1

Cisco IOS
Cisco technology is built around the Cisco
Internetwork Operating System (IOS), which is
the software that controls the routing and
switching functions of internetworking devices.
A solid understanding of the IOS is essential for
a network administrator.

The Purpose of Cisco IOS

As with a computer, a router or switch cannot function without an
operating system. Cisco calls its operating system the Cisco
Internetwork Operating System or Cisco IOS.

Introduction to Routers
A router is a special type of computer. It has the same basic components as a
standard desktop PC. However, routers are designed to perform some very specific
functions. Just as computers need operating systems to run software applications,
routers need the Internetwork Operating System software (IOS) to run configuration
files. These configuration files contain the instructions and parameters that control
the flow of traffic in and out of the routers. The many parts of a router are shown
below:

Router Memory
Components
ROM

- Read Only Memory

Bootstrap/POST

FLASH Memory-

IOS Images are kept here

- Erasable reprogrammable ROM
- Contents are kept on Power down or

reload

RAM

- Random Access memory

- Routing Tables
- Running Configuration
- Contents are lost on reboot

NVRAM

- Start up configuration
- Configuration Register
- Contents are kept on reload

ROM
Read-Only Memory
ROM has the following characteristics and
functions:

Maintains instructions for power-on self

test (POST) diagnostics

Stores bootstrap program and basic

operating system software

Mini IOS
6

RAM
Random Access Memory, also called dynamic RAM
(DRAM)
RAM has the following characteristics and functions:

Stores routing tables

Holds ARP cache

Performs packet buffering (shared RAM)

Provides temporary memory for the configuration

file of
the router while the router is powered on

Loses content when router is powered down or

restarted
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NVRAM
Non-Volatile RAM
NVRAM has the following characteristics and
functions:
Provides storage for the startup configuration
file
Retains content when router is powered down
or
restarted
Configuration Register 16 bit register which
decides boot sequence
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Flash
Flash memory has the following characteristics
and functions:

Holds the operating system image (IOS)

Allows software to be updated without

removing and replacing chips on the processor

Retains content when router is powered

down
or restarted

Can store multiple versions of IOS

software

Is a type of electronically erasable,

programmable ROM (EEPROM)

Interfaces
Interfaces have the following characteristics and
functions:
Connect router to network for frame entry and
exit
Can be on the motherboard or on a separate
module
Types of interfaces:

Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Serial
ISDN BRI
Loopback
10

Router Internal
Components

11

Router Power-On/Bootup
Sequence
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Perform power-on self test (POST).

Load and run bootstrap code.
Find the Cisco IOS software.
Load the Cisco IOS software.
Find the configuration.
Load the configuration.
Run the configured Cisco IOS
software.
12

Boot Sequence
C-File NVRAM
ROMMonit
or
RXBoot
FLASH

Running

Y
N

Setup Mode

Checks All interfaces

Configuration Register

4 2 1 8

RAM

4 2 1 8

4 2 1 8

4 2 1

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

6 5 4 3

2 1 0

0
0
0
1

0
0
0
1

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

ROMMonitor
RxBoot
1
2-15 Flash
13

After the Post

After the POST, the following events occur as the router initializes:
Step 1
The generic bootstrap loader in ROM executes. A bootstrap is a simple set of
instructions that tests hardware and initializes the IOS for operation.
Step 2
The IOS can be found in several places. The boot field of the configuration register
determines the location to be used in loading the IOS.
Step 3
The operating system image is loaded.
Step 4
The configuration file saved in NVRAM is loaded into main memory and executed
one line at a time. The configuration commands start routing processes, supply
addresses for interfaces, and define other operating characteristics of the router.
Step 5
If no valid configuration file exists in NVRAM, the operating system searches for an
available TFTP server. If no TFTP server is found, the setup dialog is initiated.
14

Loading the Cisco IOS Software

From Flash Memory

The flash memory file is decompressed into RAM.

15

Loading the Configuration

Load and execute the configuration from NVRAM.

If no configuration is present in NVRAM, enter setup mode.
16

External Components of a 2600

Router

17

Internal Components of a 2600

Router

18

Computer/Terminal Console
Connection

19

HyperTerminal Session Properties

21

Establishing a
HyperTerminal Session
Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the
router:
First, connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an
RJ-45 to DB-9 or RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter.
Then, configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600
baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.

