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- There was no difference in the height of treated and control plants. + The heights of treated and control plants were similar.

---,\------------------------------------

--------------- u-W'~J.,......f __

- There was no difference in the appearance between X and Y.

+ The appearance of X and Y was similar.

- Yields were not different.

+ Yields were about the same.

- No differences occurred between plots. + Plants in all plots responded similarly.

- X are not insensitive to low temperatures. + X are sensitive to low temperatures.

- I do not want to belabor this point with more examples. + I think these examples will do.

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- It was found. + I found.

- It was found to have had.

+ I had .

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larger as compared to over a 4-month period over a 10-h time period in the case of X. presently

fruit size was smaller size of X was reduced

compared to Y a greater number

yield differences were not observed

larger than over 4 months over 10 h

for X

now

fruits were smaller

X was smaller than Y

more

yields were similar

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As already stated

Concerning this matter it may be borne in mind that

In this connection the statement may be made that

It is interesting to note that

It has long been known that

It may be said that

Typical results are shown

With respect to the occurrence of these types, it has been found that

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( -\ ~ "\ f Council of Biology Editors ;r )

at the present moment (time) bright green in color

by means of

conducted inoculation experiments

now

bright green by, with inoculated

on

contemporaneous in age created the possibility due to the fact that

contemporaneous made possible because

during the time that equally as well

while

fewer in number

equally well fewer

for the reason that

from the standpoint of goes under the name of if conditions are such that in all cases

because, since

in order to

according to is called

if

always

to

in terms of

in the event that

in view of the fact that

in

if

since, because

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it is often the case that

it is possible that the cause is it is this that

it would thus appear that lenticular in character masses are of large size of such hardness that

on the basis of

oval in shape or oval-shaped plants exhibited good growth sacrifice (for kill)

serves the function of being subsequent to

the fish in question

the tests have not as yet

the treatment having been per-

formed

there can be little doubt that this is they are both alike

throughout the entire area throughout the whole of the experi-

ment

two equal halves

we will always have a miscellany of quality in terms of illustrations with reference to

often

the cause may be this

apparently lenticular

masses are large so hard that from, by, because oval

plants grew well kill

IS

after this fish

the tests have not after treatment

this probably is

they are alike

throughout the area throughout the experiment

halves

the quality of illustrations will alwys vary

about

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- ~~I r_,.w ~ .. ':'YI ~ ~J~~I 4.lL....)I- ''\'\1 ) W. J. Lipton <.Sf_) ~""J ~ J)r, ':J o.!lJ.) J.>- ~I ~T ( _y!.WI ~I '-Y' L.J"">UI I u-"L;l..1 .).LJI .?~ j..af'Yl '-Y' ~~ .. I.ilJ ~ .,..; T:! \... JS ,_) ~j11 0~ vP ~ ts}.aJ1 ~ ~1 , ~l::.Il 4J!..,\'1 I.!m J.>- Lipton 0.J--1.J . o~~ ;.)~ ~..b-~ ~...LtU ~J ( .)~.LU J.E ?1 ~J..i.o ~l5 ~ ~ ~ o~ y:.t... ~1)~Jljl 4J

: (*)

• A loss of vigor was also seen in the plants. * The plants also lost vigor.

• '" recovery was seen in four plants. * four plants recovered.

• As was seen within the X population, ... * As within population X, ...

• A significant concentration by date interaction was observed. * The interaction of concentration by date was significant.

• Mean height of the plants was equal to that of the control and greater than that observed in treatment X.

* the plants were as tall as those of the control and taller than those in treatment X.

• We observed that damage increased as ... * Damage increased as ...

• No response was observed in the plants. * The plants did not respond.

____ yo _

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The data show beyond question.

It is obvious.

There is no doubt.

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It appears

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It is likely

It is possible

More or less

It is probable

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. criterion J ' medium J ' datum - J1"pI

To each tree, 200 g of fertilizer was added

Each tree received 200 g of fertilizer.

, anyone J!..o ) indefinite pronouns o.)..b..il .d- }~I JoL.u - .,..

