Appendix C

GlossaryEsperanto to English
First off, it must be stated that this glossary owes a great deal to Montagu C. Butlers Esperanto-English
Dictionary, although it is much less complete and even less detailed (but free...). The following
representation is used for varying levels of acceptability of words: Words listed in the Fundamento are
listed in roman type, with no sign; words used in the Fundamento, but not listed in the Universala Vortaro
thereof are in a typewriter style, with no sign; words in an Oficiala Aldono are in italics, with no sign;
and unofficial words are starred. Words upon which the author frowns are marked with two stars. This
system was adopted with the aim of greater conformity with general conventions in linguistics and of the
avoidance of excessive capitalization. Esperanto words enclosed within parentheses are optional, and square
brackets are used to close off general comments, especially those which refer the reader to words other than
those which are being defined within the definition in which the comment is found. Words that are
capitalized are uniformly proper nouns.

tr
nt
vb
s.t.
s.o.
clt
sfx
pfx
us.
intj
adv
conj
q.v.
w/
<

transitive
intransitive
verb
something
someone
correlative
suffix
prefix
used
interjection
adverb
conjunction
which see
with
from

Abbreviations
den.
denotes
tn
-tion
rt
root
i.t.s.o. in the sense of
etc.
see some other dictionary...
k
kaj
abs
absolute (tr vb used w/o object)
aux
auxiliary (used with an infinitive)
obj
object
wrt
with respect to
adj
adjective
prep
preposition
Cp
compare
w/o
without
>
to

It is hoped that any other abbreviations which are met will be understandable from context. Most
one-letter abbreviations refer to the main words in the English translation.

43

44

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

Esperanto-English
abon/i tr subscribe to. o, -ption.
absolut/a absolute, unconditional. e, -ly.
-a
c- pejorative sfx, den. disparagemnt, contempt, dislike:
abominable, odious.
a
cet/i tr buy, purchase.
-ad- (sfx den. Action) 1. -ADO, adds the idea of actn
w/ noun rt. 1. -ADO, w/ vb rt den. actn in general
2. -ADI, continued, habitual, or repeated actn of vb
ADRES/o address. i, tr a., direct, send.
afer/o affair: object, thing; business, concern, matter.
*Afrik/o Africa. ano, African.
ag/i nt act, behave. o, act, deed. ado, action.
(em)a, -ive, energetic.
a
g/o age; epoch, generation, period.
ajn particle den. indefiniteness, used w/ correlatives: kt ajn, wh-ever. i- t ajn, any-.
c- t ajn, absolutely
every-. neni- t ajn, no- at all.
-a- (den. concrete idea.) thing; concrete manifestation
of; meat of; material.
akcept/i tr accept, take; take what is offered; adopt;
admit, agree to; acquiesce in; welcome; honor,
undertake (an office). o -ance.
akir/i tr acquire, gain, get. ao, -sition. ebla,
obtainable.
akompan/i accompany (phys. or mus.). (a)o,
-iment, anto, companion. isto, -ist.
akr/a sharp, keen. mala, blunt, dull.
akt/o act (theatrical, legal).
aktual/a present-(day), current, immediate. e, just
now.
akv/o water; liquid of similar appearance. (um)i,
water. e, w-logged.
al (prep) to, towards. Den. approach; dir., aim; relatn;
etc.
ali/a other; different. (a)o, s.t. else. eco, d-ence.
e, o-wise. ulo, another person.
almena
u (adv ) at least; merely (i.t.s.o. at the very
least).
alt/a high, tall. (Vertically or in greatness). e, -ly, on
high. lernejo, high-school. en, upwards.
altern/i nt alternate, succeed one another by turn. e,
by turns.
alumet/o match. ujo, match-box.
am/i tr love. o, l. egi tr adore. malo hatred.
sino egoism.
amas/o accumulatn, mass; heap, pile. popolo crowd,
mob.
amba
u (pron) both. ne, neither.
*Amerik/o America (the continent).
amik/o friend. malo enemy.
ampleks/o dimensn, extent, magnitude. i, tr
comprise, cover, include.
amuz/i tr amuse, entertain. o, -ment (recd). a,
-ing. ao -ment.
-an- (o) member, unit; inhabitant; adherant. aro,
group. i
gi join.

*angl/o (proper noun) Englishman. ujo/*io,

England. a, English.
anka
u (adv ) also, too. (Precedes word to be
emphasized)
ankora
u (adv ) still, yet, till now. ne, not yet.
anonc/i tr; al, pri; ke announce, advertise. o, -ment.
anstata
u instead of. prep as a substitute for. conj
(before verb), instead of.
anta
u (prep) before (place or time); ago ( longe, long
ago).
antikv/a antique: ancient; old-fashioned.
aparat/o apparatus.
apart/a separate; special, unique. e, especially; aside.
eco characteristic.
aparten/i al belong to; appertain to.
apena
u (adv ) hardly, barely, scarcely. (prep) at the
most.
aper/i nt appear. mali disappear.
april/o (proper noun) April.
aprob/i tr approve (of), be pleased with; authorize.
o, certificatn.
apud (prep) beside; by, near. a, adjacent. e, near
by, close.
-ar- collection of units of the same kind, regarded as a
whole. Opp: -er-.
aran
g/i tr; ke, por, pri arrange. o, -ment. ema
contriving, ingenious.
arb/o tree.
aritmetik /o arithmetic
ar
gent/o silver.
asoci/o association. i tr; kun, -ate. a, allied. ito,
partner.
aspekt/i copula appear to be, look. o aspect, -ance.
e in -ance.
atend/i tr;
gis, por wait, await; expect, regard as likely
to happen.
ating/i tr; ke reach, attain.
a
u (conj ) or
a
u...a
u... (conj ) either...or...
a
ud/i tr hear.
a
ugust/o (proper noun) August.
a
uskult/i tr; al listen. antaro, audience. ilo, (tel)
receiver.
*a
utobus/o bus.
a
utomobil/o car.
av/o grandfather. praprapra... great-great-great-...
avert/i tr; ke, pri, kontra
u; abs caution, warn.
aviz/o notice, announcement.
bal/o ball, dance. (N.B. This does not mean the same
thing as pilko).
balda
u (adv ) soon, promptly, shortly.
ban/i tr; en, per bathe (s.o.), immerse. pluvo
shower.
cambro -room
banan/o banana.
baston/o stick, staff (usually wooden).

45
batal/i nt; inter, por, pro, kun, kontra
u, kun do battle,
combat, fight.
baz /o base, basis, starting-point, foundatn; a, -ic. i
tr , base, found.
*beb/o baby, babe, infant-in-arms.
beda
ur/i tr; ke regret, be sorry (for). o r.
esprimo, excuse.
bel/a beaut/iful, charming, handsome, lovely, noble.
o -y.
*bend/o band, tape, ribbon. (vidbendo, video-tape).
benzin/o gasoline.
best/o animal, beast. aro, herd.
*beton/o concrete (building material only). [Cp
konkret/a.]
bezon/i tr need, require; be under obligatn to. a,
necessary.
bibliotek /o library.
bild/o picture, image, likeness.
bilet/o ticket. banko, bank-note.
bird/o bird. aro, flock.
blank/a white; clean, stainless.
blov/i tr blow. a, -y, windswept.
blu/a blue.
bo- in-law, reln by marriage to the relatives of ones
husband/wife.
bon/a good. e, well.
botel/o bottle.
brak/o (anatomical) arm. umi, embrace, hug.
brems/o brake. i nt, (apply a) brake.
bret/o shelf.
bril/i nt shine, beam, gleam. a, -ing, bright. o,
shine, luster.
bru/o noise, din. i nt, be noisy.
*bulgar/o (proper noun) a Bulgarian. ujo/*io,
B-ia. a, Bulgarian.
bulten/o bulletin, short official report.
bu
s/o mouth. umo, muzzle.
butik/o shop. umi nt, shop.
cel/i tr, aux; ind. com.; al, kontra
u aim. a, pointed.
o, aim, goal.
cent hundred.
centr/o center, middle.
cerb/o brain. umi nt, rack ones brain.
cert/a certain, sure. igi (ion al iu, iun pri io; ke),
certify; assure.
ceter/a other, remaining, remainder. kaj e, etc. e,
besides.
ci (pron) thou. Den. affection, intimacy.
cigared/o cigarette. ingo, -holder. ujo, -case.
cit/i tr quote, cite; mention. ao, quotation.

cambr/o chamber, room.

cap/o cap.

capel/o hat, bonnet; covering.

capitr/o chapter (of a book).

car (conj ) because, for, since, whereas.

ce (prep) at, den. coincidence (place, time,

circmstnce=at, among(st), with)

cef/o head, chief(tain). e, above all. a, c., h.,

foremost.

