel
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XI.CRIMESAGAINSTCHASTITY
Q:Whatareprivatecrimes?
ADULTERYANDCONCUBINAGE
ADULTERY
(Art.333)
Q:Whataretheelementsofadultery?
A:
1. Womanismarried
2. Shehassexualintercoursewithamannot
herhusband
3. As regards the man with whom she has
sexual intercourse, he must know her to
bemarried
244
A:No,becauseofthefollowingreasons:
1. There may not be a joint criminal intent,
althoughthereisjointphysicalact.
2. Oneofthepartiesmaybeinsaneandthe
other sane, in which case, only the sane
couldbeheldliablecriminally.
3. Themanmaynotknowthatthewomanis
married, in which case, the man is
innocent.
4. Deathofthewomanduringthependency
of the action cannot defeat the trial and
convictionoftheman.
Note:Evenamarriedwomanwhoduetoherage,can
nolongerconceive,isliableforadultery.
Q: How is
prostitution?
A:
adultery
ADULTERY
Itisaprivateoffense.
Committedbyawoman
whethermarriedornot,
whoformoneyorprofit,
habituallyindulgesin
sexualintercourseor
lasciviousconduct.
distinguished
from
PROSTITUTION
Itisacrimeagainstpublic
morals.
Committedbyamarried
womanwhoshallhave
intercoursewithaman
notherhusband.
CONCUBINAGE
(Art.334)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Keepingamistressintheconjugaldwelling.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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3.
Q:Whataretheelementsofconcubinage?
A:
1. Manmustbemarried.
2. Hecommittedanyofthefollowingacts:
a. Keeping a mistress in the conjugal
dwelling;or
b. Having sexual intercourse, under
scandalous circumstances, with a
womanwhoisnothiswife;or
c. Cohabiting with her in any other
place.
Q:Whoisincludedinthecomplaint?
Thisisacrimecommittedbythemarriedman,the
husband.Similarly,itincludesthewomanwhohad
arelationshipwiththemarriedman.
Illustration:
Illustration:
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
A:Actsoflasciviousness:
1. UnderArticle336(Actsoflasciviousness)
2. Under Article 339 (Acts of lasciviousness
withtheconsentoftheoffendedparty)
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
(Art.336)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender commits any act of
lasciviousnessorlewdness.
2. Actoflasciviousnessiscommittedagainst
apersonofeithersex.
3. It is done under any of the following
circumstances:
a. Byusingforceorintimidation;
b. Whentheoffendedpartyisdeprived
ofreasonorotherwiseunconscious;
c. By means of fraudulent machination
orgraveabuseofauthority;
d. Whentheoffendedpartyisunder12
yearsofageorisdemented.
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Illustration:
Iflewddesigncannotbeprovenaswheretheaccused
merely kissed and embraced the complainant either
outofpassionorothermotive,touchingherbreastas
a mere incident, the act would be categorized as
unjustvexation.(Peoplev.Climaco,46O.G.3186)
Q:Whomaybetheoffendedparty?
A:Theoffendedpartymaybeamanorawoman:
1. Under12yearsofage;or
2. Beingover12yearsofage,thelascivious
acts were committed on him or her
throughviolenceorintimidation,orwhile
the offender party was deprived of
reason,orotherwiseunconscious.
Q:Whatisrequiredinordertosustainconviction
foractsoflasciviousness?
Q:Isintenttorapeanelementofthecrime?
A:Intenttorapeisnotanecessaryelementofthe
crime of acts of lasciviousness; otherwise, there
wouldbenocrimeofattemptedrape.
A:
ACTSOF
LASCIVIOUSNESS
Purposeisonlyto
commitactsof
lewdness.
Lasciviousactsare
themselvesthefinal
objectivesoughtby
theoffender.
ATTEMPTEDRAPE
Purposeistoliewiththe
offendedwoman.
Lasciviousactsarebutthe
preparatoryactstothe
commissionofrape.
246
Illustration:
SEDUCTION,CORRUPTIONOFMINORSAND
WHITESLAVETRADE
SEDUCTION
Q:Howisseductioncommitted?