~ .) yUI I.!.Jl!.Il ~I ~lw.A ~I ~ ( e'l ... someone J ' everyone j . she Ji he J..a LSi

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although and because
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capitaliza- r--"4 clI~ J y'U.J ' capital letter ..r.:P J ~ ~~I ~ t..l~

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: proper nouns r~\'1 "L....,..T - ,

. til ... Egypt J ' Rome,_) L.S , ~ J ~ i~ \'1 "l-..,t ~ t~ : .i J\s. 'J I "L...,.. T ~ La::.!.,.. - " Egyp- J ' Roman,_) W' , .d J~ i~\l1 "L-..T ~ ~~ t.y - t

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bordeaux mixture brazil nut

brussels sprouts bunsen burner

burley tobacco canada balsam

china clay congo red

curie epsom salt

frankfurt sausage french dressing

french-fried potatoes gothic type

hessian fly india ink

italic type (~lo J _,~ ~l:SJ') japan varnish

joule kraft paper

maginot line manila paper

mason jar merino sheep

newton oriental rug

oxford shoe panama hat

paris green pasteurized milk

persian lamb petri dish

plaster of paris prussian blue

roentgen roman candle

roman type (~l.o _')I .,.~I wJ?) russia leather

siamese twins swiss cheese

vaseline venturi tube

victoria (carriage) vienna bread

------------------ A"I -

__ ~I.~~ .;.,J.I WSJI.J~I: VOI'"="""!,p.JI--------: r~~1 ,.L...,.,t ~ u'ti u=JI ~l4..aJI_' ~.)WI ... L-~I - '1"

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: ~WI a.l!.o ~I j L.S , ~

Washington Monument Aswan High Dam

High Dam Lake Alexandria City

Statue of Liberty

Suez Canal

Upper Egypt Massachusetts Avenue

..} L.s , .r.? u ~ TJ.:.i\' (>\&:. '11 ,.l....,.~ ~}I .r.f- ~.)WI .. I.- ~I LfJ_, - '":"

: 4JWI ~~l:1..1

the monument

the dam

city of Alexandria

the avenue

r-4 - ~ ~..r.! LS.llI - ~I r-" ~ u..all JT I.S.)WI r- ~I ~I 1';1 - ..::,.\.-..t Js::.!.i~ i~..lJ:..1 ..:.t1~1 ~ ~w.s:J1 ~ c)1i c.S_r=.i 4.4...D _,T .,,>T cS.)~ LS , .r.? J ~ l&-} ~ Y u=J1 .;JlA...AJ1_, ~.lW' ,.l-~I t~~ .. I~_' ~ r~t

: 4JWI ll!..\'1 j

. northern fanning governorates.jSJ_, ,Northern Governorates

. upper ancient Egypt.:,SJ_, «Upper Egypt J ~ T..1:i ~~ ~ r~t .. l....,.t ~ ~\'J.U i~ ~ r~ L..~ - .)

: a.JWI Ut. ':II . l.S ,<

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. jj~1 ~~ ':l _,.II ~Is. Washington ~..u ~ ~\,..ill the Capitol

. Nile Delta ~I I::b ~ ~~.ill the Delta J~ - r~' ,.Lo....~~; ~I- ~.)W, ,.L...,..~ ~I ~ ~jS' t~_...A

: 4;11;1, ~ ~l:1.1 j LS , ~

----Ar---------------- __

--------------~I~IJ_,..."f __

Egyptian and Syrian Governments

Dokki and Giza Streets

~ tfllJ - wJrlJ , rUJ\lIJ ' ~I_,:ll ~ J.-:....i ,_;.II ~.,WI ~t-..""ll _ J t1.~\f - ~l:... =b- ~ JT c-rS ,~~t JT , ~?I Jl ci)1 .J~.lp-: UWI ~)l1 . LS, « J

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apartment 2 article 5

book II chapter ill

class I column 2

form 4 group 7

page 2 paragraph 4

part I phase 3

rule 8 section 3

spring 1994 treaty of 1937

volume X war of 1914

: ,~\l1 ,.t-...T ~ ~~, ~IJ~l- t ..:!JIJ,:,l ~.15' J ' ~ &oJ..f"'-! - tJS'L/~1 ,.l.-T c: Jl.i ,_;.II _ the t..15 loy

: ~WIlli.\'1 J LS , r.S_r:.)l1 ~t;Jj1 cJ ~tAll ~~',

The Hauge The Gambia

The Netherlands

EI Salvador

Las Cruces

L' Esterel

. the Sudan J ' the Congo : ~ JS ,_} ~ J ~ iJ.?\f ~.rdi iibi ~J d W , u..as c)l5l1 1"""'" r.J.>..:....,.,1 1~1.r-? &oJ.r-! ~_ydl iil.,l ty~ LS the Second Hague Conference

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d', da, de, della, den, du, van, and von.

