Tao Shi

5th April 2016, Zaragoza

Outline
Exotic photon statistics in few-body and many-body quantum
optical systems with strong single-photon nonlinearities.

Multi-photon scattering theory.

A variety of photon statistics in Rydberg-EIT systems.

Multi-photon bound states.

Introduction to
single-photon nonlinearities

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

A. Imamoglu et al,
PRL 79, 1467 (1997)

1997

2005

2007

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

A. Imamoglu et al,
PRL 79, 1467 (1997)

1997
g (2) ( )

2005

: n( ) n(0) :
n(0)

2007

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

K. M. Birnbaum et al, Nature 436, 87 (2005)

A. Imamoglu et al,
PRL 79, 1467 (1997)

1997
g (2) ( )

2005

: n( ) n(0) :
n(0)

2007

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

K. M. Birnbaum et al, Nature 436, 87 (2005)

A. Imamoglu et al,
PRL 79, 1467 (1997)

1997
g (2) ( )

2005

: n( ) n(0) :
n(0)

2007

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

K. M. Birnbaum et al, Nature 436, 87 (2005)

D. E. Chang et al,
Nat. Phys. 3, 807 (2007)

A. Imamoglu et al,
PRL 79, 1467 (1997)

1997
g (2) ( )

2005

2007

: n( ) n(0) :
n(0)

J. T. Shen and S. Fan,

PRL 98, 153003 (2007)

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

LSZ reduction:

T. Shi and C. P. Sun,

PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

2008 2011

T. Shi, S. Fan, and C. P. Sun,

PRA 84, 063803 (2011)

2011 2013

2014 2015

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

LSZ reduction:

e
T. Shi and C. P. Sun,
PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

2008 2011

T. Shi, S. Fan, and C. P. Sun,

PRA 84, 063803 (2011)

U
g
2011 2013

2014 2015

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

LSZ reduction:

e
T. Shi and C. P. Sun,
PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

2008 2011

T. Shi, S. Fan, and C. P. Sun,

PRA 84, 063803 (2011)

U
g
2011 2013

A. Majumdar et al, PRL 108, 183601 (2012)

M. Bamba et al, PRA 83, 021802(R) (2011)
T. Shi and S. Fan, PRA 87, 063818 (2013)

2014 2015

Generation of photons with exotic statistics

LSZ reduction:

e
T. Shi and C. P. Sun,
PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

2008 2011

T. Shi, S. Fan, and C. P. Sun,

PRA 84, 063803 (2011)

U
g

C. Sanchez Muoz et al,

Nat. Photon. 8, 550 (2014)

2011 2013

2014 2015

A. Majumdar et al, PRL 108, 183601 (2012)

M. Bamba et al, PRA 83, 021802(R) (2011)
T. Shi and S. Fan, PRA 87, 063818 (2013)

Y. Chang et al arXiv:1510.07307.

Many-body phenomena of photons

A. D. Greentree et al. Nat. Phys. 2, 856 (2006).

T. Shi et al. arXiv:1603.03266.

A. Gonzlez-Tudela et al. Nat. Photon. 9, 320 (2015).

T. Peyronel et al. Nature 488, 57 (2012).

Multi-photon scattering theory

LSZ reduction formalism

T. Shi and C. P. Sun, PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

LSZ reduction formalism

T. Shi and C. P. Sun, PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

Equivalence of QST and ME is not justified.

LSZ reduction formalism

T. Shi and C. P. Sun, PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

Equivalence of QST and ME is not justified.

Dynamics, i.e., transient processes, can not be studied.

LSZ reduction formalism

T. Shi and C. P. Sun, PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

Equivalence of QST and ME is not justified.

Dynamics, i.e., transient processes, can not be studied.
Many-body physics for the system containing multi-impurities.

LSZ reduction formalism

T. Shi and C. P. Sun, PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

Equivalence of QST and ME is not justified.

Dynamics, i.e., transient processes, can not be studied.
Many-body physics for the system containing multi-impurities.
Some non-Markovian effects.

LSZ reduction formalism

T. Shi and C. P. Sun, PRB 79, 205111 (2009)

Equivalence of QST and ME is not justified.

Dynamics, i.e., transient processes, can not be studied.
Many-body physics for the system containing multi-impurities.
Some non-Markovian effects.
More friendly for quantum opticians.