A:Seductioniscommittedbyenticingawomanto
unlawfulsexualintercoursebypromiseofmarriage
orothermeansofpersuasionwithoutuseofforce.
QUALIFIEDSEDUCTION
(Art.337)
A:
1. Seduction of a virgin over 12 years and
under18yearsofagebycertainpersons,
such as, a person in authority, priest,
teacher,etc.;and
Elements:
a. Offended party is a virgin which is
presumedifsheisunmarriedandof
goodreputation
b. fSheisover12andunder18yearsof
age
c. Offender has sexual intercourse
withher
d. There is abuse of authority,
confidence or relationship on the
partoftheoffender
A:
1. Thosewhoabusedtheirauthority:
a. Personinpublicauthority
b. Guardian
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
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2.
Teacher
Person who, in any capacity, is
entrusted with the education or
custodyofthewomanseduced
Thosewhoabusedconfidencereposedin
them:
a. Priest
b. Houseservant
c. Domestic
Illustration:
Wherethecomplainantwhois16yearsold
livesinthesamehousewheretheaccused,
her uncle, also lives, the latter is guilty of
Qualified Seduction when he had sexual
intercoursewithherwithconsentsinceheis
considered a domestic. (People v.
Subingsubing, G.R. Nos. 10494243 Nov.25,
1993)
3.
Thosewhoabusedtheirrelationship:
a. Brotherwhoseducedhissister
b. Ascendant who seduced his
descendant
Deceitisnotnecessaryinqualifiedseduction.
Q:Whatisthemeaningofvirginityforpurposesof
qualifiedseduction?
Note:Virginityisnottobeunderstoodinsoamaterial
senseastoexcludetheideaofabductionofavirtuous
womanofagoodreputation.Thus,whentheaccused
claims he had prior sexual intercourse with the
complainant,thelatterisstilltobeconsideredavirgin.
But if it was established that the girl had carnal
SIMPLESEDUCTION
(Art.338)
Q:Whataretheelementsofsimpleseduction?
A:
1. Offended party is over 12 and under 18
yearsofage.
2. Shemustbeofgoodreputation,singleor
widow.
3. Offenderhassexualintercoursewithher.
4. Itiscommittedbymeansofdeceit.
Note:Virginityofoffendedpartyisnotrequired.
ACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESSWITHTHECONSENTOF
THEOFFENDEDPARTY(Art.339)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offender commits acts of lasciviousness
orlewdness.
2. Actsarecommitteduponawomanwhois
virgin or single or widow of good
reputation, under 18 years of age but
over 12 years, or a sister or descendant
regardlessofherreputationorage.
4. Malecannotbetheoffendedpartyinthis
crime.
Q:DistinguishActsoflasciviousnessunderArt.336
fromArt.339.
A:
ARTICLE336
Theactsarecommitted
undercircumstances
whichhadtherebeen
ARTICLE339
Theactsoflasciviousness
arecommittedunderthe
circumstanceswhichhad
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247
carnalknowledge,would
amounttorape.
Theoffendedparty
isafemaleormale
therebeencarnal
knowledge,would
amounttoeither
qualifiedseductionor
simpleseduction.
Theoffendedparty
shouldonlybefemale
CORRUPTIONOFMINORS
(Art.340,asamendedbyB.P.92)
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableunderthisarticle?
Q:Isitnecessarythatunchasteactsaredone?
A:No.Mereproposalconsummatestheoffense.
Underthepresentwordingsofthelaw,asingleactof
promotingorfacilitatingthecorruptionorprostitution
of minor is sufficient to constitute violation of this
article.
Illustration:
Thisisusuallytheactofapimpwhoofferstopleasure
seekers, women for the satisfaction of their lustful
desires. A mere proposal would consummate the
crime.Butitmustbetosatisfythelustofanother,not
his(proponents).Thevictimmustbebelow18.