DaPonte

Den Uy)

Du Pont

Van Rensselaer

Von Braun

Cardinal~ w- , ~ ~ ~ 1~1~"';~ l...lo? ..:..IJ.;\":II 0.L. wSJJ

. da Ponte

r-~I ..?~ lo.,cp ~ ...;~ - 4.:~\11 .. t-,.,\11 ,.) - ~IJ~'JI o~ T..lt ..!.U.lS'

. Stephen van Rensselaer J ' Johannes den Uyl: ~ L..S , Jo~1

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. Science

_ Ao _

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Arab Republic of Egypt New York State

Giza Governorate

Ontario Province

British Commonwealth

Middle East

the Western Hemisphere

the North Pole

the Temperate Zone

the Orient

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north, south, east, west

northerly, northern, northward

oriental

south California

north-central region

central Europe

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Middle Ages

Labor Day

Renaissance

~ Plexiglas d LS , d ._; ~ trade names ~..J~I "L-..°'il ~ i..y ._;~ i~~ ~)~I "k..,,\}1 ~ dt; ~ ~I ~~WI rL-..,\}1 0i 'Yl ' Osmocote j

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o ~ r-I Lr" lA.:.!..o cJ 15

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. menodontine J ' aviculoid ~

us , 4.,~~ "k....ts ~~I IY"~''Y' ~L........i .r.:-? J ~ i~'Y c1.I.l5

. phytopthora blight j , fusarium wilt d

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----AV------------------------ ___

-------------- ~1~IJr._f_: ~ lS , ~ J ~ ~UI rlr. '11 ,.L...,..,T T..1.:i 1..!.lIlS'

Earth Sun
Moon Mercury
Venus Mars
Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune
Pluto ~ J\; \...~ , r4JIJ ' ~IJ ' ~J~~I : ,.t-..t ~ ~~ t~ wSJJ

: ,,} lS , I.f..o :iii· ·11 1!.JW5:J1 ~ Jt , r%Ji lSflL4

the moons of Jupiter

the mother earth

sunshine.

: UWLI ( ..:...L-=ll ) ..;.Jl..:.SJ1 _ ,,..

.. .. ... ..

- ~."I Jt· - ~ ~~.ill fanaciful appellation ~l::>- ~ r~ lo..l:s-

: 4.)\:11 ~~I ,_} LS , ~ J ~ t~ lfjWS .J~ ~ r-I

Great Society

Great Depression

Third World

: Personification ~ .. ~" _ , t

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: ,,} LS , ~ J ~ ~; _,t :r ~ ~ t...b.::...ll ..:,.,L.JS:JI T.J..;.jJ

The Chair called for the next speaker

-------------------------------------AA---

__ ~I ~~4 i_;..J.I ~I J~I : ~_,;.UI ~~I ---------

Islam, Islamic, Muslem

Koran, Koranic

Hijri

Christianity, Chrtistian

Catholicism, Protestant

lo...l.:s- ~IJ ' ~)-IJ ' ~..uIJ ' ~..u.1 ~lA.r'J1 ~ .r:? J ~ t.,y - , J4 1oJ.:J:. ~ wr, ty ~J ' o~L;.- ~I ~I ~I J:.i ~_,$"~";4 . b fo lA __,5~

, Your Honor: J LS ~ .;:::5 J J>"-! - cJ~ ~ ";4 LS..u1 - ~I t~ CU.i5

. Mr. Secretary J ' Mr. Chairman J

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. ( '~At ) U.S.D.A. c:-I_j. .. Capitalization JI ~I_'; ,y- J=..oI.4::lI ~ ..l:!)J

