Professional Documents
Culture Documents
أصول البحث العلمى1 / احمد عبد المنعم حسن
أصول البحث العلمى1 / احمد عبد المنعم حسن
• t~
LA 'Ll
..
Jj_,fi ~4- ~ u....JiJ1 61~.l
d /'2.jA':II;~lo~)'_,J4
d2,!? .'.ill ~ .... ..lI1 t;Ji4- ~ Jib.lI .... ,)J~I ~I ~ ~I u r_,hJ1 r~
~-II t..~ .
•• '.Y'" ~ ~~ L)A
~WI
&
•. td.I.S~' i . is' ,
£ 1
.. .. .
;; _,..toW I - ~..ul - '.J;!~I ._; \" \ 'l"i'\\I\'\· j'l"fAOYA": 0# " • Y _ it '\ ,1\ '\ . : u--Sl;
~ ~l ~l5' ~..,.b tS~ ,,-;-,I.:SJI 1.Lo .:r f..r:- lSi tL.:.....I j~ '1 . _r.l:.Il (f I,S! l:s' tj_ra1 J.>- J ~ \
~, ~USl' ,_) J~' c.:;J..w; r1~ J$ ~l ~ \.4;i J~I ~ c,)l ~ ~4 ~ c,)u f"I.JS:i.J J:!.1l:i JS ~~ JI.l:i ui J,.~ ~ ~Ua us c,)u
~':H.~.o ~ d - ~ ~4 ~I ;.I.u:.i ii~~'11 ~I_,;...JI ,_; ~;.bjl ~ - ~~ ~IJ.1iJ . ,J,_,..JI ~ _,ll ,.~) ~ ~ "D_d o~LD - ~;.~~IJ ~I ? J~ Js- J _,...a>J.l ~I lJ..J1 ~L....IJ..u1 ~ .)1JJ:.i ,_; ;...r-? i;'~j - JI.J-I ~ ~~J.) JH - ~_,JI JJ..u1 ' ';1-0- ~ - ~'""" loS , AIJ_,::S'..uIJ ~U.I &" ;~I;il o~1 ,)1JJ:.~'11 ~_,:...:l ,-;-,b)rIJ ,_,.wI uj ~ ~ "D~~ i_r..5 ~ _,s J~ lJ.G c: ' ~~I lJ.G ..l:!41 j:J:-1 lolA ~ (" ~ u=J1 ~ c. ~I ~ ~I_,l; ..!lli tJt J ~~J . ~ __,...a;.J1 ~~I if' ~I ~la~I
. ~I jSL!.l J _,Ll-I ;'~)'J ' u-W1 ,.J.A::.l1 ~I) ~ ~ ~.;
~k11~! ~1 ~'1 4.:..a oft) I l_g;.llu 0~ , ~I ~ ~I ~t ~.;!J
- - }
($..\.0 ~I ~1;S:l1 I..,..... Jl.o 0!.1l1 tJ _,!:--l.:-JI J~J • ~ ~ ~p' ..::..is J
l:lJ1 ~L....IJJ.lI 4k If _,.;s J fi W" . l.A _,.!:JJ ~ _NI ~\;:S ~ Jl:: tS.1l1 ~I , ~I 4i.l.l1 ,'rll ~ ~ ~I jjljWI lS..\.o - ~L....) ~~ cJ y ~ ~ -
. yL..)1 ~1::5 ~ r-!_,.aJ1 ~I ~IJ , ~I r.._yP JJ
« u-.::!W,I » J « _r.;!WI D t:!'J J~ , ~l::SJl Ih ~~ c-.9 .. 1~ ~~J
, ~I ~4 ~~I J~J ' l.5!yJl ~L:JI tS~ ~ ~i ~l;;5l\ ¥WI ~ ~I JL.... )IJ 6 ~I ~l::SJ ~1J;l.J ~ J.,kJ ' ~I ~\::5:J1 ~L....tJ
}
, 4.;,) IJ" 4:! oj.f .k M 1.0 ~ , ~I ~\;SJI t} d 4.J,WI d! JJ"'P _,.II ~
. ~..!1.A:J~ ~ ~J ' ~ ¥ ~ l1"'=!IA.oJ ' J4 J
---- V ---------- __
-------------_ ~lwIJ-,...,f_tj-P.".,. kgJ_,T J_,~ , 0-!t_r. ~ « ~I ~I J~t) U,ljlll.iA ~ .)1..1&-1 D ~.".,. dl!.11 ~):-I JJ~ ~ , « ~I ~1::S:l1 ~L.t_, ~I ~I J
. ?~ ~ ~i):-I "j.5 -Uu..) • I ~I JL..)IJ .!.I~I.r;.J ~l:S".J
J...a.AJ1 ~ ~ ~ ~ J.:>..i - ~~t ~ 1S.il1 _". J - J}JI Jo ~I ~ o_rW1 J_,...aAl1 ~JI:.:i ~ , ~ ~I s ,::-,_,L~ ~I ~I crl 4:... JJ'11 ~_,.;JJI ~I_,J;. 4 ~ ~ LllS" L.. JoI_,.... , ~I ~I.:SJI ~L.,.. '1 b- _,..!. lSy:. '11 , ( (j"'.)UI J..aAJ1 ) (_.,.; }IJ ijJ.!1 c.?- jZJ, ~t , ( (.)"""l3-1 Jl dl!.ll ~ J~I ) ~Iyl;-~ UL..:.. LllS L.. rT , ( ~LJI J.,a-AJI ) ~)I 4.-WI J~)lIJ ~I_,...a.I4 it
. (~IS.)Y-I Jl «f'l!.II t;ra J_,....a.411 ) ~I
4A.l:;;J.1 J_,...aJ1 c._,.!J~ J.,\.:.;; J ~ ~W ~ ~l:5:J1 If ~l!.Il Jo):-I lot J~I ) d_)L..,)1 _,t ~I ,.I_r:-i 1 O\R;_ s ' ( J.;~I ~I ) ~I _rill JK.!.TJ ( ~I)I J..aAl1 ) JJI~ 0'" ~li~ .s ' ( c.)"".)UIJ ~ I.!Jl!.II_, , ~I!JI ~ ~ , ( ~UI J..a.iII ) I.A r.; s I.A.)I~l ~1.rJ ' ( (.)"""l;!..1 J..a.4l1 )
. ~I ~1.J.;l1 ,_} ~ ~I _r.; ·tP ). .r.>~":lIJ ~l!.Il J.a.dl
,
Llt_, , tS~I ~).I IlA J ~rli ~I J-JI 1..i.A IS): Lli J JoT dS ...
~ _, ~I ~l::5J1 ~ ,_) ~ LlTJ ' Ll~ J5 ,_) d...,.J1 &!.>-l:1Jli'y Ll fo. . d...,.J1 &k)1 j ~I pi ~lu=-- ~t dl J~_,.II ~ ~~I JoWJI JW
" -
t..L..3\
,\,0
,\,0
,\,A
'\',
r'\'
r"\
rv
t-
t'\'
H
~'\
o'\'
o~
00
00
oV
oA
- '\ -----~, ~, • J.t~, ~, ________ ~1.} ~1 ~ r..Y'J L.l1a/
--------- c);UlIJ ,~)2:JIJ ,~I?~I ~)i:ll ______________ 1o!J~\:::::""~1 ~;t
__________ ~I..!J ~I j ,.lh;..81 )')\..,a.4 .
------- e'!'"WI ~~I j La.}.; ~ «.fI1..:JlA..,4J1
--------------- ~~1 ,)1~l.
--------- ~W;-I ~IJ....JI ~
~I ~.,.. Jl:>1 ~ ~WI ..;:_,t...I).l.Il Js- t?'1 ~I'
------------ CI~I ~J ' 0M·.,aS ~ ____________ ~&1 ~1.J..p1,;, I
if,.r,::I1 J-II j J--i~1 ~t
'\:::.II I ~ ~ . ~I wI tf u:::o- Jr·
---- l.1"~1 JL..J Jl#-Ij UJJI ~t
L.l"'~ljUJJI~1
---------------- u---W'~' Jr"'i --
-------- JlLl ~JJI ~ .!.I~I t_)~ .)I~!
--------------.- .;-)1 urll .:..l;_,s::.
-------- ~I Ufl' >1..1,1;.1 x» 4"~IJ" ~ ~I Jy"1l
---- ~1&..JJ04\ : ~\ ~l.P.l\ • ulW\ J..=d.l\
--------------- ~I ~l::SJI;}
------------ ~1 ~1:Sll ~WI .bJ_,.!J1
---------------- 4JlA.,..I.rJ "pi
v \ "\'(' "\'('
"\0 "\0
'\'\ ,\A '\~ v. V\ V'\ v'\ VV VV VV VV VA V~ V~ A. A\
A'
o~
'------------------------------ ~J~J~I
.-------------- ~I ,,:,,_,.L..~I ('1;:11
.----------- r-~I ",:,,_,.L..\'I ~ r'.J..>..:....1 -------------- _;L.....ill ",;-,,1:.1I J~\'I
-----------~ .:..W5 Ji~ >1)1 ~I c._"';'J
f j •
------------- is).ill Js- lS)I ~ j ~
~
- ~~I .I..):!I.. .)~ .~ j isJlA.Il !l,; ~
~
------------ Jlbl.1 Js- ~I iG..., ~u.;l ~
_____________ ~I ylA.l"lI,;,JI..I.J>..:....1
------------ ~1.1t-1".a.u.4,.,.,l,;. ~~
------------- Jo.dl L.r"y ~l:ll J~\'I
------------- Juill ~ ,-;-,,1:11 JI. ... ,.: •• .\'I
------------.1",)1 .:..lJ')')I ~l:ll r'"t;..:....':I1
_____________ A...5i..!J1 ~I ~lb:\11 ~
-------~-----V'.} (~I) ~I ~I "~4 &~I Lh:II J~' :~, ~U:!J' .. ~W, J-.:aill ------------.r.? J~ ~~I t:-~ ~I_,i
----------------------------------\. ---
__ .;.~pl _
\"\ \"\ \"\ 0.. A \\
, . ,
, . r , .A
"r
'" ,ry
,ry
Ho HA H' 'o~ \0,,\
\oA \0\
o... 0... 0..,
--------------4::JJ~1 ~lA>-~1
____________ ,)1Js.~~ t,.,lJLl ..:.Jlio-~I
'0
___________ 4--I..L>.:...I ~ ~_,T &..:.I1b-'l ___________________________ ~~I~U>~I
-------------- ~\..J.iJ1 d't.a. _____________________________ ~~t~l~
----------- ._f..,j·~1 .. ~I_' r.$;t:f"i' ~~,
------------ ~~I .;..~I
---------------- .:,..WSJI.:..~lti
________________ #'.:..,_,.)I
----------------- .;..~I
_______________ ~1..lPI-,i
__________ ¥).I ~6.1h ,,,11 ~~ Js.1}
,.
-- ~I~I ,.~ ~I ~t..ISJl ~ J:iJJI ~~IJ~'_ ~I ~I
- ~l..\J1lw.lt ~;U, o\jJl :~, c.:allHJ\ • ~Ul' ~,
- aL,oLi.l1
",
------------- lk"aa14Li.1I
....d..1 ~ .: - II uJll •. LLJI ~UJl
--------- c:-' J .r-. ~J.
- ~~1)1 ~Wa.a:J1
------------------------------_~I
--------------- ~I~r-
-""--~".---.-----,--------- cPl..tIlllt r-
,--,-------., ~J!)j11 ~I Ak _r. ------ JJrl &t. 4.iL..... ~.Y":'J r.Js. Jl ~I a.o~
---\\ -------------------------------------
--------------- u-W'~' J_,...,f_-
". '" '" "Y'
\,t
\,t
'" "~V
"~V 'v. ,y\
'V" 'YY'
'VY' 'Vi 'Vo
'A' \A"
\Ao
'Ao 'Ao
----------------LJ"'I~"":II
------------ ~_,wIIJ"'I,;)rIJ' ~l4.W1
---- 1I1J.l14h.,1)1 I -"11
• LJ'" ~
----------- ~I Jt cJ"'l;:.i~1 b~
-------- J~I~~
-----------------------------~I~~
-------------- r~~1 ~')\p
----- 4.UU1~rJl
----------------- 4uW1 UU:JI
----------------------------_~~I~~~I
---- ~1' .>JF. ..:aws.11 : (..IA4l1l\ ~I
---- ~I ~~I j ~~I r.P ~W>JI rl~1 j,J,r.
c.$_;..~I..::,..WJI ~ l.r (~L..lS'J ,~I;l .. .a>IJ " .. ~ JJ~) ~l.il:a:l,.
_____________ ~ __ ~_;JI
___________________ ~ll~1
---------------------_---~~~I
------------------- ~~>,I
___________________ ~I;_t:ll
------------------------_--~~I
_ ~ ..:a~'+_.J '"iJ'" :C"'::'."JU ~""" • (.)1",\.".,1\ ~, _____ --------- ,,:.A, .... l:=i~I,) 4iJJII.$.;J.
------------------------------_~I~~
____________ I+. ~'l ~I .:rJ> u\i')b:.~1
_________ .;.__ ~"...u ~\:ll .:..oWSJI Jl:=>1 ~.)
----------------------------------'" ---
____ u~~I---------------------------------------
\,. \,\ \''( \,r
\'U \" \,y
\\1\ '(.\ 'C\ '(.\ 'CY' ,(.Y'
'(.0
'\'. ,. '\'\\ ,\,H '\'\0 '(\y
,\,\A '\'\1\ '\'\, '\''\'. '\''\'. '\''\''\'
--- o..l.>l_,.I1 tW;-1 .) - w:;.... J.J"o"-! - ..;.W>JI ~ J..t:AlI..r.f }foll ~
- ~1~bJ .;..~WI Lr.! .lJ..;J..I ~
----------- ~ ~ Jt ~\5' iiJJ..,...:J~ ._ro:l ~j_,.ll
- JJJJI Jt cS).1 rllia:Jl ~ ~~ ~ ~11J"'L.:Al1 ..:..01-'-"- J
________________________________ ~UJllil~~
------- JiWI r.'> J; ~_AJI ~~I F-u.;,l ~~
~~I ai~J V"'~I1iJJ ~W.I Jlf>IJ ~I rUJ~ ~':II rl..L?::,....~1 ~ L. ... \Aj 4..1 Jwl ..l.P
----------- ~ Ift¥'. i
~\ ~\:W, tJ ~W\ JJo'~' ~ JJUi ~t, ~lJ.W:. • ~l.J\ J.wdl\
--------------- iliJ':IIJ ~1..l.P':I1
-------------- ~~.IIJ ~..,..JI r\.i;"~1
-------------- JI»)U cSr-Ji rl.la:JI
______________ a.\S:J1 "I»~I ~I::S w.._,b
------------------ ~\..J)I ru;"~1 ___________ (~__,.JIJ ~loJ)1) rliJ~1 .;..101..b.::,....1
_______________ ~)I ,,1Js.":ll ~I::S ..\pI}
-------------------- ._rl.J1.r.- _;:II
_____________ U)d.I JI..IP":l1 ~I:S' ..\pI'; ---------------- ~I ruJ":ll
---------------- __ I..;-'.}:II
-----------------~I J_,.sJ1
-------------- __ ~Jl,;.P'JII J_,.sJ1
---------- ci}IJ ~.JlI..:JI_riIIJ t:'.;lpl
------------- J_,..,.zAJIJ d_,:..jlJ ~I_,:ll
-------_;,_.--- ~jl.;Jl?ll
---\r-- ___
.,----------------- ~I ~I J-""",i _
""'" ""t
""'.
""''' ""''' ""'t "",y
""'1\ "L
"t\ "!\ ,,!'" ,,!r
"",y "!A "!A "!I\ "or "or "or
------------------~_,JI
------------- 4JIAI ~l.o)ll .:.1.-..1
-------------lAj".JJ ..:;..)\...,JI ~I.-..'
-------------------------------~I~I
----..;__------------ JSL...)I
------------- ~.)\'I Jw.\'1
--------------- ~I~~I
CJIIl:til1 c.::.I.1a._' : ~I yl~1 .. &aWl ~I
.-------- W""l:4l1 ~I..b- J Jt..-.:..... ~ I.S_,;.UI ~~I
.----------- ~I ~l:Al1 ~1..l>J
----------------- 1f..J1) I
----------------- JI_,l.\l1
--------------- r~\'IJ ,l:!1SJ.1
-------------- .:..t:..L11 Jt tr-JI
-------------- ~?I W""~I ~I..b-J
--------------- ~lA::.!.,.J ..:;..I..b-_,JI
---------- ~11.1"~1 .:..1..b- _,J ..f..._rNI ~jl5ll
--------- ~J")l1 W""l:Al1 ..:,.J1..l.:>-"J ~_;LI ;}lSJ.1
------------------------------ 1f..J~1
------------------ JI_,l.\l1
------------------ r~\ll
-------------- ..:Jt:..WI Jt c_,h.-ll
------ ~J" \JIJ ~).I W""l:Al1 ~I..b- J ~ J_".:JI ~')\.aW
_________________ 0'_},11
--------------------------------\t---
____ ~~~I----------------------------------------
,,(oY '\'0'\ '\''\£ '\''\''\ "('\"\
,,('Y ,,('V "('A "(V. "(Y\ ,,(Vi
,,(YV ,(VA "(V'\ "(A. "(A. "(A"( ,,(Aor' ,,(AA
- JI_,l.NI
-----------------------------------r~~1
----------------- ..:..6-WI Jt c._,k...J1
____ ($;"~I"::"IJ>. _,JI ~ ~WLS:..J 4,.;WJIIJ"'~I..::"I.b- J ~
--------------------- iiJI_)..1 4..:-J:J
-----------------.r-S"_;II
----------------------------------- ~~I
_______________ ~I • ..I?-_,!LlJ_,!1
_____________ (h-LlI oJ>.. J / 4.l:5J1) .b.;..,QJ1
.--------- (cf')1 iiJ>. J .) ~I) Ji..c:ll -------- A4 Jt ~4 :lfll ~lI.IJ ~~1I.1 ~JjJ ,<.»1 .,="
--------------- 1,;/~..wIJ J_,...-.ll
__________________________________ i~~~1
________________ h-LlI jjJ>. _,l4i11.l1 ---------------- ~WI .J>. _,! ._,AII
------------ ._,AIIJ mWJ ~l...')II..:..IJ>._,!1
----------- V"'~I ~I.b_ _,J JJJlI r\l:a;J1 .__..:._, ---------- JJJ.l1 rlla:.ll J ,-",,!:All ...::.o1J>. J JJ..ll1 rlla:.ll .} ~1!its:..J 4f ~1l.J"'l:Al1 ..:..IJ>. J
,\,,\i ..:..I.b-_,lj JJ..ll1 r~ ~I rl~~I.u.I_';
'( '\ '\ .- .. -- ... ---- ~I...aYiJ\ : ~\ 1.;'llP.1\ • ~\:U\ ~\
"(' '\ ~1 .;.., ~I c.l w\.!ll .;_,\......l.,:Al'
____ '0 _
~1~'J_,.....f
,,\\ LlJ .. ,1I
'" .. J_,.-1.1
'" .. ~l...ll
"' .. J_,laJ1
'" .. ~I
'" .. j:S' _,:ll
"'., iuil~1
"'., .::J':>laW I .::J 'J.M..o
Y'.Y ..bJ\;.l1 ~
Y'.Y lA1.1
..r-
"'.A i}}-I
Y". ~lt_}.)1
Y" , i~L;)'1
Y'H. ~Ii';
Y" £ I.S jS')1 .\)JI ii';
Y"£ t=-ll
""£ ..;111 ¥.I
Y" 0 .I-*I~?
Y" 0 c.1.J1 ~ .J""
Y" 0 l,i1:SJ1
Y'" .\~ ..rll
Y'" :uthll
"'" .4JI_;l1 ~
""y ._,Ajl
""y .k.i.....4I1
\'- ..:,.~pl
,\y
,\y
,\\
,\\
,",
,0\
'1""
'1"'\
,'\
'1"'Y
'1"'A
'1"\A
'1"y.
'1"v\
'1"v"
,V,
,vt
'1"vo
'1"vo
'1"v,
,V, _______________ ,j_,._"J1 J.ll;:J1 OJ"u
________________ ~lLl4..;J1
--Jj.4.;llJ ..:.I.;~~I :~I ~~I .jJi\al1 Jr..dll
---------- j_,...)lJ I.!.IIJL.,a:;. ~I rl~1 ..1.P1_,i
wl.!J1 j.,t' )IJ ~IJL.,a:.;. ~I ~ ~I ~~,r.bll t!"Jl ~J ~luJJJIIY.J~ I.!.II) .• ,Q.:;"I ----------- 1,p\;.. 1.:.tI .. ')\p J j_,... JJ ~IJL,.a::;..1
------------------_--------~I~~~I
------------------ r-t ...... 'l'1
------------------------ ~~JyJ
---------------------------- ~~JyJ
---------------------------------~I _____________________ .. I..,a:.-~I
o- ;lIJ cl)1
____________________ ~_,:::.. J~T
________________ V.1~lJ.1
------------------------------ ~_,:::..JrJ
---------------- i.:iL;_,JI._iJ}-1 ~I;J;-I Jl..hllJ u..ul .t.......f ~I}.,..;:;.I
f.5.;a.~rI ~I »-~I ~ JJU3 c.1J.,dt., ~~ .~ (JJ\a.U J,..iJ1
'1"yv ~I ~\:w1 ui
'1"vv ~I ,.k.,..'11
---\y ..... -- .......... ------ ............... -- ..... ---- ..... -- ..... ---
---------------------------- ~I~IJ~i-----
rvv rVA rv'\ rA' 'fA" rAr rAt
'fA' 'fAA rAA
____ . _._. ~I •. :...I.:s\SJl (WI ~I ------------ tfll &- .;:t'll ~I ,",,="""1)1
------------ If:!1S ~I.h ~I ~l4 .... :~1 .:..:\.i."s:..
--------- JL.. )IJ ..!J ~I .) ~I .L. ... ,:~I I~ (I,tj
____ . ~\.:..p":ll
------- ~..iJ:.1 J"",,":ll
-_.~. -.---------------- ~ _,:JI ~I
__ .. ~ ~IJ_,l1 ~bJh. ~\ I
.... .1. .. ..;·':/1
.--;':---- •. ~-.-- a
r A ~ ~~-. -.-.-----,----- .. -.---~---.'-."---"-. ~I) ~I ~~
r A ~ '~'---' 0"""-":11 J:6!
r~ . r:J1 ~~_, .,:.,1.1.::11
t . "\ ~~II.:'.JW.b. pll
t. "\ ~~I..:..o~)1 ~;J ~'-'i
LA L~
t' . !" t,'f
i'o
, ~~)I ~.t~~WI ~l.,a.:a-)ll ~I';"I
. - ~~I "'4,....~1
_____ ,. .. _ ... __ ~ __ -------- ~,)W, ",L-..~\ ____ ~I F-I?"i ~ j ",L-'11 t.:.J\...\~\
""._--,._-----------
__ ------------------------------\A---
__ .:.~pl -----------
([..,oJal'~' J~' }) d4 ~W, ,,~, ~~~ ('~~,\~) • ~I J,il.w.)lJ ~HI.;JJJ ~U(, J'~l'
~lrY\""')1 ~L..JJ..u1
..:,.. "-=:JI
.:JI _,...a:;J1 .. :..t ... ~I)1
.!.>~, Lt.Jl:P rl'_'; ~~6:-l1 .J'..Jla:)1 .......:S31 J>~I_I!.tI.:l; \'1- rWI ~I : alL...)1 ;1 ~I ~li fo - cJWI J..a4l1 ~I JSL...)I; ~~I .. Ir.T;t lo!Ju_,,<,
~, ~'.r.t '_'L..)' ~I.r:-t
---\\ ------------------------------------
--------------- ~~IJ.".....r __
~L...)I J1 ~ ,,:-,,\;11 J)all 4lL...)1 "t ~ JJ~I o",,_ll ,)I~! jJl.,..)I .. ::.A~.~ rJi .JI~I~ ,,~~I~
~~IJ,,~ ...
JJ141wli JIS:.!.":JI Wli ..!oJ ~I J-j\,.... ~I~I.#
..u..1 .)1- •• 11 j, •
• . :r"'" J_r"
~U;JJ ~ ~J~J ~ ~j11 i"L-.1 ~}J ~ jll .L.....t J.._.JJ ~j1.1 .L.....t ~I::) ~.J. r-f"J~ J ~U; Yo .:r.Al.;l.1 .t-r .b.J iUS; ~ J '\'1 ~I 1 ·IX
• J I.,)'::!.
~. 'I
JsL.. )1 .::..1 pt.~ UL,.;, ~ \ 4..>\:A1.\ c .. '\'.JSJ1
. .. -
----------------------------------~. ---
__ .:...~pl -----------
la..uJ.I ~WI ~L....I)..lI1 ~I~I
4=-- u..lfll t_":"1)1 ~1 o_,I..!.';J1 ..;). .)'.._y:.~1 ~ ~I j ~l..\IIJ 4iJ.!I
~I J,;:, J .\1;'1 ~t:.Il 4..!J1.:l1
~I
JJIJJ;.I : 4JL... )1 JT ~I ~I.i~ - c:l')1 J...aAII
JJIJ.J:.I j ~\;;jl ~ f' .kJr.
JJIJJ:-I 4s>l:1 J .\1..1;1
JJIJJ:-I "'~J a.~ ~II.JS' ltJ"k ~~ ~I JJI.lJ:-1 ~I Lr' 4>L-o ~:; ~I JJI.lJ:-1 ~ J~)I JJIJ.J:.I JJI41 ~ t::.s; a..o \,;.. ..I; l_,i JJI~I ~ ~ ~~ _,;J Ut.T J~~I : 4JL...)1 JT ~ll.!Jli fo _ ~l;l...1 ~I
J~~le;T J~~I ,.} ~.rU c.?1 ~t:.Il Jl;>1 rJ~ lf1,*1;4 ~ ~I J.,..~I
____ y\ ------------------------------------
--------------- ~1~IJ~f _
J~\'IJ r""" )1 ~1.J..p!J ~ J~~I_' r.J-')1 o- ...... .l.fJ1 ~~
~1::l1 r".....)1 ~Iyl ~ J~\lIJ ir")I.)I~';l ~WI..\J>I_,Al1
iiJ_,.!:J.1 .!.o~I JK!.tJ ...,... _,..II ~I~ J~I ~ J_,_;JI J~'~IJ r_,......)1 ~ JL..J J~~IJ r_,....)1 JJ •.• N 1.:-1.:11 ~L.l.I J~I
- ~ ._..tll WI L,:;.:.I
u . . J ..