22

Router Command Line

Interface

23

IOS File System Overview

24

Router LED Indicators

Cisco routers use LED indicators to provide status information.
Depending upon the Cisco router model, the LED indicators will
vary. An interface LED indicates the activity of the corresponding
interface. If an LED is off when the interface is active and the
interface is correctly connected, a problem may be indicated. If an
interface is extremely busy, its LED will always be on. The green
OK LED to the right of the AUX port will be on after the system
initializes correctly.

25

26

Router User Interface

Modes
The Cisco command-line interface (CLI) uses a hierarchical structure. This
structure requires entry into different modes to accomplish particular
tasks.
Each configuration mode is indicated with a distinctive prompt and allows
only commands that are appropriate for that mode.
As a security feature the Cisco IOS software separates sessions into two
access levels, user EXEC mode and privileged EXEC mode. The privileged
EXEC mode is also known as enable mode.

27

Overview of Router Modes

28

Router Modes

29

CLI Command Modes

All command-line interface (CLI) configuration changes to a Cisco router
are made from the global configuration mode. Other more specific modes
are entered depending upon the configuration change that is required.
Global configuration mode commands are used in a router to apply
configuration statements that affect the system as a whole.
The following command moves the router into global configuration mode
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#

(or config t)

When specific configuration modes are entered, the router prompt

changes to indicate the current configuration mode.
Typing exit from one of these specific configuration modes will return the
router to global configuration mode. Pressing Ctrl-Z returns the router to
all the way back privileged EXEC mode.
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Show Version Command

wg_ro_a#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 12.0(3), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 08-Feb-99 18:18 by phanguye
Image text-base: 0x03050C84, data-base: 0x00001000
ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE
BOOTFLASH: 3000 Bootstrap Software (IGS-BOOT-R), Version 11.0(10c), RELEASE SOFTWARE(fc1)
wg_ro_a uptime is 20 minutes
System restarted by reload
System image file is "flash:c2500-js-l_120-3.bin"
(output omitted)
--More-Configuration register is 0x2102

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Viewing the Configuration

32

show running-config and

show startup-config
Commands
In RAM

In NVRAM

wg_ro_c#show running-config
Building configuration...

wg_ro_c#show startup-config
Using 1359 out of 32762 bytes
!
version 12.0
!
-- More --

Current configuration:
!
version 12.0
!
-- More --

Displays the current and saved configuration

33

Saving Configurations
Configurations in two locations - RAM and NVRAM.
The running configuration is stored in RAM.
Any configuration changes to the router are made to
the running-configuration and take effect immediately
after the command is entered.
The startup-configuration is saved in NVRAM and is
loaded into the router's running-configuration when the
router boots up.
To save the running-configuration to the startup
configuration, type the following from privileged EXEC
mode (i.e. at the "Router#" prompt.)

Router# copy run start

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Command Abbreviation
Show Configuration sh conf
Configure Terminal conf t
Line auxillary line aux
Line console line con

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Configuring a Routers
Name
A router should be given a unique name as one of the
first configuration tasks.
This task is accomplished in global configuration mode
using the following commands:
Router(config)#hostname Gates
Gates(config)#
As soon as the Enter key is pressed, the prompt
changes from the default host name (Router) to the
newly configured host name (which is Gates in the
example above).
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Setting
the Clock
with Help

37

Message Of The Day

(MOTD)
A message-of-the-day (MOTD) banner can be displayed on all
connected terminals.
Enter global configuration mode by using the command config t
Enter the command
banner motd # Welcome to Gates Training #.
Save changes by issuing the command copy run start

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Privileged Mode Command

# show startup-config
# show running-config
# show version
# show flash
# show interfaces
# show interfaces s 0
# show history
# show terminal
# terminal history size 25
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Password
Passwords restrict access to routers.
Passwords should always be configured for virtual
terminal lines and the console line.
Passwords are also used to control access to
privileged EXEC mode so that only authorized users
may make changes to the configuration file.