~lA..P)' ..:;WS01 ~1--4 J r~ ~I cit <f> Prefixes 4:J_"'~1 ..;.,U:.-Y\.II

u lh- '1 ~ ) uLJSJI ..:,..~ ~ ~ Uy.-i i..l>.::.-i ..u J ' 4:h- ..r.:.i ~ 4.h-")l!1 .. ~ . ~.) A I~i i.Jh:;..._;'1 LPJJ ' ( suffexes ~4-i ~ '-phyte' ~~ ~ '1 ~ ...Li « ~l;L::J4 if6:. II ~ 'phyto-' ~J''l'1

. ~ ~ tST ~'1 ~J ' « .:."l;JI »

WlA.!1 ,_) P loS , ~'1 ($_;>-TJ ~l,j y.. ulh- '1 ~1..l&-·'l'1 ~ 4.I'1.ill i..G..:.....j

: ~.)..1.JI ~'1'1.) c: ~\:ll

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-- ~I $.b:.+1~ ;;.,J.Il.....l5J1 JI.::>-I : ~jo1Il ~1pI1 ---------

urn- mono-
y bi- di-
r ter- tri-
1 quad- tetra-
0 quinq- penta-
1 sex- hexa-
V sept- hepta-
II oct- octo-
C\ novern- nona-
, . deci- deca-
, .. centi- hecta-
\ ... rnilIi- kilo-
w....:.J1 semi- hemi-
_r.{J1 multi- boly-
JSlI omni-
~I dupli-
JlA.;1 ~)1S tripli-
~.}I Jil hypo-
Jj Jl;s1 hyper-
d. sub-
;s1 super-
J.!lb.. } J\....... IS0-
t.,..'~\ ~ ~..9i &:aLb'i ._;..1IJ ' ~1..l>.;.....1 ~ u=J1 4JJ":J1 ~lA::.-~1 ~ Wli - ~ ~ -.?~

: ( \ ,\Af Sugden J ' ''\AY Godman lY' ) 4-:-0 J5 ~ <,S..ul

-"

_______________ ~1~IJ-,...,f --

asexual abaxial adaxial amphiteric allopolyploid anaerobic

androeciwn antibiotic

apogamy

autopolyploid

binomial, biennial biology

cauliflorous

chromoplast cis-compound (an isomer) cleistogamy

coenzyme

counteract

cryptophyte cytology decomposition disaccharide discharge ectoparasitic endocarp equimolecular epicarp eutrophic exalburninous

~Jt, ,JJ~ IY~ .~I ~ Jt , y-.:.

~l.J:.I.); ...A.I:;...

~J ,'a _' 4J'~1 ~~I J.h ...; _f.1 ..It ~.ro:tl ...; J)-.I J.i _?l.. Jt , .?"~ J.tA.. Jt , J..; ,JJ~ Jl , ~ ~1.ilI.WI ~IJt, LI~ .1.::1-1 c)~~ u.,., J~ LI).o Jl , olJl'Ji

..._.;\:L.I •• I~.

. • c.rA'..s-

~ LlJ~Jt ,mu ~ 4i~ J~ JI , l... ~ JdJ~Jl ~l.,.;.... ~ ~~4i~J~

~Jd

~I Jt , iM.J'" JI , LI~I

~jAi

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ct.)\> ..II , Jj ..It , Js~Jt,-,::=:LlJ~

a-

ab-

adamphialb-

an-

andreanti-

apo-

auto-

bi-

biocaul(i)chromocisc1eisto-

cocountercryptocytode-

di-

dis-

ectoendoequiepi-

eu-

ex-

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--~I j>~~ i_;' .. u WSJI )\;>1 : ~_,;.UI ~!_,,:JI ---------