~1 _;. y _,4J1 ;_,.,all (l!Jlalr. JZ-fll) i..4s-~1 J~\'I,) Wl.!J1 ,.~'lJ1 ~ 4.l!.aT ~IJL...)IJ~l Jl>..!.~1 til ~ Uitl ~ ~I ~ J\.(.!.~I JL...;l ~I)I : lll.,.; )1 Jl ~I ..::_,li ~ - V"'~l...J1 J..-aAl1
~I)I J! iJU.~1 Jyb .:;J.I J c-')' Jl iiJU~1 ~Ijj OJ.J""I .) c-I)I Jl iJl.!~1 WU iiJ.J""I .) c::-I)I J! iiJU)'1 e.-I).I ~u~ j nJJI i~lr ~I.P-' e:;.1)1 ~~ laWI .al_,a.ll ( ~_,4Ij.' ) .....iJt::I,
~, 4:.-. r:--)I..,Ir
----------------- "" -
____ ~~~I-----------------------------------------
~ J_,a:.I.I ;,)l.,.all 1)IWu~ ~ r:::- .. .r
~rll e-I)I ~\.;S e--I}I ~\:S ,,} ww. .,.lk;..' e--I}I ~\:S Jyhl ~, W::;.... .;..)'lJ.. l.l!.t
JL... }I; &!J ril r;J ,)1~1 J.>lr - ~W, J.a.4l1
~ ~w., ~J..\JI ;\..::>I ~":Il-;.....I; ~~~, ~l:kll ~J? t_!_,;1 ii~IJJ_rL.1
~I..I4I.;..I':' ii.&JI"";.J)-1 ~1l.1 rli J'11J JJ_)..I ~b _,...JI J J_rL.1
~l:SJ1 • .:.AR .....
..:..L..J5J1 ~ .b;.4:::J1 ..J.J j>' J Y'" J .;..ws:J1 0: 4J ULI .;:.,1i\.....J.1
----~\--------------------------------------
--------------- ~1~IJ_,....t __
~l:kIl ~ ~)I ~WI J~':II u..r.:t s ~~I ~\:S ~ .:.o\$. _"";).I .:.oU _,s:. ~ _;
.r!.:.U r..1Al.1 ~I .. 1ft" ~ j 4Jl...)IJ'~I~~~j L J.lJ ~I ..u;
~J • ~
~I -_ . ~
Ul j1.1 J_'~ ..:,J~' "?1 j L.J;;...:.J, Jy)'
~, p.I;.- ..II
I.A~I»J., ~1.rJ1 .. 1lJ~1 ~,.Ul)'1 L} ~u...a.ul
'n. ___,;.
-----------------------
~I J_,.....,~ 4L 0h 0t ~I ~I J~ ..) ~ w.a JS ~ ~ ~~ I~ t?JJ . J.aA.lI IlA ..) ~ 1>_,...aJ1 ~wl JJ6w... lo ,YAJ ' ~I rY' Af." Y ~I.P ;p LlIy.J1 1.iAa ~ iJZ l;j~ .. l.f:....IJ~ ~ ~I ~LP _"';')I I ~~'I Ih.i..AJ· P"il..!.l.b r.. .... lA; Jl - '-~II I: ,~I . - LII -~~1I v---' - . cf JY c.r-- '-' r'" c..J. . c...s' ~ e:..."'-
. ~ ~ JyAi t» IS?' .-I_r.i ~J
~..f'? 0~ ~ ~I ~I J.s:. ~~ _;At Y'J ' ~I ~Y J~I- ,
(f ~~ ~ ~I Jl ~l:11 ~ ~ cJt ~ ~..LJ-I ~I I!J~~~I Js. ~ \'1 . _r.;-A; Jl ~6- ..) cJ _p:; ~I Jy")Il
LIJ..LII ~Y ~ ~_,..!..i ~I ~UI ~N~ ~ ~ t?li'~1 - y
~ ~I Jl tf:")1 ~ , ~ _,il ~ ~..LJ-I ~I .).;...1 iil>l} ~I.yl ,_} ~J . t.ri')1 ~ ~~ Jl.,aj'11 ~ LS 'yl::.SJl ~l Jut JlI 4L.o'l1
~ ..~
, ~ jsJ l..PJ\....o tfJ~J ti..15y ~ oT.;A1L. JS ~ ~ .. ~.Lpjllh ..}J
o.!.blo}.- ~J ot__,.a;lo ~ ~)I Wb JJ6- J ' ~J oT..,z~ ~ ~J
___ ~o ___
--------------- ~1~IJ_,....f __
if' i_r.!5 J..a.!i taw\ LP~ ~\ r-¥'I ~, rklJ . trP)1 Ih ,_} L!.l;1~ J . Uj..u\ ~lA.:J\ tr ..:.r\~ _;SJ;
~UI ~LIJ..u1 F-.rP ~ ~I ~ ~yJ\ .b. _,h;ll ~J.i 4J Jb...e _ '(
. ~_,ll d
Jlj ~ " Research Questions ~ 4.l!.....t J! ~I ~ Y' ~ _ f ~I 4.k .. .t':l1 I)~ ~t ~I J! J~)I ,_} ~~.J! jot' Js- ~! » : _,.k.....) . « "l Ji
,
~ _p:.; LS'" J ~ ~IJ,) d ~.;!. ~I Hypothesis ~I?':II ~}LJI c:P) _ 0
~I ISfi"'!J ' J-, . ./':/I ~ ~ ~J~ dl J~ ci_;.o ~I?I ~ DJ~
• ~ - . ~ 1:..: .k.....,T ~l!l.I p '1 p''11 ~ 1:.011 • ~ • ~tl I.!lt '. t..L.5t;.._j
~ MfU • LS'" - ~ .? .~ J ~ .r" ~ J. ..If!
. JSlAJ.I ~ ~ ~ ~ 4i')lJ1 ~';J C.rJ ~ J
~~ ~I ~ '1 LS , ~t;l ~~ ,) _r.J. ~I_;:;I ~)u Jw.! ~ '1J
~t ~J ' 4J i:~_;..o .r.P c>L:J1 ~~ ~I ...:..L...IJ..u\ ~l::; ~ ~ l,.~ ~I?I . ~..Ld >I.Lt.":....o1 Js. ~l:ll ~ ~
~ Intution U"JJ-I) Imagination JyL\ ..i!} ,y- Jkll Jl JlS:i'iJ\ ~t;J .' Ih J>- (f LtAjjl ~-! ~ , ~ ~ Jl ~ JWI wi ~I ~I f'~i ~ . ~.;:! Jt ~ J:l-i I~ ~.r.l Jk:lIJ ~I JJ:> ~.m ~ ~tu ,us::.:J.I e~
,
Jl.Q)l15 ~ ywl Jl ~l4l:i Jt; t.?\ ~I ,.) o~l\ "':"'I~I ~..lJ.4 ..l.,.:zA.,.J
ch. ~ ~I..\>-t ~ ~)\ If ~;, Y wW~I ~ ~IJ ~jjl ~ J.-h ~I IS.;>-T J_""~ ~~ JWI w~ 4 Jl5:j'':/I oh Jt; JJ) . l.f.t. ~.r. ..l>-i
. loll ~
J.....A.j ~.Jt c)T ~ ~J ' Jts:Jl'1 ~ ~ ... ~ JJA; ~t ~L..;>U ~ '1) .;:!~ ~ ~ 4-:i ~I ~IJ ' ~I J.,.aJ-1 0-" ;>..1; ~ .s.:.....IJ..ul ~JIJ .... cP. ...:..~L.alIJ ' ,)~ )'IJ ' Jla.II ~ ~ e~jU ~W.I .r.P wJ>J1 0-" JWI
----------------- '" -
__ ~I~I ----------
~jlyo r ~ oI,jT ~l '4J ~ _';')I ~lA...ali Lr" ~I ~ ii;.illl tJt l.r' r-'- )~J . WI 'I illl .
w yJ ~
: tfi L.J ~/~I ~ - c.i_,JII.!1l~ ,_} - ~I.?~I ~~I 4..!.i~ ~J . ii,",-!~ ;l.5:;tJ ~lo ~ ~l:J1 .L..J J - t . F-~~';)II U.!S _ '-'
. ~I pi &0 ~L..J.-I _r.i y - ~ ~l::- lli:.!.l.1 !l.f-! ~ I ~I JI.r. ,_} t} _,.II l.r' ~L.; 1 ~ l..>- rJ:A ~ ~..J
. ~_,JI ~
J.r- ii~ OJ.ll - oI,j~ rJAj l.o ~6:- Jl - ~L:JI t,S..u } _,:.; tJl ~ - "\ 6.A.W1 ~1):-4 r-LJIJ ' ii~1 J.s:- -.r.:? J>. Jl-~~ _,..ol .J-'lJ ~ ~')UI. Jl ~L,.; ~4 ' ~I ~ ~ Jl J...et pi cJ jj~~1 ¥ )IJ ' ~I ~ _,.I.
. ~~I ,_} J~ t,S.1l1 ur,a?..!JI .If:1:IJ ~I &JA.1l1 } Y ii;J~
~ ~ * t,St J~ tJJ') 6.xi. ~ - ~ !.Sf - ~U1J ~')UI 0~ ..uJ
. ~I.?~I ~~I ~ ;~I J..lf! r ~ ~ 4la..!.; IJ~ JJJ
, 61.l;.-"l1 ~ ~)I Js- ii;..lAl1 ~'-:JI tS.1.I }? IJt ~ .. ..!1l~ ~J ~J ~ ~~ J! afl J5 ~ y.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~I ~ tJtJ. . ~ tS_rl ~Ift"
..l.>-~ \;.AJ ' ~~l::;;.....~1 Jl J)-¥'_,JIJ ~t:::J1 ~ ;J.) 1.!.lI~ ~ J~ _ V
: W ~ Reasoning ~I ~ ~.;k tS..b-~ ~L:JI
: Inductive Reasoning JI_;::....)f I [. \z.::...., )f I _ I
~., ,
~;I.a::.o ~6:. ~~l> Js- ~ ~I i.WI ~~b.:.....)fl Jl j.¥' _,:ll .y:- Yo ~J
. ..l>-IJ .h.C J.s:- 4S JJ>. J fo..
----~V------------------ __
---------------~I~IJ_,....,f __
: Deductive Reasoning J'jJ.:...,. '11 c;:l::.:... '11 _ '-:""
• 4..,.:, \>. ~ '16. J.s- 4.oWI iiJ;1.iI1 J:.:hl ~ ~ r'.J ~l..,a.;l..IJ ' ~I ~I c}J '~I ~I I.r ~I OF-I_;.UJ .. Ih
, ( ,~o, ) Beveridge: &0 JS ~I~ .. ~l:J1 "!"""'~I J \.AI} Y ~ ~I 6~1 . n4\1A) .JJ.r4J I.S""r J' (\'\10 Salmon & Hanson j ,(\~oY)Wilson J
, J-tLA:L.1 ~ .r.:-A1 Jl w~ d_;... ~I_;il 4-i~ s.;1_;j'j1 ~_p:J1 J;S ~~I cili J~ Jl - ~~ ..) - (.5.>ji ~ 4k;. ~J J.lf.! r:!' _,; t..?'J . ~J Ji s.;1_?'j1
~u.. ~ ~ ~ ii~~ ~lh- ;r- u.!.5JJ iibi ,) r..a ~ ~1?'11 ~)i.:JIJ
,
~4l.::-1 ~ ~ ~ .d r~4 .t....IJ..u1 ~ ~ i.lT~..J . ~I; J.;.- .)
.,.. '"
. 4J J~ ~I .> ~I ~ ~ ii.>~1 A ' ii.y.. ..::Jla ~ J ' ii')..b..A
~I_?I ~)a!.I ii~y iJ~ ii.:!...bu ~4~1 ~ w:::.J.1 ~IJ..LII ili ~ ~ )4J YJ~I 0A ,)~ F-I .. fd Jl- 4i,)~ - [_~ r"':il iJT Y! .. 4J ii~j.. ..r.A Ji , ~ 1.-- - ~ i WI.!!'j1 ~ 1.:."1 ~ J..5t:J U\:;>JI
. ~ r J'.. .r: .. y-' ..
- ,
. ~lA.J-1 ~ ~ ~ ~ - Jb:.i4 - ~ J ' ~ - \
• ~~ J~~ ~L; .J~ - i . LIJ..u1 Jh- ,_} ~l!.Il ~UJ..IJ I.l-"'''':il l: UA:.oJ ~ iJ~ - r . J!\.aJ..1 (f ~ ~I ~I?'jl ~~)a:J1 ~i t..sA iJ~ - 1
,
ii~y lAJl;=:>-':I ~?i c.?1 ~L...IJ..u1 ~8 ~l5 I~! ~I?'jl ~)a!.l1 ~J
if' Law ~yu ~ c)t Jl ' 4J ;;~_;.I.I ~b~'Y1 rSl}J ~I.? 4J.r.i .)bJ..J ' 4J
-----------------------------------~A---
__ ~I~I ----------
&.:il_,lll cJl W' , cJyWIJ ~~I ~ ~u ..l> .h;- y..'1 ~J 0 ~I ~I_,.all
o 0 L)I 0 :: 'I ~ J.., ~ ~.l4>- cJ tC~'1 I o~l~
~_ ~ oj 0 _ •• IY _,.,.... 't-'
;~ JY'i c.U::; ~ UJ.h.. J5\A.,.. r-tJ1 ,_) ~ y'l ~T - WI,:, - _?.l::.i LJt ~ J
, ~~~I cJyli J!.A ~ ~I ~I_,.all ~.:a_ll Jl ~}l jJJ ' ~l J)4')1 o ~4)IJ ~4j:AJ1 ~'l.)WI c.ro ~J;J ' J..w ~I_';J
Hypothesis ~1?'11 ~)2:J1 ~ - J.5t:J1 1S.f-o ~ !.r - ~~I JbJ
.. ,
~I?I ~~ uA Ji , La ~ ~ c:!J i~ t..l:-a ~)i:JIJ . Law LJyLaJIJ
- cJYlA.ll .._;~ Js. - ~_)a;J1 iJ~J . ~IJ JUa; Js- ~J ' ~ L~ =:~
o ~ a"dl ~I c..?1..aJ...4 \;::; _,....... i...\Aj ~ o\l JtA:.. ~~ J~ J...lAill W f
« ~;U ~~I D : ~1?'11 ~_)a; Js. LJJ;I~ ~L..IJ.) LJV o. I!lJll JWJ
Jl J_; ~ ,_;lIJ ' tfiJ.,dIJ .u:..lJ W ~ ~IJLa ~I « ;)dl » ~_)2; Jl o\l.)li ~..r. JT , l41b I~b ~)&:.II o.l.a ~~ 4 ~ ~~ ~ ~I LJ"':J ~ iJ_,,;WI !.S~
o l4.l.k.o L;rj J
~~ ~ y ..l5t:.I1 0-" JiT ~4_,;..- yiP'll ~)dl ~J 0 0 IlA
, idea iifoJ ,supposition ~_}J . view ~ ~J J!.o ~~J , conjecture c.J"~J ' speculation JobJ ' consideration J~IJ ' notion tl;1.iIJ : ~ ~~ i~ 1!.U.1s" 0 guess ~ J ' thought.?JJ ' surmise ~J appears ~~ , seems to be J...l:u ' may ...u J suggest eft-J ' indicate J..l.; ,_} 4Jl!...tJ ~WSJI I!lli il..b-.:...ul ~ - cJl5:.)'1 J..u - J~)'I ~ ~J ' to be
o ~I J_"/~I
: W ~ Reasoning
----~~-------------------------------------
---------------- ~1~IJ~i _
: Inductive Reasoning tJl_,.a::.... \II c::_l::..:...... \II _ ,
~ ~..,..b- J_A ;"""'1,;,;. Jyi I..r' d_oWI ~~l=::....,)l1 Jl ~ _,::.II ~ ~ y.", ~Gl:J c_} di-JI Jlj/YI )_,...i.pl Jl Lr.?:- J..r::J1 ~ tS~~ .. ~ . ..l>-IJ .hi
..
.:, fo. I~J ~ dl ... ~L:JIJ 4 LJ ~lA.JIJ ~ j\.)-IJ ' ~lk:JIJ ' r-bL..6J1
~I Jlj/il )~I Jll..5~J! L;r.?;J?1 ~ .:,1 .JA JI~\l1 c::_l:::.::....."Y1 • .,;...I,;L:JJ
: Deductive Reasoning J)lJ.:..., \II c::_l::.::...... \II _ "
d..a t.. ..t;:.1_,i &" - ~ ~)I LJ,.. - ~ l>- ~~l::.:....1 J 1 j.P _,.:II ~ ~ y.J d..o..ul.l Jt d_oWI o..t;:.lAJl ..::...;1.5 I~l )11 ~ c::_b:...l'1 0~ l'J ' ~JJ"-" 0:=:" ..,_r.:;J1 ~ .:,i d_oWI ii..1s>lA.Il ~IS I~l . . ~ . ~ (premise) ~I ~~ J.WI JljJ "YI ":"..l..lI _,...t ~ , ~G'-:ill JA.-li JljJ~~1 jl~1 Jl tS.l ~ dl tl6l1 ~ ~./' 0i.JA Jl'...l:....)l1 c:l::.:....l'1 .:,~ ~ tJ_,lIl 1-1;"":' tf>J r-1LJ:,
. y ~ c::_l::::...l'II..iA 0~':'i ~ ~ uSJ .. IJ:;':'J?I ~ ~
c.? _,.; cy! c_} ~1Ja::..... l' I ~ ,-i·1I J - J 1j-11 1..iA if ~6:- 'i I J:i ~
4 ~I d V"'L:=:J'l1 ~ ~ ¥ ~I ~~I ~ il1'il - ~6:-\'::'::""'\l1 : J.:L. '+-- ~IJ
: Syllogism ~I 1..r"l:Al1 ~ - , Ul::.:>....o ~.., , conclusion c:l::.:.... \II ~ ~ ~I yl:cll ~'~I rf' ~ , minor ~} it , major dM M~J ~LS1 I-I_,..., , premises ~I ...:.,.L...w.1 . 4,j'1~ [.l::.:;...,\l1 ~I ~
: Inference ~ ~ l' I J T J"Y.l:.... \II _ 'I' d_oJ.Al.1 ~ ..,i 4-)P d.) ~I conclusion ~~I pi [.l=.....1 ~ t..?' .~I
-------------------------------r. ---
__ ~I~I -----------
: Implication ~I ~I JT ~I - '"
. conclusion J4;.J1 plJ premises ~I ~lAJAlI ~ ~I 4.i")LJ1 t/'
: Validity ~I JT ~ rJl - f
~ ~l Jja:.i cJt cJJ~ ~\;;JI.1 ~I ~L.....lAl1 ~ il')lJl dl ~
JT ~L.o Ll~ ..u ~I t...l.Al.U 0 (S1:::.:...)l1 falsity ~..JJ tJa:,:.. Jt , truth J4J c::_L:::.:..... \Ii iJ~ Lli ~..J 0 l!1t>. .1t Y'~ i.J~ ..u ~1:::.:...)l1 Lli W" , 4.tkt>. invalid rf r- .d- Ji , false at>. J y. _r. iJ~ Jt , ~~J ' valid ~..r!.
. t:kt>. J tf' _r. ~ Ji , ~L.oJ
,.
<.:JL....w1 iJ-p.; Lli ~ 4 ~..r!. Argument iJLA _r.11 .11 ¥I .LYJ
o ..!.lI..iS r;sL.o c:::_l:::.... \II iJh iJt iJJ') 4"1..,.., ~I
: Logical Thinking ~I ~I _ 0
interpretation ~J <:1:::.:...)11 ~ Jt ~ _r. J~)I ;~ _,JI ~ _,JI .JA ~ ~J , ~1.?\l1 ~~I 4.:-l:.. LS..l.o ~~ 4.lL.uil1 iib\ll y.J ' ~l::.I' ~I 4.h\'I ~J ' ~J~I ~J b)~~IJ , ~J)all JI5:.;~"J1 t......,.:, LS:1.4
o ~I ~~1.bJ.I ~lA.....6,j ~ \f ,~L.....-; • c t ,I. 1-
IY .0 J o.~J • (::pYJ ~
~..l.Al.1 iJi .J.!. uty.u J.4-11 JIJJ\l1 JI#4 IF't;l..1 J.!WI l;.!l!... ~llf. )4J ~I JIJJ~~I }~I JILS~~ ~J.f.;!11 ~ iJt. I.S"'J - premise ~I ~ ~L!J.I ~I JIJJ·"JI }~I Llt Y"J - <::.l::.::..... \'1 ~J ' ~I..,.., - u~l:ill JIJJ'~I i~1 iJ\I ..!.lI~ ~ at>. Lll5' - ~ J.f.;!11 ~ '-"'1 0,) r ~~I u~~
• D~.J.&. LS~T Jaly- Jl ~ Y':! Jj ~l,jliJj JA.-li
LS.) ~ LSlll ..l.;> _,.II JoWl yo ~ JEI u.a.4i .)i Jl ~I LJA11 1.i.r.P l_)iJ u5JJ ' ~ .JA1o ~ c:c;;;., .• NI c.Jt:.!. 0 0 <.:J~y.u J-Lli JIJJ°"l1 )~I Jl o 1!bL.,:. iJ~ c:::_1:::.:...)l1 I.!.U..iSJ ' ~t>. Ll~ ~I .t..JAlI
----i' -------------- ___
---------------~I~IJr"i __ .)!J ' ~I JIJJ ':/1 )~I dl (.P Y. ~ J.r.::J1 ~ .)1 l;lj I~! " I~ J
· . ~ 6 ~I ~ ~I JIJJ~~I )';""1 JllSol _;; u=J1 LS_,>-\II JolyJl ~
. ~ ~l:::....)lIJ ~I ~..uL1 .)_p.;J ' ~.JAL.. ~ (_l=.....)l1 ~
~ .AA~ lS..il1 - cJ...W1 JIJ"'~I JI~I .)T lAb_;... ~I_':;I ~_,}2j WJ I~~ .)lS I~~· " ~~IJ ~?I J).:l r) ~Jj~1 ~ Jl Dol r - r-1W:J1 JIJJi l-4llS.r=-' ~~i :J~ ~\5J , ~1.?'11 ~)2:J1 ~J I.4of::lS d I).,:.. ..;JJj~1 lS .,,> i L.;-' ~ t :'.r:- J ~ I.!.lH Jol .hl.i ~.?I J (,;.,:.. ..:." JJ ':J I o IS iJ!J . ).;...0)11
,
· &.!1lJs ~1?)l1 ~_);:JI ~JJ ' ~I L.:r- ~L:.- 1,)""\...4:..1 If ..:."liJl t:!
~~ cll~ .:,,~ .. ':;:"J}ll _,..a;s. ~ ~l;:JIJ ~.?I _;; ~l:::J1 ~Ji 1)1 ~J
.~J . ~ .~ ,j-Al_r.; )I ~J , .u~ ~ lSi , ~1.?'11 ~)i.:J1 L.;-'J~I If ~_jA ,.I.r.-l ~1_;;)l1 ~~ J_r,ilIJ ..\..=t:.J1 0" ~jA Js. J~ ~I."..JI 4,;1S ~ ~I c: _,....wJ1 0A ~ ~~ c,) ~l;~1 ~ cJ}.4; · ')~I I.h. ~ ..,;t; 4J .:" ~ .)1 ~ ~1 (~)1). ~.r.=LIJ ' ~ J'~IJ '~):-I
~I_,.b.;ll JS tL.a>-l- ~ syllogism ~I ..,..,l:AJ1 ..:.,,~ J5 d - ~J ~~I ~ _r. J; pi &0 ~1~ ~ J_JA\l1 cY~ r-LJI ~ ~I ~I ~ ~l ~yPJJ ' (d"YJ.:....,"YIJ JI_;::"""YI) e= .... NI JSL...y.! I~Jr ' ~).II
. Jl.f:J1 conclusion ~l::.:....)l1
~, c!iH' u.i ,.~~, .,JJl...A,.
~ WI:. ~ 0~ 01 ~~I,,}YJ ' ~1 ~~I,_) ,.Lb.>\l1 J:'~:'.k:;j
: ~. ~ IA? Y c.?1 ,.lb:, \II D~ 0A lSi ~ ~)I ~
.r.? Jt , UaIS .r.? 4Jl1i>-~ .)_,>J .:"t5 ~ ..::..t~')U1 ~ J ,.I,k.:.j - ,
. u.i:.
• .j!~.,a."JI 0~ l.>t5 ~ ltk ~I ..::..tliLJI Ji ..::..t~WI ~ ~ r-lb:-i _ "
. J>1..u 4.) ~ ~)i , JJol ~ Jt , JoIS .r.?
--------------------------------r~---
-- ~I~I ----------
: Rational Errors ~ Jt ~')\A; ~\.k.:.i - '"
t, ~T cr» ~ ~l:lllSJJ ~)I C_"";J r..l&- Jl- WI~ - ~Lb:-\l1 6lA e: _; :~
~ jS.J..r. ~I- ~I ~LaJ-1 lS.J;o..l ~ J1 Ll_,_a.. t_.rPJ j "lh:.:.t - t
. Errors in concept ~~I lS.l.I _ ~I
Errors in~1 ~ 4k!JJ o..lAl.!.l1 J_"'''~I ~ c,} ~ "l.6.:>-1 - '-;.I
: u-4l,.. ~i 0-"J ~ Reasoning
, t.....IJ.l.I1 ~ Y. 4J 4;~ ~ - ~.r ~I.J;o..T Jt ~~L:;. yAlh. ~J ( , )
. ~1 ~~J1J ~ ~I ~~4
~llt~4lp~ ~ if ~ ~J ~I~":JI cll; 0:! ~I r.li ( .,.. )
. l+.:k
. 4:a _;.. ;_,..t Jt ~I.J;o..~ 4:J; ~I ~l.dl ~; ( i ) . ~ &;loW .!l? lJ""'LvT ~ yo:- J ( 0 )
Ll~ Llts ~ hypothesis ~ _rill ~)a:J1 c,} I'lk>.T Ji ~.:Ib:- yAlh. ~.Y':".J - ~
. ~ J.rJ.1 ~lk.U Wl>...o
: cfit.. l.f:.l!..i crJ ~ Technical Errors .4:4; I'lk.:.T _ i
. LI;.l.I1 fJ'P.,;l ~t.:... .r.f- ~L.:;Z rl~1 - t . _r.;J.1 ~ ~ ~)I _,J;.IJ ' ~ll2:JIJ ' I' .J~I j Y r~ - '-;.I
. <tl::J1 ~ j I'lh:.:.t - ~
----fr------ ___
.,
---------------- ~I~I JJ-Pf _
~l::.:.ll ~ .:._ I~ . -'1 1 t • i
. ~ ~ d ~~.J ~u:z>-, - .)