WHITESLAVETRADE
(Art.341)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Engaginginthebusinessofprostitution
2. Profitingbyprostitution
A:
CORRUPTIONOF
MINORS
Itisessentialthat
victimsareminors
Victimsareofeithersex
248
Maynotnecessarilybe
forprofit
Committedbyasingle
act
Generallyforprofit
Generally,committed
habitually
ABDUCTION
Q:Whatisabduction?
Q:Whatarethekindsofabduction?
A:
1. Forcibleabduction(Art.342)
2. Consentedabduction(Art343)
Q:Whatareelementsofforcibleabduction?
A:
1. Person abducted is any woman,
regardless of her age, civil status, or
reputation
2. Abductionisagainstherwill
3. Abductioniswithlewddesigns
Note:Ifthefemaleabductedisunder12yearsofage,
thecrimeisforcibleabduction,evenifshevoluntarily
goeswithherabductor.
Wherelewddesignwasnotprovedorshown,andthe
victim was deprived of her liberty, the crime is
kidnapping with serious illegal detention under Art.
267.
Illustration:
WHITESLAVETRADE
Q:Issexualintercoursenecessary?
Minoritynotneednotbe
established
Victimsarefemales
Note:Thereisnocomplexcrimeofforcibleabduction
with attempted rape because the attempt to rape is
absorbedbytheabduction.
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
1. Offendedpartymustbeavirgin.
Illustration:
Ratio:Actually,thepurposeofthelawisnottopunish
thewrongdonetoher,becausesheconsentedthereto
but to prescribe punishment for the disgrace of her
family and the alarm caused to the parents by the
disgrace of a beloved onewho by her age and sex, is
susceptibleofdeceit,cajoleryandevenperdition.(U.S.
v.Reyes,20Phil.510)
PROVISIONSRELATIVETOTHEPRECEDING
CHAPTERSOFTITLEELEVEN
PROSECUTIONOFTHECRIMESOFADULTERY,
CONCUBINAGE,SEDUCTION,ABDUCTION,RAPE,
ANDACTSOFLASCIVIOUSNESS
A:
SEDUCTION,ABDUCTION,
ADULTERYAND
RAPEORACTSOF
CONCUBINAGE
LASCIVIOUSNESS
Prosecution
Mustbeprosecutedupon
complaintsignedby:
Mustbeprosecuted
1. Offendedparty
uponcomplaint
2. Herparents
signedbythe
3. Grandparents,or
offendedspouse
4. Guardiansintheorder
namedabove.
Pardon
Anexpresspardonbythe
offendedpartyorother
personsnamedinthelawto
theoffender,asthecasemay
be,barsprosecution.
GR:Parentcannotvalidly
Mustbemadebythe
grantpardontotheoffender
offendedpartyto
withouttheexpresspardon
boththeoffenders.
ofthegirl.
Maybeabarto
XPN:Whensheisdeador
prosecutionifmade
otherwiseincapacitatedto
beforetheinstitution
grantit,thatherparents,
ofthecriminalaction.
grandparentsorguardian
maydosoforher.
Maybeexpressor
implied.
GR:Pardonbytheoffended
partywhoisaminormust
havetheconcurrenceof
parents.
XPN:Whentheoffendedgirl
hasnoparentswhocould
concurinthepardon.
GR:Offendedparty,evenifaminor,hastheright
to institute the prosecution for the above
mentionedoffenses,independentlyofherparents,
grandparentsorguardian.
XPN:Ifsheisincompetentorincapableofdoingso
upongroundsotherthanherminority.
Iftheoffendedwomanisofage,sheshouldbetheone
tofilethecomplaint.
A:
1. Parents
2. Grandparents
3. Guardian
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
249
CIVILLIABILITYOFPERSONSGUILTYOFCRIMES
AGAINSTCHASTITY
A:
1. Toindemnifytheoffendedwoman
2. To acknowledge the offspring, unless the
lawshouldpreventhimfromdoingso
3. Ineverycasetosupporttheoffspring
A.AntiPhotoandVideoVoyeurismActof2009
(R.A.9995)
Q:WhataretheprohibitedactsunderR.A.9995
A:
1.
2.
250
3.
4.