JI!.. ~LS.1II~1 ~\jI~')\.I1
.J
extrafloral ~ ~ L [_Jb:. extra-
flavoprotein _;......t flavo-
gamopetalous r~I .11 L JL,..;I garn(o)-
gymnosperm ,)w ..r.f- _,t L JV> gymno-
~
gynoecium .!.iY.1t L ..;;1 gyno-
halophyte u=-J.. .1t L t> _,.L. halo-
hemiparasite J:r. .1t L ...A..,a.; hemi-
heterozygote Ul:;.... hetero-
homologous Jll homo-
hydrophyte ~U 4 u.,." .1~ hydro-
hypertonic ~I .11 L;st hyper-
hypotonic iJ_'~ .1t , d _,I L Jit hypo-
imperfect, impermeable not._;..u,. _,t ._,..s:.JI im-
inactive, inadequate not ._;..u,. _,t ._,..s:.JI in-
infraspecific .:..J. s t L Jit infra-
interspecific ~ inter-
intraspecific J>I~ intra-
isogamy J!lh. _,t L Jll iso-
leptotene J:iJJt L ~ lepto-
macromolecule J__,k .1t , ~} L .d macro-
megaspore ~ _,t L .d - \ mega-
megaton OJ" iJ_r.L. - Y
mesophyll &.:! Jt L .k.... J meso-
microspore 1.1::- _r.!...D _,I L _r.}t...p micro-
monocotyledon ~ _;.. Jt , 6J" Jt L ..l.>-IJ mono-
morphology ~4 (j~ J~ Jt L ~ morph(o)-
multiuc1eate _r.s multi-
mycology .;:..~4 (j')\.p.J~ myco-
neoDarwinism ~~ neo-
non-electrolyte not,_;.-.r; not-
-~r ~1~IJ_,......i
Jl!.. ~lSlJl~1 4.:JJ)l1 U>~I
oligotrophic J:li oligo-
orthotropic ~}. ~t; ortho-
pachytene ;r.-Ji, ~ pachy-
palaeobotany ~.J.i palaeo-
panchromatic J-lS Ji JS pan-
paracasein .,.. ~~._)&. para-
pentose ~ pent(a)-
perianth e:U'._? JI , J_,.,.. pen-
photosynthesis ~ _,...2J 4 u.,., J~ photo-
phycobiont ~6.bJ4 ..,..6:- phyco-
phyllotaxy JIJJ ~4 u.,., J') phyll(o)-
phytochemistry .;..\jL:.lL 6:- phyto-
.. ..,..
ploypeptide .r.s poly-
pseudogamy ,,:-,.llS...:.SJJpl._,....i.i..J pseudo-
rhizome JJ.i:l:-4 .u.... J; rhiz(o)-
reactivate IS_;>-' i_,.. re-
saprophyte JL..:!4..,..l>- sapro-
schizocarp ~Jl,~ schiz(o)-
sc1erenchyma .L~}, ~ scler(o)-
semipermeable J:r:- } , .......i.-.4.i serru-
subspecies, subacute La .b- ~1 J1 , Ji.--T Jt , J sub-
symbiosis .JJ~ JI , I,... sym-
syncarpous .JJ~} , I,... syn-
tetraploid C:!) tetra-
trans-compound _r=- ':II ~6I;-1 ~ Jt .r,P trans-
triose ..!.I')\! tri-
ultrafilter ._yl,; ultra-
unicellular ~ fo -,I , .) _riA JI , .b-IJ uni-
xerophyte ._;lA:l;-1 &- JI , J 6:- xero- -----------------------------------~~ ---

-- ~I t.~4 ._;..JI t..KIl J~I : ~jJJl ylpJl ---------

~ ~1 ~ ~kKIl ~4~ J>J; ~I ~ suffixes ~Lg;J1 ~:.Ai>~1

: ( \~A" Godmau je ) d:~ ~t~.J ' Q,)P ~':J~.J ' s-

Jl!.o ~I.S.lII~1 ~4-:JIw..~1
changeable l.. JJ <!'>J.b- .)ts:..l ¥ u.,.. J! c.:: .),;J -able
experimental -! J..AU J! , L.r" -al
mixer, generator J.-.i o- c:......1 ,:, §.; -er (-or)
chromatogram lo .r: .J'" Jt Lfo L..l:5 ~ 1.-1 iJ §.; -gram
thermograph IzS ~I ....4.,a; ~ ~ t......1 iJfo -graph
basic -! J-lI.l Jt , L.r" -ic
purify t.. .J'"! ,_) ~I ~ ~ ')l,J oJ§.; -ify
purity ~ y } 4ll:L. k...1 ,:, §J -ity
inhibitive .;..t.i.p J! 4l _,.i J .L-.·~I J -ion J-o Jl -ive
ionize t.. .J'"I ;rP J ~I ._;.,... ~ '.>W iJ §J -ize
hydrolysis i.r."-P .I;:-! J! JL-.::II Jd ~ 1.-1 ,:, ~ -lysis
thermometer ~I lA1.l ~ ...A..a.. L.....I OJ ~ -meter
«r _ -
thermometry J:i..lll oJ'l:ill ~ w,. ~ L.....I IJ §.; -metry
sweetness ~ 4.ll:L. L.....IIJ ~ -ness
anhydrous !l')\;.~1 ~ 6u IJ~ -ous
protophilic l.. .J'"I J _r.i -l:A! b; OJ §s -philic
lyophobic t, t J - ..l.>-...l..A.. l;;".; OJ§S -phobic
.J'".r.Jr __
spectroscope crSJl ..,..l:A1l 4Ji ~ L.....I IJ §J -scope
microscopy 6.:J.J1 ~ JWJ 4Ii Jt...:..1 ~ L.....I J fo -scopy
hydrostat .:..~I.;..~ ~ .t;li '.Ii ~ L.....IJ fo -stat
distillation ~..lJ,.1 } Jo.4II ~ L.....I iJ'p; -ation
pollution \.....1 JjJ -tion
_~o -------------- ~~IJ_"",f_-