40

Passwords
There are five passwords for Router
Privileged Mode Password 2
Line Console Password
Auxiliary Port Password
Telnet Password

41

Privileged Mode Password

Gates(config)# enable password gates
Encrypted privilege mode password
Gates(config)# enable secret gates1

42

Line Password
Gates(config)# line console 0
Gates(config)# password cisco
Gates(config)# login

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Aux Port Password

Gates(config)# line aux 0
Gates(config)# password cisco
Gates(config)# login

44

Connecting to Aux Port

45

Configuring a Telnet Password

A password must be set on one or more of the virtual
terminal (VTY) lines for users to gain remote access to
the router using Telnet.
Typically Cisco routers
numbered 0 through 4.

support

five

VTY

lines

46

Telnet Password
Gates(config)# line vty 0 4
Gates(config)# password cisco
Gates(config)# login

47

Encrypting Passwords
Only the enable secret password is encrypted by
default
Need to manually configure the user-mode and
enable passwords for encryption
To manually encrypt your passwords, use the
service password-encryption command
Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#service password-encryption

48

Disable Passwords
Gates(config)# no enable password
Gates(config)# no enable secret
For the Console
Gates(config)# line con 0
Gates(config)# no password
Gates(config)# line vty 0 4
Gates(config)# no password
49

LAB Interface
Configuration
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 E0

10.0.0.2

S0

20.0.0.2
S0

30.0.0.2
30.0.0.1
S0

S1
E0 40.0.0.1

40.0.0.2

50

Descriptions
Setting descriptions on an interface is
helpful to the administrator
Only locally significant
R1(config)#int e0
R1(config-if)#description Sales Lan
R1(config-if)#int s0
R1(config-if)#desc Wan to Mumbai

51

Configuring Interfaces
An interface needs an IP Address and a Subnet Mask to be configured.
All interfaces are shutdown by default.
The DCE end of a serial interface needs a clock rate.
R1#config t

R1(config)#int e0
R1(config)#Description Connoted to Host
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#interface serial 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 20.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

R1(config-if)# bandwidth 64
R1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
R1(config-if)#exit
R1(config)#exit
R1#

(required for serial DCE only)

On new routers, Serial 1 would be just Serial 0/1 and e0 would be f0/0.
s = serial
e = Ethernet
f = fast Ethernet
52

DCE DTE
To find out DCE or DTE
#Show controllers s 0

53

Viewing Configuration
To Check the status of interface
#Show IP interface brief
or
#Sh IP int brief

54

Saving and Erasing

Configurations
To copy RAM to NVRAM
# copy run startup-config
To remove all configuration
# erase startup-config
# reload

55

56

Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will
be able to complete the following tasks:
Distinguish the use and operation of static and
dynamic routes
Configure and verify a static route
Identify how distance vector IP routing protocols
such as RIP and IGRP operate on Cisco routers
Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Enable Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
Verify IP routing with show and debug commands

57

Routing
The process of transferring data from one local
area network to another
Layer 3 devices
Routed protocol Enables to forward packet from
one router to another Ex IP, IPX
Routing protocol sends and receives routing
information packets to and from other routers
Ex -RIP, OSPF , IGRP
Routing protocols gather and share the routing
information used to maintain and update
routing tables.
That routing information is in turn used to route
a routed protocol to its final destination
58

Routing
From
Raj
House #213, 4th Street
Jayanagar, Bangalore

To
Ram
House #452, 2nd Street
Dadar, Mumbai

59

What is Routing?
10.120.2.0

172.16.1.0

To route, a router needs to know:

Destination addresses
Sources it can learn from
Possible routes
Best route
60

What is Routing? (cont.)

10.120.2.0
E0

172.16.1.0

S0

Network
Protocol
Connected
Learned

Destination
Network
10.120.2.0
172.16.1.0

Exit
Interface
E0
S0

Routed Protocol: IP

Routers must learn destinations that are not

directly connected
61

Route Types
Static routing - network administrator configures
information about remote networks manually.
They are used to reduce overhead and for
security.
Dynamic routing - information is learned from
other routers, and routing protocols adjust routes
automatically.
Because of the extra administrative requirements,
static routing does not have the scalability of
dynamic routing.
62

IP Routing Process
10.0.0.1
E0

10.0.0.2

E1

20.0.0.1

20.0.0.2

Step-by-step what happens when Host A wants to

communicate with Host B on a different network
A user on Host A pings Host Bs IP address.
63