Note:Theprohibitionunderparagraphs(2),(3)and(4)
shall apply notwithstanding that consent to record or
takephotoorvideocoverageofthesamewasgivenby
suchperson/s.Anypersonwhoviolatesthisprovision
shallbeliableforphotoorvideovoyeurismasdefined
herein.
B.SpecialProtectionofChildrenAgainstChild
Abuse,Exploitation,andDiscriminationAct
(R.A.7610,asamended)
(1)ChildProstitutionandotheractsofabuse
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:ThePunishableactsaretheff:
1.
b. Inducingapersontobeaclientofa
child prostitute by means of written
or oral advertisements or other
similarmeans
e. Givingmonetaryconsiderationgoods
orotherpecuniarybenefittoachild
with intent to engage such child in
prostitution
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
3.
Anypersonwho,notbeingarelativeofa
child, is found alone with the said child
insidetheroomorcubicleofahouse,an
inn, hotel, motel, pension house,
apartelle or other similar establishments,
vessel, vehicle or any other hidden or
secludedareaundercircumstanceswhich
would lead a reasonable person to
believe that the child is about to be
exploitedinprostitutionandothersexual
abuse.
Q:Whatisthedifferencebetweenprosecutionfor
acts of lasciviousness under Art. 336, RPC and RA
7610?
A:
Art.336RPC
Shallbepunishedby
prisioncorreccional
RA7610
Thepenaltyshallbe1
degreehigherthanthat
penaltyimposedbylaw
whenthevictimisunder
12yearsofage
(2)Obscenepublicationsandindecentshows
C.AntiTraffickinginPersonsActof2003
(R.A.9208)
Note:Traffickedpersonsshallberecognizedasvictims
oftheactoractsoftraffickingandassuchshallnotbe
penalized for crimes directly related to the acts of
trafficking enumerated in this Act or in obedience to
theordermadebythetraffickerinrelationthereto.In
this regard, the consent of a trafficked person to the
intended exploitation set forth in this Act shall be
irrelevant.(Sec.17)
Q:WhatarethepunishableactsunderR.A.9208?
A: It shall be unlawful for any person, natural or
juridical,tocommitanyofthefollowingacts:
1.
2.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
251
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D.AntiViolenceagainstWomenandtheir
ChildrenActof2004(R.A.9262)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A: The crime of violence against women and their
childreniscommittedthroughanyofthefollowing
acts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
252
Placingthewomanorherchildinfearof
imminentphysicalharm
6.
7.
8.
d. Preventingthewomaninengagingin
any
legitimate
profession,
occupation, business or activity or
controlling the victim's own money
or properties, or solely controlling
the conjugal or common money, or
properties
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
b.
c.
d.
e.
Enteringorremaininginthedwelling
oronthepropertyofthewomanor
herchildagainsther/hiswill
E.AntiSexualHarassmentActof1995
(R.A.7877)
Q.WhatarethepunishableactsunderRA7887?
c.
2.
Inaneducationortrainingenvironment,
sexualharassmentiscommitted:
a.
b.
c.
9.
d.
A.
1.
In a workrelated or employment
environment, sexual harassment is
committedwhen:
a.
b.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
253
XII.CRIMESAGAINSTCIVILSTATUS
SIMULATIONOFBIRTHSANDUSURPATIONOF
CIVILSTATUS
SIMULATIONOFBIRTHS,SUBSTITUTIONOFONE
CHILDFORANOTHERANDCONCEALMENTOR
ABANDONMENTOFALEGITIMATECHILD
(Art.347)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Simulationofbirths
2. Substitutionofonechildforanother
3. Concealing or abandoning any legitimate
child with intent to cause such child to
loseitscivilstatus.
Q:Whataretheelementsofsimulationofbirths?
A:
1. The child is baptized or registered in the
registryofbirthastheoffenders
2. Thechildlosesitsrestatusandacquiresa
newone
3. The offenders spouse was to cause the
loss of any trace as to the childs true
filiation
A:
1. Thechildmustbelegitimate
2. The offender conceals or abandons such
child
3. The offender has the intent to cause the
childtoloseitscivilstatus
The woman who has given birth and the one who
furnishesthechildarebothliableasprincipals.