cef- (pfx ) chief-, main-, primary-, arch-, high-.

cemiz/o shirt. virina o, ino, chemise, shift.

ces/i nt, aux cease, stop. o, cessatn. igi, stop s.t.

ceval/o horse. ejo, stable. ido, colt, foal. ino,

mare. idino, filly.

ci den. proximity. W/ t- crltvs, changes that to

this,

ci- (pfx ) den. this:

ci-jara, t-year; here:
ci-kune,
h-with.

cia of every kind, every kind of a, all kinds of.

c
^ial for every reason, on all grounds.

ciam ever, each time, at all times, always. por k

eterne, for e. and e.

cie everywhere, in each (every) place, in all places.

ajn, abs. everywhere.

ciel in every way, in all sorts of ways.

ciel/o sky, heaven.

c
^ies every (each) ones (bodys).
*
cin/o (proper noun) a Chinese person. *io/ujo,
China. a, Chinese.

cio all, everything, all things.

c
^iom the whole quantity, all (the whole) of it, the lot.

cirka
u (prep) around, round. a, surrounding. ao,
evironment.

ciu (pron) everyone, everybody. j, all. jara, annual,

yearly.
-
cj- sfx forming affectnate diminutvs for masc. names,
placed aftr the 1st fw ltrs.

cu (conj ) whether; forms questions answerable by yes

or no.

cu...
cu... whether...or...
da (prep) (quantity of) Btwn 2 words den. that the 1st
measures the 2nd.
*dan/o (proper noun) a Dane. ujo/*io, Denmark.
a, Danish.
danc/i nt dance.
dan
ger/o danger.
dank/i tr; ke, pro thank. Dank al, thanks to. on,
thanks.
dat/o date (day of the year...). i
gi, to date from. i,
to write a date on.
da
ur/i nt continue, endure, go on, last. o, duratn.
igi tr continue.
de (prep) of (possessn, prec. gen. subj, character), from,
by (subj of passv).
debat/i tr debate, discuss formally.
dec/i nt be becoming (correct, proper, the right thing
to do). a, becoming.
decembr/o (proper noun) December.
decid/i decide. 1. tr;
cu; abs, resolve, determine, make
up ones mind. 2. inter, ke, kontra
u, por, pri give
judgment, rule, settle.
deor/i nt be on duty, officiate, serve. ejo, post.
(ad)o, (spell of) duty.

46

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

dek ten. a, tenth (ordinal). e, tenthly.
vi
deklar /i tr; ke declare (proclamatns or customs). Cu
havas ion deklarendan?
dekstr/a right (right-hand, or conservative). mala,
left.
deleg/i delegate, authorize as agent. ito, delegate,
deputy.
delegaci/o delegation. Not recommendedinstead, use
delegitaro.
demand/i al, pri;
cu ask (desiring information),
enquire, query. o, question.
dent/o tooth, dent-; cog. kuraco, dentistry.
des 1. ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the
more (less)...
2. (alone) so much the, p
li bone, so much the better.
desegn/i tr design; draw, sketch, paint. (ad)o,
drawing. (a)o, a drawing.
despot/o despot, absolute or tyrannical ruler.
detru/i tr destroy. (em)a, -uctive. enda, that
must be destroyed.
dev/o duty, obligatn. i, have the d. of -inghave to,
must. us, should.
dezir/i tr, aux, ind. com. desire, want, wish (for) (to).
mal, disdain.
di/o DioGod; dioa god.
diabl/o devil.
difin/i tr define, settle limits of, make clear. (a)o,
-ition. a, -ing.
dik/a thick; corpulent, fat. mala, thin, lean, slim,
tenuous.
diligent/a diligent, assiduous, industrious, sedulous.
mala, lazy.
diman
c/o (proper noun) Sunday.
dir/i tr; ke say, assert, speak, state. ke -u, tell (s.o.)
to (do s.t.).
direkt/i tr; al kontra
u direct: turn towards; control;
aim; guide. o -ion.
dis- den. separation, divergence; dispersal. e, scattered
about.
*diskrimin/i inter, kontra
u discriminate (used
unfavorably). ado, -ation.
diskut/i tr; pri discuss, debate, talk over. o, -ion.
dist(anc)/o distance, interval, range. a -t, far away.
i be distant.
distr/i tr distract, divert (draw away, or amuse). a,
amusing.
diven/i tr; el,
cu, ke, kiel, kion guess, surmise; get
right; divine.
divers/a(j) various: diverse; divers, several.
divid/i tr divide. a, -sive. o, -sion. ao, -sion.
do (conj ) so, consequently, etc; then, so; so there! so
thats that!
doktor/o doctor: holder of highest univ. degree in any
faculty; physician.
dol
c/a sweet (of taste, smell, sound, or characternice,
charming).
dolor/i abs, tr pain.

dom/o house. ego, mansion. eto, cottage. urbo,

town hall.
doma
g/i tr, aux wish to keep intact, fear to damage.
e o, a pity.
don/i tr; al give. ali, add. rei, return.
donac/i tr; al donate, make a gift. o, -ion, gift.
into, donor.
dorm/i nt sleep, be asleep. adi have a long sleep.
emulo, sluggard.
dors/o back (of a person; dead animalloin, chine,
saddle; object). e, behind.
*drat/o wire.
drink/i tr, abs drink hard (to excess), swill. ao,
liquor. ejo pub, bar.
du two, a, 2nd. e, 2ndly, in the 2nd place. foje
twice.
dub/i tr;
cu, ke, pri; abs doubt. o, doubt. sene,
certainly.
dum (prep) during. (conj ) while; also den. contrast.
e, meanwhile.
dus/i tr shower. o shower. i
gi, take a shower.
eben/a even, level, smooth.
-ebl- sfx den. possibility (-able, -ible) [Must follow tr
vb]. e -ly, perhaps.
-ec- sfx den. quality, state (-ness, -hood, etc.). -a =
-simila.
e
c (adv ) even (as in He even ate the dishes!).
eduk/i tr educate, train. (ad)o, e-ation. ato, pupil.
edz/o husband, spouse. (in)i
go, marriage. ino,
wife. (in)igi, marry.
efektiv/a real, actual, true. e, really, indeed, actually,
as a matter of fact.
efik/i al, sur, kiel; abs have effect on, avail. o, effect,
influence.
-eg- augmentative sfx, strengthens the rt idea. Ega
deep, intense.
egal/a (al) equal (eqv.; smooth; indifferent). i tr; al,
(be) e. (to).
-ej- den. place. (us. after vb (place for -ing)/noun w/
vb assumed (pc fr -ing ...))
ek- den. (1) the beginning of a continuous actn, (2)
sudden or momentary actn.
ekde since. Ekde tiam, since then.
ekip/i tr equip, accoutre. ao, -ment.
eklezi/o church (not as a physical structure, but as a
body of believers, rel. soc.)
eks- pfx den. ex-, former, late. igi, dismiss. i
gi,
resign, abdicate.
ekster (prep) outside (a limit, boundary), out of (same
mng).
ekstrem/a extreme (at the farthest edge; ultra-,
highest grade). o, -ity.
ekzamen/i tr examine (test; inspect). o, -ation,
auditn.
ekzempl/o example. a, illustrative, model. e, for
example, such as.
ekzempler/o copy, sample, specimen.

47
ekzerc/i tr; per, pri exercise, practice, train. (ad)o,
e., p.
ekzist/i nt exist, last, live, subsist. o, -ence. ao,
entity, being.
el (prep) out of, from (in), of (in this sense). (pfx ) ...
out.
elekt/i tr; el, inter; abs choose, elect. ado, e-tion.
eli, select.
-em- sfx den. tendency (fondness, leaning; apt to,
subject to).
emfaz /o emphasis. a, -tic. i tr; pri, be -tic,
accentuate, -size.
en (prep) in (opp. ekster, el). igi, insert. i
gi, enter.
-end- which is (has) to, must (should) be -ed.
entrepren/i tr, aux undertake, accept obligatn.
(a)o, -ing, enterprise.
enu/i nt be bored, lose interest. o, boredom. igi,
bore.
-er- sfx (opp. -ar-) den. element, unit, of a homogeneous
whole.
erar/i en, pri err. o, error, mistake.
escept/i tr except, exclude. o, -ion. e, -ionally. e
de, except (for).
esenc/o essence. a, -tial, intrinsic, real, true.
esper/i tr; al, je, pri; aux hope, expect. o, confidnc,
h. eble, hopefully.
esplor/i tr explore; investigate.
esprim/i tr express, convey. o, -ion.
est/i copula be, exist, occur, be found. o, being.
ao, a being.
cei, be at, attend. fori, be absent.
estr/o head, leader. urbo, mayor. imperio,
emperor. aro, executive.
-et- sfx, to a high degree weakens the idea in the rt.
(-ette).
eta
g/o floor (not the physical floor, but the location),
storey, flight.
eventual/a contingent, eventual, liable to happen. e, if
necessary. o, e-ality.
facil/a easy (simple; light(weight); weak). eco, ease.
mala, difficult.
fajr/o fire. i nt, burn, flame.
fakt/o fact. e, actually, in fact.
fal/i nt fall (drop, tumble down; sink; die; collapse).
igi, fell.
fald/i tr fold. ilo, -er.
famili/o family.
far/i tr do, make. i
gi, be done; come to pass, happen;
become.
fart/i nt be (in good or bad health), do, fare, feel. o,
conditn.
favor/o favor, goodwill. e, -ably. ao, f., concessn.
ito/ato -ite.
februar/o (proper noun) February.
feli
c/a happy. igi, delight. mala, sad.
fenestr/o window.
ferm/i tr close, forbid access to. ilo, fastener. mali,
open.