. ~l::.:.l~ ~I cS~ ~l:! ~lb-.! (Js. _ '-:"' . d.}1_,.,!.J1 •. :A' ~)l1 _ -=':"
. 41rJI ~lkYJ ":II _.) ~ ll!.l ~ _p:.; ~ ~ .hl; '-:"' J~I ~i (..r" .;.Jlh... _,:il ~L...:.- _ oJ> ~l.a.>)l1 ~I ,_) tk:L,." ~ JI.S::..!t~l." J."I..\J;.I ~ ~la>- ~I ~Lb:;:~1 _ J
. "';I~
uP ~I." ~ ~I ~\..b.:.~~1 ~ ~ "cSJwlJl ~~ ).J.I ~ _; d ,,\.b:.i - 1 ~ u-P)I c__,..!. rJs. J ~ Obscurity CyP _,jl (~J c Ambiguity ~IJ . Inadequacy J15 Jt ~')la
~ - ~I ..!.J~I ,_) & ...li ,_?I ,,\.1>.\11 ( \~or ) Wilson ~J
: ~ ~ rWi 4..->- Jl- ~~ _,;
: Systematic Errors ~ ,,\.b:-i _ \
.)y" ~~...l!J . j4-J:-1 ~ IJ"\.;:AJI "I..fd ...\.:.$. WI:; J..f.::; u=ll .,.lb:-~I r../'J
~ t.6.:;.. Jl J\ , j4-J:-~ 1J""\.;l1 Scale [_J.lli U"'~I ~.) rJs. d! ,,11:;.\'1 oJ..,. . e1 .. ~4u..1 ..} ~~I d.bWI
-----------------------------------rt ---
__ ~I~I -----------
: Personal Errors 4. ~~ ,.~t _ "
4,;", j ~ ~li~1 ..l:>- - .• ~ ~ l..4.Il j ~ L j.)1 J\jl ~
1.$ r v -. • y tf' - v- r u -.r' 1.$ ..T -
~.J . ~l . .. JJ.l:JIJ ~ ~.,JI ~L..lf' 4,;", dJ ' cJ yJl ~L.. w~l
~L...:.- ~ , uL..~1 ~ ~ _ If-"'P - "'I}t o~ i~ ~~ ~I...t.o .~lh...,y..a
: Mistakes 4.I_r.Al1 ..rJ- ... l.b:·~1 - r ~_r..J1 ~1o")W1 e:::PJ d 0_,5:; t?I ,.lk.>~~IJ ' ~~)I ,.l.b:·~1 ~t c.JA rl..G-..=.....1 Jt :ilQ.; II ii~)l1 ~l4.o 0",1) dJ ' ~_,llJ ~L.JI ~L...J\s.J '" ~I ~I ~ 4.1 _r.AA ..r.? ,.lk;.·~1 alA ~ J . t:Jl ... ~l:,:. c.r::!l4.o ~.)L&.lJ~l~ ~~I ,.L;J1 J! lolJ ' ..:..4LJ,.I ~ ,.\.i.l! Jl lot LA') ft" J ('9 y.J
. ~..l::-;_yo
~L)I ~ r-1J ' )& Q~ ~J,) J! ii~L!..lili iiJ>.IJ o,.l} ~..l::-J I~llol t.b:. 0i .u t._;,IJ I..l-!J ' 4....IJ..u4 ~I wJpl d .,,6- .r.?U LSi dl ~~ J! (f o",lj ~J ~jWl Jld-I alA d ~ .. ° ",I_;J 1 dt ~ ~ ~..b- ..u La j_,hl4 ~ ~~ Ji , ~~I J=l~1 c_) LS ~ ~~ 015 01 ~lS:o iiJ.:..l::-
. Ul..,a;.- ~I
H •
, (4.lL..)1 JD J~I ~I c_) ~~ r::P y ~l!.Il ,.I.r.-)'I ,)l>,.jl ~ i;.\.!J
. 4il> ~ ~I ii~l.!J1 ~I '-:":"'" Jl ~ _,:JI ~t _,J c.?'-
,
: Assignable Causes ~~ J ~ ,.lb;.T _ i
io)jll J-lyJl ~..} ~I ~ 0J..wl r..LJ ~ ~~ uJl ,.lk;..)l1 ~J
J.
0-'" ~ yJl a-4J r_")\s,'JJ . ~IJ'" ""j LSJJI ~WI ._j~ LI..4lI ~I ~
.) y; J ..} ~WI ,;:;\j ~...Li ~ ~ ~ r---Iy o..w LIJ..u1 .,.Ir.-k '11 ",Lb.:>·~1 . ~I ~I c,} )_}j 0\ ~ u=:J1 ~lyJl ~
: Random Errors 4.;1~1 ,.1.6:·:':11 _ 0
, 4J ~I ..r.? ~lyJl 0-" .r.:? .)~ ,) ft" J JIIA.).J" 0 ~ u=J1 ,.lk;..·~1 u" J
____ '0 ___
--------------~I~IJ.J¥'f __ ~ ~I J'oLb.:;.'l1 If ji~)1 ~ yJl &..?> ctl;J . I~ ~ JS _,;t; iJ~ t?IJ ah ~1 ~~ ~I u~~1 ~ j...a.; ~ ~ \ ~l.4>~1 J)aJ~ 4=J:.L.... J~ .t.,.,) ~ .. t.k;L1 Ih ~ v~b'jl lo.15J . I$.:!~I tk;L1 ~ ,.\..b:.)l1
. v')l..~ IS~ _;-t; .
~ ~ ~ ~IJ ' 4-:k P tfli ~IJ vlJJ.A.l1 I.!..>-~I >I~I ~
: d! l.. ~T ~J' rlJ..u1 LIJJ..lIJ ~I }~~ WIJ..II ii_,AJ1 ~ .. t_?I.1~IJ r-WI ~ _ ,
. r_,wl_r.f- Lr ~
, Jy.a:.ll J..l.p J ' ~")lil ii_,.i Jl IS> y ~b:- r..?'J .. WA..u1 ,.Li.p _ T
. Emotional Bias ISJ~I _r.--:JI If J_,-:jIJ
Lo 1~1 ~I OS' 1..!..>-l:J1 ...Jj ~ ~ ~ 0~JJ~ wJ .. ii.r.l!tIJ ~I _ yo
. ji.r-s ~ J 'j5L!J.1 ~ .t.:..P p:-I
: ~I 4jL':-:l1 _ f ~I ,:y- ~I ~LNI ~J . rrLJl ~I d ~ ;'JJ,rP i../'J J""L>1 ~J ' ~I Jl=LIJ ~I ~I ,_} ~ ~I .tV'Jli : c5J~~1 , ~JyUl ,_} ~ (jV I.5J~j\j1 ~I loT • 4_;.-lJ LJLcJ 4A1_;;J~ ~J J)J ';;J..II Jlf:>- \'~ - .d ..b- Jl- ~ ~I ~_, , 0W)'1 ~ )6.J Fo1.r:-k ~ ~~ i~ Ji , ~I J)aJ1 J.s- ~~':I4 ~ .c... .J,j. ~I LJ"t.;JI ~L.,a,...)'1 Jpl t_~1 ~J . vL6...._,:J.1 ~~ ~ - >Iyiil ~ J5 - ~_iHI ~
. J~1 l.k d (_rlS ~I
: Intuiton ._r'J.J..1 _ 0
~ JL.:. dl J;.:-JI y:. Jt;.1 0~ jjJ ' <JA..il1 d J~\rl iit!.; ~ y:.
------------------ r, -
-- ~I.~I ----------
~ cJt ~ t.?1 - J~;U lsJlk ~JJJ Y. J:i..ul D~ J"J.J-I ~J ' JI.5:;'11 ~ § ~lP J~~I ~ •• ;tv . ~..u ~IJ '":"~t LCJ~ - lo ~ J> d , ...r"~1 .I...u d.,b...o ,.~t ~ ~t , ,,\;.:. _;:....I t::!'J ~ cJlS1 "I)'" , .).;11 ~~ J; ~
. ,,~I ~.J..I 4;}t. 0.i'l!; d'J . ~yll., .412ij)1 ~ cJl....i~1 iJ~ 4:.:>?}
4&. __,.JI ~ ~..ul If' ~t.. L:JIJ:. ~~ ~ ~ r. ~)lkIl J~~I ~ ~..J 4N ~ J~ ':J.I c:!'.J'" J~~I ~ r::P J dI~ ~ ~..J • ~ ~ lp ~I . dI~.r.f- JT ~ lJ~ ..ill ~ ~I ~l:!~1 JSL.J ~ ~J ~
: Imagination Jl:#-' - '\
&- ~ dI~ 1S.)1 .,u., , Ji'"ll t-.....J p:.ll ~l,..) Jl Jt#-I L;l.J! c.5.) _;; »t 4-i ~ r-1 r-WI (y G~~ ._;W dl ~ Ji C-;:> ~ i..u. ~l;l.!.:S'1 Jl ,.WJI , u-W1 ~ 1J..:....r" lJ~ 0T ~ JyJ..1 iJi ~I c5.r..J . r+Y If ~ - J~I ~W}; r_) Jt;.1 ~6..1..!. c: -~., , .u c;.,..L.,.,u., , ~L...J
. )~\II (y ~IJ ~I ~ ~_)::ll ..!..>-l:lJ
ot ~ 1lJG:. cJ~ ~ ~I iJl c.5..r.! If ,.L..WI If .!l~ .. dI~ C:J ~~ J ' ~ JaWIJ tJA.il1 ~ t.rP).1 ~ JI~I c: ' ~J I~ cJ~ . 4l~ P ~> j5J .)i &!o':JJ . ~\S '":"t;.....t cJJ.) ofo ~i J_r.!
: ~t.. ~ ,":"J..dIJ ~ I!.->-L:JI ,~ lo ~t iJl
: ~I_,.II 0 ... 1,;11 - , J4- d :J tfi iJi ~ ~ JJ'JI JlybJl o- b;li wfo. iJl ~'-:-II ~ iJl ~I ~L...\'I r_,LJ1 J~ ~., , '+! ~}I ~':J~I ~ LClJ ' ~ .v~1 iJ~ iJi ~l:J1 ~J . ~ ~J;! loJ ~I 4jt..~1 ~':J~ JS' ~ ~_,A; J.)L,a.. j-A lIifi t.. ~ ~)I rJs- 1;.)li iJ~ wi., , .u ~., T_A! U ~,.,
- rv ---- _
--------------- c.rW1~IJ_,....,f __
lJi.1 , ~ ~ J)t> \II ~ .1t_, , ~ ~I ~ .1i Jl..!.:51 ~ C')u J ' ~ . ..:..U~ \II ~ _r.-A; Lr ~1~Ij Ci
o.JS &J~ JWI 1ST) I J _; ~ \I ~l ~ _,.wI ~ J ~~I ~..lA:JI 01 &" [_J.;LI ~ y\j ~ iiJJLJI )LS:J)U I~t J-WI # ~ ~.JA J- o~I_;J1 ~ ~ _d- o~~ J~t 4iL.;l ~l:-U ~ 'Y r1 (f.1 ~ .ilL.H~1 ii_}b
. jiJ-lllA d i..1A;j1 a_r.--4 c!~ d JW ~ ~ lJi
o- .;;s ~ L,.; 1 U:UJ L:JI ,. WJIJ o.r,3-1 l5.1~ .)1.5:... k 0lS' lSjjl ~I ~ J.4.I
.) ~ 0i .)'1 I C-.:>-l:J1 ~ J . .1,.IJ .Jf ~ r _,LJI tr ~ ~..w ~4J1 ~U L.!.::S\l1 IJ: ' i _,k j-O ~ ~ ~ ~f ~ ~ I~J ' oGL..IJ.) e:_r;, yo ~ ~
. ~L...\'I r_,.wl ~~ ~
, ~ u')tl.a..oJ ' ~ ~ c)A ~ ~ t!lkll 4:::- _;>.J Ll ~4J1 arsJJ (,~ ~J L5..u1 ~L:JI c)\ loS . ~ I~t ~ ~ ~ rU)JI')~ , J"Y~4..w ~J ..:.JJ ~JJ }.B J ~ J~ J DJ_,..!.:l1 ..!.J ~I If ,)J.c;. .;:S"~ ill;' I JJ~ (_rA ~J ~ Jl [_~ -",''11 .)~ .. Il1J ~ J~I Il.\ ~ --4~ lSi ~L.,.;)'
.~_,llzll c)jlpl ~ ~ ~ ~~I ~~
(_rA .)J~ .)Js> ;;,.1) - WbJ ~ iiJy.4! - ~L;.ll ~J~ c)i .l.:Al1 tr .u..JJ
, J
Ih d A \.., ~~ ~ lJt ~ , 4.,a ,a>._j J~ J o_i::.dl ~I ~L..J-,JJI
, ~l?ll lA}.; ~I ~L. _,.LJ.I ~~ J~ ,jA - c.S.;>·':J1 u~JJJ.l1 ~ _ J¥I t!~)1 r:: ' .i ,.a..~1 Abstracting Journals ~I ~I .aJh- ,1\ ":"'~J,) ;_r J r-Ir.-l ~ , ~ ~~ u=J1 ~I ~~JJ..u1 d Lp ~41,1 L!J_r:l1 J~i ~l
• ~ ~I clJ.j ,,;:.,1 ,cJ>..~ 1 r=_....r" I' _ oj
Reviewing ~I u~I)1 ~~J,) 0-" ,)J~ ,)..,W 4uJ.il1 ~I)I ..l._:Aj clI.lS
: W ~ ~ri ~ Periodicals
, 4-! tbb.)'1 J J.:-i r-'J ~L;.ll ~ J~ d ~fl"i .;:..,\......IJ~ ill)'! - i
--------------------------------rA---
-- ~I~I _
~ ~)IJ ~I)I t.rP .r J~ ,,} ~ftt ,.;}I ~.::..L ... IJJJI t'" ~ J-=..o c:f c: .~
, ~l:J1 i~1 J~ ~).I ~::.N~I ,,} c.S~ u=ll ,.:,A. .. IJ..u4 ill)'1 - ~
. 4J iJ.A::.lI c.SJ..oJ ii..uUI 4J\.aI~1 ~ ._; __,..dIJ
~)I ~\'L==~.I.IJ - c.:.-~I i~1 ~\'~ ~ .4::.oU ~I ~L/-JI i _,LJI 1...1 .),1&. ii~l_;J ci J ,J' ~~ - ? 1iJ l,r.;> ,J' - ~~I ~ .:,t i.r4 ..;~ - 4-! ~ ,J' ol,jf'l} ~ I... ~~ Jll~ . i_,wl I.!lli ,_} ~LsJI ~I if' ')J..c.-
. ~ J~ ,,} ~.1>-
~ .hA; ~ 4.4l.;l1 ~~ ~)I Js- ol,jl~l} _rraJ .:,t ~ .:,t C-.>-L)I ~ J
oi ~I.o ~ s p ~ J.)u .r.? ~ 0t Jl ~.J..u wi ~J ' ~ oGL.. ~ c.Sy:."':l1 i _,lJ1 ,_} i..l.4:l1 t: ~I.B i _,.wI rJ.Z ,:,''l ~~ ~ ~ J~ ~
. 4-! ~)I
~~iJ ~L...IJ,) d ~ ~ , .j·:o ~ ii~li c->-L:lI 0~ 01 ~
~ '" '"j.
01 ~ LoS ii__,....:..ll ~I_,JI cpol_;]4 WI,) ~ J11 ii..l$.WI r..s"'J ' ~~I
'~Jt
: till4 ill)'1 - ",.
Jl ~~ ,J' Jts:;·':lIJ ~I... _,LJ.I ~.; ~> If' ~ ~I ~.,.I1 ,f' .wJ1 01 Js.1~ iWI iU~1 .J;$. \11 ~ ~ ~~ « ~_,:JI » ~~ ~\'J ' .r=-T ._:.,l.A.lI4 rYkll ,J' ~i 0h i\II dJJ.I4 rYkll 0i ~ J!,J • t..~1 4.;JJ1 - c>-~I ~l=:- ,J' - 1* ~ i·'ll d;JJ4 ~I ~\::S:ll 0Uil .:,1 ':Jl ' t.S_,.>~-J1 ~ _,L~ 4-! ~I ~l::SJ1 d....).cJ - l:J ~4 ~rJl ~,J - ~I ~ 01Z1 ,,}
. ~Ju--L
____ r~ __
--=-------------- wW ~J_,...,f --
..;:.J I_;Jj 1 lSJ.>. ~ - t~ l.. U 1 - ..!.ll.l5' w.o IJ ~ IJ i ,yo d.rll I.!..> l:1J ~ '1 J k; 4,; _r. jj_)~ ~ ~lAJl ~J ' 4;.a al_hlo ,-:-,,~I ~ ~ ~~~I W r.,sA _rPl:Ll li~ ,_) ~~)'I -loUJ . F-I},:r ~ d~ Ji ~~ ,:r a~ ~ .. I.llJ ~ ~ _r!.:.j ~I ~I ~'1UlI t!ylJ ~~ ~ &" ~ dJ~~1 r-W'
. ~Jt ~_.~T l;JS ~~)'I IJUi)' 4.a.I1.. ~_,.IJt F-lk! ~L;JI ~
J5 ,,_) ~~IJ ' _.,A1_tl2llJ ' ,.:...L;~1 rY' ~1..111 ~I I.!..>-L;JI L_)l! _ i ~ ~ ~ J..cl~ I.!U_) t=-'.J .• oJ.A~ JT , ~ Jl , ~ JT , eTA lo L5j!-11 ~ I>I_,.... ~L11 CJJ f-15~1J ' ~I J_,.,.;..dJ1 ~J ' lA .r..ljJ J;'')II 4sl}J..., ~1F-UlII cit _)~ 4..0 JI..L4 ~ , ~I ~II>lA.UI J~ iT , ~I
. ol>t:.:J1 ~I ~l..!J1.:.l4 J1 ~ ~I .. lA.I~
~I 4..0..1> ~ .. l.a>-/U ~I r'J.>.i....'11J ' F-\.b:.~1 ~ ~·~.)..dl_ 0 IL LY' .,.>-1 t::P yo ,.) W~I 1>l1>.'Lj1 t!yT d~ ~)I ~.J .. ~I
. J-aAl1
, ( '~i t ) Salmon & Hansen c:-IJ;! . . trP}.1 IlA I/' j:..PlA::.Il ~ ~).J
. ( ,~,,, ) IJJ_,>-TJ 4S""" .r J
~I c_} 4-! ill)'1 ~ ~I ~I ~I.,J:-I o_;SJ 4;_,..11 ~ I~
- J.>.IJ ~4 t; A lS.J. LSi - ~~} Io!J ~I iJ _,5J1o G~li 4)~ •• III ~ ..G-I_,ll J _;.....o ~ oJ>.IJ ~ dW <fll ~ -.NI ~~ ~ ~.J • _r:.~1 li _ra.&o ~
.. ,
lo ull)i:J1 IJJ:l us::.:J.1 ~ ~ &!.>L:lI :P.f.. ~ ~ ~)I ~I~ ~ tr'
OJ ~J ' Vc.-'1 ~J\i- c..J 4-! J,a::j ~I JJ"'~I JJ~ JiJ 'Jyt ~ ~~..r. . ..\>oIJ iJl ~ ~ If;.....1.)~ ~ '1
~ ~ ~JL.!... ~ ~I .:;L...I_).1.I1 .. 1ft! _y. L:Jl:.- ..uWI o~'1IJ
, ~ ~}.!.l.1 ~lJl .)J.p J ' 19.iL;:.iI_i::A J ' 4i1..lAl ~ ,yo ~ ~ ._:.,4Y-"
·--------------------------------L ---
-- wWl~I ----------
c.J <:>I..!J.I oj_. ~ J-.l1 ~ cJ~.J . Lt'<I .;,.~; u=J1 ~L.IJJJI Jt ~J~I :,Js.J UPI ~ -U J . cJ _,s).! ... tJ _,!>4J ~ J 1!..>-4 I..f...o ~ , ~ J} )1.1 ~ tJ-P)1 J~ ~ tf.JJl:l1 ~I ..l.>T <\...oIt.r.J ' ~ J} jjJs. ..l.>1}1 Team Work LS"l....::- Ju- )11 j ~l:ll ~ I~ ~..u-. UPI ~.. I~.J
-.~
~ o~ ,.Ift! J! ~WI ~I t!?1 ~:,pe ~kl:-I ~4 ~'Y.J ,,}.J J\5:;\II c..J :i))J..1 ts'JL!.l1 _". tf'l..J.;-1 j..-JI LJSJJ ' 0:' A ~4 J5 4J If r.s ,.1.r.-lJ . Cv. cJ~ ~ 0:'1.- ;s1- o:,~ - :,I}"JI cJ~.J . .(il; J-li .11 - I~ ~ ~kJ:.1 J-.l1 c..J.J . ~I.1 ,,~ 4S1_r.-ll.r' Je-T &!:,A Jlo;~1
. ~I.::JI 1- .. ~ ..l:s- _,!__ ~ 'I . --II ~ j _ ..uw
rr: e,.r.:-;- ~ ~ .T r
~ ~ c->~I ..:.J) j!.o'\;Jl J~'YI ~..u:. ~W:-I J-.l1 ~ .. J,lAll,,}.J
tJ .1 y:5::l1 IJ ~ ~ , J.-J4 ~ I _". ..6.a; ..l>-IJ ..!..>- 4 tJ ~ cJ l::>-~'11 If .r.:s j ::.} jS" ~ cJi ISJ.1__,.;J1 IfJ . ~~ -U.1 ' oJ ~I:.r" Ji , oJlla:.;1 ~
. uJ)i1' oj_. J!.o c.J I:y.. i.J~ .:>T tP oJ..ul1 ~
. c... ~WI ~\ a ,a~ _ ~ll_ "-!l.!.::; 4 T.;.:!S' I:y.. ':>Jl..dl 1J~'1 ~.ls' c..?J ~ ~IJJJI ~ yo ~~ ~ ~JLdI .~\ .a.,a;.; ~ .:>T J..a.i~"JIJ If ~I~ ~ ~I J-JI J>lr ~ ~-~ ~_o}~ ~ J5 J~ .) ,r';.J ,~ ~ . . I.!m ~ J . _r.;.u d..u:.J_, ~\::S ...::.J J Jl ' .u ~I ll> J" ~ J5 ~ .:>i ~ ~ , ~Jl..dl ~\...~I c.J Overlaping c.¥-I..dl ~
. ':>J?~I ~ r~ ~
0-45" ~'1b- ~ ~~J ' L- ~I ~ ~Iy ~y.,'Y .:>~':JI ~ ~.1
. ~I ~I J~ ,,} ~WJ ~ rWI r-"~I .:>"1 ~ Jlp'll
r ~ 4 w... cJ ~ cJTJ L .ul:J.f--o u.A;\ i.JT ~I ~_;JI ~ :,} JS ~ ~.J &- ~~ t:: ' ~IJ.:.II .l:... - (I~-~ - ~l:J.,w1 ~~ ctl~ ~J . ':>Jf-\'I "-!
----t\ -- __
---------------- ~I .:-JIJ_,....:oi __ , _r.:JJ o')I.l&-j_, ~I ~I.:S ~..H ~J ' ~I ~I ~YJ LU_) ~~ . ~l ~I ~ Y ~ tr ... t-..iJ ' _r.:J1 ~ ... \.0......\'1 ~; J.':- Jl.Q;':IIJ
':IiJ ' ~J ~~ ~ 4AA ~Jkl.1 j.Al~ \Ii J:_;JI ~_) ~ ~J -.:,..~ r' ~u, - 0';; ~ ~ J ~~ '1lJ ~ oJ..:s. ~~ U"'~i,)~ ~~ .( w~ ''\0," Wils?nif) <IAA ~JL..:.JI ~,y ~~I
~'e· ~\
• ~_JA .J ..
I~~ ~ ~ ~~I ~I.::-~I Js- w _,.,dl ~ U.ro LSi ,_) ll-.yl tP. ~ ~ if' JS' ..:..~~I ~ r" ~ J - ~ - ~I_)J JJ4l>"-" ,_p ~I LSr.-i , ( fiJ..,a::.lJ ri , ~I !.I~")'J Cl:;~1 ~t5i ... 1."..... ) ~IJ ' J~I o.r,E-1 LSJ~ «.Si) ~I ~ W' . ~I_))I ~I ~~L::>-I I!U.iSJ (./':1 4:.a J5 ~ ~I j5l.!J.1 tyo ~ ~I),) ~ ~_jJ~ ~\j ~ J~4
. ~LI).)~p
JS'l.!J.1 ~ - (..,L..,i - ~.fo.. ~I ~.Y' _)~I ~i ~~ i..w ~ ,)~ ~ cY - ~t u=ll , L.!...:>-L;JJ ~I ~)I ~ ~J ' WU]I d_o4J1 ~I ~L.~":JI ~~ Jwl cll~ ~":J ~J . 4.;1!.I1 ~)I ~ _ ~·'ll LSi J1.r-l r_} ~i ":J ~l ~ ~JJ 1_;::!5 dJ~ ~I ~I ~~ .)i ~ \ I.!..>-~ .J.l:.i .)\ ~J . ~I t....1_)') ,_) 4))~ ¥_) ~~II.SJJ )~ r.3 \..0 ~ r...lZ
. ~I ~I)I L..;-'~ ~ JJ?':I .u~1 Jts::.;·'ll ~i
~ ~, L)l> IS~ c.?1 ~~ '11 if' ii.r.:-? ~ ~t lA>- u.... j11 if' J u=ll W-J-I JSl.!J.1 ~L....l ~ ~J ' 4.:>.w'1 ~I .:,_,L;ts:..)l1 LY'L...i c.P .)~I o}SJ ~.h:- ~.r. - ~ ~I oJ..,. ~J . ~ ~\:.ll J_,1L1 .)~l ~ _,;..-;
. ~I.fd "yo ~L;JIJ w..lf.ll L..;-'~.J _)I~I t.JA dj:. _;.. W:.... ,_} ).JX -l&:i J-L;; ~I
.... ,
( hypothsis \_t",)_;'" ) hypotheses ~I.?I ':"'4~ Js- ~I ,,"=",)~I ~
I~~.J . ~I).) ,)1; JlI ~I ,y- ~t5 ..:..\.a _,1- r:i- ~ t!'.; , ~
-----------------------------------i~ ---
__ ~I~' -----
J-4-! tS.lJllA : JI_;..JI Ih ~ o~~ ~~1 ~ ~~I ~ .)l 4.b- )1 D.,L,. ~ . ~ LIJ..u1 0-4' ~I.fd c,)A ~l
LIJ')J ' o~ .I/,"t Jl ii.;::$J1 ~I ~~Y;)I ~lS:J.. ~U:. ~"11 ,j-GJ ~J . ~ .•. It •• ~;'J1 Jl JlA;:j~1 ~ , (.J+ •• NI ~IJ~ f.~1 c: ' 1~ fo ~ JS" .y> tS_raAJ1 o.)lA::.... ~I J:A.i ~ ~ ~I ~li _r.11 ~ ...\Sly I t:" _,::jl iJ.&. ~
. ~.;.l JS
/. "\'0 ~ ~.)t d)_.klt ~1):-4 ~ ~I ~I J_;JI ~~..J ~L...IJJ.l1 ~ Y ~ ~ ~L..4;.o.1 J~ ~ ~L..,'~I ~L.IJ.ill ~li~l Lr . ~t OJ~ ~L...IJJ.lI clI; I.r 4-;k ~I ftl::!.ll ~J ' ~J ' ~.a_.b-II
~\;.j ~ 0t ~ ~I '-;-'J¥I ~ ~I ~li_r.J1 ~.)1 ~ cll.lS hlJ J~ u=J1 .!.J~ JUI ~..l.11 _r.:iy ~I ~ ~ (. ; ~ ciJ ,_) . ~IJ..u1 lip r-1..,QAi1 J.i ~l:i ~t,)s- J~I ~Y iJJ~ , ~_,1.