Q:Whendoessimulationofbirthtakeplace?
A:Simulationofbirthtakesplacewhenthewoman
pretends to be pregnant when in fact she is not,
254
andonthedayofthesupposeddelivery,takesthe
childofanotherasherown.
Physicianorsurgeonorpublicofficerwhocooperates
intheexecutionofthecrimeisalsoliable.
USURPATIONOFCIVILSTATUS
(Art.348)
Q:Howisthiscrimecommitted?
Q:Whatdoescivilstatusinclude?
Note:Theremustbeintenttoenjoytherightsarising
fromthecivilstatusofanother.
Q:Whatwouldqualifythiscrime?
A:Ifthepurposeistodefraudoffendedpartiesand
heirs.
ILLEGALMARRIAGES
BIGAMY
(Art.349)
Q:Whataretheelementsofbigamy?
A:
1. Offenderhasbeenlegallymarried
2. Marriage has not been legally dissolved
or,incasehisorherspouseisabsent,the
absentspousecouldnotyetbepresumed
deadaccordingtotheNewCivilCode
3. He contracts a second or subsequent
marriage
4. Second or subsequent marriage has all
theessentialrequisitesforvalidity
Nullityofthefirstmarriageisnotadefenseinbigamy
Bigamyisnotaprivatecrime
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
GR:Ajudicialdeclarationofnullityofaprevious
marriage is necessarybeforeasubsequent one
canbelegallycontracted.Onewhoentersintoa
subsequent marriage without first obtaining
suchjudicialdeclarationisguiltyofbigamy.This
principle applies even if the earlier union is
characterizedbystatutesas"void."(Mercadov.
Tan,G.R.No.137110,Aug.1,2000)
Illustration:
Q:Whendoestheprescriptiveperiodcommence?
MARRIAGECONTRACTEDAGAINSTPROVISIONS
OFLAWS(Art.350)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offendercontractedmarriage
2. Heknewatthetimethatthe:
a. Requirements of the law were not
compliedwith;or
b. Marriage was in disregard of a legal
impediment.
Q:Whatwouldqualifythiscrime?
Note:Offendermustnotbeguiltyofbigamy.
PREMATUREMARRIAGES
(Art.351)
Q:Whoarethepersonsliable?
A:
1. Widowwhomarriedwithin301daysfrom
the date of thedeath of her husband, or
beforehavingdeliveredifsheispregnant
atthetimeofhisdeath.
Q:Whatisthepurposeofthearticle?
A:Topreventdoubtfulpaternity
Note:Womanwillnotbeliableifshehas:
1. Alreadydelivered
2. Conclusiveproofthatshewasnotpregnant
byher1stspousesincehewaspermanently
sterile.(Peoplev.Masinsin,CA49OG3908)
PERFORMANCEOFILLEGALMARRIAGE
CEREMONY(Art.352)
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableunderthisarticle?
Note:Art.352presupposesthatthepriestorminister
orcivilauthorityisauthorizedtosolemnizemarriages.
Otherwise,heisliableunderArt.177.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
255
XIII.CRIMESAGAINSTHONOR(353364)
LIBEL
(Art.353)
Q:Whatislibel?
Q:Howislibelcommitted?
Note:Nodistinctionbetweencalumny,insultandlibel.
Q:Whoareliableforlibel?
A:
1. Any person who shall publish, exhibit or
causethepublicationorexhibitionofany
defamationinwritingorbysimilarmeans.
Q:Whataretheelementsofdefamation?
A:
1. There must be an imputation of a crime,
orofaviceordefect,realorimaginary,or
any act, omission, condition, status or
circumstance.
2. Imputationmustbemadepublicly.
3. Itmustbemalicious.
4. Itmustbedirectedatanaturalorjuridical
person,oronewhoisdead(identification
oftheoffendedpartyisrequired).
5. It must tend to cause the dishonor,
discredit or contempt of the person
defamed.
Q:Whatismalice?