fest/o festival, celebratn, holiday; special anniversary.

i tr; pro celebrate
fi- shameful, morally bad, foul. (also adj). Fi! (intj )
Fie! For shame!
fian
c/(in)o fianc
e, engaged person. eco/i
go,
engagement, betrothal.
fid/i tr;al,je,pri,ke trust, hv faith in; count on. o,
faith. inda, t-y.
figur/o figure, image. i, depict; play the part of.
fiks/i tr; al, sur fix: fasten, secure; decide, settle. ao
-ture.
fil/o son. ino, daughter.
*film/o film (wide sense, cinematography, photography,
etc.), thin coating.
fin/i tr finish. o, f., end. a, final. fine at long last.
fingr/o finger, digit. ingo, thimble. ujo, f. (of a
glove).
Finlando Finland. ano, a Finn.
**finn/o a Finn. (Preferable would be
Finlando/Finlandano.)
firm/a firm: stable; dense; resolute; definite. o, f.,
house of business.
fi
s/o fish.
flank/o side. e, alongside; sideways; aside (from).
ao, minor matter; wing.
flav/a yellow.
flirt/i nt; anta
u,
ce, de, kun, super, sur flit, flutter;
float; flirt, dally.
flor/o flower, bloom, blossom. a, -y, floral. i, bloom,
blossom.
flug/i nt fly, rush. ilo, wing. eki, take flight.
foj/o time, occasion. alie, at another t.
cie, this
time. Etc.
foli/o leaf (of plant or paper); sheet. ao/aro
foliage.
for (adv ) away, forth, off (den. disappearance or
distance). a, distant.
forges/i tr; pri; abs forget.
form/o form: shape; arrangement, style; customary
behavior. i f., mould; assume.
fort/a strong.
**fot/i tr photograph. o photo. (Use fotografio).
frakci/o fraction.
*franc/(in)o (proper noun) a French(wo)man.
ujo/*io, France. a, French.
frat/o brother. ino, sister.
fra
ul/o bachelor, single man. ino, damsel, maiden,
miss. ineto, lass(ie).
fraz /o sentence (grammatical); ((er)o) phrase. i,
phrase.
fremd/a foreign; alien. ulo, f-er, stranger. mala,
familiar, intimate.
frenez/a mad; crazy, insane, raving, wacky. ao,
craze, lunacy, folly.
fre
s/a fresh.
fripon/o rascal.
fru/a early. e, early. mala, late.

48

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

fundament/o foundation: basis, base; underlying
principle.
funkci/i nt function, act, operate, work (in this sense).
o, f., duty.
fu
si do awkwardly, blotch, bungle, fumble. a, clumsy.
fus- bungling-, botched-.
ge- pfx den. both sexes (used mostly in the plural).
edukado, co-education.
geografi/o geography
geni/o genius: guardian spirit; inborn ability; prevalent
char. a, brilliant.
genu/o knee. interao, lap.
*german/o (proper noun) a German. ujo/*io,
Germany. a, German.
*gi
cet/o booking office; pay-desk; box-office.
gigant/o giant. (virego is preferable.)
gimnazi/o public (grammar) school, 1st-class classical
school preparatory to university.
glaci/o ice. ao, ice-cream.
glas/o (drinking) glass, tumbler.
glat/a smooth:s-surfaced; easy, w/o difficulty; bland,
honeyed. mala, rough.
gor
g/o throat, wind-pipe; gorge, gully; (sea) narrows.
a, guttural.
grad/o degree, grade: quality; d. of scale, temp.; rank.
e, gradually.
gramatik/o grammar. a, -atical.
grand/a great; big, large, vast; alternating quantity;
major, noble, weighty.
gratul/i tr; pri, pro congratulate.
grav/a important, grave, weighty. [After dankon, one
may say ne gravas]
graved/a pregnant.
*grek/o (proper noun) a (modern) Greek. ujo/*io,
(modern) Greece. a,Gk.
grimp/i climb.
griz/a gray, grey.
grund/o ground:earth, soul; ground(s), land estate;
bottom, basis, foundatn.
grup/o group; body, cluster.
gust/o taste:flavor;(sense of) t.,(good) t.;liking. int,t.
umi tr ,t.
gvid/i tr guide, lead.

garden/o garden. isto, gardener.

gen/i tr embarrass; annoy, bother, disturb, trouble.

(a)o, nuisance.

general/a general, affecting (nearly) all. e, for the

most part, in g. igi -ize.
gi (pron) it (used for objects w/o sex or for objects of

indeterminite sex). (Also used for non-human animals,

unless personified.)
gis (prep) as far as, down to, up to; to in from...to...;

till, until.
goj/i nt rejoice, be glad. o, joy. (plen)a, j-ful, j-ous.

gu/i tr enjoy; possess/have the benefit (use) of.

gust/a right, accurate, exact, correct, fair, in order,

proper. mala, wrong.

ha! (intj ) ah! den. sudden emotion; den.

laughterhaha!
hak/i chop, hew. ilo, axe, hatchet. lignoisto,
woodcutter.
har/o hair (usually den. a single hair, oft. in plural).
aro, thick head of hair.
ha
ut/o skin.
hav/i have. ebla, obtainable. mali, lack, be
wanting in.
*hebre/o (proper noun) a Hebrew. a, Hebrew.
hejm/o home. e, at home. en, homewards.
*helen/o (proper noun) an ancient Greek. ujo/*io,
ancient Greece.
help/i tr, abs; al, kontra
u help, aid. rescue. a,
auxiliary. ema, -ful.
herb/o herb: -aceous plant; grass. ejo, grassy field,
meadow. ero, blade of g.
hiera
u yesterday.
histori/o history: a continuous record, chain of events;
the study of history.
ho! (intj ) O! Oh!: vocative interjection; den. emotion,
grief, protest.
hodia
u today.
hom/o man (in general), human being, person. a,
human. aro, h-ity, mankind.
hor/o hour, time: 60 min.; time-measurement; time of
day, oclock; appointed time.
horlo
g/o clock, watch, time-piece.
hotel/o hotel, hostelry, inn. isto, -keeper, -proprieter.
motorista , motel.
hund/o dog. a, canine.
caso, hound. ido, puppy.
ujo, kennel.
ia of some (indefinite) kind or other, some kind of a.
ajn, of any kind.
ial for some reason. ajn, for any reason.
iam at some time, (past): once (upon a time), (future):
some day. ajn, anytime. a, erstwhile, former.
-id- child, young; descendant. [Cp Eng. -ite, Grk. -id,
Rsn. -(ov)i
c]
ide/o idea, concept, fancy, notion. samano,
fellow-thinker.
ideal/o ideal, high aim, vision. a, i., perfect. igi,
-ize. ismo, -ism.
ie in some place, somewhere. ajn, anywhere.
iel by some means, in some manner, somehow. ajn,
anyhow, in any way.
ies someones, somebodys. ajn, anyones, anybodys.
-ig- make, cause to be, render. [Eng. -ize, -en, Makes nt
vbs tr , w/ adjectives and dogs means to cause to be
(more) ... (-like).]
-i
g- become, come to be. [Opp. of -ig-.]
-il- object used to perform an action; appliance,
instrument, tool, utensil.
ili they, (when used as object of prep): them. n, them.
a, their(s).
ilustr /i tr illustrate (with pictures or explanations).
imag/i imagine, conceive, fancy. (it)a, -ary.
neebla, inconceivable.