..;.jJJ ~I ~li~)'1 I.r ~ ii~lA:.....1 y.5l ~I ~I J.i.l .:,,1 ~J
. ~IJ..u1 o_? JI_,k ~JL!.l1 ~ ~,!ll:J. .:,,~ iJ~ ~ tJ_rl1 ,_} ~WI
~ cll~ iJt ~ wi ~ ~ , I~~ ~_J ~ 0U)'1 ~ L..~ J JJ"'J 0 _rJ .) ~ 4,jT ..J .r« 0T ~ J- ~ ~ ~I?~I .J>. "1 J~ ~ ~I , ~ULI lyA J5t::.U ~ Jl:,ll ~ J J-JI ~4 lSi J> ,j-G .:,,~ t.rP)1 ~ ~ ~_,A1 ~ja ~ 4-Jl 4.iL,.; )'IJ ' 4Js. ~I ftbllJ ' ~ h. J}J.I Jl5:;~'J1 ~
. rWl rJ.Z d ~I~ ~I ~~ L!.U_) ~J ' r.J.A::l1 ,j-G
r-l:JT iJJ_r=. ~I ~ ~ ~i Jl5:;"11 ~ ~I 4jL..~'J1 I.r u-.:l .. J-1A11 dJ ~ ~ ~1.l!:.....1 LJJ~ ~I JsL...)1 dJ ' L!.J1}-iYI J')l-;. J ' L!.Jl..!..ihll ,_} ~ ~Jt;_ ~ ji~1 ~l.p wlJA ,? Jy.a.;LI ~_,AJI ~I ~
.Jj ~.b:- ~ ,_} i4 ~ ~L:JI ~Iy ~~ JJi ~ ~I !l _; ~I lyAJ
----if-------------------------------------
--------------- wWl~1 J_,...,f __ ~I _r.:.a.a ~ cJl ~ l.o I.:ll&. -l:!~1 ~I (J~ ~ ~L.... ~ ;;)~! fil (J~ ~ ~i ~~~L. dl ~I ~ )_r:-')II r~ ~ .. J.LalI ~J . J.J~I c:.r ......Q.; _,:.II ~ t.? 4i..u1 ~ J ~ .)~ (Jt ~ ~ ~ _,.. ~l:j d! J_,..." _,ll ,-:-",1?~4 ~ J..a.ii ~lH.s:'·l ) ~ 0:>" cJl ~u j.i\'1 ,).s- } , LIJ..u1 alA
. J..a.iT o;~ ~I ~
~I ~ ~ ~ ~IJJ.l1 ".I.r.-l ~ ~ J Js; ~l>J.1 ~1.:l1 Js- ~_, jjp ~i_,k I~!.J . ~)I ~I ~\jJt .d- c..J ? D~ ~ ~J~ to? 1 ~l ~ ~ .ill ~ J:...a.C.I4J Jl.J-1 ~ ~l::S ~ ~ ~1.:l1 ~~ ~ ii~~ ~ ~ ija; u=J1 ~ _,.JI ~ ~~ L:3l&. Jt.s:;~1 !I.iJ. .)T Lp\>. J ' ~
. ( \ '\ '\ 0 Thompson J , \ '\ 0 Y Wilson tr ) &A.ill
- .u ~4 0.4~ J~ ~ ~ U_r... ".~ d ~.I- t.S.il1 - ~l:ll ~ LJA ..\.JU u=JIJ ' Jl=:J,1 ~ ~ ~.r.-t u=J1 ~LJI ..::JL.. I;JJ 1 Js- t?li' ')14 t' ~ (Jt I.r 4~ ~L:JI ~~J~ (J~ 1!1l1 ~J ' c..fol ~I ~ r-U L...L.T 4..P _rU Jlo.::>.l ~ , (JJ.r=-T .yl ~ y (Ji ~l.o ;lP Jl ~ a.) ~ 1.5.il1 ~I J~I ,,1 4jL;~ ~ _;.II oJ c.l:;j c:>i (JJ') , ~ ~ 4.l1_"';.rU J.l1 ".Uv:."J1 ~
. JI::-il I~ ~ ~~ ~l
~I J~ ~ ~ lo JS' ~ ~ ~I ~t-:...,I J1 ~JA4' Jl )a:J4J J6 to\.&. oJy.<2-! ~.N6;.11 clJ..j ~I~I J...a.!"~1 ~ .t.i~ •• ~ ~}I ~~I.:,lIJ
. ~ ~ ~ rll~1 41J\.:- ~ ~~ , vP _;J4
,,1 , ~I ,_} LIJJJI tfP yo If t.WI ii".I~1 ~1.:l1 Js- ~ . . ~I.y os>I_;J1 l!lli C:>~J . ~ ~.lJ..1 ~ j:S" _,:JI ~ , ~Jl;.:j c_iJ1 ~I J~ ,_) }5\'1 ~L.IJ..u1 Jl ~~I ~ ~ ~IJ ' ~)I ~ ~L..·'::ll iiJ.t.W\ ~~
.~
----------------------------------~~ ---
__ ~I~I _
~UI~L...IJ.u1 ~I~I ~~l..lA ;r- ~I ,_r. t..;:lWI i_,.Ja.;J.-1 iJ_p.;.J
~ ~t::... ojl.lj 4-ijl.ljJ ' ~)4 ~I Review Papers ( ~~I)I ~\llA... ) . ~L....~I ~Ir ~ ~,Jj.J ' ~_,ll ~I.i~ rll>U
d......IJ.u1 J~ ~ AJ__,..!.:l1 ~ ~I ~L.aJ;..- 4 ~ J~I clJ~ ~.J
: cfi. I.S ~J 1S..1>-~ ~ ~}I .,;:.,~~IJ
~\'I ~Ll-I <.H.:,.1 tJ-S' L;loJ.>. rJZ ~I ~lo}.J.1 ~~ Jt> If - ,
,,} ~4l U;?.J ' ~.r" J ~ ~> c_IA J ' 4-! U"a::!1 ..;J~ ( '-:"' _,....,Y-I ) 4J~ if ~ ~I ~~I .,;:.,LJ5ll r-L-JI Jl:?>- \II Js. ~_,J.kI.1 ~l~·;..t II ~ Y
. ~.}.b11 ~~I Js- ~_,....,\J...I J_rU
( Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux J~ tp6:.) CAB Abstracts - t .'
. BIOSIS_~
.
. AGRIS _ ~
. (Current Agricultural Research Information System: ;L,.:..::,:.I ) CARIS _ .)
~IJ ' ~L-~ ~\I1 ~I 4 : ~I.ul 1!J\..._,w1 ..;J~ cr»
. ~I ~I ~.)~ ,,:.,lo).-.U ~_,All
~ Li j>r..o I!JG ~ OJ_"""" ,,} \...1 ~. ~ J. ~\......uL.1 .,;:.,~I D~ i..1.Qj ~L,.J;..::.....l ( 4y...... D~~ ~ ) tr.b ~ ~J_"'" ,,} lolJ ' II ~ts:......) » o__,.j~1 4-i1oJ.>. ~~I ~ r..1.Qj,J • ~ tJ4' yo ,_; ~ftT u=J1 ~ ~I ii ~f uw,L!. ~ - o~~ - ~)1l1 ..;:J\...}.J.I ~ ~ ~ 4-! a.a:ll 1!JLp.JJ
..;:Jt_y ~ }.f dJ.i5 . ~ r.?1 ..;:J~I 1S.u - 4s-.r.Ja.. Jt - .; ~I
. ~ J. - ~~ ~JJ ) y; ~I - ~\l1 ~ Y¥J IJ.J-'P ..;:J\... _,wI
____ to __
---------------~I~IJ~f __
~ ~I ~I ~ ~UI ~L..,IJ..u1 41) c.S..;>-)l1 ~)I t...T., _ "
0A J . tJ-P _,1.4 4.L.al1 U})I Abstracting Journals I!..t ~I ~I .. a.I;..::, A .;.J~.,~
~JJ ' ~}.I ~I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~L:JI ~i ~)JI C1t ~I;.a ~i , ~~,;>-T (yO ~I t~ 0t.~ . ~ ~I.> ..;...;15 ii~J.::- ~I_p.- ~ ..J _,..u
~ ~ ~ ~ ~1 ~'-:JI ~ ~T Jl ' ~UI ~I_,:...JI Jl o~ yJl t:
~ ,
~ ~..u OJ~ ~~ Lr ~ t... ~fo. ~ Jl ~ ol J!.,i , u-Dy
..
. ~).~ 4..pUl-I ~I J.>-i d ~ : ~t... Cil.J:.ly ~ ~~ ~~I ~~ ~~J~ d ~I ~fo. JJJ
,
~ J~ &" clJ~ ~J '" ~ ~ ~..r.. u=J1 ~lA _,LJI ~~ _ i
~~k. _Jb ,y- ..;Jt...}.--o ~ r°':J1 ~ lA t~J . o- _,.JJ lS~ .1.b>...o
, .
, <CWoIJ.:I .:I1_r. LS.1J1 Jy.a>J1 Lr ~) lS_r>-i ~bu ~ LIJ.l..II .;.J~W WI.!
. ~ls" ..:"L..,IJ.:I ~ #1 J _,...a>J.1 J; ~?t J.i J.; r.I 01
If' JlgJ ~ 4:.l ~I ~ ~I 4--~1 ..:"LJ5J1 Lr ~ ~ .:II~! _ ~
• ..:"L...:J.;..~ \ I ~~J~ ~~ _,....; )1
~ ~ , l.¢ ~I ~ ~I ~l:At1 ~LJSJI W~ J;lA=>- 'YI ~ _ ~
. ~Ir ~ ~I ":"~J..ul .:I1.).&.iJ 1o!'.J1~
~ , ~1J.&.\l1 ~~~ - ~T LS - ..:"l.,a..l;..::...1 ":"~J,) cJ ~I T~ _ ,)
0A ~_r._,...a.i ~ ~ ell; fo~i ~'-:JI r ~J . lili J .•. r~1 cJ 41 ~l:ll , ~JJ...lI1 t""'1 jA; ~ , ~_,J.k.o ..:"I.,a..I>.~ A ~ IS_':;' ~I ..:"b..i.,a.Il ~ ~ ~I o.::,J~1 d ":,,U~I alA )_,:;J r-'iJl ' a_r!.j .c.....J ' .lb:J.1 r-SJJ
. I.AIJ~
.,I_,....., ) ~L.JI ..;JL....IJ...lI1 ..:"I.al.;..~ 4 ~ J~I ~ 4JWI ii_,Y-1 0~
, .
( ~~I ..:J~JJ,) J!> y- rt , ..:"Lo _,.wI ..:,,~ J~ LJ'" ~ ~I
-----------------------------------£\--=
__ ~I~I ----------
.::.. ~ ~I ~I ~~I ~ •. ::A .. a1;~:.J.1 &.I ~o~1 ~ ~I Jl f:.T:")1 ~\... J5 ~ LS_#.'J ~~I 1J'oJ ~ 4uJ.rP_, 4.oiA ii_,.b.;l.1 G~ .LUJ . ~ ) _,::;'J ~~ ~la _,h.a J-" WI,) !.S# ~I , o.!J ~I I.!.l.l; If ci _TV' ~~I ~
• ..:.;1 .,a1>.- \ I ,_}
J.Lu ~1.J ' ~~I ~ v:J1 ..:.;L,a.!>.- II ~ 0 #1 ~~ j-!J lJi ~
. 4;.- p.l.l i...IJ..u1 ~ ~ u=J1 4.0411 o.!J ~I ~ ~ ~t o- Jii ~ clI~
u")\;:J1 ~t (J' 0.r.>-~~I .)I~\'I ~lyA _~.15 - ii)a;L1 oh ~ c:>T ~J ~J.:l1 ~411 o.!J ~I cJs- ..J yaill - LIJ..u1 ~ yo J_,l,::j ~i ~ ~I - ~I • ..:.;l....:tl:>.. • ...J.I ~L..J_'.) ,_} ~ ~ ~ v:J1
iip I>l.iIl ~~I cJs- ~ ~~-JI ~ J.)l..,a... ,_} ..!J ~I oh ~I~I eJ rd-I if' ~ ~I 4.0411 ~ ~I ~~ ~ 4-=-- ~ J5 ~lyA WI,; ~ . ~.15 ~ '"JI ~ J.)l.,a.. ,_} 4::Jl u=:- )I_, , c:>lS" ~ !.S 'oJ
_,1 ~I u~JJ..iJ1 ~ oJ 4;.-\.:l1 u~1 ,_} ~ 'J u;) ~l:J1 c:>"J I~J
~ ~"JI o.!J~1 ~ _ 0-45" ..:.;'JI- ,_) - ~L:l1 ~ .. 4-=-- ~_,lb.ll .)1..l&-r'1l 1.1....gJ d~~ i~ - LS~..r! ( ~JlS" ) J~4 _,T ~ .i.~ yL..r. Lg.;Jy
• « I!J ~I ~L;.. .- ,0 ~ ~)$ D -! J.,ruJ - ~ _,..All
u~ _,..!.:.ju=:ll .::..~I ~t cJs- J~ J.i I.!...>L:JI I.>~ _ra;L1 I~ r-~I eJ t"'tJ ' ..:.;L...IJ..iJ1 oh ~ t.S~ ~I ..:.;4J:.I_, , c.fol LIJ...u1 ~.JoG ,_) ~I e 4~.a.>-..!J1 ~'JL,a;'J1 t..y I.>t ~ I.!.U~ ~_, . 4-! ~I ~l:J1
. ..:.tLAlf'Jl o.!J..b-i 4..!J\;l Ji , JY'°-JI ~ If JL..A:....,;A.I ~ ~)I I~
u~ 0:;' ~ 1>1."..... - ..!.J ~I ..:.;I.,a.I~. ~ Jy.a.J-1 ~~I ~T I~l_,
lol ~ 01 ~ ~~ - uL,a.\>.: \1 ';_'~J.) ,_} ~I ~4 it , ~\...)..J.I u=J1 ~I _,i ~ ~~I i~ Personal Computer ~ '-:-' _,....,b- il~4
---- ~V------------ __
--------------- ~1~IJ_,.....f __ ~ ~I ~w.;",~ .11 JJ-¥' ~ L..!J .~ ~I U..41 ,_) ~I ~ 4.:i ~
, ~\:...~(~J.?)~li~~~
~ ~ .:.r.- i~ ~ _; ~ , . ..:..lilk:ll oh L.r ~)lall 0,) \.A:...., \II ~J
o ~J " ~L:JI ¥. 4s.L;1 ,JJ')J , ~ r. - ~lJ..1 ~ - 4:11 tf':")1 ~
: ~WI J_,kJ1 cS..4>-k 0.)i.P ~lil.l:Y1 ~J ~ _;
~ cSt , ~I e::.1.)'" WI.; ~ dl~ ~ 4J ~ cS.i11 ~ _;.II ~ _ \ 4JKo ~ D~..ld:-I e::.1)1 dJL,Ok il1a:31 I~ ~..J ' ~ j...ll c.S~ \II ~;:11
, ~'J.
, lA~}o J..r"-:! ~I e::.1)1 cJl J_,...., _,JI 4s. .r" ~ ~ , WWI ,:r ~1.:11
. s- ~ Lc. _,....; _,.c: t.,;,UlI ..:..lilh:J1 :r-f ~ 1_r.s ~ \I .cSJ J
J_rU ~ il12.:Jllh ~ , u.~ ~)I ~I ~ ~I.;~I~.; _ Y
, ~ts:.. ~ ;~..ld:-I e::1)1 dJL;l cJJ ' ~l&. oJ~ ~)I ~ ..:..L...IJ..u1 J#
. ~ ~ _,....; JA JJl!::; ~I ~li~1 :r-J. cJ ~\I &J
~ t;lt ~I 4.:..... ~ rl ' \lJt d~ .. })1 ..:..l&. Y; )1 ~ ~uUYI ~ _; _ yo
~ t....IJ..t!1 J-W J.rU ~ ~ t.ri' JA jS; t.,;,\:1..1 e--I)I ~..Ll ~ '. L~J ~1.5:. ~ ~~41 e::1)1 oL.;llJA ~L:JI ~ itt.:J1 1.iA ')l W' , ~IJ ')T ~
. JJ~ \I}
~..J ' ~J ~ _,.. IJA _;s1 JJ~ J.i ..l>-1)1 ~I ,)t i~1 1.iA ~..J
" _, ~
~ 4JJl::;j u=11 d_ })I ~l&..rP)1 .)~ ~~I IJA ~ ~ 4.llJ..1 alA. cJ f~1
. ~UI ~lS:.. d ~ JS" r:!' j
~Lu..J . ~ _,..ill ~~ _";)I ~..li ~ r' IJA I!..>-l:Il 4i r.l.P rl1:Jl 1-iA ~ LS it.;) ~ ~ C:' ~ t.,;,1.> loli) ~_;JI ~l&._"';)1 ~ ~~~ cll~ ~ 4.i~ J5 0l5) J>.i d ~lt i~ ~ JS 4JJ~ to? I ~}JI ~Lc. _"';}' ~ 4l I •• - d'} t,rO _,.. cST JJl!::; ~I ...:"lilk:J1 ~ ~ ~ . . I.1~J
I . L~·.1.I1 ')1 •. '1, ',j .c~ I.~~~ _ lI1I ... ~, •
. ~ c.S ~ ~.Y' l.r-I' .Y'" ~ r .r-:
-----------------------------------tA---
__ ~I~I ----------
~ _,.; yo J.1t;;:; u=J1 I.!J yo.;Jl ~ 41_;. ~ ~u~1 ~? illa:J1 1..i.A ~
. ~ ~ ~I_,.:..... ~ t;;r ' ~} (;;."';Y' JJl;.:j ~I ~J ' c:~
JJI:.::; ~I ~u~1 r"~.J.:l ~ ~l.,.,J ii~ tJfr~1 ~I ..liJ .. IlA
, ~I 4.oWI .,:.,l&- _,..; _,..J.I ~ ~I}~ ~m~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ 1P.rP Y' , 4.i1.kz.l1 0-" ~lt ~ts:... d - t.ri')1 U J\;>.~ ~ - c.r.- ~ ~ Ja>. t:!' J .1t ah tJY.1 . ~IJ>" 0-" '":".;14 ~i wr '":"~ ~ ~l>- ~u~ JL-:.....I _,t , ~LlI dl ~I JW'k u~ c: ' 1!.>-~1 ~ u=J1 ~)JI ~~.rP)1 ~ iU J \'1 j) ~ .r" cJ ,.!m ~..J . ~l1Y1 ~Jl:.:j ~1 .,:.,~ _"';)4 ~l:l-I ~ _,A!l1 ~lA..
. ~ ~} ~ _,....; _,.. JJI:.:; t?1 ~U~I
.. t.-:t'At, ....... l:.t
~~ ~' 'J'~ r-
ci.1 ~ d ~~ 1'L,a; c>-L)I &- ~ ~WI .,:.,L....IJ..u1 ~ c_')\k\ll Lll
, '-fj1'1} d ~ _fi ~I ~4JJ.l.IIJ ~I Wlkl. ~ ~ J4=l1 c: ' ~~I ,..J ~ ill)' I ~~I ~ ~ .. I..uJ ~ ii..b-I.1 ~ d ~ }~\I 4J ~I.1 ~ J.,;.JI 0-" ~ ~ Library Holdings ~y:s:J.1 ~J .1t ~~ . ';~'.pj
. ~ * cY~ ~~.;.! ~I ~I)I Uh;.....
, 4 __ ~J ~ ~:YJ ~ Y ~t \'1 ' '-fjl_'.;;. ~ ~ d ~L::Sl1 ~~ r-".J!.1
: ( ,~~y !lJ~ If') ~ ~ ~?Y
: Dewey Decimal System t,S_r..,J1 c.S.J!,:' ilt.i - , L.u) .b;.\j , Y.J divisions iut ii~ ~ i~1 1..i.A ~ ~1!~-:4.l1 ~
: JI.:JI _,.,..;JI ~ 999 J 000 0=! c.J-1?
---f\ -- __
---------------- ~I~' JJ-o"i_~I..J
• r J
general works 4...~ JL..s.t philosophy u._u religion ~~ sociology t.~' philology .;..w pure science ~L..t p.t~ technology (useful artsjt ii.l:io Llp) l:::-_,J_,:S:;
fine arts ~ J ,:, _,a literature L.JbT
history e.Jli
000 - 099 100 - 199 200·299 300 - 399 400 ~ 499 500 - 599 600 - 699 700·799 800 - 899 900 - 999
0# Jl ~.; ~ J5 J>b _r:.....,: ~I 0~ lS_r..J1 ($y,.~ , ": a-\ ~.J J1 ~ ~ JS ~ ~ , 99 Jl 00 d' Gt;) l>i; sub divisions rut J u or J1 "'.r:- JS ~ r-S ' 9 Jl 0 (J" 'L.u_;i ,1,:.'{j sections ",'?oi iirsl.S? r~ ~I..ul ~I ~ .. IlliJ 4 0.9 Jl 0.1 If ~t;) ,b:.'(j ",,?i
. 0.009 J1 0.001 .yo ~ , 0.09 Jl 0.01 (J" lAu) .1;..t; ~i ~~ J!
~I ~ cJ~ ",~IJ ,.~j:ill 0T iua:J1 Ih d -¥ .. Jl!ll ~ J..J
..
t 539 ~l 530 lJ-4 iU_) ~I ",~_r-Ajl .1;..i; 4- ' 4.:-L./~1 r.,w~ VOl3-1 ~)I ~ L~IJ 4.&:-1.;)1 ~ ~ lolA . 549 u11 540 Lr rli./~I ,.~I .1;..tiJ rU J~':JI ~IJ)I .b:.i; ~ ~ ( o¥1 0_,:..i11 ) ~ _,.I foI~ U""L;ll ~)I ~I
. 669 J1660 I.r i\j}~1 L-411 .1;..1;., , 639 J! 630 if'
: Library of Congress System If' ~.,sJI ~ (' lti - " t5~t J ~ I.p J5:I y; , W LJ..~ J! rll2:J1 Ih ~ ~~\ r-Z
: ~WI lli...~~1 d LS , capital ~ dlA JJ
_____________________ o. _
~~I
r}1 ~).I
A t.WI Jl.P~1
B t&..W1
C t'.J:11
H ~L.>, ~I r _,iA1I
K iJjWl
L ~I
N ~)I ,,_,:.tIl
P ~liJll
Q r.,wl
s 1PIJ)1
T c.r. ),p.:J1 .)~ Jl ~J r-i JS .J>-I,) ~ ~I i)~ IJ" _;'.;JI ~ L 4: p .. l ~_, ~ 'Jt.J.l1 J)-I Jl rr ~ L>~t J..r"" UL;~ \ tSr '.II rW";II ~ ~ , r p ii.Js. ~ [.J..\:JJ ' Q.,;o)I - \.:.iL...t\.S _ r.".wl .l>-b .. ~ ~ ~I ~I ,.~IJ ' QC y)1 .b:.b ._;II ,.~_r.;JIJ ' QA.r)1 .1>ti c.rJ1 ..:Jl:-PlJl ~ ~~ \II J.,..)I .:>t ~1 rUlI lolA ui .JU~' J.;J. J . I.lS:.. J •• ". QD je)1 .1.>1:; , 4l!1 ~, iW~' d Jt rW\'I ,.~t .. ~ 1.;)~ r~1 I.lA ,_} t..b..:-l.1
. r-Alt ~ .r'; dl!.ll J)-4 Jat fl ~ .: ~ .,;0'; _ JJ ";II J)-I i)tJ
~4 ~ , rli}~1 rl~4 &!IJ_) ~ rllaUll..i.A j ~,..ul ~'~..J ~~I .:>1 QD ,.~I &:;..:l. ~ •• ~ ~ ~.rl o_" rliJ~IJ JJ';'" ~ .1>b ~~_r.4l1 ,.~I .:>tJ ' QD 444 Jl QD 241 cr J.r)1 ..b:.b ~\ ~ ~bi ~ _,J~' ,.~, t..t . I.K..J ... QD 655 Jl QD 453 if rli}~1 J>.u u=:ll 4;~1 4....~1 Lp:! [_J.cJJ ' TP y)1 J>.bJ ' T ~ _,J ~I ~ TP 156 _;..o)1 .i.>~ c.S.il1 ~I Lc;.o ~ ~ ~~.,.; _,.. ~_, , TP 156 ..r-)'
. I~J '" TP 156E5 y)1 j;,:.~ c;.lll ~')I.;.:....*)IIJ ' A3
____ 0\ ~
-------------_~I~IJ-,.....t -~I J_,A;LI ..:.ro iiol.tl;:.o 0.r.;-? .)1Js.t ~~ ~ 4.l.iJ "'::;J~ rl1a:J1 Ih j_"-::J
. ~}S"\'I ~.)·~IJ
International Standard Book ~~ ..Go)1 ~JJJI ~.;11 rl..l2; _ r
: Number
. ~~I ~ ISBN J ' ~..,.JI ,,) &Jj ~~ - TJl..a:>1 - rU2:..1llh J fi
. ISNN _jA)4 - illa:J1 1.1". cJ - ~I .r? 1S_r!-":I1 ~\s..r.k11 ~; illa; J jU.J International ,~LJ -\1 u-'""l:A.H ~ JJJI ~.;11 Jl A oI,j~ ISSN jA)1 lat
. &Jj i~ ,y ~ i~ y. J ' Standard Serial Number
\.AI _;.. ~J.) 4JlS"J ( &Jj ) y\::5Jj J.>.)I ~J..ul ~ _rll ~ Js- dA t..,."l>- WJ ~WI ..:.ro cJK. (.51 ,_) j~ L-:'l:5 JS" ~ .. ru:cll l.i&l ~J . ~ut . y\::SJJ ~I J":>UJI ~t ~..J ' 1S_r!-' ii J" _;fo.. ~ ~
,).&- ~I_r!. t!) dl ~ 4 ..:,_,lil>- ~ tJA rl1a:J1 Ih cJ ~_; JS cJ_A
:" dl::ll _:Pc;ll
~I;J:-I UldIJ ' ~l::SJ1 ~ J.l.,p u=J1 a.lJJJI Jl J J ":II ~_,!JI jA'; - ,
Ji J.>.IJ r-iJ tf cJ_foJ ..u ~J ' y\::SJ1 ~ jJ...P ~I ~IJ ' 4::11 ~ u=:J1 . r\i) ~'jJ Jt ~j
. ~l:JI Jl 4:iWI ~rJ!-.7"j - y
. J1:.1IJ ' ~IJ ' y\::SJ1 cJly Jl 4!lWI ~.rJ1 jA .J ".::r ~J ' « check digit ~U:J.I 4..il>- » ~ ~ fiLo Jl ~I)I ~_,!.ll y _; - f
. t.\; ... IJ ~~t IJ Y" Jl W J
r~1 J.:i <l.o~1 ~ 4=l y. cJi C>-~ ~ J-II Jy":ll C)I_,:.JI Ih d J-il;.; ~J ' ~I o~~ ~ J_,...i tf'J ' 4Jl:Jt cJJ ~I~ ~~I ~4
__ ---------------------------------O~---
-- u-WI~I ----------
rf J . hl-l> ..:J~l::::....1 ~1 J,rP .,.tl~ J ' ~\.b>. \II ,_; t;i.,.tl ~ ,_; lp _,: u4t.. ~I_,AJI 0.L. ~t
~I~I J.i - ~L;;I ~)I - ~IJ ~I J)aJ1 ~ c.P '-:-'..JJ.:.l1 - \
. ~I'; 4....-IJ..u1 ,_;
t.~1 ~ ~ J.,ait ;J~ ~Jll } , [.\:;)'1 ~ ~.)WI Jyb.ll t_l.z.il - "
. ~JUl.1 u..k. cf' ..:JL...JWI cll.i ..:...i1S 1.)1)11 ' 4!k6:. ~IJJ ..:JL..Jll
~IJJJI t..)l.. &" J5 ,_) ~ J..\i y:St J1 ~l:,::J1 r~ yAlli.o JS ~ - f
. L.IJ..lI1 4J tS";' LSjJl.h.....)I,.)J ' 19J1';
, ~ ..:.J1S'i ~I_"'" , ~ Jl;l..1 J-I_,.JI ~IS ~b ~ J.!WI J.aw~ .k:.i.):! - f
. ~IJjI ~..cI-1 ~~ ~ Jlf c: , w~ rt , 3.::::- _,.I Y.:!rt
1.T'l:i ~I.r.-~ ~4 6~ rY Jt , iiJ.>.IJ ~ .)I}t li~ rLJ 4.lb. ~ _ 0 ~I.r.-- ~ ci)l ~ t' 1';1 clI.1S . W::.;J.I ~IJfll J.; ~jy ~ .. ..L>IJ 4J..lSJl ..:JIJfol CjJj ~ .. .l>IJ i J;! ,_; ..:JL...l:AJ1 ..b-t ~ JT , ~IJ)I
. ~r~l~
i J;! ,_) ~.r.-:ll J5 ~IJj ~I ..:JU,l:=>)'1 ijlS _)I;.jl ~ .. clJ_) ~.J tS..u1 ~~I i.1J;-. ~ ~ ~ liP _,..ail,_; ..:JL...l:AJ1 I o\"';'_ ~." , J>.IJ . I.!.U~ il_rl)ll i.k- J; ~ fi ..u
~ J \II ~_,k)1 ~?4 ~ }.,,:; tS..il1 cl)l Y. ~IJ)I .1J;-. _,.. .hu ., 1.l.A
. l!.I~;.>U ~ l:.ll
~I_,..... ~ ~ oI..oy ~l:Jt ~l:J1 Cll._.::.il ~ u=J1 ..:J~~I ~ ~ _ '\
~ WI JolyJ4 iT , ( ~IJ)I ..:JUI_";-I ."t ~\:iL:.:J1 ) 4.....IJJ.l1 o.)~ ~I>- c, •. nst . If:I1 j...P_,::l1 r-i ~I ~l:::.ll~ ci." '"'~ l..J:s. ii.r.:S ~t Ir 4J.)~..u u
~p. ~I=ll ~." , o~ ~ ~ ~~ I.!J~I J.>.t 0J.".rP _ V
____ or __
--------------- ~1~J_,...,f __
~ J-ll ~~',;II J)JJ ~) 4 4.A~ l,$.iI1 j~ I.!...>-~I ~ e ' ~
. ~.) J..b- !lIJ.l1.J
, ~ ..ill ~ ~ ~L.., JIJ)t ~ c.rlJ _rb ~ ~I=ll ~ ;., ~ _ A
. ~\::JI u-o ~ j;\.4:::.- 'JI ~_,
~ ~? ~I LS"p-·~1 ~ J~I ~) - ~I ~ J~I rol?-l DJJri' _ '\ ~Iy,:-idl ~ ~ Ji"Y1 ~ ;_d r - :i~· • .'1 J..lyJl ;.r _rs1 )t J>.I) c..J ~~I .LIJ.1.I1 ~ 4J..;P~ ~I ~;~)I wJ)J1 c.J ~I
. ~~I ~ r.S~ OJ" JS ~ 4:k ~I ~I.::..II ~ ~ _ , . ...... ~'\ .L.', . i °bll\ ~i ..... ·
~....I"t"* v-... c.r ()oI&oi • ..