A:Maliceisatermusedtoindicatethefactthatthe
offender is prompted by personal illwill or spite
256
Note:Inlibelcases,thequestionisnotwhatthevictim
meansbutwhatthewordsusedbyhimmean.(Sazon
v.CA,G.R.No.120715,Mar.29,1996)
Q:Whatarethetwokindsofmalice?
A:
1. Malice in fact maybe shown by proof of
illwill,hatred,orpurposetoinjure.
Q:Whenismalicenotpresumed?
A:Maliceisnotpresumedinthefollowing:
Requisites:
a. Person
who
made
the
communication had a legal moral or
social duty to make the
communicationoratleast,hehadan
interesttobeupheld;
b. Communication is addressed to an
officer, or a board, or superior,
having some interest or duty in the
matter;
c. Statements in the communication
are made in good faith without
malice(infact).
Q:Inwhatwaymaylibelbecommitted?
A:Libelmaybecommittedby:
1. Writing
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
Printing
Lithography
Engraving
Radio
Phonograph
Painting
Theatricalexhibition
Cinematographicexhibition
Anysimilarmean
A:Yes.Theremustbesomecommunicationofthe
rd
defamatorymattertosome3 persons.
Illustration:
Thedeliveryofthearticletothetypesetterissufficient
publication.(U.S.v.Crame,10Phil.135)
A:TobeliableforlibelunderArticle353oftheRPC,
thefollowingelementsmustbeshowntoexist:
1. The allegation of a discreditable act or
conditionconcerninganother
2. Publicationofthecharge
3. Identityofthepersondefamed
4. Existenceofmalice.
Publication,inthelawoflibel,meansthemakingof
the defamatory matter, after it has been written,
knowntosomeoneotherthanthepersontowhom
ithasbeenwritten.Ifthestatementissentstraight
to a person for whom it is written there is no
publication of it. The reason for this is that a
communication of the defamatory matter to the
person defamed cannot injure his reputation
though it may wound his selfesteem. A mans
reputation is not the good opinion he has of
himself, but the estimation in which others hold
him.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
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VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
257
Q:Whatisthecommondefenseinlibel?
A:Thatitiscoveredbyprivilegedcommunication.
1. Absoluteprivilegednotactionableeven
if the author has acted in bad faith like
the statements made by members of
Congress in the discharge of their official
functions;
THREATENINGTOPUBLISHANDOFFERTO
PREVENTSUCHPUBLICATIONFORA
COMPENSATION(Art.356)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Threatening another to publish a libel
concerning him, or his parents, spouse,
child,orothermembersofhisfamily.
258
Q:Inwhatfeloniesisblackmailcommitted?
A:
1. Lightthreats
2. Threatening to publish, or offering to
prevent the publication of, a libel for
compensation
Q:Whoarethepersonsliableforlibel?
A:
1. Person who publishes, exhibits or causes
the publication or exhibition of any
defamationinwritingorsimilarmeans.
2. Authororeditorofabookorpamphlet.
Q:Whereshouldacomplaintforlibelbefiled?
A:Criminalandcivilactionsfordamagesincaseof
writtendefamationsshallbefiledsimultaneouslyor
separately with the court of first instance of the
provinceorcity:
PROOFOFTRUTH
(Art.361)
Q:Whenisproofoftruthadmissible?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
1.
2.
Whentheoffendedpartyisagovernment
employee, even if the act or omission
imputed does not constitute a crime,
provided, it is related to the discharge of
hisofficialduties.
Q:WhatisthesocalledGagLaw?
SLANDER(ORALDEFAMATION)
(Art.358)
Q:Whatarethekindsoforaldefamation?
A:
1. Simpleslander
2. Grave slander, when it is of a serious and
insultingnature.
A:
Note:Proofoftruthmustrestuponpositive,direct
evidence upon which a definite finding may be
madebythecourt.Butprobablecauseforbeliefin
thetruthofthestatementissufficient.
Q:Isproofoftruthenough?
A:No.Itisalsorequiredthatthematterchargedas
libelous was published with good motives and for
justifiableends.
Q:Whatarethepossibledefensesinthecrimeof
libel?
