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Tension Superficial Alcohol+agua
Tension Superficial Alcohol+agua
611
The surface tension of aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol was measured
over the entire concentration range at temperatures of 20-50 "C. The experimental values were correlated
with temperature and with mole fraction. The maximum deviation was in both cases always less than
3%.
Introduction
The surface tension of mixtures is a physical property
of great importance for mass transfer processes such as
distillation, extraction, or absorption. In relation to our
research (Vazquez et al., 1990) on how mass transfer is
influenced by the Marangoni effect (spontaneous interfacial
turbulence generated by surface tension gradients), in this
work we measured the surface tension of methanol
water, ethanol water, 1-propanol water, and 2-propanol
water over the entire concentration range a t
temperatures of 20-50 "C.
Experimental Section
Aqueous solutions of methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and
2-propanol were prepared with distilled, deionized water.
The alcohols were Merck products of nominal purity
>99.7%. All the solutions were prepared by weight with
Table 1. Surface Tension of Methanol (1) + Water (2)
mass %
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
x1
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.000
0.029
0.059
0.090
0.123
0.158
0.194
0.273
0.360
0.458
0.568
0.692
0.835
1.000
72.75
63.46
56.87
51.83
47.86
44.38
41.67
37.02
33.37
30.32
27.91
25.98
24.37
22.95
72.01
62.77
56.18
51.17
47.21
43.78
41.09
36.51
32.86
29.83
27.48
25.54
23.93
22.51
71.21
61.98
55.41
50.43
46.56
43.14
40.43
35.90
32.33
29.34
26.99
25.06
23.43
22.01
70.42
61.14
54.67
49.76
45.84
42.51
39.77
35.36
31.85
28.86
26.56
24.60
22.95
21.52
69.52
60.32
54.01
47.04
45.17
41.82
39.14
34.79
31.26
28.44
26.12
24.21
22.57
21.13
68.84
59.58
53.27
48.39
44.48
41.21
38.53
34.18
30.77
27.93
25.64
23.72
22.06
20.61
67.92
58.77
52.46
47.62
43.76
40.57
37.88
33.62
30.28
27.54
25.23
23.33
21.67
20.21
+ Water (2)
~~
u/(mN.m-') a t t/"C
mass %
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
x1
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.000
0.020
0.042
0.065
0.089
0.115
0.144
0.207
0.281
0.570
0.477
0.610
0.779
1.000
72.75
56.41
48.14
42.72
38.56
36.09
33.53
30.69
28.51
26.72
25.48
24.32
23.23
22.31
72.01
55.73
47.53
42.08
37.97
35.51
32.98
30.16
27.96
26.23
25.01
23.82
22.72
21.82
71.21
55.04
46.88
41.49
37.38
34.96
32.43
29.68
27.53
25.81
24.60
23.39
22.32
21.41
70.42
54.36
46.24
40.88
36.83
34.41
31.94
29.27
27.11
25.43
24.21
23.01
21.94
21.04
69.52
53.63
45.58
40.27
36.28
33.86
31.42
28.77
26.64
24.97
23.76
22.54
21.53
20.62
68.84
52.96
44.97
39.64
35.71
33.31
30.89
28.28
26.21
24.54
23.33
22.12
21.13
20.22
67.92
52.16
44.26
38.96
35.12
32.76
30.34
27.82
25.78
24.11
22.92
21.71
20.71
19.82
0021-9568/95/1740-0611$09.00/0
+ Water (2)
mass%
XI
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.000
0.016
0.032
0.050
0.070
0.091
0.114
0.167
0.231
0.310
0.412
0.545
0.730
1.000
72.75
42.51
34.86
30.87
28.31
27.08
26.41
25.68
25.18
24.89
24.47
24.23
23.98
23.69
72.01
41.83
34.32
30.36
27.84
26.64
25.98
25.26
24.80
24.49
24.08
23.86
23.59
23.28
71.21
41.16
33.81
29.88
27.41
26.22
25.56
24.88
24.42
24.11
23.69
23.48
23.21
22.89
70.42
40.53
33.26
29.39
26.96
25.79
25.16
24.51
24.02
23.73
23.31
23.09
22.84
22.51
69.52
39.86
32.69
28.89
26.51
25.36
24.74
24.09
23.64
23.33
22.93
22.68
22.44
22.11
68.84
39.22
32.08
28.36
26.03
24.91
24.29
23.69
23.24
22.92
22.54
22.28
22.04
21.69
67.92
38.54
31.48
27.90
25.59
24.49
23.88
23.32
22.86
22.54
22.14
21.91
21.66
21.31
+ Water (2)
mass%
x1
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.000
0.016
0.032
0.050
0.070
0.091
0.114
0.167
0.231
0.310
0.412
0.545
0.730
1.000
72.75
50.32
41.21
35.27
31.16
28.88
27.38
25.81
24.78
24.05
23.17
22.62
22.21
21.74
72.01
49.58
40.42
34.63
30.57
28.28
26.82
25.27
24.26
23.51
22.68
22.14
21.69
21.22
71.21
48.88
39.73
34.01
29.98
27.71
26.26
24.74
23.76
22.97
22.18
21.66
21.18
20.72
70.42
48.16
39.06
33.38
29.37
27.14
25.73
24.23
23.27
22.54
21.71
21.18
20.66
20.23
69.52
47.37
38.43
32.76
28.79
26.58
25.18
23.72
22.78
22.03
21.22
20.71
20.16
19.71
68.84
46.66
37.78
32.13
28.18
26.04
24.66
23.21
22.29
21.52
20.76
20.23
19.74
19.21
67.92
45.82
37.04
31.51
27.59
25.47
24.11
22.69
21.81
21.01
20.28
19.78
19.23
18.69
deviations of less than 0.3%from the desired concentrations, which are indicated in Tables 1-4 as mole fraction.