49
imit/i tr imitate.
impon/i impress, command respect. a, -ive, imposing.
eco, majesty, prestige.
-in- den. female, feminine. a/seksa, feminine. o, a
female.
-ind/a worthy, deserving of (to be ... -ed). fida,
trustworthy.
indig/o indigo, blue powder < i-plant. a bluo, i-blue.
infan/o child. ejo, nursery.
-ing- den. object in which s.t. is set or put; holder,
sheath, etc. for one obj only.
ink/o ink. ujo, -pot, -well.
instru/i educate, instruct, teach. isto, t-er, i-er.
ita, e-ed, erudite.
inteligent/a intelligent, bright, smart. mala, dense,
stupid.
intenc/i tr intend, design, mean, plan. o, -tion, aim,
intent.
inter (prep) between; amongst. tempe, meanwhile.
interes/i tr interest: be -ing to; affect, concern. o,
interest (not financial).
interez/o (financial) interest.
interpret/i tr interpret. misi, mis-interpret.
invit/i tr, aux; al invite, request. o, -ation. a, -ing,
attractive.
io something. ajn, anything.
iom a certain amount, a little (some) of; somewhat.
ajn, any at all.
ir/i nt; al, de-
gis; aux go. eni, enter. eki, start, set
off.
*Iran/o Iran. ano, Iranian.
*Irland/o Ireland. ano, Irishman.
-ist- person concerned w/, engaged in, the subj den. by
the rt (by profession or by habitual or frequent
occupatn or interest).; adherent of a person or creed.
*ital/o (proper noun) an Italian. ujo/*io, Italy.
iu someone; some, a certain (as an adj.). ajn, anyone.
ja (adv ) indeed, in fact. Den.: emphasis; expostulatn,
remonstrance; although.
jam (adv ) already, by now, by then. jam ne, no longer.
januar/o (proper noun) January.
jar/o year. cento, century. deko, decade.
centulo, centenarian.
je (prep) as regards, in relatn to: replaces the acc. to
den. any prepositional relatn implied by the context
(thus, indefinite).
jen (intj ) Behold! Lo! Look! Here! There! ......,
now..., now...
jes (intj ) yes. se , if so. Mi kredas, ke jes, I believe so.
ju ju (mal)pli..., des (mal)pli..., the more (less)...the
more (less)...
*jugoslav/o (proper noun) a Yugoslavian. ujo/*io,
Yugoslavia.
just/a just: lawful, legitimate; fair, impartial; honest,
upright; correct, right.
ju
g/i tr, abs judge. isto, j. antaro, jury.
juli/o (proper noun) July.

jun/a young. ulo, young man, youth. mala, old.

juni/o (proper noun) June.
jup/o skirt.
a
ud/o (proper noun) Thursday.
et/i tr throw, cast.
us (adv ) just (now), not long ago. a, just made,
up-to-date, last moment.
kaf/o coffee. ejo, caf
e.
kaj (conj ) and. kaj...kaj..., both...and...
kajer/o (stitched-paper) book; exercise book.
kalkan/o heel (of foot). umo, heel (of shoe).
kamen/o fireplace, -side; hearth. tubo, chimney.
kamp/o field. aro, (open) country, land. adi,
(en)camp.
kanajl/o blackguard, rascal, villain.
kant/i sing. o, song.
kap/o head: (anatomical); an individual (counting hs);
brains; chief; top. Ne senkapi
gu, Dont lose your head.
kapabl/a je, por; aux capable (of -ing), competent. i,
be capable.
kapt/i tr capture, catch. ilo, pitfall, trap. ito, -ive,
prisoner.
kar/a dear: beloved; highly esteemed, valuable;
expensive. mala, cheap.
kart/o card. ludo, playing-card. ludo, card-game.
*kased/o cassette.
ka
s/i tr; anta
u, de, de anta
u hide, conceal. e, in
secret.
kat/o cat. bleki, caterwaul.
ka
uz/o cause: (producg an effect); reason. i tr , cause.
e, because of.
kaz/o case (grammatical, medical, or legal).
ke (conj ) that. [Can be omitted in English, but never in
Esperanto.]
kelk/a some, a little; a certain. aj, several, a few
[main use].
kia (adj ) of what kind, what k. of a. Kia ...! What a
...!
kial (adv ) why, for what reason. o, reason.
kiam (adv ) when, at what time.
kie (adv ) where, in which (what) place. o,
whereabouts.
kiel (adv ) in what way, by what means: how; as (in the
same way as); like.
kies (pron) whose, which one, of whom, of which.
kilo- (metric pfx) kilo- (*cikl, gram, *litr, metr,
**
uat)o kilocycle, -gram, -liter, -meter, -watt.
kio (pron) what (thing). [Also used as which when it
refers to an entire statement rather to a single word,
for which kiu would be used.]
kiom (adv, conj ) What amount, how much. [Used w/
da: Kiom da pomoj? ]
kis/i kiss.
kiu (adj, pron) Which (one), who. [Cp kio.]
klar/a clear: pure, pellucid; distinct; serene; discerng.
mala, clouded, dark.

50

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

klas/o class: grade, rank; category, rank. alta, of
superior g.
klav/o key (piano, typewriter, etc.) aro, keyboard.
[Cp
slosilo]
kler/a educated, cultured. mala, barbarous, ignorant.
klin/i tr incline. i
gi, bend down, give way. dei tr ,
divert.
klopod/i tr take measures, make efforts, make efforts.
igi, importune, spur.
knab/o boy, lad, male child. ino, girl.
kol/o neck. umo, collar.
kolegi/o college, institutn of scholarship.
koler/i tr, abs; kontra
u, pri be angry. a,angry.
o,anger. igi,anger.
kolor/o color.
kom/o comma. punktoo, semicolon.
komand/i tr (be in) command (of); bid, order. o, c.,
order.
komb/i comb, brush. ilo, comb. mali, dishevel.
komenc/i tr;
ce, per; aux, abs begin, commence, start.
o, beginning.
komerc/o business, commerce. ao, commodity,
goods, merchandise.
komfort/o comfort, ease. a, -able, cosy, pleasant. e,
in comfort, at ease.
komik /a comic(al), funny, humorous.
komitat/o committee. estro, chairman.
kompetenta en, pri competent, able, capable. (ec)o,
-ce, ability, qualificatn.
komplet/a complete, entire, finished. o, c. set, outfit;
suit. igi, c.
komplik /i tr complicate, entangle.
kompren/i tr; ke, kiel; abs understand, comprehend.
ao, idea. ebla, clear.
*komput/i compute, reckon. ilo, computer.
kon/i tr know (about), be acquainted w/, have met.
rei, recognize.
koncept/o concept. i, form a c., conceive. [Not the
same as gravedi
gi.]
koncert/o concert.
kondi
c/o conditn, qualificatn.; needed circumstance.
a, -al. e, on c., c-ally.
konduk/i conduct, guide, lead. ilo, bridle, rein, leash.
kondut/i behave, conduct ones self. o, b-ior, c.,
manners. malbona, naughty.
konfes/i tr; ke; abs acknowldge, confess. o, c-ion.
preni, shrive, take c-ion.
kongres/o congress. i, attend a congress.
konjug(aci)/i conjugate (a vb). o/ado, -ation.
konjunkci/o conjunction (grammatical and celestial).
konkret/a concrete, in material form, perceptible. [Not
the same as betono.]
konkurs/o competition under definite rules; contest,
match. kuro, race.
konsci/i tr; pri, ke; abs be conscious (aware) of.
(ec)o, a-ness, c-ness.
konsent/i tr; kun, pri, ke; abs agree, consent: concur;
acquiesce. o, a-ment, c.