~ I.ft!p:JI t.b=LI O.)lD Jl ,-:",J~I ~ tS~ l.S.lll .k....,)1 ~~ iJ$. (.S.l~ ~~WI ~ ~~ I..':JU)b:.1 ~t J~ ~~l....;;...1 ~~ )1 ~ ~ l.S.il1 J"~~I • 4....J ~.II
.... ~
_,i ~li) , uP./~1 ~I~~ ._,-i~ : ~~I ~) u-..i~ 4j.l' ~l (yJ
. C~~I ~J.J_I ~IJ\'I ,,) ~I LS~I roL.(J1 ~\fJ 4 ~ ~~~I
: 4WI ~1)1 If .)~ ~I ~p.:ll ;.,ts:., Jl.F>-1 ...I,:$. ~_,
ii.1> I. ;. .L.M .11 ,~.:A.;l.4>...i~I) ,.;.A&-lAiJ'J1 ~ &t.:'~ ~I ~IJ\'I _ ,
~ MY t.s'"') .".-..
. ~?' ~.::..J. ~~ Jl4-aJ ~~ ~ ~y ~I ~1}11_ Y . ~IJ \'1 IJ" ..l>IJ ti &- }51 ~ ~ ~ ~I J _,AJ.-I - i c~'J1 4;.lJ..1 ~IJ·~IJ 4 W~ 4J o..::J~yJl y: iJ~'J ~I J_,4;LI- t
. ~IIS~II'L>JI ~y,_) L.,;~ iJp~ J31
-----------------------------------Ot~
-- ~I~I ----------
1~1 d_.,.:,l>-J ~ J.!UI r-)I d lS_ri L;-'J~ lplJJ ~ ~I J_,.a:L1 - 1 ~ ~ ~?I d ~ ~\j LgJ iJ~ iJt ~ ~~lA.o ~ L;-'J~I cit ,-,I~=,~I
. ~l..!.&.)11 ~I~J ~ ~I ~J\.alA.o
. J~\'I (_yO ~_;.JI ~I)I - V ~~I J1 _,AJ-I ~I~ ~Iy.i ~ ~ ~I J_#.I - A
~'~~\a..41' ~~J'JH' ui 'JJ .. U ~i
J
~ lA ~t; (",1)':) ':)1.1- ~I ~I,.,.JI J1 ~WI (_yO ~ ..:..~_,:.......o J6:.)l r ~
Jl ~y31 ~ ~ 6.:..A Jyt ?':JI ~J ~ ~UI..iJ.1 ~ ~t ~ iJ~ ~ ~ .. ~ ~ ~ .r.f "";.1.f.l1 ~L.,.,1 ~ ..u clI~ iJJ~J . rSY--" j4.Ji ~ J~ ~i ~i ~i ~ _r..1 4LlA.o ~i ~ ~ UolA.o ~t iJ1 J."AJI Jl:=>-4 '11 ,.!m ~ 4!.r" ~ '1J ~ ~t 'Y ~ ~ ..u ~\II ~'1..w.1 ;'/'Y
. ..:_,~y.J.1 ~ _dt;
~J ' J _,.wI ..lJ..1 j-" d.)i ~ - ~ .r.? ~~.f-" Jl>-.)l ~ J.r-1 ~·'YI LS_,:..J.I ~ Jl rS.).f ~)1 ~ (( ~I ~ » ~ - J_,A.wl1 J.J..I ;r ~i
. IJ.:N' ~11; d c_ci.r.:ll ~WI LJA
~4 - ~ ~J...I.>- ~ ~~I U.WI L:J~_,:-o r.SJ~ r..ls- &0 .1SWI ~J ~ ~ ~WI r-""I)I J1 r-'"")I d ~L:11 Jlh:J1 ~ j:S' pi ~ - jb~)~ Ji
J
. ~IJ.) .)I} ~I ~lyJl } ~WI j-" W;;.J,I ~~_,:.-1.1 ~ ii ~I ~ ~
~ ~J ' ~~ ~IJ)4 iJ.:.i 0i ~IJ)I ~Iy '-:-' Jli- d ~ .. ')\!.oj
~ r~i o.r=- J5 J1 ~ J":"'""l ~IJ)I ~.;!- ~ , ~ ,J~ ~ ~UI ..ls-)I . r.S_r~'Y1 ..:..~WI L ,;1-.:>.,.. ~, •• 1..iS:..t. J
~ ~ I~y ~ ~ o..l.tJ.i ~ uP6=. i~ ~l::J1 ~ 0~ (.)i j:...:;
~ U"'l>- ?) d ctl:::J1 ~ 0~ (.)T ($JJ_,...aJl ~ . \.A.J.Aj ~'1L.:::.- 'Y ¢.f J
____ 00 ___
--------------- ~1~IJ~f __ ~~ I~J , i.!1w ' .. u~J ' ( t"" YI\,o x '" ) A4 ~ iJ~ cJl ~
, 4l.4,.,.,6:. [_.)li ~ ~ J.i 0=11 ~J)I o.:JL....~1 I.!.m ;r~.J . W .r ~ \lL..:::,.. '1 W ~ ~ JIJJts ~ J ~ v-='6:. ......a... ,_) ~ .J;lA=> '11 i ~ ~J ~l:SJ ~J':11 .r.J1 o.:J~1 !I_;;J , p..ul ~ ..!..>l;.Il ("""'""I t!' Y- . LA.u;
. ~ It.:i ~J~I ~J.>.1 ~l::j Js. ~'ll ~Jbc:.. ..l:; ~.,.u f~y ~ .tj4~
f~t ~ '1J ' L.!..U..u ~,4 ,n:>J1 p..ul ,_) _ o.:JL....l:AJ1 ,.1/."1 ;) ~ _ ~~I ~ ell') ~.J ~ ~b.l1 ~l:S3 JJ_,l1 ~ I • .:.A.",,~ tlA:....'l1 Jt , ii,}"I.1.l1 Js- ;)l.w;.'ll .. ~ iJts:. ,_) WI,) ~L:JI r:: ct\::J1 ~ ?;) ;) r':" J DJJ"";
4JL>. r..J ~IJ 1JPL..:t)~ ~I;SJI "U:l ifl.p)1 ~~ ~b.l1 ~ cJ~
. _r.;J.1 ,_) iT , JAJ-I ,_) cll~ iJl5t "I"..... , ;)-1 ~_,l, )J p..ul ~~ vP.rU ~ Patents e~1 ~1,,1..r. ~ ~ pi cJA iJ~ c.?1 c .. ,'JIlJ,.1 ~,) ~ ~.J ..lAw, ;) ~ J ~ , JY;-I r-W4 Ji , .r.L-4 ~I::JI ~ ~l:L1 a..i.a ~ ~ ~ t..,rO.Y' ~ c> cfwl.)WI ~ (J" iJ ~ iJt ~ , ~l:cll ~ ~ "l;Si
. 4J W~ Jt 4J tsJL!... iJ~ .Jt .JJ;) , 4..... IJ..u 1
e.ns Y c.i> ' ~lzJl ~. c:-I- Dr JS ,_) ~b.lI ~ t:'..JU ~ ~ r..J rtl:::JI ~ ..b-IJ ~ ;r ;sl iY ~l> cJJ .. 6y,l; ~lb.~ 0A ~J':11 Jr':14 JT ~4 ~ JS c!Y.. cJi ~ - J..,44.a.r.!-.raT.J'AJ _ _;;JJI
.. ~ it; t.?1 ~l:::J1 ~6:- Jl ~I
~ ~ ~J ' ~IJJ ' ~ ~p' ~l:cll ~ .Jfo. iJi ~
w • ~
.)} 1St il.:i J.:.p JT , ~ l..J ~ ~'ll ,_} ¥)I..l:.&:- d.l~ 4!~1 ~ J!a ' J~':'YI ~_,.bll ..;JL..IJ.ll1 ~b- ,_) ~l:>- J ' ~ ~IJJJI JW'~ y:.' . Ju:- J ' ~I~ ,_) 'J.J..t!- JS ,jA wJ.fJ1 ~ Y I.SJJ_rt2JII..JAJ . ~IJjH ~'JJ..u" . ~~,_}~~~
,
!It,liT ~~ lo ~ ~ ~ ~ iJiJ ? J:i.:,.. ~ ~ JS ~ ~
-- 0\ ___
__ ~I~I ----------
I ~J.l> ~~lJ ~ tp.....P ...\S~lo _ i~1.!J1 Jl_ ~,)WI ~ ~I.::.JI ~~ Jl ~J c!IJ l.r" 4!J..1J.. ll...::.J.1 ~~~I Jt , ~l.z.U 4;JfU ~~\'I ..!.1.l3 ~lS ':"1 LIJJJI ,)I...\sol ...L:s- ~l::J1 _r.-A; ,_) (r.s. ~ ~jj ~ LIJJJ~ ~I JJ_)2j1 ~}~I ~ - 4_~_.'1 ..JJ)2J1 ,_) ~~ ..1.i &.::.IUI~I ~f ~ ~.ls' ..l::kJ . _r..aJ
. LIJJJI ii_? J~ - ~I
11 ~W.I ~I ~.; ~ , _;.iJJI tr ii.l>IJ ~ ,_) etl.::.Jl ~ ':"~J
. ~lzJl 4J ~ ..li LS , ~ I..J J~t 0-- ~~I u--; Js- t~ ..li
~ ~~l ~l:i ~ r-1 .:,,}..,? ' ~ J~I ~ ~l;:j .~ (,$JJ,rAJ1 &- J
,.
~~ Jt ~~I ~ ~Iy' oJIP ,)~ ~ ,_;>- J ~ 4J J~ ¥. l ~ J!llf,j)l
·tf._r=.j
t._;l_.; ~\1..... jilJ ~_,rl.1 ~I loT , )ld ~ ~I 4JJ)l1 ~I ~
. ,,!m..lou ~
...
.J~ ~l:S' ~ J.> ~ ~_Jl:i ~ _;';J.II &.::.Ib.A..,p !.S..b-l Jl ~l:i ~T UL.;l.l!&o J
,_) ~I J/'il ~bJl ,_) J_;u !.St L!.t..1>- 1;1 If:jl;:- Jl r:t pi ~ , UJl>... . ~I L.!l.l;
. ~J W.; ~ ~l:i Jt.s::..!,l _,t ~~ i."....,J J..so Jt J.J4' .k1A::.l1 ...L:s-J r. j: ':"4 1.!l.I~ ~ .:"t ~J . (fbll _;.;.) c.i If,j~ Jl if.)~ ~ ~~ J ' ,C\ 0 Y Wilson y:- ) ~)I .J1_,;s. J ' ~I ~ JJ ' pJ.l1 r-i..r. ~ . ( ,~'o Thompson
cJIIl:til1 J3~ J~' ui u~, ~, ~IJ ' ~~I i _,.wI ~ ,_) c!1"J1 ~IJ,) '"j c..6-l1 y. ~I !JIJ,))l1 ~
~ c: <J4 : I,)"'I_,.J..I ~_;, Lr .1IJ,))l1 u-:LI !lIJ,))I~.L,aA.,J . ~IJjl i_,.wl ~
____ oy ___
---------------- ~I ~IJ_,....f __ .r.? .r=-T ~;, cSi j&' !JIJ~)'I ~ .. I~J ~ ~ J ~ ~_,> J ~ ~ J ' ~J
. ~I ~ J..b- ,:;s- ~ J\>. J ~ ~ ~;. - 4....~UI LY-I Ji , i4J)'1S _ V""1_,J.l
Ll>- 4..01; 0 ~IJ . ~ J ~ 0 ~ : 0~l:::- d.3 ~I> ~I .!lIJ~ )lIJ ~ ~Lo;ll \;.A;')\.JIJ ~lSll ~19yWi ~I_'; ~I 0i I..r.:> c.J ~ !lJ..ul ~I
t._~1 ( ~I !lIJ~)'1 0_,_.Aa ) !lJ..u1 ~I Ll>-.LUJ . !lJ..lli ~I ~I..r.-i , o.)J_r.J~ r-«-L>-1 c.S..l.<> ~ 0~ .)1}\I19 ~ /~ ~} .:.r ~ ~ ~ e-'! ... ~IJJ , l.f.-.b J ' ~~~'::II u--loJ , ~ _,..,aJ1 ii..L!._, , ii))-I)
. ~I ~ ~_,..,.,;y 0~ 0t ~ ~I !llJ.)'10~ 01:' .. l.uJ
!.lIJ'))' I ~ ) .!lJ..u1 ~I t-I..r.-t ~ ~lo)1 ~1J':>WI_, ~15l1 ...:JuyWi loi LY'~ ii jP.- i i 1..G.:.::.....oI J!.a ~ 4=--0 ~ ~l:.ll U""l:A11 JL. Yo U""lA; ~ ~ ( ~I lSy:..J.IJ ' k:-J;UIJ ' ~~I ii"wJ ' u_,.IJIJ ' ii~L;)'I ii..L.!oJ ' ii))-I ~J~ . .. ;; ~I ys::J1 If' dJ..,w1 .;_,l? )IJ ~ ~4~IJ ~L'..>:~I If J~I !.lIJ'))' a~ _,jl ~I ~)I .J-" ~I !lIJ~)'1 ~ 0 ~ .. 1--4J ~ t:J!
. ( J ~ '1\,,, L#_ri\J ~.r tf ) ~~I i _,wI J el)1
iiJJ-'o" r.J \ .. :.Aj~1 ~ C:>lS I~l ":Jl ~~)'I J:l6..:l1 ~I.rd ~~J .. l.k iils>lr ~ , LY'l::A11 ~l:::- y> r-t; i ~ <I.i~ ~ J U""L;..o i~1 I~l Lot . ~ U!.l ~)I 4::- J..ul u~ c:>~ I.!.ll~J ~ ~i lo ~ l.':u.Jy (.)""yil ~l.::- J') t:_..JY ..db ~J . ~I ~l!4.U ~ ii.;:::5JIJ o~I iU/~1 ufo ~ , 4.:JL;J1 4tW r- ) ~ U""l:Ai1 ~I.a tr 4.a J5 ~ ~ <.r;::!1.iI.1 alA J!.a ~ ~I JeWI ~ , ~ ~l:::J1 ~ - .)1).i1 ~ J5 - ~ .:.r;st rlJ e ' oJ_,...a.I~ Ji
. ...:JUa.... pi ,,-;-,l.,.;...
u.n · a.i.1l1 ~\
tJM.. ~ ..
(.$..l.<> ~ J ' ~~I ~I~ ~ ~I 4lS:01 ~ U""yJl ~ 4;Jjl wi';:; ~~I ~ ~~bJI t;..ul ~.)bJI LJSJ . U""~I ~ L~I ii-*,="'~I ~~
----------------------------------------oA---
-- ~I~I -----------
01 ~J . 4.-..IJ.l.l1 J..1A ~ l5J.J~ .JA W ~.1I1 G.)\v r~ ~ .. I.DJ . 43.)~ ,f J.,ri> ~ , ~ts::J1 d ~ 0.)41 '11 cJ"l::AJ1 4;.) o.)lD J,Ui ~
, 4; J.r" J.; ~ o~~ JSlh- ..J l..!..:S'1 J! - d l:=-- t - cJ" l::AJ1 4,;.) ii.)LD l5.) ~ J
• 4...... IJ.1I I t_rD). ~ ~L....t ~I~ c.r u..:..s:J4 ~ ~I ~L...IJ...u1 .) t.,.:,l:;..J
0l ~I 0-".J . l.p ~ ~}.bll LJ"'L;JI 4,;.) 1S..la d ¥I))I L!J ~I ~J J tJ,'!.,;Z rT d.i.l.ll 0~ w.s. , ~~ ~I!.J:, '11 ~ IS.DI 1.S_,:..J.4 ~.1I1 iJ ~ ~ ~I r_,.LJ1 .) '11 ~_,llu J1 O.l a...WI ~.1I1 iJ~~J ' ~~I r_,LJ1
. Jh:.lIJ ' :i."";~)1 ~
~4J:.1 Jl r..lZ ~I Research Proposals ~~I ~l.!..o .)I~~ r~~1 ~
. 4J JUI ~.l.ll ~ J..lf.! ~ ~ ~I ( .. k.~ ~I
~'e.~t~~
: ~~I ~I.r.-":JI (yO ~I UPI iJfo
: 4:1WI ~t.. #1 ~J ' Cover Page dJ"l1 ~I - ,
. ~I UPI iJl_,.:.&. JUI ~.1I1 ~ t_JP4 4J rJA:i1 ~I iJly J r-I . ~I url4 r..1A:11 ~ ~ ~I ¥,I 01y J r-I '~YJ ' ~WI ~JJ ' J_r.I.IJ J-li iJ# ~)J ' r...l4::.l.l ¥JJ r-I • ......J.bJ 1 ..ui' l;
. t:! ~
.~W--tl~I..w1 . li , ~ - . ~)
. JUI ~.l.ll }~ ~ ~_,1111 ii.lll
____ 0\ ___
-------------- ~1~IJ_,....t __
. ~J;:-J ~1 ~lt ~ urI.! ~L,a 4J r.lZ u=J1l5.r~I ~4d:I ,.t-..'
. '":-' _,llall fll ~..1.l1 &:~I_'" . 4.lS y .. Js. ~.x.'JJ ' b...,.;IJJ I¥~ ~I ufo. i.Jt ~
: i...l41. '- r ii_)_,:l.1 ~l,._,.LJ.1 ~ ~I (.$J.oJ ' ~TJ ' ~Ilr w..l.f1l i...ull ~
. t.rP).1 I.h. Lr'
: c.fol~l- f
, J~I ~ ~ ~UI ~L..,IJJ.l4 {j~J , ~I uPl_j;t : ~):-I Ih ~ ~L.I.)..u1 ~lA1J ' ii)~1 ~L..,IJJ.l4 c.fol ~I ~_,.ll ij~ uPl~IJ ~ _ftc-" ~WI Ih ~ ~J . ~I~I c..;A11 ~I J)a.1I ~l:! ~ , ~ _;:.all
. jj~.l;:- cJ15 wi ~Li1 _,)~ r;4 ~ , ~ J."..... ~lS i.Jl J)all 0.1.. ~t-..t .?~
: LI.)..uI..} i.J fi ) .. !.l.1 i.J .".>\.:ll _ 0 ~)I ~L:JI ~!.m ,_) 4 - LI.)..u1 ..} ~.)Wl ~l:Jl ~ r-L......l ~~ cJ!.r.,J . ~I.r.>- J ' ~ ~~ J ' ~u; J ~ ji L!.U.l5' J - t_J_,.!.l.~ rJ..a:.l1 ~I trP}'4 a"J1 4AJJ iJ~ ~IJ - r+-- JsJ - o.)_,..!.!11 o!.J~4 WIJ dJ-4
. eftl : 4:.-l:il ~L;K. 'il _\
..
t....:- ~.r.!.J ' ~I_r.::;..... ~ LI)..u1 ~I.r:-)J 4>l::l1 ~l.iK. ~I ~ Y
. t:'l ... ~ J~J ' ( ~4yP)
: ~1.r.l1- V
: ~t:.Il.) _HI ~1j:11 ~ ut ~
:t..,a.,o.;.J1 ~IJ ' ~y...JI ~~ r» ' LI.)..1.l1 J &J:5'JI.!1I ~L:l\ ,.Lo......t
. r-PJ &- o!.J ~
----------------------------------\. ---
__ ~I~I ----------
. ~U; J cJ~ ~ , LI;..1l1 ~ ~WI ~ ~_,.lh1.1 ;r, \II
• D • Lli . u.JlS::J1
.r'. .r.:P "
. e:'1 ... ,.L__,.s:J1 !l~IJ ' ~lJ.1 ;~J.., , t.WI ~I~I . ~~ J cJl 4>- fol ~1,.\..!.j)'1 U:J~
1.:1-1 I..:..I..LII: 11 UJ~
.~; J ~ ~ ..
: 6 ~I ~l.!... .)1.1;1 J;; ~WI ;JA ":II alPl.)'" ~
I
C!:.~li 4-:11 rJA:l.I ~ ~lS' cJl ' &.!1J~ u-P1j..1 ~ ~I J.s- t!_rJ.1 4.jl:S - ,
. uP}J1 1-4J 4_.pb:-
. t.lk:...ll J..li 6 ~ J ' J_,h.J1 0:! c:_,::i L..... Js. ~ \::.SJI cJ ~ cJT - Y ~l:J1 .j-A ~J ' ~tJ ' 1~~ c_fo' ~I VrJl cJ~ cJl - .,.. .~I
~ ,
cfol ~I t_J_,.!.l1 ~ c.i-:!. ~I Hypothesis ~I?\'I ~)i:J1 ~.; - f
. Jl::J.1 1.1A ~ 0;#1 ~..\:l..1 ~~\l4 ~J ~ , VrJ.1 t..u.. ~
~ll:-l\S. ..s.) ~ 4:i tla;L1 cJ\I ~ ~UI ~L,.,I;..u1 j yoM ~ t.WI U..l.II alPl.)'" _ 0 .~I~;
~ LI;...LII ~ Y. UrJ.4 rJ.A::l.1 rU1 i~ L?" Y ~I)~~ ~I.:S' ~ ~ - "\
,.:.A ..... ,IJ.ill Jew. ~ ..s~ J _,...J ~.)L.. ~.) T-'-!J UrJ.1 IlA thiL.. I.)i » : J!.o . ~I U.M r.1A::.ll ~ _r.aJ.1 Ih ,_) ¥.I J~ ~ J.. ~ « ~UI
----" ------------------------------------
--------------- ~I ~IJ_,.,..i __ iJ..4:i1 ~)I ~L:JI ~ ~ ~I trP.r ~~ L>l ~ _ v
. ~ljJl .\i ~ ,_} ~ Y> W' ~ t_JP4
~ lS_pla wJ ~ ~ ;?)J ~ri uP' r-al ~ ~, ~ - A
. J.-'I '..i+, i~1 Js. )l.J J':'I,; dii" , U~
lSjJl ~I Lr - LIJ..u1 ,_} ~ ~ tSjJl - ~)I ~~I ~J .. Ih
,_} r..lA::l1 ~~ 0i ~ 'YJ . ~IJ l:hJ1 ..:...L....IJ..u1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Js. ""';.A . ~ ~ d.k.a:J1 6h 0·"J ~ Ji-I..!..o J ~l:l Y-o
. ~Ir. ~ ~~ ll.,aA..oJ taLC t,.,.,.;IJ ~I).I 0§; 01 ~ - " W' . cfol ~ 4.:-=J4 :tAlA" ~I" i~·"J1 ~~ L>~ 0i ~ - , .