Surface tension was determined a t 5 "C intervals between 20 and 50 "C, using a Prolabo tensiometer, which
employs the Wilhelmy plate principle (Lin et al., 1990;
Bogaert et al., 1980), thermostated with a precision of f O . l
"C. Values shown below are averages of 5-10 measurements; maximum deviations from the average were always
less than 0.4%.
612 Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 40, No. 3, 1995
70-
v
\
so -
0.9
30 -
10
1s
0.8
25
45
35
15
55
t I "C
Figure 1. Surface tension as a function of temperature: 0,water;
0 , 5 mass % ethanol; D, 10 mass % ethanol; 0,20 mass % ethanol;
A, 50 mass 70 ethanol; V , 80 mass % ethanol; 0 , 100 mass 9%
ethanol; -, eq 1.
25
35
45
55
t I "C
Figure 3. Fitted parameter a (eq 2) as a function of temperature: D, methanol; A, ethanol; 0 , 1-propanol; V, 2-propanol.
0.8
b
0.95
0.6
0.4
0.9
0.1
'
0.85
15
I
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
25
35
45
X1
(1)
55
IOC
Figure 4. Fitted parameter b (eq 2) as a function of temperature: D, methanol; A, ethanol; 0 , 1-propanol; V, 2-propanol.
Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 40, No. 3, 1995 613
40
n
*
k
0
35
v
\
30
l
b
25
\'.
d
20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
15
0
092
094
096
X1
098
X1
66.6950
59.7657
54.6635
50.6179
47.0057
44.2404
76.0114
59.2521
50.7436
45.2079
40.8207
38.2868
35.6229
76.0114
45.1418
37.0182
32.8536
30.1200
28.8068
28.0933
76.0114
53.7768
44.1600
37.7668
33.5471
31.1171
29.5368
0.1584
0.1457
0.1407
0.1379
0.1289
0.1276
0.1609
0.1407
0.1290
0.1241
0.1139
0.1106
0.1054
0.1609
0.1319
0.1092
0.0993
0.0906
0.0864
0.0844
0.1609
0.1469
0.1314
0.1252
0.1191
0.1131
0.1086
xi
0.273
0.360
0.458
0.568
0.692
0.835
1.000
0.207
0.281
0.370
0.477
0.610
0.779
1.000
0.167
0.231
0.310
0.412
0.545
0.730
1.000
0.167
0.231
0.310
0.412
0.545
0.730
1.000
Ki
K2
39.3594
35.4515
32.2614
29.8386
27.8830
26.2241
24.7789
32.5586
30.2507
28.4139
27.1571
25.9242
24.8225
23.8993
27.4226
26.8879
26.5612
26.1232
25.8657
25.5904
25.2721
27.8879
26.8821
26.0786
25.2489
24.6712
24.1807
23.6891
0.1149
0.1041
0.0963
0.0938
0.0926
0.0921
0.0918
0.0949
0.0899
0.0861
0.0849
0.0834
0.0824
0.0819
0.0831
0.0821
0.0812
0.0804
0.0798
0.0794
0.0791
0.1039
0.1024
0.1014
0.1005
0.0998
0.0993
0.0989
a*=---a,- u - 1 + a x ,
a
, - a. 1 - bx,"'
t o the d a t a for e a c h solute (where a, a n d a,,are the surface
tensions of pure w a t e r a n d p u r e alcohol, respectively, a n d
x1 a n d x2 are the mole fractions of alcohol a n d water)
yielded 8 - x1 curves like those s h o w n in Figure 2 for
092
094
098
096
X1
614 Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, Vol. 40, No. 3, 1995
+
+
2 = c7 - (og, + O&)
(3)
Plotting uE against the mole fraction of organic component (Figure 7 shows typical plots) shows that deviation
from ideality increases with the length of the organic
molecule and decreases with rising temperature.
Literature Cited
Bogaert, R.; Joos, P. Diffusion-Controled Adsorption Kinetics for a
Mixture of Surface Active Agents at The Solution-Air Interface. J.
Phys. Chem. 1980,84,190-194.
Cheong, W. J.; Carr, P. W. The Surface Tension of Mixtures of
Methanol, Acetonitrile, Tetrahydrofuran, Isopropanol, Tertiary Butanol and Dimethylsulfoxide with Water at 25 "C. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1987,10, 561-581.
Emst. R. C.: Watkins. C. H.: Ruwe. H. H. The Phvsical ProDerties of
The Tern& System Ethyl Alcohol-Glycerin-Water. J.Phis. Chem.
1936,40,627-635.
Hoke, B. C.; Chen, J. C. Binary Aqueous-Organic Surface Tension
Temperature Dependence. J.Chem. Eng. Data 1991,36,322-326.
Jasper, J. J. Surface Tension of Pure Liquid Compounds. J. Phys.
Chem. Ref. Data 1972,1,841-1009.
Lin, S.; McKeigue, K.; Maldarelli, C. Diffusion-Controled Surfactant
Adsorption Studied by Pendant Drop Digitalization. AIChE J.1990,
36, 1785-1793.
Martin, A.; Rosell6, A.; Rodriguez, J. M.; Hormigo, A. Estimation of
Surface Tensions of Mixtures at Their Boiling Point. Ing. Quim.
1983,166,127-132.
Vbzquez, G.; Antorrena, G.; Navaza, J. M. Estimation of The Turbulence Induced by The Marangoni Effect at a Gas-Liquid Interface.
Int. Chem. Eng. 1990,30,228-235.
Received for review September 23, 1994. Accepted January 10,
1995.@ This work was partially financed by the Xunta de Galicia
(Spain) (Grant XUGA 20909 B94).
JE940199T
@