A:
1. It appears that the matters charged as
libelousistrue
2. Itwaspublishedwithgoodmotives
3. Andforajustifiableend
LIBELOUSREMARKS
(Art.362)
ORALDEFAMATION
Maliciousimputationofany
act,omission,conditionor
circumstanceagainsta
person,doneorallyinpublic,
tendingtocausedishonor,
discredit,contemptand
embarrassmentorridicule
tothelatter.
Acrimeagainsthonor
penalizedinArt.358,RPC.
PROHIBITEDPUBLICATIONOFACTSREFERREDTO
INTHECOURSEOFOFFICIALPROCEEDINGS
(Art.357)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderisareporter,editorormanager
ofanewspaperdailyormagazine.
Note:Prohibitionapplieseventhoughsaidpublication
bemadeinconnectionwithorunderthepretextthat
it is necessary in the narration of any judicial or
CRIMINAL
CONVERSATION
Usedinmakinga
politereferenceto
sexualintercourseas
incertaincrimes,like
rape,seductionand
adultery.
Hasnodefinite
conceptasacrime.
Q:Whatarethefactorsthatdeterminethegravity
oforaldefamation?
A:
1.
2.
3.
Expressionsused
Personalrelationsoftheaccusedandthe
offendedparty
Circumstancessurroundingthecase
Note:Socialstandingandthepositionoftheoffended
partyarealsotakenintoaccount.
Slanderneednotbeheardbytheoffendedparty.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
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259
SLANDERBYDEED
(Art.359)
Q:Whatisslanderbydeed?
A:Slanderbydeedisacrimeagainsthonorwhichis
committed by performing any act which casts
dishonor, discredit, or contempt upon another
person.
Q:Whataretheelementsofslanderbydeed?
A:
1. Offenderperformsanyactnotincludedin
anyothercrimeagainsthonor
2. Such act is performed in the presence of
otherpersonorpersons
3. Such act casts dishonor, discredit or
contemptupontheoffendedparty
Q:Whatarethekindsofslanderbydeed?
A:
1. Simple slander by deed performance of
anact,notuseofwords.
Q:Whatdeterminesifanactisslanderbydeedor
not?
Illustration:
260
INCRIMINATORYMACHINATIONS
INCRMINATINGINNOCENTPERSON
(Art.363)
Q:Whataretheelementsofthiscrime?
A:
1. Offenderperformsanact
3. Suchactdoesnotconstituteperjury
A:
INCRIMINATINGAN
INNOCENTPERSON
Committedbyperforming
anactbywhichthe
offenderdirectly
incriminatesorimputesto
aninnocentpersonthe
commissionofacrime.
Limitedtotheactof
plantingevidenceandthe
like,inordertoincriminate
aninnocentperson.
PERJURYBYMAKING
FALSEACCUSATION
Thegravamenofthe
offenseisthe
imputationitself,
falselymade,beforean
officer.
Givingoffalse
statementunderoath
orthemakingofafalse
affidavit,imputingtoa
personthecommission
ofacrime.
A:
INCRIMINATORY
MACHINATION
Offenderperformsactsto
directlyimputetoan
innocentpersonthe
commissionofthecrime.
DEFAMATION
Offenderavailshimself
ofwrittenorspoken
wordsinbesmirchingthe
victimsreputation.
INTRIGUINGAGAINSTHONOR
(Art.364)
Q:Whatisintriguingagainsthonor?
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA
A:
INTRIGUING
AGAINSTHONOR
SLANDER
Thesourceofthe
defamatory
utteranceisunknown
andtheoffender
simplyrepeatsor
passesthesame,
withoutsubscribing
tothetruththereof.
Offendermadetheutterance,
wherethesourceofthe
defamatorynatureofthe
utteranceisknown,and
offendermakesa
republicationthereof,even
thoughherepeatsthe
libelousstatementascoming
fromanother,aslongasthe
sourceisidentified.
a.AdministrativeCircular082008Re:Guidelines
intheObservanceofaRuleofPreferenceinthe
ImpositionofPenaltiesinLibelCases
1.Preferenceofimpositionoffine
Note:Article355oftheRPCpenalizeslibelwith prision
correctional in its minimum and medium
periods or fine ranging from 200 to 6,000 pesos, or
both, in addition to the civil action which may be
broughtbytheoffendedparty.