konserv/i tr; de, kontra

u keep, conserve, preserve.
konsil/i aux w/ io, tr w/ io, ke advise, counsel. o,
(piece of) advice, c.
konsist/i nt consist: el be composed of; in c. in. o,
compositn, make-up.
konstant/a constant, abiding, permanent, stable. a,
constancy. o, (math) constant.
konstru/i tr build, construct: erect; organize; construe.
ao, a building.
kontakt/o contact, connectn, touch. i, be in c.
fu
so, short circuit.
kontra
u (prep) against, in opposition to; facing; in o-it
dir. to normal, etc.
kontrol/i tr;
cu, check (up on), audit, inspect, verify.
(ad)o, inspectn.
konvers/i ([konversacii], also) converse, chat, talk.
(ad)o, -ation.
konvink/i tr; pri, ke convince, firmly persuade. o,
convictn.
kopi/i copy, make a c. of; imitate. ilo c-ing machine.
kor/o heart (anat. or wrt feelings). a, cordial. sena,
-less.
korb/o basket.
korekt/i correct: amend; admonish, rectify. a,
*correct (
gusta), corrective.
korespond/i kun, correspond (interchange letters).
[Not to correspond to.]
korp/o body.
kost/i tr cost, involve expenditure/loss. o, c., price.
sene, free.
kotiz /i contribute. (a)o, c-ion, share, dues.
kovert/o envelope.
kovr/i tr; per cover. ilo, envelope, lid, c. of book,
shutter.
krajon/o pencil. globo, ball-pt pen. [Not the same
as crayon: pastelo].
kre/i tr create. (ad)o, -ion (act). ao, -ion (object).
kred/i tr; al, je, pri believe; think (that). o, belief.
kresk/i nt grow.
kret/o chalk (the material and the writing implement).
kri/i cry (out), shout; call. o, shout. a
ci, screech.
eki, exclaim.
Krist/nask/o Christmas.
kritik/i tr criticize: appraise, examine; censure, find
fault w/. a
ci, flame.
krokodil/o crocodile; *[colloq.: one who speaks his
native tongue when Esp. is approp.].
krom (prep) treats what follows as separate from other
things: After a general or neg. statement, excludes the
obj. from said statement; after a statement may be
added to include something else. Thus, krom: except;
besides.
kruc/o cross. (ir)i c., intersect. umi, crucify.
kruel/a cruel. ulo, brute.
krur/o leg (of a person, animal, or piece of furniture).
umo, pants-leg.
ktp (abbreviation) etc., and so forth (kaj tiel plu).
kuf/o coif, simple head-dress for women.

51
kuir/i tr , cook. ejo, kitchen.
kuk/o cake.
kuler/o spoon.
kultur /o culture, (level of) civilizatn, educatn,
refinement, training.
kun (prep) (along) with (place, time, conj., possession)
[not by means of].
kunikl/o rabbit. kun
cjo, bunny.
kur/i nt run, hasten, hurry. a, r-ing. e, at a r.
kurac/i tr treat (medically), apply remedies. ilo,
remedy. isto, doctor.
kurs/o course (of instructn), series of lessons; course (of
travel).
ku
s/i nt lie: be horizontal; be on a surface; be located,
stay.
kutim/o custom, habit, practice, wont. e, usually. i,
be wont to.
kuz/o (first) cousin (male). ino, female (first) cousin.
kvadrat/o square (geometric and mathematical).
kvankam (conj ) although, even if, granting that. [Can
pair with tamen, q.v.]
kvant/o quantity, amount, extent, size. umo,
quantum.
kvar four
kvaza
u 1. (conj ) as, as if (though), like. diri, as if to
say. 2. (adv ) apparently, as it were, so to speak. a,
quasi-.
kverk/o oak (tree).
kviet/a quite. o, q.
kvin five
la the. [Can, esp. in poetry, be abbrev. as l after a
vowel-endg prep.]
labor/i nt labor, work. o, l., w. ema, industrious.
Etc.
lac/a tired, weary. mala, fresh.
lag/o lake, loch, lough. eto, pool, pond.
lakt/o milk.
*lan
c/i launch.
land/o land (all senses relating to geography, but not
flight [surteri
gi].)
lang/o tongue (anatomical, not linguistic).
lar
g/a broad, wide. o, breadth, width.
las/i tr leave: depart; l. behind; allow to be; cease to
[not aux]; permit.
last/a last, ultimate (time, order, sense of only
remaining 1). anta
ua, pen-u.
la
u (prep) according to, in -ance with, by means of
(sorting, etc.).
la
ud/i tr praise, bring laud. mali, blame, censure.
a, pejorative.
la
ut/a loud, noisy. mala, quite, low, soft.
lav/i tr wash. igi,have washed. [-ig- does the have
thing to tr vbs]
lecion/o lesson. aro, course.
leg/i tr, nt (!) read.
le
g/o law. a, legal. igi, legalize. isto, -yer.
kontra
ua, il-.

lern/i tr, aux learn. ejo, school.

lert/a je, pri clever, dexterous, skillful. mala,
awkward, clumsy.
leter/o letter (to a person), epistle. [Cp liter/o]
lev/i tr lift, raise. umilo, lever.
li he. a, his. n, him.
liber/a de free, at liberty. (ec)o, f-dom, liberty.
mala, captive.
libr/o book. otenanto, book-keeper.
lig/i tr bind, fasten, tie. o, league. ilo, band, cord.
ali, ally.
lign/o wood.
lingv/o language, tongue (linguistic [Cp. lang/o]).
isto, linguist.
lini/o line.
lip/o lip.
list/o list, catalog, register, roll.
lit/o bed, couch, resting-place. enigi (i
gi), put (get)
into bed.
liter/o letter (of the alphabet [Cp leter/o]) i, spell.
lo
g/i nt dwell, inhabit, live, reside; lodge, stay. ejo,
abode, house.
lok/o place, location.
long/a long, extended. (ec)o, length [W/o better
than w/].
lud/i nt, tr (!) play. ilo, toy. karti, play cards.
lum/o light. mala, dark.
lun/o moon.
lund/o (proper noun) Monday.
maj/o (proper noun) May.
makul/o spot, blot; blemish, defect.
mal- den. exact opposite of the idea expressed by the
word it modifies.
malgra
u (prep) in spite of, notwithstanding.
man/o hand. umo, cuff.
manier/o manner, way; mode of actn.
mank/i nt be lacking, absent. igi, omit. mali,
abound.
man
g/i tr, nt (!) eat, swallow, consume. o, meal.
ao, food.
mantel/o coat, mantle, cape, cloak.
*map/o map.
mar/o sea, ocean.
mard/o (proper noun) Tuesday.
mark/o mark. po
sto, postage stamp. i, mark.
mart/o (proper noun) March.
mar
s/i nt march.
mas/o mass (not religious).
ma
sin/o machine (s.t. more complicated than an ilo,
q.v.).
maten/o morning. e, in the morning.
material/o material, mater, stuff. e, in substance, not
merely in form.
mebl/o (piece of) furniture.
mejl/o mile.
melk/i tr milk (e.g., a cow).

52

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

mem self, selves (throws emphasis on self):
personally, w/o help, spontnsly.
membr/o member.
menci/i mention, allude to. o, mention.
mens/o mind, intellect. a, mental.
merkred/o (proper noun) Wednesday.
met/i tr put, place.
metod/o method.
metr/o meter (unit of length). a, metric.
mez/o middle: central point; mean, medium. nokto
(tag)o, mid-night (day).
mi I, me. a, my, (of) mine.
miks/i tr mix. ao, -ture.
mil(o) thousand. dudek kvin mil, twenty-five thousand.
minac/i tr; al, je, per menace, threaten, impend,
forbode. o, m., threat.
minimum/o minimum. e, at least.
minut/o minute (60th of an hour or a degree).
mir/i pri, ke marvel, be astonished. o, surprise,
wonder. igi, amaze.
mis- mis-, amiss, incorrectly. a, incorrect. o, fault,
miss.
modern/a modern. mala, ancient, old.
mok/i tr mock, deride, jeer at, make fun of. (em)a,
bantering, scornful.
moment/o moment: point of time; deciding point.

ciee, at any moment.

mon/o money, currency. er, coin. ujo, purse.
monat/o month.
mond/o world.
mont/o mountain. eto, hill. supro, summit.
montr/i tr , show, display.
mord/i tr bite. eti, nibble.
morga
u (adv ) tomorrow.
mort/i nt die. o, death. inta, dead. a, mortal.
igi, kill.
mo
st/o gen. title of politeness and respect for people of
rank.
mov/i tr move: displace; put in motion; drive, propel.
ado, -ment.
mult/a much, a lot of. aj, many, a large nr of. o,
much. obligi, multiply.
mur/o wall.
murd/i murder, kill unlawfully [as opp. to mortigi, q.v.]
mus/o mouse.
muzik/o music.
naci/o nation. a, -al. ano, citizen.
na
g/i swim.
najbar/o neighbor. ao, eco, -hood.
nask/i tr give birth to, bear. oto, foetus. i
gi, be
born.
natur/o nature.
na
u nine.
naz/o nose.
ne not (negates the word it precedes); (pfx) non-, un-,
etc.; (intj ) no.