. ~ .,.~':ll ~'Y ~ ~ ~L:;. ~T ~1).4 0~1 ~All0~ 0\ ~ i.1A:l1 J~ ,yo - ~ lSi ~ ..:..':l"L-o t.r' U,.!.)JI ~ _H-li ~ 0\ }jJJ
. ~r-U 0.1.>1" oJ~~_~~1 &>l..!..;
~ L ~ J.ti _r.5'~ LIJ..ul ,_} ~J~I ~I ~J ~ ii,:,\A.::.....'Y1 - "
D~I L_ra ~ ..:...l::-J~ cJs- ~I}t 4-! rfo. L>' ~ u=ll - Jl~ .. ,,:'::II ~ . ~IJ ~\I - ol-l.A5JIJ
J).4.1I c:: L odl.rt j-" ~~ (y.!V' j~ ~ 0~! 0'-:-J..1 ,_) .l:;. ~ ,:,i - '"
. ( '~V' Maxie Y' ) ,-;-,}kil ~}JI J._ iiol ,_} 1f.J4:l:-1 ~:..A,;lS:o!J 4.415:;11" d.iJ.!I ,_}
--------------------------------\~---
~W,~,
WSJ ' _r.';z DJ.J"'" ~ ~l:S" Jj"il .)s- _,t , D_r.; ~ \ll"~\S ~I ~~
,
L.l~ ~I ~ ~ 1~l.J . .c.... iift)1 ii..uWI ~.)bJI ~ _r!.j ~ I.!...>~I tr"t
~l ~ ~ &Ji Jl ~I ~~ rll)'1 ~ f-~ ~J ' uti.p J r-LJI ii,;::--o i~ ~ Jlll_, ¥.I_, ~)I t.~ JllS.) J.! ~I _r.:>-t;.:,~ . . I-4J . .r=-T 1!...:>-4
,
~ t?1 ~L...IJ..u1 ~ ~ ~ ii)~ 1.!lI~ ~~_, . t....IJ..u1 ~ ... I.r.-l
rJ.Aj t?1 ~15' _rJ1 ~ ~l.:::jl "-:":-! Ji , ~_?-s. ~l:- ... N ~l:i _r.; (yA c,.;....~1 . ~ ~I c.!lliJ JUI r-".ul
~T )11 ' ~I ~I ~ ;r ~~ ~I ... ):-1 ~ ~\.:SJI cJt ~.r.J _r""J1 ~ j-A ~1 ~ ~ ~p. ~NI ~l::j~'p ~)_,~ ~
• ( \ C\ '\ \ Klein)
~, ~\:iSJ' ..
.. • US
. ~ L... _)..1 ' .u.,....,i LIJ,).1 ' ~.Y' ~.)l.::-1 ~ ctJ ~ ~\.:SJI 01 ~'Y.1 o~)l1 ~Ji- ~ ~l>- ~ yo ~ _ ~.)i rt , ~t5 ~ _ ~~li
~l::5J1 ~ ~ ~I ~l::5J1 ~b- ~ 1 ~ ~ ~)I J.1') ~.1 ' rUI ~ , ~ il_;:J)l1 ~ ~I lA.J.&.I}J ' \A.) ~J ' ~_,Li 4J ~J\'I .:,\' ~ ~.)\'I J~IJ J..a.iII Ih ~ <LPI~I J! ~~ yaJ ' 4...-.IJJJI JJ') _JA Ih.1 ~y ~~I .11 ylkJl ~ ~ ~I ~_,JI -* " "y'~1 loT . L)WI
---\i-----------------------------------
---------------~I~IJ_"""'T __
ds- .. ~L.. &0 J.,ail 41 ~~ ~ Jl JlA.. JS J1 , dL.J i.)_,s:::.I ~h;)J
. ~ _"..II ii.)~l ~ tr Ji~1 ~~ ~ ~~)11 WJ~ ~I ~\::5J1 J.v y~1 I.iA J I;..~I ~ ~.J JJ.') ~ c.J ~I l!J ~I &0 "/. o . &-;si - l:J1.> - 4-! ~ u=J1 UiJI ~ J ' ~ 3;J ~ y.a::Z~ - ~I~ - ~I ~l:SJ1 ..l&-I} i.)1:i clI~ r: J • r1WI , ~I ~l::SJJ 4...WI J ~ ~~ ~ i.) ~ cJi tS_y:.i W ~~ ~~ tS~ ~ .r-s ~ - ~t js; - r~ III} _,..i .Y'J ' WJI cit ..l&-I} ~ ess J! ~L.;'i~
. ~#''i~ iiJ~1 6 ~ ~.,.JI oL,a;Jl1 IJ"
. ~I ~l:::--~I 4:.1-\ _r::.-... JP J - ~I ~liJJl &- LA..r.i6 - ~~'iIJ
I.Y' J.:f. .. I..uJ ~ 0..15 j.o ;;a.o> ~T \11, ~ ~ J)cll IJ.. i.)l ~ ~ )~J cJ~ 01 - I!J NI _r..::; ~ - ~.rJI ~I ~L..JJ..u1 ~ u=J1 bJrJl J} ~L..~IJ .lHAl\f1 JL-.::.....\' ~\J;I _r-WIJ ~1_,i1J illJ ~p.. t...lAl1 ..!.I~I
: II L< Ci Ls. •• " ~..1A::.l1 b • .J..,a:i ~ ~ ~. ' .... ')11 ~I . J 4A..:i1
""'t-' J. ~ \ J.r" J _. -..r.:-:- ~ 1$.
"The manuscript must conform to current standards of English usage and sty le" .
~ w ~ JJ ~.w'il .t;JJ ~Y-I r-W1 0\ ji)~1 ~ ~ ~.J ~L:JI ~ ~ ~ ~J • ~ ~ ~) Jt , ol_,.:-.rs- ..i:.;. I!.>l;.ll ~l ~')I L!.II~I ~ JoLs:lI \\l~1 0i ~ ~ )~J . 4J ~IJ iJ~ 0t ~I ~~\.::$' c.l ~ 4,..a~ \l t.!..>-~I !,llJ.')10i ')11 ' I.fjl~ 4A.U1 d 0- ,a.,a;..-~Il , ~_yJ1 ~I ~L..JJJJI If ~.1J_1 .')I~\fl d ii .. I_,AJ1 ~~ tt.,....,J J"""'!! ~ ~ LClJ ' .kA.; ~ ~I tSpJ.1 ,).;- 4AL..:A1 I!..;.-~I ~ '.n ~ , ,l;l4.I\f1 L!.I)'~II!U.lSJ ' \~')I11r ~llIJ..u ~~I,_} c:rLi yJ.L./':l1 JJ_r )\.;>-IJ ' ~I"""J punctuations ~I .;....IJ.')\ ~ ~L.I~I-,
. e:'l . " ~\;ll _).-,
-----------------------------------1t---
__ to\&. JJ'"T: ~y.U1 ~!.f:JI -----------
J!.o ) ~_,J..r.zll ~\'L:J.I ~ A ,n ,Q~I ~WI ~I ~~..,JJI ~ (:f.., ~ J.i ~ ~ J.hll ~I ~~I '-:" _,Lt ( ~..,k::JIJ ~IJ ~IJ)I i #1 ~I)I ¥I ~ H Jj J ' Council of Biological Editors ~ _,J ~I Lr.J_rJ.1 Council of Biological) 'c\ V" i~ ~ - ~I ~~I ~ - ~I 1.lA J.:l,) 0A ..l&o1_,AJ~ ~ _,.l.r.:J1 ~I ~lt..J..,JJI ! 4.1-.;..,. il_rJ1 ~ ~ )~.., . ( \ C\ VA Editors LA..l&oI;.., _r...J1 ~_,J.....t ~ ~J"',) js:J .)t ~l ' ~l JI..!J.I JJJJI ~ ~~~ c.rJ1
. J:1JJII-4l t.WI ..l&o1.,.aJ1 }kl ~ .)§J ~IJ ' ~ ~\;L.I
I_r.PJ I~ ~ - ,-:,,~I 1.lA 0" I.:.i".u. cf'''' - ii¥.I ~I ~l:S:l1 .)1 ~ .)1 ~ !.T'J,) JT ~J ~ y\'J ' ~I..r" ii~ ~l:.SJ1 ii,)~l ~ Lr...r.:-? ~I ~I::.SJI Js. '-:"J~I taJI ..... ~ J"~~I .)1 . I.J:.W ylS - ii~ - ~L:11 W ,_) ~~..w ~I.r.-l ~Jl>.:..o li~l ¥J . ;;_;. .)yo:- ~ .)W)'I ~ .)T dl lSJ..,..rAI1 ~ ~ uSJJ . ~_J..cll JL....J ~ ~ p J...4l~ iiJ_,..!.:.l1 ..!J ~I ~~I ,_) 'pI ..l91_'; OF-I} t.JI..Lo cP .)ydlJ ' ~I ~l::S01 J.r"~ ill)' I
• ~ ~J,) ~ rl}2j ~ l:i.;>- ~J ~I
!l ~I .JI~ ~I ~I ~l:5' ,_) ii)fL:-o:>UIJ Jl.A ~1 .)V .. J.UlI ~.., ~l::..Il ~ Jj>" ,_;.> J ' ~I~ ~IJJJI i:A;,j.., ~ ~ J_J>- ~)fjL..:HJ
. liw.-l LA ,_
_ , ~J
l~t.W' ~~ t.tW, 1,._uJJ,
~1:S:l1 ,_) LA)y ~ ~I t.WI .kJ_rJ1 ')Iy..jl IoU ~ L_rJ~ JJ\;:.; lSy:.i ~~ ~I~ ~WI J ~I ~ JJL:.:; ~ , ~_,.;..UI ~L:..II lfO ~I WJI ~I_'; ) ~_,.illl ..l91_,Al1 lat . ~I ~I ~~~ _ 8J.lS _ ~ ~~
~I ~L:s:.u lS~ &" ~ ~ ~IJ ' ~ ~13-1 4.:=5 ~ .)V ( ~W)'I
. ~lS Lollll~ W. ~ ~ .)1 ~1 tr-"' )1
~lL4~ i.;W\
.,
o ~ &" .J A ...u J ' ~I_;'; iiJ.&. 0A ~1l ..... )1 JT ~I ... Ij::-T ~ ~ r. JS (J A
____ \0 ___
--------------- c_rW1 ~I J_,....i __ ~ ~I;;_, ~ y a..b-I_, ii.fo J_,\:.::j ~ ~ cr cfi J5 0~_' , o..b-IJ ~ ~ J5 ~ ~ ~_, ~ L.; - 0 ::IL L.LI ~ - .~- jJl ·'!II
.. f .r""'. v--:- .. f ~ I..S r
. u.~ Ll ¥J ' ~L..
¥ ~ afi JS ~ CI~ , IS?'_, o_;i JS ~ tL.aJ1 c~lJ" ~ I-!.UJS
. ~ ~1.:l1 ;; _;;.u
i JJlII 0A _;5i U:_,1 apl ..LU ~ ~ J ... ,.k.H ~ s:-o ~I_;lI1 0_,5:; 0t 0-!.~~
J1 , ii.J>.\J ~ 0A ~ _,s:; \~1 i J~\ LJA _rail ..w LS , aalS' ~ ~I 1.)1
.~~~
J5 ~ t"" J 1 ~.; !l _; ~ . . IJJ ~ \..gjl~ Wli o..l> J ;; ~ J5 ~ lS' u.J JS r-:-Z ~J . J.Wl \.AI JJ.;! ~ ~ ~ 0.;411 oJ.;.. J J? ~ ~ _;.; jJL..J ilJ>..:...,~ ~~ ~J ~~ ~1- ~ :J.} ~I ~WI ~ If _ ii_rAj
. ~I r-:!_;.11
lfl=.~.J ~,
ols-If ~I J~\ ~ ~J ' o_;Aj1 ~ 0fo u=J1 ~'.b- _,JI c./' J..J=-I 01
: u-4.1o
. .1>IJ ~ I.S."..... ~ ~ lITJ ' ~, ~'J 0~ 0t - \ . J_,.,...;..oJ ' ~t.;_, , j.J 1f 0fo 0t ~ ~ i\..lS" 0~ CIt - y , ..l.:>-IJ j.J ,y }ST cr iJfo lit ~ ~ ~ o~.d- ~ iJ_9.; 01 _ r
. .1>IJ J r4-- J ' ..l>-IJ y.u J
, ~ yo ,y ~t - ib~ _ ~ ~I 0~ ., J.!U~ .k_rJ1 ~ I~l- t 0~ .. .k~' 1..1A ~ ~ \~llaT . ~lj~ ~~.J ' ~I ~IJ 0.P-;J 4-i\.j~ t? ~I &0 ~J ' ~ ,,"0 &0 )Si ~ 01 ~ ~\
-----------------------------------\\---
-- ~~ )J'"f: ~_,illl ~\,o:JI -----------
~I .:,t _?jj ~J . ~ ~ }S"t ~ lp~ ii~l.P! 4l6l1 o..Lt. d i ~J . ;}}S"t ~~ jl.SJ\l1 (f _r.U ii~1
~ 4.4_,b 4.LJ...., ~ ~I ~I ~I J_,hll .1 _y!. ~ ~ - 0
. ~~4.uJ-f-! ~J ~ ~I ~l:::JI} ~J\..WI
~I ~ 4.LL. :JY;:-J':'~ , ~I C_Y;J,_) ii~l ~I ~T ~y!J -, ~I oh ~ J_,k f_;U ~ JJL.. _]AJ ' ~ 1rT i.J~ ..1i ~l::1.1 ii~1 . L..~
..JJr- 0A ~ ~ ~ ~I I.!.lJ.j'J ' Uo~1 _,;. ~I cJt cJl:J1 If ~ J
. ~I ~b:U ~ ":l t:Jl ... ~.rdl ~IJ~t JT, JW\lI Jt 4 );-1
, 4J p)'Y u=ll uL..\.5J1 ~ ~ J.1.i i.JTJ ' ii~ ~I cJ~ .:,t t?1J;! ~~ ~I JT ~I ~~I ~ ~\::;:..o ~ ~ ~ ~I .uJl>...o e . ~ ~ )$1lS_,:>-i
I '~1 - L .' - ICI. ~ 4...;\.k 'I a.,. U";ll w::, ~~I a.,. I~'YI' • - -'I '-'>U
'"t-'.r.:A' """fr" c.J""'""" _ -.r.' -~ ~ J ..r -~ . 0:!..r.=--' .,!J
,_) .J ~ ~L. _JIb J ) ~ ..:...ws:ll If --4~ F-~ ~ LS , ~ j_ 0 -j JII . - ~u ,~I t, ~UI ~~ L .. _ ~~I ~ - ~ . ( - 'Y l . ... ~ ~. JY' ~ . c..r- .r" .rt. _.J Li>' ~
~" ,
":"'~J..ul .:r .,r.!S ~..b.jJ . ~~ i ~ ~ JS ~ l+ ..l>-IJ i~ rl_;J'Y1 ~
..
~ ~ ~r'':ll ~W~I - ~ - _,.gj ~ 01.,.... ~":l lS.i.l1 rU:a;J1 ~I
~I ~4JJ..u1 ~ ~ ~~_)I ~W~I Y"J ' ~ .. /~I ~I LJ~JJJJI
. ~1_;....\lIJ ~~_)I
.b~ .. UJ ~ u~1 ~.y i.J_,!.>l:1llAi~ ~I ~~I cJ\lI~J ~WI u\-.15J1 0A .... ~ _rill to.ul.1 - ..!.J ~I ~ ~T ..:...4JJJJI ~ .. :A .. ~j..b...alIJ ' ( ~~ ~"j.; .y ~ J-li ) ~IJ ' 4:J.IJ 4 ~ .;1..uIJ
.ii~1
---\v-------------------------------------
--------------- ~1~IJ_,.,.,.f __
~, ~".t.w.~4 fAU:U"\ Jl ~ISJI JT I!.J~I J~l J.aj 4-! ~ ~I .l;W)l1 ~ ~ d' Wli ~! .J c:Ji r..M ~.r"J ~ D..lo. J'll ~ ~fo ~J . i,s)AlI Jt ~I J.U:~ ~ jJ4 ~ (.5111 J!.o~1 ~ JLNI ~ ~ _r.>..:J ~l5J1 ~ J~\l1 4J"i..ll1 4>...,.;IJ J,;14.1T ilJ>..:..... 4 ~.r J ~U:LI cr ~I ~ J .Y" ~ _,.L. \' IJ
. c.yP _,JIJ 4i..u1 ~U:. J
~J ' ~.)WI ~ ..,Jt::J1 ~ ~_,L\'I il~1 ~ ~I ~~ ~.J
. ~.rP.JA J tlo~ ~1A.J..1 jl.r.l Jl 06..G4.:A1 J:- ~ y.. Ill_, , .u~1 ir.!
Jt.-:.....I y:.!. J ' tI~..u1 jj.,..bJ.1 ..r.f- c.:AolSJl il~1 ~ 4i..u1 ~ J ~t:J.1 .l;W\'1 J~IJ WJI ~ ~I ,-;.Ib-} c...,..,.;_,lllol . ~lj¥IJ ~1J.)1.rt1
. ~\.:SJ.I ~I ~ _,L\l1 yo cll~J ' Jts::;"':J1 ~ _,:J
~I ~1..r.J ii _,s::AJ1 '_';.r ;;.)~k B ~ u!.))l1 ~ _tL\l1 cJ~ .. tJlAl4J c.:H_;>-TJ is:" J" If ) II t.i.bWI eJ JA.-JI c..>..l;u ~ OJJ4' ~ lAjl_.r.u ' 4-:-P ~I ~ _,L.~':J4 J ~L. u!.)\lIJ ~I ~I::SJI d..,Lt ~ J~J . ( ,Q, 1A .!JL..IJ..u1 ~ ljl:>-t i~ ~J ' ~I ~~ ~~ .JAJ ' ~.)t:ll
. .1-'I.k........J . ~ LS , t...;L...;"1
i_"""'" -. d i - - I
~ tSlll ~_,u If - D.r.f:-,jA;st - ~ ~l:J1 ~T ~ftl &oj .. Ih c:_r; Y' ,._j - C;.r.>- .s.:.... JiT ~ Lr ~L:-J-I ~ l:;.~ ~t ~ ~~ .. IllJ \ ~ .JlJ-1 c!IJ ~ l!}Sl ~ G.\..-.T ~ ~~ ~ , 41 ~JtH ~ - ~I ~T J.r.lll jA ~J JS':>UI Lr ~ \ .!JI~I t.r" ~I ~ ~l ~ cl.I.iS ~ ~ oIJ~;l ,_?- ~~ ~ ~~ ~l::S'J ~I ~ ~'-:JI ('~
.~I
~I <tl::J1 ~tA:i il yA-A ~ ~ J.. ~1 ~~I ~~ c..>;>-t ~lj rf J ~I )_~ Lr" ~ ~ ~I tfll J)JI J:...alii J ' t.!..>'-:JI 4:11 ~;
------------------------------------\A---
__ 401s- .»'"1; ~_,illl ~!?-JI--------------LIJJ.l1 ~\.::i ~~ ~ c,)4 • .a>.:i1 ~).A.l1 4- J ~ .)t ~lSJl cJ.s- J ~ . ~yP~J u-.:.. iiJ~
~;J ~~ oJ~1 J .)~ , ~.rcJ * ~ ~JJ ~L:JI .)t ~~J uP_,.J1 .)~..J • i~')U _r.I.1 Jy!J.1 ~_,JIJ Joll jllli ~yJl ~ J_;JI')~ : ~~J I_;li
. platitudes ~u.U:JIJ ' ditches 4141 ~I 4J ;£ - , . circumlocution oUljl '":''If... ~IJ ' verbosity ~I ~l:J:,)/1 ds- ~ - T
. obscurity d'.rAJ1 .y ~ - r
y. ~I ~l::SJ1 ~ l1"L .... ~li ~ J~ ~I ~ JL-.:w.1 4J fo. - f
. i _,1-.U ~I ~ il.Jh:,..,1
. stilited w.s:::al ~I;l.:-JIJ pretentious 4.iWa.J1 ~LJSJI J~I .y ~ _ 0
. ~).I ~ 4J Jo- '1 ~I ~IJl:-J1 .y _;5; - 1 , C."..; _,J~ ~ 4.i~ 4..o4.:AIJ ~JLaJI d'~ _,;LI ¥-I uP _rJ1 lAT
. succinctness J~)/I ,_} 4P1.r.1IJ 4&.~1 r:: ' conciseness J~)'IJ
~~, ~tx, ~ r'~\ ~I jl_r.l'_} J~tJ ' 1~\j ;stJ ' e:PJt - Wb -.)~ _r!.l;11 y_,L..'l.J1 01 ~Ir.-l _,.!.l:ll ~ JLNI ~I_;.. ~ _,:l ~J . ~l:ll.r.? Y ,.,Lt":J1 If -' _,..,aAl1
J
..r.f ~ _,.L...~ Dr ~ JS ~ r..ti ~I ~l:ll I!.IIJL:-JI [_IJJt 0=! ~.r" 4.iJ\.i.
d.lL....)I_ ,~~, W.J.Lipton~) (+) y!o~ ~_,L~ lS?T 0rJ ' (-) _r!.~ : (<:jUI ~I I.r' el:ll .).l.J1 - ~L-;JI i).J ~.Y' \II ~ 4ul:>-)'1
- There was no difference in the height of treated and control plants. + The heights of treated and control plants were similar.
---,\------------------------------------
--------------- u-W'~J.,......f __
- There was no difference in the appearance between X and Y.
+ The appearance of X and Y was similar.
- Yields were not different.
+ Yields were about the same.
- No differences occurred between plots. + Plants in all plots responded similarly.
- X are not insensitive to low temperatures. + X are sensitive to low temperatures.
- I do not want to belabor this point with more examples. + I think these examples will do.
~ !.I ~ ~, I.!.! ~ ) We ,,1 , ( .) _,All ~~ ) I i'~1 lj~i ~ J~ ~I ~ ~ ~_,lJ ~I Jl...a>'J ~~ ( ..b-IJ ~~ &0 _;s1 : ~ 0)'; . i _,.i.-.U ~I ~ Jl
- It was found. + I found.
- It was found to have had.
+ I had .
.J-A JJ.J_IJ ' ~I )"1-,.; il~1 ~ ok I})' I ~ - Wb - ~ ~J
. ..l>-IJ t...Al y ~ L.l~ ~ I r LgJ~k - ~, ~ u=J' - we i'~'
...
-----------------------------------v. ---
-- 4..~ lJ"'f : ~_,illl ~~I ----------
oJ)_r2.I1 ~ \11 i::'! .. , OUf) , Your) , Mine) , My ) , You) , ~l5J1 : J.a ~WS - ~_,.J~ ~l:SJ1 ~ ~l>- - ~ ~~ i~ iJ~ ~ Y-) ~ ~~ " ~¥ ~1.0.15 ~~I 1_)1 ~) • dl ... I.!..>-~I) , UJ _,ll) 'J ~ _;11) B , « ~lSJl LS.;J..J 1I : J!.o ~ ~L...T ilJ,:;.::.....1 ~ ~~I ~ 'it : ~ ~L.i y;... ~~ r~ 0t) , t:'l ... II ~ ~~I) » , « J.il~ J31.AJ-1 j)J B 4 « ..!.1J_) tJA ~..J II , II ~~ J.:...- II ~) II , « ~i )~ II
...
. t:Jl ... « tr=' _,ll IlA ~ ~)_ytll
If' ~..lJ.1 0i .J.l:: 0i ~ ~I )k.; Jt.-::....I J1 ~Ls:l1 )a..P1 I~!J c.?1 .;.JIJL;.JI r'~' ~ .ys. (.;:!W..J ' ~L..JI) lsJI.lll ~ l$. ~ ..r.J:- ~I ~ ~I ~~~OYI 01 JI ~'i .. ~ ~ ~~ ~~~I )i ~Iyll r~ IS y
• -, I ... - 1 "1 .'-' J._' 1I .... 1':1 ,« ~Il ."!.~t .L .s I..
. . . u ~ W J..u ~w tJA ~ ~ u.u c. , . .............1 ~ "¥.
~ » ~ VI ,« ~ '1 . .. I,.. ul5J1 IlA . ~'I i 'J II ~ 'i ,« .: \I
, - J.J C I..S""', loT) ...) c- .