Inthefollowingcases,theCourtoptedtoimposeonly
afineonthepersonconvictedofthecrimeoflibel:
In Mariv.CA, wherethecrimeinvolvedisslanderby
deed,theCourtmodifiedthepenaltyimposedonthe
petitioner, an ordinary government employee, from
imprisonment to fine of P1,000.00, with subsidiary
imprisonmentincaseofinsolvency,onthegroundthat
thelattercommittedtheoffenseintheheatofanger
andinreactiontoaperceivedprovocation.
ACADEMICSCHAIR:LESTERJAYALANE.FLORESII
UNIVERSITYOFSANTOTOMAS
V ICECHAIRSFORACADEMICS:KARENJOYG.SABUGO&JOHNHENRYC.MENDOZA
Facultad de Derecho Civil
VICECHAIRFORADMINISTRATIONANDFINANCE:JEANELLEC.LEE
VICECHAIRSFORLAYOUTANDDESIGN:EARLLOUIEM.MASACAYAN&THEENAC.MARTINEZ
261
XIV.CRIMINALNEGLIGENCE
A:
1.
CRIMINALNEGLIGENCEIMPRUDENCEAND
NEGLIGENCE(Art.365)
Q:Whatarethepunishableacts?
A:
1. Committing through reckless imprudence
any act which, had it been intentional,
would constitute a grave or less grave
felonyorlightfelony
Note:Imprudenceornegligenceisnotacrimeitself.It
issimplyawayofcommittingacrime.
Negligenceindicatesadeficiencyofperception;failure
inadvertence.
RECKLESSIMPRUDENCE
Q:Whataretheelementsofrecklessimprudence?
A:
1. Offenderdoesorfailstodoanact.
2. Thedoingoforthefailuretodothatactis
voluntary.
3. Itbewithoutmalice.
4. Materialdamageresults.
5. Thereisaninexcusablelackofprecaution
on the part of the person performing or
failing to perform such act taken into
consideration:
a. Employmentoroccupation
b. Degreeofintelligence
c. Physicalcondition
d. Other circumstances regarding
persons,timeandplace
SIMPLEIMPRUDENCE
Q:Whataretheelementsofsimpleimprudence?
262
2.
Thereislackofprecautiononthepartof
theoffender.
Q:Whatisthedoctrineoflastclearchance?
Q:Whatisemergencyrule?
A:Theemergencyruleprovidesthatanautomobile
driverwho,bythenegligenceofanotherandnotby
his own negligence, is suddenly placed in an
emergencyandcompelledtoactinstantlytoavoid
acollisionorinjuryisnotguiltyofnegligenceifhe
makes such a choice which a person of ordinary
prudence placed in such a position might make
eventhoughhedidnotmakethewisestchoice.
Q:Whatarethedistinctionsbetweenimprudence
andnegligence?
A:
NEGLIGENCE
Deficiencyof perception
Failureinadvertence
Avoidedbypayingproper
attentionandusingthe
diligenceinforeseeingthem
IMPRUDENCE
Deficiencyofaction
Failureinprecaution
Takingnecessary
precautiononce
foreseen
CRIMINALLAWTEAM:
ADVISER:JUDGERICOSEBASTIAND.LIWANAG;SUBJECTHEAD:ZANDYA.ZACATE;ASST.SUBJECTHEADS:ANNAFEABAD&PAULROMEO
POLLOSO; MEMBERS: SHARMAGNE JOY BINAY, MARIA CARMELLA BUSTONERA, MARY GRACE CAMAYO, DELFIN FABRIGAS, JR., SPINEL
ALBERTDECLARO,ERIKGALLARDO,KINGJAMESCARLOHIZON,CARMINAMAEMANALO,FAYEANGELAPASCUA,ANTHONYROBLES,RAISSA
SAIPUDIN,ADRIANVALBUENA