D.

Genetics

Phenotypic mixing
o occurs when pairs of related viruses with similar but distinct surface antigens
infect the same cell.
o results when surface antigens from two related viruses enclose the genome of one
of the viruses.

Phenotypic masking (transcapsidation)

o occurs when pairs or related viruses infect the same cell.
o results when the genome of one virus is surrounded by the capsid or capsid and
envelope of the other virus.

Complementation
o can occur when two mutants of the same virus or, less frequently, two mutants of
different large DNA viruses, infect the same cell.
o results when one mutant virus supplies an enzyme or factor that the other mutant
lacks.

Genetic reassortment
o can occur when two strains of mutants of a segmented RNA virus infect a cell.
o results in a stable change in the viral genome.

Viral vectors
o can be constructed with recombinant DNA technology and allow gene transfer
into cells.
o are usually defective viruses that cannot replicate but can infect cells.
o have been used for the production of some vaccines (e.g., hepatitis B vaccine).