Emitter-photon systems

rk

lk

Emitter-photon systems

rk

lk

Transition amplitudes
Definition:

Transition amplitudes
Definition:

Transition amplitudes
Definition:

General incident states:

Transition amplitudes
Definition:

General incident states:

Coherent state representation:

Transition amplitudes
Definition:

General incident states:

Coherent state representation:

Generating functional:

System correlators
Transition amplitude is related to correlators of system operators:

FT
Fourier transform of

t1 , t2 ,..., tn

Operators driven by
the effective Hamiltonian (Markovian limit)

or
the effective action (Non-Markovian limit)

T. Shi, D. E. Chang, and J. I. Cirac, PRA 92, 053834 (2015)

T. Caneva, M. Manzoni, T. Shi, J. Douglas, J. I. Cirac and D. E Chang, New J. Phys. 17 113001 (2015)

Generalized Master Equation

Time evolution of reduced density matrix for finite number of incident photons:
Time evolution operator:

Coherent state representation:

Generalized Master Equation

Time evolution of reduced density matrix for finite number of incident photons:
Time evolution operator:

Coherent state representation:

A displacement transformation:

Generating density matrix:

System Hamiltonian containing a driving term

Generalized Master Equation

Time evolution of reduced density matrix for finite number of incident photons:
Time evolution operator:

Coherent state representation:

Derivatives
Few-photon
scattering
A displacement transformation: of the finite order of J

Generating density matrix:

System Hamiltonian containing a driving term

Weak driving

Applications

Rydberg-EIT system
Rydberg atom gases
Interaction potential V

energy

blockade regime

Van-der-Waals:

Vvdw ( r )

C6
r6

Dipole-dipole:

Vdd ( r )

C3
r3

Rydberg radius rb is determined by Ci ,

in which the energy of the Rydberg
state is shifted manifestly and the
Rydberg blockade takes place.

Rydberg-EIT system
Electromagnetic induced transparency (EIT)
e'

s'
s

g
g

Dark polariton, which is the superposition of g and s , propagates freely.

The velocity is determined by the ratio V / .

Rydberg-EIT system

S.-P. Yu et al, APL 104, 111103 (2014)

Ps

Counter- and co-propagations of dark polaritons

0

Ps

x2

x1

Ps

x2

x1

T. Shi, D. E. Chang and J. I. Cirac, PRA 92, 053834 (2015).

Versatile photonic statistics

(2)

g (2) ( )

( )
10

g (2) (0)

101
102
0

0.1

0.2

e
V

e
V

T. Shi, D. E. Chang and J. I. Cirac, PRA 92, 053834 (2015).

T. Caneva, M. T Manzoni, T. Shi, J. S. Douglas, J. I. Cirac, and D. E. Chang, NJP 17, 113001 (2015).

Multi-photon bound states

Single impurity in the bosonic bath

Lee-Wick model: T. D. Lee, Phys. Rev. 95, 1329 (1954).

Bosonic Anderson model: Spin-bath interaction
Single photon bound states: S. John and J. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2418 (1990).
Multi-photon bound states: Efimov-like bound states.

Single photon bound states

Bound state:

Bound state energy determined by

Bound state existence determined by the infra-red divergence

for the tight binding model in 1D and 2D

for the tight binding model in 3D

Perturbative analysis

Effective potential in PE and PG regimes

Bound state existence is also determined by the infra-red divergence

MBS in PE regime:

MBS in PG regime:

Exact results in non-Perturbative regimes

Green function approach:

Lehmann representation:

Dyson expansion:
T2

T2

T2

T3
T2

T3
T2

T2

T2

Variational ansatz
The Green function approach, the exact diagonalization, and the DMRG
shows the same important feature of MBS:
The correlation function
two dominant singular values!

Variantional ansatz:

of the ground state only has

Comparison with DMRG

Scaling behaviors

Cold atom implementation

C. Weitenberg et al, Nature 471, 319 (2011), Jacob F. Sherson et al, Nature 467, 68 (2010)

Conclusions
Multi-photon scattering theory.

Multi-photon bound states around one impurity.

Conclusions
Multi-photon scattering theory.

Multi-photon bound states around one impurity.

--- One ring to rule them all.

Acknowledgement
MPQ,Germany
Prof. Juan Ignacio Cirac
Dr. Yue Chang
Dr. Yinghai Wu
Dr. Carlos Navarrete-Benlloch
Dr. Alejandro Gonzlez-Tudela
ICFO,Spain
Prof. Darrick E. Chang
Dr. T. Caneva
M. T. Manzoni
Dr. J. S. Douglas
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
Carlos Sanchez-Munoz

Thank you!