LAB Interface
Configuration
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 E0

10.0.0.2

S0

20.0.0.2
S0

30.0.0.2
30.0.0.1
S0

S1
E0 40.0.0.1

40.0.0.2

65

Test The Connection

Host A can ping router R1 and R2
To enable Host A to Ping Host B we need to
configure Routes

66

IP Routing
The different types of routing are:
Static routing
Default routing
Dynamic routing

67

Static Routes
Benefits
No overhead on the router CPU
No bandwidth usage between routers
Adds security

Disadvantage
Administrator must really understand the internetwork
If a network is added to the internetwork, the
administrator has to add a route to it on all routers
Not feasible in large networks
68

Static Route Configuration

R1(config)#ip route network [mask]

{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
R1(config)# iproute DestAddress SNM Nexthop address

69

Static Route Configuration

ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-hop_address or exitinterface]
[administrative_distance] [permanent
ip route The command used to create the static route.
destination_network The network youre placing in the routing table.
mask The subnet mask being used on the network.
next-hop_address The address of the next-hop router that will receive
the packet and forward it to the remote network. This is a router interface
thats on a directly connected network.
exitinterface You can use it in place of the next-hop address if you want,
but its got to be on a point-to-point link, such as a WAN
administrative_distance
By
default,
static
routes
have
an
administrative distance of 1 (or even 0 if you use an exit interface instead
of a next-hop address)
permanent If the interface is shut down, or the router cant
communicate to the next-hop router, the route will automatically be
discarded from the routing table. Choosing the permanent option keeps
the entry in the routing table no matter what happens.

R1(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2

70

LAB Static Route

Configuration
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 E0

S0

20.0.0.2
S0

30.0.0.2
30.0.0.1
S0

S1
E0 40.0.0.1

R2# config t
R2(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1
R2(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2

10.0.0.2

R1# config t
R1(config)#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2
R1(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2

40.0.0.2

R3# config t
R3(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1
R3(config)#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.1

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Verifying Static
Route Configuration
After static routes are configured it is important to
verify that they are present in the routing table and
that routing is working as expected.
The command show running-config is used to view
the active configuration in RAM to verify that the static
route was entered correctly.
The show ip route command is used to make sure
that the static route is present in the routing table.

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Removing IP Route
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 E0

S0

20.0.0.2
S0

30.0.0.2
30.0.0.1
S0

S1
E0 40.0.0.1

R2# config t
R2(config)#no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1
R2(config)#no ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2

10.0.0.2

40.0.0.2

R1# config t
R3# config t
R1(config)#no ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2
R3(config)#no ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0
R1(config)#no ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.2
R3(config)#no ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0

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Default Routes
Can only use default routing on stub networks
Stub networks are those with only one exit path
out of the network
The only routers that are considered to be in a
stub network are R1 and R3
20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1E0

10.0.0.2 A

S0

S0

20.0.0.2

30.0.0.130.0.0.2
S1
S0

E0 40.0.0.1

B 40.0.0.2

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Default Routes
Stub Network
172.16.1.0

Network

10.0.0.0

SO
A

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.1

BB

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

This route allows the stub network to reach all known

networks beyond router A.
75

Configuring Default Routes

Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do
not match any of the other routes in the routing table.
A default route is actually a special static route that uses this
format:
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-address | outgoing interface]
This is sometimes referred to as a Quad-Zero route.
Example using next hop address:
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.4.1
Example using the exit interface:
Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0

76

LAB Configuration

30.0.0.1

20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 E0

S0

S1
S0

20.0.0.2

10.0.0.2

30.0.0.2
S0

E0

40.0.0.1

40.0.0.2

77

Default Route LAB

Configuration
30.0.0.1

20.0.0.1
10.0.0.1 E0

S0

S1
S0

20.0.0.2

10.0.0.2

30.0.0.2
S0

E0

40.0.0.1

40.0.0.2

R2# config t
R2(config)#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 20.0.0.1
R2(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 30.0.0.2

R1# config t
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
20.0.0.2

R3# config t
R3(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
30.0.0.1

78

What is a Routing
Protocol?
10.120.2.0

Routing protocols are

used
between
routers to determine
paths and maintain
routing tables.
Once the path is
determined a router
can route a routed
protocol.