. (J~ \~'\'\ ~ Lr') « C:ll ... ~l ~y w LIJ.1.II ~lA ~l:j
~l:SJ1 J GJ~I) J/:l1 ~~I J~I ~ '-:"' _,s.)1 &0 0~ .. JL.a:>4; J .1.1))'1 0)~ ~; , ~ ~WS J.i~ c._"; _,.II ~ JL.a> 'il .._;~ ~ ~I . ~I ~ Jt.-::....I
~ oW$: Ji4 "'~\ ~\ C~.J
~L- ,b:.\j ~I I.::..I}.~I; ~WSJI rl..lh::.....l ~ _ WI.:. _ ~Ls:l1 ~ ~ J_ro.: ~ Y» ) 4;..0 ~i ":"'I}~~ ;i ~~ 4-I1~1 0~:Y4 LllS' 1.)1 'Or--? ~i) J.:.i Q~ Ll ~ 0 ~I ul}.:--.lI; u~1 0~ 'W&. 4 ( Conciseness r-4 ( ~-4,t~I.\~1 ) ~I ~I~ ( n·OYI .:.r-JI ) ~\::JI c.:J1)~,J1 ~ 0)'; . l:Jb - .:.dL.:J1 i _,lJ ~ .. .r/'::II ~ ~J~ ~I m ...... )1 - ,'\ '\, W.J. Lipton ~ ')
: ( <':jUt ~I tJ.A ~l::Jt ~..wl
----V\ ___
---------------~'~'J_,.._f -_
larger as compared to over a 4-month period over a 10-h time period in the case of X. presently
fruit size was smaller size of X was reduced
compared to Y a greater number
yield differences were not observed
larger than over 4 months over 10 h
for X
now
fruits were smaller
X was smaller than Y
more
yields were similar
~ ~..li - ~W5J1 i..r.!S '+i§ J.- ~ - i.~"11 oJl:-J1 ~t~.l5' ~\'
.. J
. ~t ~ r1J~1 ~\.....~ ~t
LSI ~.J;) 4-Sl> ~ rill ~.ml ..!J ~I d J# ~I ~'J~I ,j" 1'.r.s' ~1
: 4JWI .i.I!. "11 ~ W' , ~4 J~l
As already stated
Concerning this matter it may be borne in mind that
In this connection the statement may be made that
It is interesting to note that
It has long been known that
It may be said that
Typical results are shown
With respect to the occurrence of these types, it has been found that
-----------------------------------v~---
-- t.~ JJ'"t: '-4y..U1 ~Ir.ll ----------
~ ru t...illl 6 _,~-:-II cJ Jt:i ~I ~IJ~I &" I~ iJ):i .. \:.ALl LS_, ~IJ~I clli J.i>...Lou_' . G.-_,..;._,;s1_, , J.)i_, , ~l ~ oJ~ ~JL.a:>-' l...;,J - _,5' j_; s . _,..!.ill t..liI.1 ~~, ~ 4. ))1 i 411 l5..l>-1 ~ J l..A:>-1 -' t o~1 ~J~J ~~'..r..-S- ~IJL:-JI ~ ~ a~./-j, l_rA 1~_;.. - ~
( -\ ~ "\ f Council of Biology Editors ;r )
at the present moment (time) bright green in color
by means of
conducted inoculation experiments
now
bright green by, with inoculated
on
contemporaneous in age created the possibility due to the fact that
contemporaneous made possible because
during the time that equally as well
while
fewer in number
equally well fewer
for the reason that
from the standpoint of goes under the name of if conditions are such that in all cases
because, since
in order to
according to is called
if
always
to
in terms of
in the event that
in view of the fact that
in
if
since, because
---vr ___
---------------~I~IJ_,......; __
~,r.4l1 o_,..a:;J1 ~I
it is often the case that
it is possible that the cause is it is this that
it would thus appear that lenticular in character masses are of large size of such hardness that
on the basis of
oval in shape or oval-shaped plants exhibited good growth sacrifice (for kill)
serves the function of being subsequent to
the fish in question
the tests have not as yet
the treatment having been per-
formed
there can be little doubt that this is they are both alike
throughout the entire area throughout the whole of the experi-
ment
two equal halves
we will always have a miscellany of quality in terms of illustrations with reference to
often
the cause may be this
apparently lenticular
masses are large so hard that from, by, because oval
plants grew well kill
IS
after this fish
the tests have not after treatment
this probably is
they are alike
throughout the area throughout the experiment
halves
the quality of illustrations will alwys vary
about
-----------------------------------Vi---
-- ~\p lJ"'t: ~_,;Jl1 ~\p.JI -----------
;~ ~i ~J> l.;l:>-i - ~ - Lg.;l:.- ~ e_r.5 <.S_,>-i ~l..J.5 .l.::-.fJ .. Ih was' J ' 'was seen' ~ (.r ~I)-:-.s. t_;....;~ 1 _r-!S •. ~ • ~ _,lkll ~I . u')\..oU ~ c . ..I~'(j « ~ ':J B )1 , « lST) D Jj ~L:JI ~i ~ 'observed
- ~~I r_,.w ~ .. ':'YI ~ ~J~~I 4.lL....)I- ''\'\1 ) W. J. Lipton <.Sf_) ~""J ~ J)r, ':J o.!lJ.) J.>- ~I ~T ( _y!.WI ~I '-Y' L.J"">UI I u-"L;l..1 .).LJI .?~ j..af'Yl '-Y' ~~ .. I.ilJ ~ .,..; T:! \... JS ,_) ~j11 0~ vP ~ ts}.aJ1 ~ ~1 , ~l::.Il 4J!..,\'1 I.!m J.>- Lipton 0.J--1.J . o~~ ;.)~ ~..b-~ ~...LtU ~J ( .)~.LU J.E ?1 ~J..i.o ~l5 ~ ~ ~ o~ y:.t... ~1)~Jljl 4J
: (*)
• A loss of vigor was also seen in the plants. * The plants also lost vigor.
• '" recovery was seen in four plants. * four plants recovered.
• As was seen within the X population, ... * As within population X, ...
• A significant concentration by date interaction was observed. * The interaction of concentration by date was significant.
• Mean height of the plants was equal to that of the control and greater than that observed in treatment X.
* the plants were as tall as those of the control and taller than those in treatment X.
• We observed that damage increased as ... * Damage increased as ...
• No response was observed in the plants. * The plants did not respond.
____ yo _
--------------~~J_,....t -_
ls.;W\ ~ cS\.)' 04.) '-.", .. ,
The data show beyond question.
It is obvious.
There is no doubt.
( ~ t!Jl:.lIJ ~l:::J1 cStj':- ~ ~ J ...l.'s- ) Q_"!'l:-- et\::J1 u.;~ Fo..yl cJ~ ~.l5' ~ uPllll ~tJ is;l·a.lI cJ~ ~ ~Jl etl::J1 ~I.?4 Fo-yl &A Lel.J ' J~ .r.P . ~L:.....) t!.rJ1 J.:i
~lS.1\ ~\J:Jt.... c:,.~ i» cJ WW' ~ji ,},'"
~ c.yP}I } 4A!.I1 ,~ t.?' Y ~I ~I)!,,JIJ ..:"Lo..J.>JI JL-::.....I r~ ~..iS' ~ :J!-
It appears
It seems
It is likely
It is possible
More or less
It is probable
, 'Differences were not observed among ... ': J::i If ~I)-:S' lyii t... (}S J ~ ~ I!...>\.;JI cJt _,t , ~li')b:.l ~ Y r-l ~l ~ J.i ~'J ~ ~ oJ~ I.!.ll;_, ~\.::S ibLPl J...a!~1 ~ ~ _,..44i1 Y. JJ 'JI JI...:> ~I cJ\5' \~u . ~U')b:. ~\ ~
; ~ 1.:11 ii -,_,..all Js- ll.J;. \
'There were no differences among .. .'
IJP ~~I .r."-! ~ ~ ~~~I_' ~I 0:! j-Pli ~ t:PJ - Wb - ~_,
. wlJ ~ ~i Js. \... _,..oi j o~~\
------------------------~--------v\---
__ t.~.)J'"f: ~y.UI ~~I ---------------
~ immediate J ' comp!ete : J!.. \ J~)ll ~ ~WS:'II ~ iJl ~L..Sl J~ "!i ~l.JS cf' J ' e'l . .. universal J ' sterile j ' adequate J ~J . quite adequate .1i , very complete : J_,...z iJt.s ~ ~ ~l4...P
adequate for the objective .1l , nearly complete: J.rAJ1 ~
Jl oJU)l1 ~ ~)~J; _,JIJ 4o-LJ1 ~~ J..uIJ ~j.Al1 yUl~1 J..i>- ~
- ,.l:!J1 cJ A.?~ J~ If JS d1~ If ~~ , ~I Ji llL..)1 ;_;... ,} I.. ~ ~~I ')JJ ...u c)~ C)\S ~ 1!...:>-l:J1 ~ ~ _r.S..i:l1 1-i..1..f.l _ _,,:.T iJts:. lSt j Jt
. ~I 4;.) 4:=":" Y ..} 0 A r+"t.JT , 4~ .)1,.,... .Jt J-'~
~, ~tJ.i.U ~~ otiJJhi
- t ... lt\ • ,H u.w.u .. n Lala. '1\
~ OA..J"'. J '"
lS_r;-i L. ~J ~ - ~I ~\::5:l1 j _ J,.AJi ~.) ~4 toWI o~lA.lI iJl
I- I - ~
~lA>I c:P.f ~ , ~U.I ~ _ill ,} iJ.1.,,> "!il o~ _, I.._, , ~I j ~I.._,
~ _ i~1 JtAJI If J _r-i~,! . . 1~.1 ~ UWJ.I lSi ~ _"';'~I ~ jl ,} toWI : ~ loS _11L.. )I.1i ~I "?'-
J>.1 .)1_,l.I.1 ' ~_,.>'11 rtl:j ~I~IJ ' ~I .1t ~I ~ _ \
,
. ~U.I If jl ,.} 4# J,a-:ll ~\::JI.1 ' ~I
, ~WI ~L..IJ..u1 ~I~IJ ' to.illl ~ JS ,} _ toWI ~lAJ-1 ~ _ y
. UL,al1 ($f \ JY-I ~ jl ..) - ~l;11.1
~L..IJJJI ~I~I ~ .); J-li t.WI ~lAJ-1 iJt - J:.....o L...:l - .b-'YU.1 Jl..!.ll ~l:J1 ~ -lSi ~ ~ I.. ~ ~ , t>WJ.1 ~I ,} ~ ~LJI
. • U.I 1-':11 • _ d.ll
I..S"'" r.r-,f ~ ..
----vv-------------------- __
--------------- u-W1~IJ_,...,.t_..!.J...l%:.i l;.j\' ~ ~UI ~I ~ - ~..w.1 ~ _ 4....1)...\.11 (y' w.1.f.ll ~ _ r'
i.l.:1 ~ ~I - ..!.J ~I ~)l!.... ~ W ~~ ~ , JAAJ4 lA Jl.fl ~ 4...-1).) ;y-
, l_JL..2.I.1 ~I ~ LI;J.JI (y' ._j.1.f.l1 4J ~ ~IJ _ ~
~ , JLS:..!.~'YIJ JJIJ.J:.I 0~ Jl o)~~)'1 ~ l_JWJ.1 ~I i~ _ f J_,.b ..:;L.,l:! 01- ~ - Jl¥ ~ ~I~ ~I=JI ~J .cs- ~UI ~I r~ J_,k d ~~ Q;:.LD ...:.J'..1>-t US tlol..... 0! J~ ~ , 1.lS JJ~ ~ ..l:::- Y ..:;I.~.II
. ..:;~I
, 4::L- ~I ~~4 ,)~ ~I .cs- ~UI ~I ~l:.ll ~ r~ _ 0
, 4:..0 ,toLP ~ vt'~I.cs- Jl , ~ J:Ld1 ~ UL.,.;11 J-.All i~ ~
Ja,ill ~ ~u.Jt JL.W.w.~1
~ ,) yUl J-ovill ~ JL-::.....I ~.w)'4 ~l::5:J1 ..l:.s;. ~ ~ .. 1.b.:.)l1 ;s1 (y' 01
: ~Lo ilAll 1..i.A ~ ~~J ' ~I Jl , eJ:-1 r" ~I
, Media j ' Data: J-!-<a ~ ..:;L...J5 t:" ~I J-..J ~ J--:-; _ , Data ~J ' Data shows J~ ")U ~ ~ ..:;L.JS t.g.;'':J ~ e:tl " . Criteria J cJs. - yo ~LJ5JIII..i.A ,)_;"'J ' Media were ~J ' Media was J~\'J ' show
. criterion J ' medium J ' datum - J1"pI
To each tree, 200 g of fertilizer was added
Each tree received 200 g of fertilizer.
, anyone J!..o ) indefinite pronouns o.)..b..il .d- }~I JoL.u - .,..
~ .) yUI I.!.Jl!.Il ~I ~lw.A ~I ~ ( e'l ... someone J ' everyone j . she Ji he J..a LSi
--------------------------------VA---
__ l.o~ )J'"f : ~_,illl ~\.p.JI_--------------
Jl.A J .d ~i; l.J" 4J Lt ~ Connectives ~)I o.:JlJ.)t rl~~ rt....:.e. \'1 ~
: ~lo ~i ;_YOJ ~ ~I
although and because
but consequently if
however nevertheless thence
thereafter therefore when
where since while ... '"'-! r~ - olA ~)I ~IJ.)t o.:JL..I..lh:....1 ~~ - Lg.;~lr ~ ~I JY' ":II ;_yo J
,
~ ~ LAj~ ~ ~J ' while t....J.s; - ~.!IL,a:l1 rY' ~I ~ .)I.;:! - ~
while :ws 0~ 1.!lI~ ~ since w.s; 'til:>t Jt , though Jl , although: ~
. ( ~ ciJ J~ tSt ) ci}1 ~ ~..l;I..~ t.~\'1 Jt LJ"'w-)l1 ~ r:: J . «01 r-LJI r:: D Jt , II ir r-")~ » cJ~ 4~ though J ' although loT _,l « '-;.-! » clUS ~ I.f.j~ - ci}4 1J"'L..:.-)lI- tS.,>":I1 c..JA - ~ Since cJt
• « 0t L:&-L»
). .
~I JJ ~~I W d 41_r.A.o 0~ .li ~I - ~.)WI ~_,.;J.II ... lb!.)11 01 J ~ ~_, . ~I ~~I ,_} J~)'I Js- 4J_r.A.. .r.f- - ~I .r.? ~"'1lAll-, d ~i cr 4.lll ~ ifl>- L~ Jl [.l:t. u=ll JJA":II ;_yo o.4..w ~WI J_,...aA.lI ~I ..u-I} JJl:.:;j ~I ~I ,_} ~ _;5.1;':J 4) ~~~-' ' ~I ~~I ~ ~I ~WI ... lb!.\'1 ~ dl a)~)'~ rlAll llA ,_} ~-' . ~.r..J.f)'1
: u4L.. ~ u=11-, ' LAJH
____ v~ -- ___
-------------~~I~IJ_,....f --
. ~ ~li r--4 ~ J ~I ~J r..\$- - Y
~ ~ J...J:-I tI~tJ ~IJL;.JI ~J cY ,comma tL,.,WI rl~1 ,. J""" - 'r
ii JL;.JI ci.1.- o t .!.J.l>- _,.I ~I 19J J' ~ ':J u=J1 ~':J lJ-1 cJ ~ WI rl..b...:.....1 l.r-.-! ~I tI~tJ ~IJL;.JI -"!J tP. a", WI rlJh:...,1 rJs. ~ ~ , a.J:.1 ~ Jt
. ~ LSjjl ~I uU..,rU Jt ~..b.:.I lA) ft J \.r ~ ':J v:ll
~ comma a..:,U ~J _y.J ' ~I ..r.s t.b:. J1 r!.AlI I.iA ~ _r.!jJ ~ Jt oJy:. that 4.15 ~t I~l ':11 u.",llli J~ ~ Jt.-.:......I JAJ ' that to.lS l1~) ~; that 4.-lS ~IS I~llat . ~4 J')l.>.l ~J.l 4:s. ,.\:.A:...., ':11 ~ ~
WI Js.I - -:11 • - ':J La...ltu u.",WI . 0U ll..J..1 . L ~-. Lc l:.i.J
.r- J .J""'" c:: ~ . t;_P J.. . r.s' ~ . - J
. ~~';ll 4iJJ ~I.J..I
~, cJ ( ~, ) J;<.';,;1\
,
Jj lc ~ ~ ,_} ~I ~ Jj ~I ~I ~ ~.rJ4 ~I.:SJI CJ:?- ~
~~ ~ ')\.; ~ ~I d JI_,...., ';ll r.u:. ~ cJSJJ . Ul,t;. ~ ~ , ~~I ~bs..lk. •. a.uJ ' J ~ ~I J!.o ~ .hii ~ J1 ~b! u=J1 ~WSJI
. .kA! uP;J4 ~ ~I ~I ~L.~ c:!'~ - ~WSJI ol.- d - ,.Li:S'':11 ~
______ -------------------------A. ---
.:.Jwr J.aAlr
ClL..lSJ1 Jl:>1 ~ t.WI ~..ul IS";' ~I ~L...)I Jt ~, UI Y cJs: If.. ."~
_ ~ ~ (spelling) 4S~ ~ ir J5t:J1 ~J ' ~).I y" 0 .r.".tlJ ~WI ~ ~t.....)1 ,_) Jt , II _,.!.j ~ ~I ,_) ~ ..li "lb:.T ~T ~ ~ c31 - DJ..,- J Il.t. ,_) ~ ;.r ~I JL)I _,; ~ Jt ~ ~I ~I,.,.. J~ 4 J • LA.)\..w:.1
. d.JL...)1 Jl ~I ~l..p tY~ > - J./'il JiJ - ~ 4:J _,wI cJ~ cJWI
.>.tP u~ c.::a WSl' ~~ ~Ui
capitaliza- r--"4 clI~ J y'U.J ' capital letter ..r.:P J ~ ~~I ~ t..l~
: ~ LS ~ O,)J..,.,... ..u:.1_,_Aj ..r.:-? I..i ~ t-¥ ~I ~WSJI J\::>I ~.J ' tion
: proper nouns r~\'1 "L....,..T - ,
. til ... Egypt J ' Rome,_) L.S , ~ J ~ i~ \'1 "l-..,t ~ t~ : .i J\s. 'J I "L...,.. T ~ La::.!.,.. - " Egyp- J ' Roman,_) W' , .d J~ i~\l1 "L-..T ~ ~~ t.y - t
. t:Jl ... tian
"L-..'JI lr' ~J ~ cJ~ ~ u=ll i~'J1 ,,\-.of ~\.4::.!... loT - y
: ~lo I.f±.ol U-OJ ' .r-? J r. t~l' lfj~ ~ c.A:.!.1 ~I
---A\-----------------------------------
-----------------~, ~I J_,....,.i _
bordeaux mixture brazil nut
brussels sprouts bunsen burner
burley tobacco canada balsam
china clay congo red
curie epsom salt
frankfurt sausage french dressing
french-fried potatoes gothic type
hessian fly india ink
italic type (~lo J _,~ ~l:SJ') japan varnish
joule kraft paper
maginot line manila paper
mason jar merino sheep
newton oriental rug
oxford shoe panama hat
paris green pasteurized milk
persian lamb petri dish
plaster of paris prussian blue
roentgen roman candle
roman type (~l.o _')I .,.~I wJ?) russia leather
siamese twins swiss cheese
vaseline venturi tube
victoria (carriage) vienna bread
------------------ A"I -
__ ~I.~~ .;.,J.I WSJI.J~I: VOI'"="""!,p.JI--------: r~~1 ,.L...,.,t ~ u'ti u=JI ~l4..aJI_' ~.)WI ... L-~I - '1"
J..f'! t~ .,.;li ~ t"" 1 lJ" l:-L...T I,..r. 44..,., _,t LS.)~ r-""I ~ 1oX$ - t
: ~WI a.l!.o ~I j L.S , ~
Washington Monument Aswan High Dam
High Dam Lake Alexandria City
Statue of Liberty
Suez Canal
Upper Egypt Massachusetts Avenue
..} L.s , .r.? u ~ TJ.:.i\' (>\&:. '11 ,.l....,.~ ~}I .r.f- ~.)WI .. I.- ~I LfJ_, - '":"
: 4JWI ~~l:1..1
the monument
the dam
city of Alexandria
the avenue
r-4 - ~ ~..r.! LS.llI - ~I r-" ~ u..all JT I.S.)WI r- ~I ~I 1';1 - ..::,.\.-..t Js::.!.i~ i~..lJ:..1 ..:.t1~1 ~ ~w.s:J1 ~ c)1i c.S_r=.i 4.4...D _,T .,,>T cS.)~ LS , .r.? J ~ l&-} ~ Y u=J1 .;JlA...AJ1_, ~.lW' ,.l-~I t~~ .. I~_' ~ r~t
: 4JWI ll!..\'1 j
. northern fanning governorates.jSJ_, ,Northern Governorates
. upper ancient Egypt.:,SJ_, «Upper Egypt J ~ T..1:i ~~ ~ r~t .. l....,.t ~ ~\'J.U i~ ~ r~ L..~ - .)
: a.JWI Ut. ':II . l.S ,<
.. c.r ..t:::'"
. jj~1 ~~ ':l _,.II ~Is. Washington ~..u ~ ~\,..ill the Capitol
. Nile Delta ~I I::b ~ ~~.ill the Delta J~ - r~' ,.Lo....~~; ~I- ~.)W, ,.L...,..~ ~I ~ ~jS' t~_...A
: 4;11;1, ~ ~l:1.1 j LS , ~
----Ar---------------- __
--------------~I~IJ_,..."f __
Egyptian and Syrian Governments
Dokki and Giza Streets
~ tfllJ - wJrlJ , rUJ\lIJ ' ~I_,:ll ~ J.-:....i ,_;.II ~.,WI ~t-..""ll _ J t1.~\f - ~l:... =b- ~ JT c-rS ,~~t JT , ~?I Jl ci)1 .J~.lp-: UWI ~)l1 . LS, « J
- ,j .r.::-' ~
apartment 2 article 5
book II chapter ill
class I column 2
form 4 group 7
page 2 paragraph 4
part I phase 3
rule 8 section 3
spring 1994 treaty of 1937
volume X war of 1914
: ,~\l1 ,.t-...T ~ ~~, ~IJ~l- t ..:!JIJ,:,l ~.15' J ' ~ &oJ..f"'-! - tJS'L/~1 ,.l.-T c: Jl.i ,_;.II _ the t..15 loy
: ~WIlli.\'1 J LS , r.S_r:.)l1 ~t;Jj1 cJ ~tAll ~~',
The Hauge The Gambia
The Netherlands
EI Salvador
Las Cruces
L' Esterel
. the Sudan J ' the Congo : ~ JS ,_} ~ J ~ iJ.?\f ~.rdi iibi ~J d W , u..as c)l5l1 1"""'" r.J.>..:....,.,1 1~1.r-? &oJ.r-! ~_ydl iil.,l ty~ LS the Second Hague Conference
----------------------------------At---
__ ~I .. ~~ .;.J.I WSJI J~I: ~I ~!,p.JI--------.l:. # J ' "::"~J.1.IIJ ' L!J~IJ ' u .... ,dll ... l- ~ """'..r-:l' il,)1 t~'J ~.lS'.
. .r.;l J ~ ~ <.Sf ,_i t..t;"i . . dl . . . tS.r.1' JA:.'IJ ' ~ ~IJ ' ~I~I
: 4:=:-)'1 ,.t........;U nil).1 ..:..1,,')\11 _ 0
d', da, de, della, den, du, van, and von.
DaPonte
Den Uy)
Du Pont
Van Rensselaer
Von Braun
Cardinal~ w- , ~ ~ ~ 1~1~"';~ l...lo? ..:..IJ.;\":II 0.L. wSJJ
. da Ponte
r-~I ..?~ lo.,cp ~ ...;~ - 4.:~\11 .. t-,.,\11 ,.) - ~IJ~'JI o~ T..lt ..!.U.lS'
. Stephen van Rensselaer J ' Johannes den Uyl: ~ L..S , Jo~1
~ y ..u ~1 ~lp\}1 cJ~ ~~'}JI .} 4-o1~1 ~. ~I ~":II .. L......~Il..t ~I ;_,o...; ~LS Ji , ~ loll ~ ~ ~1J r.J> .r.$ J r! WI" t~ 4:t . Jo~1
..:,J\Jb ~IJ ' ~~IJ ' ~L- jllJ ' l!.Il!:+IlJ ' 1.!.IL..la.a1 ,.L.-f ~ J.:.:-'; J.i 0=11 J...a _,ll-t ):-IJ &...k~1 ..:.tIJ')' .. l:!:...,4 ) C:'1 . . . 1.!.I1;lj.,JIJ the American Society for Horticultural: ..) L.S., ~ J ~ T~ . . ( r- ~I
. Science
_ Ao _
---------------- WWI~\J"...,i __
: ~IAI ~\;ll_' J_,..ul ~L.-T _ v ~k...oT-, , yl}J:-1 J-bl;ll ~_, J_,..LJI ~L......\' 4.._;~\ .;..W5J1 AI J.1.r-.1 ~.rdl ~Ipi ~I.:!:.....~ - ~ t~ " dl '" u~\ ~WI 4.l!... "':}I ~ W" , d J r-! - j-P _,.IIJ
Arab Republic of Egypt New York State
Giza Governorate
Ontario Province
British Commonwealth
Middle East
the Western Hemisphere
the North Pole
the Temperate Zone
the Orient
~ ~)I .11 o\.f\'1 u.....,.1 ).r.J. i...\h.:....j tfll .;..~I .:,1 ~l .. Ih
: ~WI ~~I ~ LoS , .d ..J.r--! l..y':JJ ' \~i F-L-...i
north, south, east, west
northerly, northern, northward
oriental
south California
north-central region
central Europe
: WI J~.1 J~I F-~T _ A
, i..\.;1 J _r.aAJ1 foL-..T ~.1 ' ( March : Ji!.. ) .r.:? J r. J_w!J1 ~t.........i i..y
. (winter : Jl!.. ) ~ J.T""'!
y _,All ..:..~W.I_' , .)~"':}IJ ' ~..JWI ~IJ o.!.Jl..b-·~I F-Lo......i - '\
--------------------------------A\---
__ ~II'~~ i_;..J.l t.Kl1 )\,;=:-I : ~y.lll ..,_;1pJ1 --------t:Jl 0 0 0 y ~I u~I.:1IJ ~ ~~ \}IJ ' ~..Jl:11 ~IJ o,!Jl...l;>-·~1 "L-...T i~
: ~l:J1 4.l!./~1 c.i LS , ~ .j ~
Middle Ages
Labor Day
Renaissance
~ Plexiglas d LS , d ._; ~ trade names ~..J~I "L-..°'il ~ i..y ._;~ i~~ ~)~I "k..,,\}1 ~ dt; ~ ~I ~~WI rL-..,\}1 0i 'Yl ' Osmocote j
or-?
~I "k ... NI _ , ,
J!.o ~ ~~I ~ rLo......i w-o o"'N- IA j5J AI r-' .r.? w ~ i~ cJu d>- ~ ._; r. i~ ')U uJl r-' loi 0 ~I-, ' w.....dl.; , ~ )1.; ~ lliWI
o ~ r-I Lr" lA.:.!..o cJ 15
Jr. i~ ,0 AI r"1 Jl J? .ij~~ cJfo c.?l ~I ,,~i i~ c1.I.l5
. Pseudomonads d l.,S , ..r.?
LS ~ .r.? J~ f~~ Lg;~ ~I r~\jl "L-..i Lr" ~I ~b...\t, aU loT
. menodontine J ' aviculoid ~
us , 4.,~~ "k....ts ~~I IY"~''Y' ~L........i .r.:-? J ~ i~'Y c1.I.l5
. phytopthora blight j , fusarium wilt d
: ~I ~ t.-.I..b..,al.I - '" ~ _,J ~I ~L:....lk..,all-, u...D') \II ~~ ~Wk...al ti _,sll ~\.a..I.S01 i...y
. r 15,;)1j..1 ~I ~ ~I."''YI ~~ ~bJ.k.,a.. cJ~ c .. /L.J ' ~ J ~
----AV------------------------ ___
-------------- ~1~IJr._f_: ~ lS , ~ J ~ ~UI rlr. '11 ,.L...,..,T T..1.:i 1..!.lIlS'
Earth Sun
Moon Mercury
Venus Mars
Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune
Pluto ~ J\; \...~ , r4JIJ ' ~IJ ' ~J~~I : ,.t-..t ~ ~~ t~ wSJJ
: ,,} lS , I.f..o :iii· ·11 1!.JW5:J1 ~ Jt , r%Ji lSflL4
the moons of Jupiter
the mother earth
sunshine.
: UWLI ( ..:...L-=ll ) ..;.Jl..:.SJ1 _ ,,..
.. .. ... ..