neces/a necessary. i be necessary. ejo, bathroom,

toilet, w.c.
*Nederland/o Hollad, the Netherlands. ano, a
Dutchman.
negr /o a black man. [Cp nigr/a]
ne
g/o snow. ero, snow-flake. ulino, Snow-white.
pluvo, sleet.
nek...nek... neither...nor..., not...or...
nenia (adj ) no, of no kind, no kind of, not any.
nenial (adv ) for no reason, not for any reason, on no
account.
neniam (adv ) never, at no time, not ever.
nenie (adv ) nowhere, in no case, not anywhere.
neniel nohow, by no means, in no way.
nenies (pron) nobodys, no-ones.
nenio (pron) nothing, none, not anything, naught.
ao, vacuum.
neniom (adv ) none (of it), none (at all), no amount, not
a bit.
neniu (pron) nobody, no one, not one; not a single.
nep/o grandson. ino, granddaughter.
nepr/e w/o fail, absolutely, in any case.
nev/o nephew. ino, niece.
ne
utral/a neutral.
ni (pron) we. n, us. a, our.
nigr/a black, dark (the color [Cp negro]).
nivel/o level. maro, sea-level.
-nj- sfx of endearment for female names, attached to the
1st few letters of the rt.
nokt/o night. trai nt, pass the night.
nom/o name, appelatn, denominatn. plumo,
pseudonym. e, by name, namely.
nombr/o number. mezo, average, mean.
nord north. en, to the north, northwards.
normal/a normal (not geometric); ordinary, regular,
typical. nea, abnormal.
not/o note (written and musical). i, take note of,
note.
nov/a new. mala, old.
novembr/o (proper noun) November.
nu (intj ) Well! Well now! Come now!
nud/a bare, nude: naked; exposed; direct, simple.
nul/o nought, zero, nil. igi, nullify. a, null.
numer/o number given to s.t. to indicate its order
among others. [Cp numbr/o]
nun (adv ) now. a, current, present.
nur (adv ) only, merely (modifies the idea it precedes).
obe/i tr; al obey. (ad)o, obedience. igi, train.
mali, disobey.
objekt/o object (concrete and grammatical: rekta
objekto, nerekta objekto).
-obl- den. multiplicatn: -fold. o, multiple. dua,
duple, twofold.
observ/i tr observe, watch. mali, disregard.
ofend/i tr offend. o, insult, offense, affront. a,
offensive, insulting.

53
ofer/i offer up, sacrifice.
*ofert/i offer for sale or supply.
ofic/o office: responsible occupatn; duty w/ this. ejo,
o. isto, officer.
oficial/a official, authorized. [Cp ofic/a: official,
concerning an office or duty]
oficir/o officer (in the military, etc.) [Cp ofic/isto].
oft/e often, frequently. a, frequent, often-occuring.
pleje, mostly.
ok eight.
okaz/i nt happen,occur. o,event. a,accidental.
e,on occasn,as it h-ed.
okcident/o west. a, w-ern, w-erly. en w-ward.
oktobr/o (proper noun) October.
okul/o eye. (ad)i, e., look at. umi, ogle.
okup/i tr occupy, employ. mali, evacuate, leave free.
ol (conj ) than (with comparison). anta
u , before
(sentence).
-on- den. fraction: -th. o, fractn, aliquot part.
kvaro, quarter.
oni (pron) one, they, folks, people, men (in general).
onkl/o uncle. ino, aunt.
-op- den. number of elements in a collectivity. due, in
pairs, two by two.
opini/o opinion. i tr , opine, be of an o., believe,
think, suppose.
oran
g/o orange (the fruit). (kolor)a, orange.
ord/o order (arrangement, not command [Cp
ordon/o]).
ordinar/a ordinary.
ordon/i tr; ind. command command, order. o, c., o.
orel/o ear. umo, telephone ear-piece.
organiz /i tr organize. (ad)o, -ation, -ing. (a)o,
-ation, -ed body.
orient/o east, orient. en, e-ward.
ost/o bone.
ov/o egg.
pac/o peace.
pa
cj/o (< patro) Daddy, Dad.
paf/i tr; al; kontra
u fire, shoot, project a missile. ilo,
gun.
pag/i tr; al, por pay. e, in payment.
pa
g/o page (of a book).
pak/i tr pack. (a)o, package.
pal/a pale. i
gi, (become) pale.
pan/o bread.
panj/o (< patro) Mom, Mommy, Mum, Mummy.
paper/o paper.
par/o pair, couple. e, in pairs. ulo, partner.
pardon/i tr; al, ke forgive, pardon, excuse. peto,
apology.
parenc/o relation, relative, kinsman.
parol/i tr; al, kun, pri speak, talk. eli, set out clearly,
enunciate.
part/o part. pleje, for the most part, mainly.

pas/i tr, nt (!) pass: disappear; go from...to...; pass by,

go past.
pask/o Passover; Easter. a, Paschal.
pa
s/i nt, o, step, pace, tread.
pastel/o pastel, crayon.
patr/o father. ino, mother.
pa
uz/o pause, break, halt. i, cease, stop; delay;
hesitate.
pec/o piece. (dis)igi, cut up, dismember, cut to
shreds.
pen/i nt make an effor, try hard, labor, endeavor.
pend/i nt hang, be suspended. igi, hang up. umi
tr , hang s.o.
penik/o brush, hair-pencil; tassel.
pens/i think: cogitate, consider, ponder; believe,
imagine. prii, t. about.
pentr/i tr paint. ao, -ing, picture.
per (prep) by means of, per, through, with (instr). i,
act as intermediary.
perd/i tr lose.
perfekt/a perfect.
period/o period (of time).
permes/i tr; al, ke permit, allow, let. o, permissn,
leave. mali, forbid.
person/o person. a, -al, individual, private.
pes/i tr weigh, find the weight of. ilo, scales, balance.
pet/i tr; por, pri, ke ask (as a favor). o, request. mi
petas, please.
pez/i nt, weigh, have weight, be heavy.
pied/o foot.
pilk/o ball (for games, etc.) [Cp bal/o].
pingl/o pin.
pint/o point, extremity, sharp end.
plac/o (public) square; open space, clearing.
pla
c/i tr; al please, be agreable to. al iu as io, s.o.
likes s.t.
plan/o plan. i tr , make a p., plan.
planed/o planet.
plank/o floor, bottom, ground.
plat/a flat.
plej (adv ) most, -est. mal, least.
plen/a de, je full. umi, accomplish, fulfil. mala,
empty.
plend/i nt complain.
plezur/o pleasure. e, w/ pleasure.
pli (adv ) more, -er ... (ol: than). mal, less.
plor/i nt, cry, weep.
plu (adv ) further, more (in this sense). [Cp pli]
plum/o feather, plume; pen. fonto, fountain pen.
plur/a aj, more than one, several.
*plus (prep) plus, with the additn of.
pluv/o rain, shower. i, rain. ero, raindrop.
po apiece, at (the rate of). [Complicatedtry to find an
explanatn elsewhere]
pokal/o beaker, large drinking cup.
polur/i tr polish.

54

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

polus/o pole (geometric, e.g. the North Pole).
polv/o dust.
pom/o apple. tero, potato.
pont/o bridge.
popol/o people: inhabitants, popultatn; the gen.
public, masses. amaso, crowd.
popular /a popular, familiar to, known (liked) by the
public.
por (prep) for: in order to, for the purpose of; etc.
pord/o door, gateway.
pork/o pig, hog. maro, porpoise. ao, pork. ejo,
p-sty.
port/i bear, carry; wear. ali, bring.
posed/i tr possess, have, hold, own. o, p-ion,
ownership. ao, p-ion.
post (prep) after (time and rank), behind (place). e,
-wards.
postul/i tr , demand, require. o, d., r-ment.
po
s/o pocket.
po
st/o post(al service), mail. enigi, m., p.
potenc/o might, power. pleja, the Almighty, Most
High.
pov/i aux have the power, can, be able. o, power:
ability; (horse)-power.
pra- den. remoteness: grand, great- (w/ relatives);
primitive, prehistoric, Ur-.
prav/a (in the) right; correct. i, be r. mala, (in
the) wrong, incorrect.
precip/e principally, above all, chiefly. a, principle,
chief, main.
preciz/a precise, accurately expressed.
prefer/i tr, aux prefer, favor. ata, favorite.
pre
g/i nt; al, por, pri, ke pray. ejo, church, chapel.
*preleg/i lecture.
premi/o prize, reward.
pren/i tr take.
preska
u (adv ) almost, all but, nearly, well-nigh.
pret/a ready. i, be ready. e, beforehand.
preter (prep) beyond, past, on the other side of. [w/ a
positn or limit]
prez/o price.
prezent/i present: offer, proffer, propose; introduce;
imagine; depict; give; form.
prezid/i tr preside. anto, chairman, pn p-ing.
ento, -ent, official head.
pri (prep) about, concerning.
princip/o principle, fundamental. a, of p., f. e, on
p., as a rule.
printemp/o spring.
pro (prep) because of, for, from, owing to, through.
[Lat. propter ]
problem/o problem.
procent/o percent, rate.
produkt/i tr produce.
profesi/o profession. a, -al.
profesor /o professor.

profund/a deep, profound. mala, shallow, superficial.