~~, ~li..t

J.>...lj lp:IJ L 4;~ Jt 4JJi .;...u:'-'l.J..,U'l~' Fo'.r.~1 ~ .;...~, Eli.. J.o.:l ~ ( \ 8'; ,a·' 4 ,_) Ji , ~~ J1 L ~I~ d ) ~L..JS:]I ~ _; ~

: 4:lWI ilia",:! I ,,} LS L l=:- c.r-

~~jJl~1 c_lWL1
~U.4 u.,... J; } ~Il' aqua
cJ}l4 a,.. _,; Jt cJ)JI chrom
I::;~,. ~ gen
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J!.;JI jt ~I~I pneumo
I~ ._r.,s -;If" pyro
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panchromatic, chromatography homogenize

dehydrate, anhydrous hygroscopic, hygrometer amorphous, polymorphism photolysis, photohalide pneumatic

pyrolysis, pyrometer thermostable, thermal

r..S ~ 4.0 La t c..k~ yU L ~ws:.II cS..1.>l Fo~ o- I.!.l..!. ~ ~l5J1 iJ h \,..l;.p ~~ ~ l5 yo ~ Jt , ~~WI ,.::.A.J5lJ ~~ ~WI ..1.>i c..J J"\l1 ~I_'" ..;.,L-1h...al1 ~t.- If ~.1&0 lJL:.- )_;; 4.i~ ~ L ~, ~b..\b ,QQU ~4 ~ JJ jO~1 ..u:.lfo. rll.)'1 iJT ~L· . 1.lA . r-LJ' t_J) ~ J ~I ~I

. (.)"'::"'I_,A.\I ~l ~ )1 ~l ~~I ~b. If

U.S.D.A. ~ ) 43 ~t _?~ ~ , Fo~1 ~I_'; ,y ~ - ~ I...J - ~~J

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~..r"·l'1 ~l.a!j~ o)hll J.,..LlIJ ~rt ~ ~W)'I uWSJI ~ Fo~ ~

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c_iJ1 ¥' ~W, ~ ~J.$; } ~J . ~*ill 4;lA!.I4 li}t::l.1 JJ"uIJ lzil.kJ. d .,,;s. ~4 Oxford d yalJ ~ ~ LA fiT ~J ' 0t.!J1 1..iA ~ 4:11 tf'i)1 ~

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. hemoglobin J ' hemocytometer J. ~ ~WS J oe J ' ae ~ e Ji- - ,

, hybridize,,} LoS ~ ~~J JW~~I ~~ c.J ise ~ ize y - '\'

, specialize J' summarization J ' summarize J ' hybridization J . i:'l . . . specialization J

. ~l ... meter J ' liter J ' center J!.a ~ ~LJ5' ~ re J>- er y - '"

. sulfate J ' sulfur ~ w- ~ ph J>..a f Ji- - f

, favorable), flavor J ' color J!.a ~ ~klS d our ~ or y _ 0

. ~! ... favor)

, kilogram ) , program ~ ~ ~L-.lS ~ amme J>- am Ji - ,

. (:11 . . . gram J

~ ~W5J1 ~~ d ..1.::-,;.u u=J1 r J ' P J ' I wJ)-IL:l:>T JP'l - V occuring j , ( cancellation ~J ) canceling ~ W , Ltll ~ ':l ~L.,.;1