- ~."I Jt· - ~ ~~.ill fanaciful appellation ~l::>- ~ r~ lo..l:s-
: 4.)\:11 ~~I ,_} LS , ~ J ~ t~ lfjWS .J~ ~ r-I
Great Society
Great Depression
Third World
: Personification ~ .. ~" _ , t
, ~J.J,.~ r ~ ~ JT , \... ~ ~ ~rll ~lA...tJ1 ,.1..0..;1 yo w,o}. ··11
: ,,} LS , ~ J ~ ~; _,t :r ~ ~ t...b.::...ll ..:,.,L.JS:JI T.J..;.jJ
The Chair called for the next speaker
-------------------------------------AA---
__ ~I ~~4 i_;..J.I ~I J~I : ~_,;.UI ~~I ---------
Islam, Islamic, Muslem
Koran, Koranic
Hijri
Christianity, Chrtistian
Catholicism, Protestant
lo...l.:s- ~IJ ' ~)-IJ ' ~..uIJ ' ~..u.1 ~lA.r'J1 ~ .r:? J ~ t.,y - , J4 1oJ.:J:. ~ wr, ty ~J ' o~L;.- ~I ~I ~I J:.i ~_,$"~";4 . b fo lA __,5~
, Your Honor: J LS ~ .;:::5 J J>"-! - cJ~ ~ ";4 LS..u1 - ~I t~ CU.i5
. Mr. Secretary J ' Mr. Chairman J
ulJ.=.1 ,.l:.!:......~ - 4J 4JL:.I1 ..;:.Jlo..l.s:]l ~ J J.;'JI ~I t~ cJ1 r..?' o..u:.WI ~h .;S~ l_l4 lax.&- .T'·'JI ~J ' .r:? J r. - J..o _,JI ... ):.1 JJr J ~r:J1 . ~I)I rsl} d Jy."'J1
: J ..... ~I ws:J1 - 'A
, ~ ~ ~ Jt , ~ 4;1--,-! d ~,.~ I~l.r.? J_r-! JJ\l1 WSJI t.y
1.)1 ~ r-ilil ~ ~I ~I Q~T Jt J_,_,."'11 &" .tLL. _'I , ~ ~ _,T ..} ~I u,.~ 1~1 s 1 , colon ~iJ ~ ~ Ji comma a,.,l; ~ ~,.6:-
.~I~~~I--,-!
0-" I~? ~ U"l?1 ~ o..:J,.~ 1.)1 ~ J ~ t~ JJ~'YI 4...JSJ1 ~T ':11
----A\ -------- __
--------------- ~I ~I J_,....,i __ iLg...i;.....1 t.~ Ji , ~ 4...~ Jt , 0':2~rs- ~ ~ ..:,..~~ Ji , ~I~ ll....J:.1 ~)\... ~ _,5 IS_,...... o..k ~I ..:,..L..~ ~ .;:.J ~~ u=J1 .;:.JlcJ5J.I ii.lllj W :_f'.; r-1J
. l;.. . ~<i ._11 I_L ~L,.;I
y.cJ..r- ~ ~ ~ •
:i _ }) I IfiJ l;_,J 1 ,_} .r.::5 ._; ~ t.y c..?1 ..:,.. w.s:u ~ ~ ;..,., 6:- ..l&-I_,i r..Ih:.....J
w ,
. ( ,~~ '\ IJ-> ) ,-;-,t:s:.il Ih ;r ~I!ll ~ _).I ~ ~..uJ ' ~ _,AlIJ
: ( JsL....)1 ,_} ) ti _,::.II) ~IJ 4 ~~.r.ll 0J.J\;..J1 - Y . ~IJ ' tf-Jt:...JJ 4_ ))1 ..:;ws:JI ~ ,_} .r.::5 ...; »« ~_"'~I ~I i~
. JL.)I ,_} ci _,::.IIJ
. ( '~At ) U.S.D.A. c:-I_j. .. Capitalization JI ~I_'; ,y- J=..oI.4::lI ~ ..l:!)J
~lA..P)' ..:;WS01 ~1--4 J r~ ~I cit <f> Prefixes 4:J_"'~1 ..;.,U:.-Y\.II
u lh- '1 ~ ) uLJSJI ..:,..~ ~ ~ Uy.-i i..l>.::.-i ..u J ' 4:h- ..r.:.i ~ 4.h-")l!1 .. ~ . ~.) A I~i i.Jh:;..._;'1 LPJJ ' ( suffexes ~4-i ~ '-phyte' ~~ ~ '1 ~ ...Li « ~l;L::J4 if6:. II ~ 'phyto-' ~J''l'1
. ~ ~ tST ~'1 ~J ' « .:."l;JI »
WlA.!1 ,_) P loS , ~'1 ($_;>-TJ ~l,j y.. ulh- '1 ~1..l&-·'l'1 ~ 4.I'1.ill i..G..:.....j
: ~.)..1.JI ~'1'1.) c: ~\:ll
---------------------------------~. ---
-- ~I $.b:.+1~ ;;.,J.Il.....l5J1 JI.::>-I : ~jo1Il ~1pI1 ---------
urn- mono-
y bi- di-
r ter- tri-
1 quad- tetra-
0 quinq- penta-
1 sex- hexa-
V sept- hepta-
II oct- octo-
C\ novern- nona-
, . deci- deca-
, .. centi- hecta-
\ ... rnilIi- kilo-
w....:.J1 semi- hemi-
_r.{J1 multi- boly-
JSlI omni-
~I dupli-
JlA.;1 ~)1S tripli-
~.}I Jil hypo-
Jj Jl;s1 hyper-
d. sub-
;s1 super-
J.!lb.. } J\....... IS0-
t.,..'~\ ~ ~..9i &:aLb'i ._;..1IJ ' ~1..l>.;.....1 ~ u=J1 4JJ":J1 ~lA::.-~1 ~ Wli - ~ ~ -.?~
: ( \ ,\Af Sugden J ' ''\AY Godman lY' ) 4-:-0 J5 ~ <,S..ul
-"
_______________ ~1~IJ-,...,f --
asexual abaxial adaxial amphiteric allopolyploid anaerobic
androeciwn antibiotic
apogamy
autopolyploid
binomial, biennial biology
cauliflorous
chromoplast cis-compound (an isomer) cleistogamy
coenzyme
counteract
cryptophyte cytology decomposition disaccharide discharge ectoparasitic endocarp equimolecular epicarp eutrophic exalburninous
~Jt, ,JJ~ IY~ .~I ~ Jt , y-.:.
~l.J:.I.); ...A.I:;...
~J ,'a _' 4J'~1 ~~I J.h ...; _f.1 ..It ~.ro:tl ...; J)-.I J.i _?l.. Jt , .?"~ J.tA.. Jt , J..; ,JJ~ Jl , ~ ~1.ilI.WI ~IJt, LI~ .1.::1-1 c)~~ u.,., J~ LI).o Jl , olJl'Ji
..._.;\:L.I •• I~.
. • c.rA'..s-
~ LlJ~Jt ,mu ~ 4i~ J~ JI , l... ~ JdJ~Jl ~l.,.;.... ~ ~~4i~J~
~Jd
~I Jt , iM.J'" JI , LI~I
~jAi
;_r.)\> ..It , [.J~~ ~b ..It , J..:.I.lI~ J\......
,
ct.)\> ..II , Jj ..It , Js~Jt,-,::=:LlJ~
a-
ab-
adamphialb-
an-
andreanti-
apo-
auto-
bi-
biocaul(i)chromocisc1eisto-
cocountercryptocytode-
di-
dis-
ectoendoequiepi-
eu-
ex-
------------------------------------\~---
--~I j>~~ i_;' .. u WSJI )\;>1 : ~_,;.UI ~!_,,:JI ---------
JI!.. ~LS.1II~1 ~\jI~')\.I1
.J
extrafloral ~ ~ L [_Jb:. extra-
flavoprotein _;......t flavo-
gamopetalous r~I .11 L JL,..;I garn(o)-
gymnosperm ,)w ..r.f- _,t L JV> gymno-
~
gynoecium .!.iY.1t L ..;;1 gyno-
halophyte u=-J.. .1t L t> _,.L. halo-
hemiparasite J:r. .1t L ...A..,a.; hemi-
heterozygote Ul:;.... hetero-
homologous Jll homo-
hydrophyte ~U 4 u.,." .1~ hydro-
hypertonic ~I .11 L;st hyper-
hypotonic iJ_'~ .1t , d _,I L Jit hypo-
imperfect, impermeable not._;..u,. _,t ._,..s:.JI im-
inactive, inadequate not ._;..u,. _,t ._,..s:.JI in-
infraspecific .:..J. s t L Jit infra-
interspecific ~ inter-
intraspecific J>I~ intra-
isogamy J!lh. _,t L Jll iso-
leptotene J:iJJt L ~ lepto-
macromolecule J__,k .1t , ~} L .d macro-
megaspore ~ _,t L .d - \ mega-
megaton OJ" iJ_r.L. - Y
mesophyll &.:! Jt L .k.... J meso-
microspore 1.1::- _r.!...D _,I L _r.}t...p micro-
monocotyledon ~ _;.. Jt , 6J" Jt L ..l.>-IJ mono-
morphology ~4 (j~ J~ Jt L ~ morph(o)-
multiuc1eate _r.s multi-
mycology .;:..~4 (j')\.p.J~ myco-
neoDarwinism ~~ neo-
non-electrolyte not,_;.-.r; not-
-~r ~1~IJ_,......i
Jl!.. ~lSlJl~1 4.:JJ)l1 U>~I
oligotrophic J:li oligo-
orthotropic ~}. ~t; ortho-
pachytene ;r.-Ji, ~ pachy-
palaeobotany ~.J.i palaeo-
panchromatic J-lS Ji JS pan-
paracasein .,.. ~~._)&. para-
pentose ~ pent(a)-
perianth e:U'._? JI , J_,.,.. pen-
photosynthesis ~ _,...2J 4 u.,., J~ photo-
phycobiont ~6.bJ4 ..,..6:- phyco-
phyllotaxy JIJJ ~4 u.,., J') phyll(o)-
phytochemistry .;..\jL:.lL 6:- phyto-
.. ..,..
ploypeptide .r.s poly-
pseudogamy ,,:-,.llS...:.SJJpl._,....i.i..J pseudo-
rhizome JJ.i:l:-4 .u.... J; rhiz(o)-
reactivate IS_;>-' i_,.. re-
saprophyte JL..:!4..,..l>- sapro-
schizocarp ~Jl,~ schiz(o)-
sc1erenchyma .L~}, ~ scler(o)-
semipermeable J:r:- } , .......i.-.4.i serru-
subspecies, subacute La .b- ~1 J1 , Ji.--T Jt , J sub-
symbiosis .JJ~ JI , I,... sym-
syncarpous .JJ~} , I,... syn-
tetraploid C:!) tetra-
trans-compound _r=- ':II ~6I;-1 ~ Jt .r,P trans-
triose ..!.I')\! tri-
ultrafilter ._yl,; ultra-
unicellular ~ fo -,I , .) _riA JI , .b-IJ uni-
xerophyte ._;lA:l;-1 &- JI , J 6:- xero- -----------------------------------~~ ---
-- ~I t.~4 ._;..JI t..KIl J~I : ~jJJl ylpJl ---------
~ ~1 ~ ~kKIl ~4~ J>J; ~I ~ suffixes ~Lg;J1 ~:.Ai>~1
: ( \~A" Godmau je ) d:~ ~t~.J ' Q,)P ~':J~.J ' s-
Jl!.o ~I.S.lII~1 ~4-:JIw..~1
changeable l.. JJ <!'>J.b- .)ts:..l ¥ u.,.. J! c.:: .),;J -able
experimental -! J..AU J! , L.r" -al
mixer, generator J.-.i o- c:......1 ,:, §.; -er (-or)
chromatogram lo .r: .J'" Jt Lfo L..l:5 ~ 1.-1 iJ §.; -gram
thermograph IzS ~I ....4.,a; ~ ~ t......1 iJfo -graph
basic -! J-lI.l Jt , L.r" -ic
purify t.. .J'"! ,_) ~I ~ ~ ')l,J oJ§.; -ify
purity ~ y } 4ll:L. k...1 ,:, §J -ity
inhibitive .;..t.i.p J! 4l _,.i J .L-.·~I J -ion J-o Jl -ive
ionize t.. .J'"I ;rP J ~I ._;.,... ~ '.>W iJ §J -ize
hydrolysis i.r."-P .I;:-! J! JL-.::II Jd ~ 1.-1 ,:, ~ -lysis
thermometer ~I lA1.l ~ ...A..a.. L.....I OJ ~ -meter
«r _ -
thermometry J:i..lll oJ'l:ill ~ w,. ~ L.....I IJ §.; -metry
sweetness ~ 4.ll:L. L.....IIJ ~ -ness
anhydrous !l')\;.~1 ~ 6u IJ~ -ous
protophilic l.. .J'"I J _r.i -l:A! b; OJ §s -philic
lyophobic t, t J - ..l.>-...l..A.. l;;".; OJ§S -phobic
.J'".r.Jr __
spectroscope crSJl ..,..l:A1l 4Ji ~ L.....I IJ §J -scope
microscopy 6.:J.J1 ~ JWJ 4Ii Jt...:..1 ~ L.....I J fo -scopy
hydrostat .:..~I.;..~ ~ .t;li '.Ii ~ L.....IJ fo -stat
distillation ~..lJ,.1 } Jo.4II ~ L.....I iJ'p; -ation
pollution \.....1 JjJ -tion
_~o -------------- ~~IJ_"",f_-
~~, ~li..t
J.>...lj lp:IJ L 4;~ Jt 4JJi .;...u:'-'l.J..,U'l~' Fo'.r.~1 ~ .;...~, Eli.. J.o.:l ~ ( \ 8'; ,a·' 4 ,_) Ji , ~~ J1 L ~I~ d ) ~L..JS:]I ~ _; ~
: 4:lWI ilia",:! I ,,} LS L l=:- c.r-
~~jJl~1 c_lWL1
~U.4 u.,... J; } ~Il' aqua
cJ}l4 a,.. _,; Jt cJ)JI chrom
I::;~,. ~ gen
E • 1..1"""
~I_,.JI _,t .111 hydr
~J _,' Jl:.o hygro
4JtJU morph
• _,...all photo
J!.;JI jt ~I~I pneumo
I~ ._r.,s -;If" pyro
• .)I~ thenn
,~, $.U! aqueous
panchromatic, chromatography homogenize
dehydrate, anhydrous hygroscopic, hygrometer amorphous, polymorphism photolysis, photohalide pneumatic
pyrolysis, pyrometer thermostable, thermal
r..S ~ 4.0 La t c..k~ yU L ~ws:.II cS..1.>l Fo~ o- I.!.l..!. ~ ~l5J1 iJ h \,..l;.p ~~ ~ l5 yo ~ Jt , ~~WI ,.::.A.J5lJ ~~ ~WI ..1.>i c..J J"\l1 ~I_'" ..;.,L-1h...al1 ~t.- If ~.1&0 lJL:.- )_;; 4.i~ ~ L ~, ~b..\b ,QQU ~4 ~ JJ jO~1 ..u:.lfo. rll.)'1 iJT ~L· . 1.lA . r-LJ' t_J) ~ J ~I ~I
. (.)"'::"'I_,A.\I ~l ~ )1 ~l ~~I ~b. If
U.S.D.A. ~ ) 43 ~t _?~ ~ , Fo~1 ~I_'; ,y ~ - ~ I...J - ~~J
. ( '~Ai
~...)A \t\ ,.l?-+l\_" cj~~' ,.~,
~..r"·l'1 ~l.a!j~ o)hll J.,..LlIJ ~rt ~ ~W)'I uWSJI ~ Fo~ ~
------------------ ,,"\ -
__ ~I ,.~~ i;.,J.1 ~I J~I: ~_,illl ~~I ------
c_iJ1 ¥' ~W, ~ ~J.$; } ~J . ~*ill 4;lA!.I4 li}t::l.1 JJ"uIJ lzil.kJ. d .,,;s. ~4 Oxford d yalJ ~ ~ LA fiT ~J ' 0t.!J1 1..iA ~ 4:11 tf'i)1 ~
. ~_;4'"JI,.~ ~4 WebsterU"'_,...liJ ' ..s..i:¥-ill,.~
y.J ' .c:1~ ~ J\.;.::j~1 d J.:,:.\fl Y. ,.~I ,_} ~r"'Jl ~} .• ~NI ~J
. 1.lJ: .• '~.~
. hemoglobin J ' hemocytometer J. ~ ~WS J oe J ' ae ~ e Ji- - ,
, hybridize,,} LoS ~ ~~J JW~~I ~~ c.J ise ~ ize y - '\'
, specialize J' summarization J ' summarize J ' hybridization J . i:'l . . . specialization J
. ~l ... meter J ' liter J ' center J!.a ~ ~LJ5' ~ re J>- er y - '"
. sulfate J ' sulfur ~ w- ~ ph J>..a f Ji- - f
, favorable), flavor J ' color J!.a ~ ~klS d our ~ or y _ 0
. ~! ... favor)
, kilogram ) , program ~ ~ ~L-.lS ~ amme J>- am Ji - ,
. (:11 . . . gram J
~ ~W5J1 ~~ d ..1.::-,;.u u=J1 r J ' P J ' I wJ)-IL:l:>T JP'l - V occuring j , ( cancellation ~J ) canceling ~ W , Ltll ~ ':l ~L.,.;1
. (w~ ,,,'\'\' !\J~ ~)
,
, ~L::- - uWSJI cit ,.~ c_rP ~ - ~ lA ~ 0\ ~I UJ Y ~ J
L.S . ~ ~ A c)l d ~.r.. u=J1 ~J)..ul ~ I.5jJl ~ _,LNI i ~ 0lJ ~ ~ c_iJ1 ~l.$jl ~ ? ll::J.1 ~ 1.5..u1. iU2:J~ il.rJ':l1 ~ ~ 0t ~ u=J1 c::-I)I WL; ~li~J ~L...L;::l':l1 clI~ ~ ~J - ~L... uL..IJ.l
. U,p~~1 lA.)L,a..o _i ~ WI:;·";'
• J l5 "~I..J'"'"'"'
Jt ~, ~ jl ~ oGl.! ~WSJI ,.~ LiJ...., .)~ i~ !\l:.A ~ r-3 l~llAl ~I ,.I?' ~ d "-! il_;l':ll oJJ~ e ' ~ ~ Y.. c.>.iJ1 il1a:J1 J~' 41 L...) 1 . 4lL...)1 JT
----\V-- __
---------------- ~1~IJ_,......i _
~W)'I ~ Lg;)I_,J..l.o ~ ~W5J1 ~ 0~ .. ~~ i..u;l.A J! 4.iL.,.;)'~.,
~ J.,'?'I ) ~I).;-.JI tJ-~ J J""-:! ~ ~ ~..r"·'l'1 ~.w)'1 ~ ~ 4:_r.J.f~1 petrol r-'"'"~ ._j /'-'.. ~ 4 o~1 u~)I _,JI d gasoline r-4 ( ~_rJ1 J.,..L.II ~ , Q~I u~'::I_,J1 ~ com ('""'""~ o_)jJl ..;:...~ J/'-'.. 8J.l5 . t.;~..r! d , ;~I ~4 '::I _,.II ~ wheat r-'"'"~ ~I ._j fi ~ , ~~.r. ~ maize r-4.,
~lh;.r. ..) com r-~J
4JJi?~' ~W!tl
..;:...W$JI J.J? ~ diacrtical marks ;;~I ~ _,..,aJ1 ..;:...la~1 ~ y'l _ \
..
LS_,.;JJI ~1)1l.r" i ... .r:- ~T.J ' ~~)'I ~I ~ If...1~1 t_W ~I ~·'l'1
: 4.;.l1;l1 U!./'l' 1 ..} LS ~ <sW)'1
abaca ~IJ! a Ia carte rWJI;r j) j5J ~ ~
_;.o'·_\.x\ cafe •
angstrom #oJI, o~
, ,
cafeteria ( J..G ~ ~ ) 4_r.;15 canape ~L ..
... ~.r.>
cliche ~~~ communique ~_)~
coupe « _)~I )) J!o ~ f LSi creme ?--o ~I_":;
critique <.S..u; JlA... debris ~lA.;T .1; , ilk..
denouement ..1.h.o c:P _,J ~ eclair ~, ~l LS_,L..
elite o~.1t, ~ entree crt) rWJI ~ , J~,)
facade l..;-')lS~ faience J..f-jo J?-
habitue ~ 0l5:o J.s:- .)U)I litterateur ,j _,:::>JI ~l5J1
material u-"Li .1t , l5.)1o matinee ~~ u.c..
naIve [.~L.... .11 , ~ naivete ~IL .11 , ll.~
portiere ( ~~ .1t J>-..lll ) r: premiere J.J.'l' I vP _rJ1
puree J..a..o J Jio rlAb Ji , j.f r-L.:.- recherche ...4.1.5:::.. JI , Jolt.; .1; , ~IJ
regime ~~I~Jt'(~J)~ role ~J)1 , J,J,)
roue &P.1l4(:}>- soiree o_;,L.. 4J...i,.. ,Jl, o-*"
o..A- -- ~I ~~4 i;,J.1 i...lSJI JI.::>I : ~I ~1_p..J1 --------I/' - ~~·'YI ~WSJI JJ? ~ o~1 ~_,...aJ1 ~1o~1 c;:pY - "
: ~WI d.l!/'YI ~ LS , ~~;yo ~L....t i".r. ~ Lg.;"-J - ~_r#)'1
attache charge
cure dona
entrepot expose
mate mere
outre passe
pate pere
pifia precis
resume touche
~WSl' o~\fl - "_r.5 d',J - 'ible' J,J_)-~ ~ ~I ~WSJI ~ ..b.l:J..I iJ.&. ~ - \
If <.54 ~ Jj ~L...\s:JI ~ ~t LS . 'able' JJ_)-~ ~ ~I cll;,J : ~WI tl~ .. o"-JI J W' ~ ~\..iJ::>...., ~~ ~ ~fo.,J ' ~~I
conversible ~I Jl ~I ~ passible ;WI ts>: Jt , J"'L...:.-
conversable ~..lJ_1 _,b. passable JJIJ.ill J.1.i Jl , 1!lJ\.....
. 'yze' Ji , 'ize' Ji , 'ise' J)_)-~ ~~I ..:ra ..r.::5 .)J.&. ~ - "
: ~ W' ../' ~44:J1 clW o.)..wl ..lJ;.1_,AjIJ
)i ~I o.?J j$' .r.U t.JSJ1 ~15 111 'yze' -! Is. y?-a I J)-I .:"fo., _ t
. ( analyze ~ LS ) J\..,aA.i')l1
~ ~I I.!.\.lj IJ.&. - ~ ~I oh J <.5';>- "YI ...:..LJ5:.l1 ~ ~ - '7
, 'ize' JJ)-~ ~ - d.)WI WlAJl ~ J.::- Y ~I ~J ' 'wise' U;...')U~ : ~ LSWWIJ
----~\ --------------------------------------
~'~'J_,.....f
advertise excise
advise exercise
affranchise exorcise
apprise (to inform) franchise
apprize (to appraise) improvise
arise incise
chastise merchandise
circumcise misadvise
comprise mortise
compromise premise
demise prise (to force)
despise prize (to value)
devise reprise
disenfranchise revise
disfranchise rise
disguise supervise
emprise surmise
enfranchise surprise
- televise
enterprise .l.&-I_,A.IIJ . 'sede' Jt , 'ceed' Jl ~ 'cede' wJ)-4 &.:.J\...J5J1 ~ ~ _ \"
: ~ loS !..?' ~44:J1 cLl:.1 jj~..bJ.1
. supersede ~J ~ 'sede' JJ)-4 ~ .hA.; ..1>-IJ 415 ~ Y -,
, exceed ~J ~ 'ceed' JJ)-4 ~ .kAj dktS ~j\S ~ y - ~
. succeed J ' proceed j
LS , 'cede' JJ)-4 4P ~I oh r..J 1S.r·~1 GlLJ5J1 ~ ~ - ~
. dl . - . secede J ' precede J
---------------------------------\ .. ---
__ ~I f,~4 i;....tl w.5J1 J~I : ~_,;JJI y~I ------
, ( ed J ' ing J!.o ) !l _r:;... J.r. ty w...~ ~ WSJI ~l$' 1~1 - t
4 ( transfer J 4 bag ui LS ) ...b-IJ ~L.. '_;.r ~ ..l:>-IJ !l _r:.o '_;.r- ~ .)l$'J
: ~l:.Il ~~~I ui LS ~~I 4;L,.;! ..c; o)P ~ .:,SUI'_;)-I rJ~
bag, bagging get, getting red, reddish rob, robbing
corral, corralled
input, inputting format, formatting
transfer, transferred
total, totaled
travel, traveled
_;s-l if' ~;JJ ~UI WSJI ..;...i ~ I~l ( t r..i J ) ~UI ii~lA.l1 J.:1;;'::l _ 0 eh cJ ~~~I &WJ cY.L. F ~ ,)J.!.j ~ y.aJ1 ii_r.i ~lS'J ' JaAJ ~ &: ~l:.Il tl!A'l1 ~ LS , tJ5J1
refer, reference
prefer, preference
infer, inference
j; _,AL h ._; ~ Jt , ~L. '_;.f>"-! t.y t..1S ~t ~ a ~I ol.)t ~ - ,
. (aspirated h) IJ ",;:" f-t¥.
t..y } , (silent h) ~L. h ._; ~ t..y t..1S ~T J..i an ~I iibi ~ _ y Jh:.: 1S..u1 0 ._; ? J ' 'visual' ~ LS ~ 1S..u1 u J? I..u:. , .!l ~ J? I.S~ : ;Yl:.ll tl!A'~1 cJ LS , 'one' cJ LS
----\.\-------------------------------------
---------------- ~I~IJ-,.....f _
a historical review
an hour
a hotel
an honor
a human being a humble man
an omon
an oyser
a union
( ~ : L......;11 ~ ~ ) a HUD directive ~lLi5
( I..S.) y., J.l : L.....;11 J.6:.; ~ ) an H.D.D. directive L?JJ
1.5~ t~ ~1 ~l ... ...::.J~IJ ~L......,.,.;11 j.JAJ J..i a ~I iibt ~ _ \" ~~ ~ 0~ 01 .b ~ ~ (b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, W, y, or z) .j.J_}-I (..r" : 4.:JWI 4.1.!.o"'ll J LS , consonant sound ~L. ~ y.P I~ '_;..f.I
a BLS compilation a CIO finding
a GAO limitation
a PHS project
t..l:-i ~I t:Jl ... ._:..~IJ ~L....._;ll jYJ J.i an ~I :ibt ~ - f cl.!,; Jk; 0~ 0t J. _r!-! , (a, e, f, h, i, 1, m, n, 0, r, s, or x) .j_,_)-I lr' t.S~ 4J WI 4l!.o \j I d LS , vowel sound !l ~ ~.J4' I) '_;..fl
an AEC report an FCC (eO rulig
an NSC (en) proclamation an RFC (ahr) loan
0lS I~ll.o ~ ~ )l1.!:.J1~1 ~ an Ji , a ~I 1.!:.J1_,.)t JLu..:.....1 .._.u.fo.. _ 0
, (a ~ ~ ) t.J5L. u y.o _,T , ( an ~ 4- ) !J yc:..o u.J4' I'; .:...uJ1 Jbj : ~\:ll ll! .. NI d LS
an ll-year-old
an VIII (eight) classification
a onetime winner
a VI- F (four) category
a III (third) group
a 4-h Club
----------------------------------,.~---