program/o program, list of arrangements, plan. ero,
item, piece.
progres/i nt (make) progress, advance. o, p.,
advance. mali, decline.
projekt/o project.
proksim/a near, in proximity, close, nigh. e de, near
to. ume, approximately.
promes/i tr, aux; al promise.
prononc/i tr pronounce. o, pronunciation.
propon/i tr, aux; ke propose. o, -al, -ition.
propr/a (ones) own, belonging to one.
protekt/i tr; al, kontra
u protect (against, from)
protest/i kontra
u protest, demonstrate. o, p.,
objection.
prov/i tr (put to the) test, try (in this sense).
proviz/i tr provide.
prunt/i tr; al, de 1. al lend. 2. de borrow.
pruv/i tr; ke prove. o, proof. ao, evidence.
publik/o the public.
pun/i tr; pro punish, castigate, chastise. o, penalty.
pup/o doll.
pur/a pure, clean. igi, c., p-ify. mala, im-p., dirty.
purpur/a purple.
raci/o reason, judgement, logical faculty, sense. a,
rational. igi, ratnalize.
rad/o wheel.
rajd/i tr; sur ride (animal, bicycle, etc.).
rajt/o right (to s.t.), just claim, prerogative. i nt,
aux , have the r., may.
rakont/i tr; pri, ke tell (a story), narrate, relate. o,
story, tale, narrative.
rapid/a rapid, fast. e, quickly.
raport/i tr; al, pri; ke report, describe; record; inform
(on), tell tales.
rav/i tr (fill w/) delight, ravish, captivate. a,
r-ing,d-ful,c-ing,lovely.
re- re-.
real/a real: factual, material, objective. mala, unreal,
illusory.
redakt/i tr edit. isto, oro, editor.
reg/i tr rule, dominate. ato, subject. istaro,
government.
registr/i tr rgister (of records or music).
regul/o regulation, rule.
re
g/o king. id(in)o, prince(ss). ino, queen.
eksi
gi, abdicate.
rekt/a straight, direct (geometrical, moral,
grammatical, etc.). mala, crooked.
relativ /a relative, comparative, not absolute (also
grammatical).
renkont/i tr meet (s.o.). [Not the same as kun/ven/i]
respond/i tr; al, pri, ke answer: reply, reciprocate;
comply w.; correspond.
rest/i nt remain, stay, continue to be. ejo, abode,
stopping place.

55
ret/o net.
rev/i tr; pri dream, be in a reverie, muse. o, d.
(em)a, d-y, romantic.
ricev/i tr receive. o, receipt.
ri
c/a je rich. mala, poor.
rid/i tr; je, pri, pro laugh (at). eti, smile.
rigard/i tr; al look (at); regard; face.
rilat/i tr; al relate, be -ed, be connected w/, concern.
o, -ion; attitude.
rimark/i tr; de remark, notice, observe; make a r. o,
observatn.
rimed/o means, measure, method, opportunity, way.
ripet/i tr; ke repeat, do again, duplicate, reiterate.
river/o river, stream. eto, brook, creek. ujo, r-bed.
rob/o robe, gown, vestment, dress.
rok /o rock, boulder, crag.
roman/o novel, romance, lengthy tale.
romp/i tr break: crack; interrupt; b. down. (ad)o,
fracture. ao, bit.
rond/o round: circle, ring; rounds, beat; social circle.
a, round.
ronk/i snore.
ruband/o ribbon, band.
ru
g/a red. i
gi, blush. igi, -en.
*rus/o (proper noun) a Russian. ujo/*io, Russia.
a, Russian.
sabat/o (proper noun) Saturday.
sa
g /a wise. ulo, sage. umi, affect wisdom, split
hairs. mala, stupid.
sal/o salt. i tr , s.
salon/o drawing-room, salon.
salt/i nt jump, leap, bound; move quickly. eti, hop.
salut/i tr salute: greet, hail; by gesture express respect.
on!, hello.
sam/a the same, identical. (manier)e, in the s. way.
tempe, simultaneously.
san/a healthy. o, (good) health. mala, sick, ill.
sang/o blood, gore; lineage, race. ero, drop of blood.
sankt/a holy, sacred. ejo, holy place, sanctuary,
shrine. ulo, saint.
sat/a satiated, satisfied, full, replete. mala, hungry.
sav/i tr save: deliver, rescue; spare.
scen/o scene.
sci/i tr; ke, kie, etc. know: (facts), be aware of; k. how
to. voli, wonder.
scienc/o science.
se (conj ) if. jes, if so. ne, if not. [Not whether,

cu]
sed (conj ) but, however, moreover.
seg/i tr saw. ilo, saw.
se
g/o chair, seat. brako, arm-chair.
sek/a dry. mala, wet.
seks/o sex; (grammatical) gender. in()a, female.
vira, male.
sekund/o second, sixtieth of a minute (time or degree).
i, s., abet, promote.

sekur /a secure, safe.

sekv/i tr, abs follow. a, consequent.
semajn/o week.
sen (prep) w/o, free from, minus, with no, sans. sen-,
-less.
senc/o sense; meaning; idea, purport.
send/i tr send.
*sens/o sense (one of the five...). a, sensory. ama,
sensual.
sent/i feel, be conscious of, sense. o, -ing, perceptn,
sense.
sep seven.
septembr/o (proper noun) September.
ser
c/i tr search: look for, seek; investigate, research.
seri/o series, sequence of similar things. a, -al.
ses six.
sezon/o season.
si (reflexive pron) refers to the subj of the sentence, but
only if 3rd pn. a, his-(her-its-their-ones)own. sin-,
self-.
sid/i nt sit. igi, seat, set. kuni, hold a meeting
(kunveni).
signif/i tr mean, signify, denote. sena, insignificant,
meaningless.
silent/a silent, tacit. o, silence. i nt, be silent.
simil/a al, je similar (to), (a)like. i, be like, match,
resemble.
simpl/a simple. e, -y, just, merely, only; plainly.
sinjor/o gentleman;Mr.; master; (rel) the Lord; ino,
Mrs. geoj, Mr. and Mrs.
siren/o siren (woman or loud object).
sistem/o system. a, -atic.
Skandinavi/o Scandinavia. ano, -n.
skatol/o box, tin.
*ski/o ski. (kur)i, s.
sklav/o slave. i, s., drudge.
skrib/i nt, tr (!) write.
societ/o society: community; associatn, club; company,
firm; social circle.
soif/i tr; al thirst (for), be -y. o, t.
sol/a alone, lone.
solv/i tr dissolve; resolve, solve. o, solutn, answer.
a, solvent.
somer/o summer.
son/i nt (make) sound, be heard, resound.
son
g/i, o dream (in sleep).
sor
c/i tr enchant, put a spell on. isto, -er, wizard.
istino, witch.
sort/o fate.
spac/o space: area, extent; limitless s.
spec/o kind, sort; brand, variety.
special/a special, particular, for a def. purpose [Cp
apart/a, precip/e].
*specif/i tr specify; define in detail. o, specificatn.
spegul/o mirror.

56

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

spert/a experienced, adept, competent, conversant,
expert, skilled.
spinac/o spinach.
spit/i defy, flout, spite. e ... -n, e al, in defiance of.
sport/o sport, out-of-door recreatn. ejo, stadium.
sprit/a witty, bright, clever, quick. (ec)o, wit.
mala, inane, folly.
staci/o station: (haltejo; restejo; establao). domo, s.
building.
star/i nt stand: be in upright positn;stay unshaken; be
situated. ema,stable. rei, right, stand back up.
stat/o conditn, state; plight, status. i, be in a s.
stel/o star. ul(in)o, star (film, etc.)
stil/o style: manner; pattern, shape.
*stop! (intj ) stop!
strang/a strange, odd, peculiar. ao, oddity,
peculiarity. ulo, eccentric.
strat/o street, road between buildings.
streb/i nt strive; do ones best. o, great effort,
struggle.
stre
c/i tr stretch, brace, tense, stiffen, strain. e,
fixedly. o, strain. ita, intense, strained. mali,
ease, loosen.
struktur /o structure, constructn, build. a, structural.
stud/i tr study, do research work on. ema, studious.
anto, person -ing.
student/o (college) student, undergraduate.
stult/a stupid, foolish, silly. igi, besot, stultify.
sub (prep) under(neath), beneath, below. ulo,
underling.
subit/a sudden, abrupt, unexpected. e, -ly, all at
once.
su
c/i tr suck.
sud/o south. a, southern. en, southwards, to the s.
ano,ulo, -erner.
sufi
c/a enough, sufficient. e!, enough! i, be e.,
suffice.
suk/o juice, organic fluid, sap.
sukces/i nt; en, pri; aux succeed, have success. o,
success. mali, fail.
sun/o sun. a, solar.
super (prep) above, super-, over. i, beat, exceed,
excel, surpass.
supoz/i suppose, accept as true or possible w/o proof;
assume, imagine, presume.
supr/o top, summit. a, upper. e de, on the t. of.
en, up(wards). ao, surface. malo, bottom.
male, below. malen, down.
sur (prep) on, upon.
surpriz/i tr surprise. o, s.
*sved/o (proper noun) a Swede. ujo/*io, Sweden.
a, Swedish.
sving/i tr swing.
*svis/o (proper noun) a Swiss. ujo/*io,
Switzerland. a, Swiss.