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, ~L::- - uWSJI cit ,.~ c_rP ~ - ~ lA ~ 0\ ~I UJ Y ~ J

L.S . ~ ~ A c)l d ~.r.. u=J1 ~J)..ul ~ I.5jJl ~ _,LNI i ~ 0lJ ~ ~ c_iJ1 ~l.$jl ~ ? ll::J.1 ~ 1.5..u1. iU2:J~ il.rJ':l1 ~ ~ 0t ~ u=J1 c::-I)I WL; ~li~J ~L...L;::l':l1 clI~ ~ ~J - ~L... uL..IJ.l

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Jt ~, ~ jl ~ oGl.! ~WSJI ,.~ LiJ...., .)~ i~ !\l:.A ~ r-3 l~llAl ~I ,.I?' ~ d "-! il_;l':ll oJJ~ e ' ~ ~ Y.. c.>.iJ1 il1a:J1 J~' 41 L...) 1 . 4lL...)1 JT

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~W)'I ~ Lg;)I_,J..l.o ~ ~W5J1 ~ 0~ .. ~~ i..u;l.A J! 4.iL.,.;)'~.,

~ J.,'?'I ) ~I).;-.JI tJ-~ J J""-:! ~ ~ ~..r"·'l'1 ~.w)'1 ~ ~ 4:_r.J.f~1 petrol r-'"'"~ ._j /'-'.. ~ 4 o~1 u~)I _,JI d gasoline r-4 ( ~_rJ1 J.,..L.II ~ , Q~I u~'::I_,J1 ~ com ('""'""~ o_)jJl ..;:...~ J/'-'.. 8J.l5 . t.;~..r! d , ;~I ~4 '::I _,.II ~ wheat r-'"'"~ ~I ._j fi ~ , ~~.r. ~ maize r-4.,

~lh;.r. ..) com r-~J

4JJi?~' ~W!tl

..;:...W$JI J.J? ~ diacrtical marks ;;~I ~ _,..,aJ1 ..;:...la~1 ~ y'l _ \

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LS_,.;JJI ~1)1l.r" i ... .r:- ~T.J ' ~~)'I ~I ~ If...1~1 t_W ~I ~·'l'1

: 4.;.l1;l1 U!./'l' 1 ..} LS ~ <sW)'1

abaca ~IJ! a Ia carte rWJI;r j) j5J ~ ~
_;.o'·_\.x\ cafe •
angstrom #oJI, o~
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cafeteria ( J..G ~ ~ ) 4_r.;15 canape ~L ..
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cliche ~~~ communique ~_)~
coupe « _)~I )) J!o ~ f LSi creme ?--o ~I_":;
critique <.S..u; JlA... debris ~lA.;T .1; , ilk..
denouement ..1.h.o c:P _,J ~ eclair ~, ~l LS_,L..
elite o~.1t, ~ entree crt) rWJI ~ , J~,)
facade l..;-')lS~ faience J..f-jo J?-
habitue ~ 0l5:o J.s:- .)U)I litterateur ,j _,:::>JI ~l5J1
material u-"Li .1t , l5.)1o matinee ~~ u.c..
naIve [.~L.... .11 , ~ naivete ~IL .11 , ll.~
portiere ( ~~ .1t J>-..lll ) r: premiere J.J.'l' I vP _rJ1
puree J..a..o J Jio rlAb Ji , j.f r-L.:.- recherche ...4.1.5:::.. JI , Jolt.; .1; , ~IJ
regime ~~I~Jt'(~J)~ role ~J)1 , J,J,)
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: ~WI d.l!/'YI ~ LS , ~~;yo ~L....t i".r. ~ Lg.;"-J - ~_r#)'1

attache charge
cure dona
entrepot expose
mate mere
outre passe
pate pere
pifia precis
resume touche
~WSl' o~\fl - "_r.5 d',J - 'ible' J,J_)-~ ~ ~I ~WSJI ~ ..b.l:J..I iJ.&. ~ - \

If <.54 ~ Jj ~L...\s:JI ~ ~t LS . 'able' JJ_)-~ ~ ~I cll;,J : ~WI tl~ .. o"-JI J W' ~ ~\..iJ::>...., ~~ ~ ~fo.,J ' ~~I

conversible ~I Jl ~I ~ passible ;WI ts>: Jt , J"'L...:.-

conversable ~..lJ_1 _,b. passable JJIJ.ill J.1.i Jl , 1!lJ\.....

. 'yze' Ji , 'ize' Ji , 'ise' J)_)-~ ~~I ..:ra ..r.::5 .)J.&. ~ - "

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. ( analyze ~ LS ) J\..,aA.i')l1

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----~\ --------------------------------------

~'~'J_,.....f
advertise excise
advise exercise
affranchise exorcise
apprise (to inform) franchise
apprize (to appraise) improvise
arise incise
chastise merchandise
circumcise misadvise
comprise mortise
compromise premise
demise prise (to force)
despise prize (to value)
devise reprise
disenfranchise revise
disfranchise rise
disguise supervise
emprise surmise
enfranchise surprise
- televise
enterprise .l.&-I_,A.IIJ . 'sede' Jt , 'ceed' Jl ~ 'cede' wJ)-4 &.:.J\...J5J1 ~ ~ _ \"

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. supersede ~J ~ 'sede' JJ)-4 ~ .hA.; ..1>-IJ 415 ~ Y -,

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4 ( transfer J 4 bag ui LS ) ...b-IJ ~L.. '_;.r ~ ..l:>-IJ !l _r:.o '_;.r- ~ .)l$'J

: ~l:.Il ~~~I ui LS ~~I 4;L,.;! ..c; o)P ~ .:,SUI'_;)-I rJ~

bag, bagging get, getting red, reddish rob, robbing

corral, corralled

input, inputting format, formatting

transfer, transferred

total, totaled

travel, traveled

_;s-l if' ~;JJ ~UI WSJI ..;...i ~ I~l ( t r..i J ) ~UI ii~lA.l1 J.:1;;'::l _ 0 eh cJ ~~~I &WJ cY.L. F ~ ,)J.!.j ~ y.aJ1 ii_r.i ~lS'J ' JaAJ ~ &: ~l:.Il tl!A'l1 ~ LS , tJ5J1

refer, reference

prefer, preference

infer, inference

j; _,AL h ._; ~ Jt , ~L. '_;.f>"-! t.y t..1S ~t ~ a ~I ol.)t ~ - ,

. (aspirated h) IJ ",;:" f-t¥.

t..y } , (silent h) ~L. h ._; ~ t..y t..1S ~T J..i an ~I iibi ~ _ y Jh:.: 1S..u1 0 ._; ? J ' 'visual' ~ LS ~ 1S..u1 u J? I..u:. , .!l ~ J? I.S~ : ;Yl:.ll tl!A'~1 cJ LS , 'one' cJ LS

----\.\-------------------------------------

---------------- ~I~IJ-,.....f _

a historical review

an hour

a hotel

an honor

a human being a humble man

an omon

an oyser

a union

( ~ : L......;11 ~ ~ ) a HUD directive ~lLi5

( I..S.) y., J.l : L.....;11 J.6:.; ~ ) an H.D.D. directive L?JJ

1.5~ t~ ~1 ~l ... ...::.J~IJ ~L......,.,.;11 j.JAJ J..i a ~I iibt ~ _ \" ~~ ~ 0~ 01 .b ~ ~ (b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, W, y, or z) .j.J_}-I (..r" : 4.:JWI 4.1.!.o"'ll J LS , consonant sound ~L. ~ y.P I~ '_;..f.I

a BLS compilation a CIO finding

a GAO limitation

a PHS project

t..l:-i ~I t:Jl ... ._:..~IJ ~L....._;ll jYJ J.i an ~I :ibt ~ - f cl.!,; Jk; 0~ 0t J. _r!-! , (a, e, f, h, i, 1, m, n, 0, r, s, or x) .j_,_)-I lr' t.S~ 4J WI 4l!.o \j I d LS , vowel sound !l ~ ~.J4' I) '_;..fl

an AEC report an FCC (eO rulig

an NSC (en) proclamation an RFC (ahr) loan

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an ll-year-old

an VIII (eight) classification

a onetime winner

a VI- F (four) category

a III (third) group

a 4-h Club

----------------------------------,.~---

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