saf/o sheep. Diido, Agnus Dei.

sajn/i seem. o, appearance. e, apparently. vere,

probably, presumably.

sanc/o chance. bona, fortunate, lucky.

san
g/i tr change, alter. mono, change.

sat/i appreciate, enjoy, think highly of; like (in this

sense). [Dont use as aux]

serc/i nt joke, jest, make fun. mala, serious.

si (pron) she. n, her. a, her.

sip/o ship, boat. estro, captain, skipper.

sir/i tr tear; pull apart, rip. disi, tear up, shred.

slim/o slime.

slos/i tr lock. ilo, key.

snur/o rope, line, cord.

spar/i tr save (up), reserve; be sparing of, economize.

(em)a, thrifty.

srank/o cupboard.

stat/o state (realm), nation, form of government.

stel/i steal, thieve. ao, booty, plunder, loot. o,

theft. isto, thief.

stof/o stuff, fabric, textile.

stup/o stair, set (of staircase). e, gradually. aro,

staircase, stairs.

su/o shoe.

suld/i tr owe, be in debt.

sultr/o shoulder.
tabl/o table.
tabul/o board, plank. nigra o, black-board.
tag/o day.
*tajp/i type(write). ilo, typewriter. isto, -ist.
ao, type.
tamen (adv, conj ) nevertheless, however, still, though,
yet, howbeit.
task /o task, job, piece of work.
ta
ug/i nt be fit for, be of use, serve. a, fitting,
suitable.
te/o tea. ujo, tea-caddy. horo, tea-time. kru
co,
tea-pot.
teatr/o theater, play-house. a
ca, meretricious. ao,
drama, piece, play.
*teknologi/o technology. La Masa
cusetsa Instituto de
Teknologio.
tekst/o text, wording, words (of music).
teler/o plate.
tem/o subject, theme, topic. i, be about, have as a
theme, touch on.
temp/o time. lastae, lately. sama, contemporary.
temperatur /o temperature.
ten/i tr hold, keep. sino, attitude, bearing. ilo,
handle.
ter/o earth: the world; ground, land; soil, dirt. enigi,
bury, inter.
*teren/o ground, plot, terrain, tract of land.
terur/o terror, fright, intense fear. a, -ible, -iffying,
awful. i, -ify, appal.
tia of that kind,that kind of a,such a. oj,such things.
maniere, so that.
tial accordingly, for that reason, therefore. ke,
because.

57
tiam (adv ) then, at that time; in that case. a, of that
time, contemporary.
tie (adv ) there, in that place, over there. n, thither.
ci
, here.
tiel (adv ) as, in such a way, like that, so, thus. ...
kiel, as ... as.
ties of that, that ones, his, etc.; the latters.
tim/i tr fear, be afraid of, dread. o, fear, -phobia.
tio (pron) that (thing), it.
ci , this thing.
tiom (da) (adv ) that amount, so many.
tip/o type, character, specimen. a, typical.
tir/i tr draw, pull. ali, attract.
tiu (pron) that one, the one; (adj ) that (particular,
individual).
ci , this (one).
ci j, these.
toler/i tr tolerate. ema, tolerant, broad-minded,
easy-going.
tond/i tr clip, shear, snip. ilo, scissors, clippers,
shears.
tondr/o thunder.
tra (prep) through: from one end to the other; through
and past; during.
traduk/i tr; el...en... translate. (a)o, -ion,
rendering, version.
traf/i tr hit the goal, reach ones aim, befall; contact,
meet. o, hit.
*trajn/o train, string, tow: series of objects; railway
train (vagonaro).
trakt/i tr; pri treat of, deal w/, describe; act towards,
deal w/.
tran
c/i tr cut, cleave. o, cut(ting). ilo, knife.
trans (prep) over, across; (pfx) trans-. ru
ga,
infra-red. violo, u.v.
tre (adv ) very (much), strongly.
tri three
trink/i tr drink. o, drink.
tro (adv ) too; (w/ vb) over(much), too much. a,
excessive.
trov/i tr find: discover; receive; succeed in getting;
consider to be.
tru/o hole, break, breach, gap, opening. i tr , h.,
puncture.
tuj (adv ) immediately, at once, forthwith; just, right
(tute apude).
tuk/o a cloth. bu
so, napkin. po
so, nazo,
handkerchief.
tu
s/i tr touch: lay hand on; contact; alter; mentn, deal
w.; affect; concern.
tut/a the whole, all the, intact. e, quite, completely.
e ne, by no means. ne e, not altogether, not quite.
ene, as a whole.
-uj- den.: container, holder; obj in which an actn is
performed; land of; fruittree.
-ul- den. individual: (w/ adj rt) pn characterized by rt;
a type of animal (mamo, mammal); (inanimate obj)
triferdeko, 3decker.
-um- has no def. meaning, but forms related words
whose sense is defined by the usage or suggested by
context. [In general, one cannot confidently form new
examples and must look up any which have been
formed].

*uni/o union, coalitn.

universal/a universal, world-wide, ecumenical.
universitat/o university.
unu one
urb/o town. a, urban. ego, great city. estro,
mayor. domo, t-hall.
Uson/o The United States of America. ano,
American.
util/a of use; advantageous. i nt, be of use, help.
mala, harmful.
uz/i tr use, employ, utilize.
valor/o value, worth.
var /o article of commerce, commodity. oj, wares,
goods. ejo, warehouse.
varb/i tr; al, en, por enlist, enroll, gain over, recruit.
varm/a warm. ega, hot. eta, tepid. mala, cool.
malega, cold.
vast/a vast. disigi, promulgate, spread. mala,
narrow, limited.
ve (intj ) woe! ho !, alas! woe is me!
vek/i tr wake(n), rouse (< sleep). i
gi, awaken.
ven/i nt come. ali, arrive at, reach. rei return.
kuni, convene, meet. kuno, meeting.
vend/i tr sell.
vendred/o (proper noun) Friday.
venen/o poison. kontra
uo, antidote.
venk/i tr, abs conquer, vanquish, beat, defeat, triumph
over. malo, defeat.
vent/o wind.
ventr/o belly, abdomen; womb.
ver/a true, authentic, genuine, real, veritable. o,
truth.
verb/o verb.
verd/a green, verdant.
verk/i tr write, make (by mental labor).
verm/o worm.
ver
s/i tr pour out (liquids), discharge.
vesper/o evening; gloaming, twilight, dusk.
vest/i tr clothe, dress, robe. (a)o, article of clothing,
apparel, dress.
veter/o weather.
vetur/i go (travel) by vehicle. ilo, vehicle.
kusenilo, hovercraft.
vi you (sg and pl). a, your(s).
viand/o meat. ejo, butchers shop. isto, butcher.
vid/i tr see: behold; realize; understand; visit. o,
sight, view.
vigl/a animated: bright, fresh; lively, nimble; energetic;
alert, vigilant.
vin/o wine.
vintr/o winter.
viol/o violet. a, kolora, v.
vir/o male; man (opp woman); man (opp child); (pfx)
male-. ino, woman, female.
vitr/o glass; obj of glass. okuloj, eye-glasses.
viv/i nt live; remain alive, endure; remain in memory;
manage; conduct ones l.; dwell. o, life.

58

APPENDIX C. GLOSSARYESPERANTO TO ENGLISH

viza
g/o face, countenance, visage.
vizit/i tr visit.
vo
c/o voice. (don)i, (don)o vote.
voj/o way, path, road. fero, railroad. sure, en
route, on the way.
voja
g/i nt journey, travel; migrate.
vok/i tr; al call to, cry out; call in; call upon, invite.
vokal/o vowel.
vol/i tr, aux will, choose, determine; desire, like, want.
scii, wonder.
volont/e willingly, w/ pleasure. male, nee,
reluctantly.
volv/i tr wrap, roll, wind.
vort/o word; speech, mesage; promise. aro,
dictionary. ero, morpheme.
vulp/o fox. ino, vixen.
zorg/i pri; tr care (for), attend to; be anxious about.
anto, guardian.