E0

Network
Protocol
Connected
RIP
IGRP

172.16.1.0
S0

Destination
Network
10.120.2.0
172.16.2.0
172.17.3.0

Exit
Interface

172.17.3.0

E0
S0
S1

Routed Protocol: IP
Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP
79

Routing Categories
Autonomous System

An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of IP networks, which

has a single and clearly defined routing policy.
Group of routers which can exchange updates
AS are identified by numbers
All Routing protocols are categorized as IGP or EGP

EGP
Exterior Gateway
Protocols are used
for routing between
Autonomous Systems

AS 1000

AS 3000

IGP
AS 2000

Interior Gateway Protocols are

used for routing decisions
within an Autonomous System.

Fig. 48 IGP and EGP (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 67)

80

Routing Categories
Interior Gateway Protocol
(IGP)

Exterior Gateway
Protocol (EGP)

Interior Gateway Protocol

(IGP)

AS 1000

AS 3000
EGP
EGP

IGP

EGP

AS 2000

Fig. 49 The use of IGP and EGP protocols (TI1332EU02TI_0004 The Network Layer, 67)

81

Autonomous Systems: Interior or

Exterior Routing Protocols

An autonomous system is a collection of networks

under a common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
82

Types or Classes of Routing

Protocols

83

Types or Classes of Routing

Protocols
Distance Vector
RIP V1
IGRP
RIP V2
Link state
OSPF
Hybrid
EIGRP
84

Classful Routing Overview

Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask
with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is
assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP

85

Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variablelength subnet masking (VLSM) and subnetting
Examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS

86

Distance Vector Routing

Protocols

Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor

routers and accumulate distance vectors.
87

Distance Vector
Uses Bellman Ford Algorithm
It needs to find out the shortest path from one network to other
How to determine which path is best?

192.168.10.1

192.168.20.1

88

Distance Vector
192.168.20.1
192.168.10.1

There are two Distance Vector Protocol, Both uses different metric
RIP Hops
IGRP - Composite

89

Distance Vector
2

R1

3
0

192.168.10.1
2
1

192.168.20.1

DV protocol are known as Routing by rumor

RIP uses only Hop count
RI routing table metric for 192.168.20.1 network will be
3
2

90

Distance Vector
R1

10 1 Mbps

1 Mbps

1 Mbps
10

10

192.168.10.1
56 kbps
192.168.10.1

30

30

192.168.20.1
56 kbps

IGGRP uses bandwidth and delay as Metric

RI routing table metric for 192.168.20.1 network will be

30
60

91

Routing Loops

A network problem in which packets continue to be routed in an endless circle

92

Sources of Information and

Discovering Routes

Routers discover the best path to

destinations from each neighbor.
93

Inconsistent Routing
Entries

Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination network.

94

Inconsistent Routing
Entries (Cont.)

Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.

95

Inconsistent Routing
Entries (Cont.)

Router C concludes that the best path to network

10.4.0.0 is through router B.
96

Inconsistent Routing
Entries (Cont.)

Router A updates its table to reflect the new but

erroneous hop count.
97

Count to Infinity

Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity.

98

Routing Loops

Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between

routers B and C.
99

Defining a Maximum

Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite loops.

100

Maximum Hop Count

One way of solving routing loop problem is to
define a maximum hop count.
RIP permits a hop count of up to 15, so anything
that requires 16 hops is deemed unreachable
The maximum hop count will control how long it
takes for a routing table entry to become invalid

101

Split Horizon

It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original information
came.

102

Split Horizon
Solution to the Routing Loop problem
Split Horizon is a rule that routing
information cannot be sent back in the
direction from which it was received
Had split horizon been used in our
example, Router B would not have
included information about network
10.4.0.0 in its update to Router C.
103

Route Poisoning
Route Poisoning. Usually used in conjunction with
split horizon
Route poisoning involves explicitly poisoning a
routing table entry for an unreachable network
Once Router C learned that network 10.4.0.0 was
unavailable it would have immediately poisoned
the route to that network by setting its hop count
to the routing protocols infinity value
In the case of RIP, that would mean a hop count
of 16.

104

Triggered Updates
New routing tables are sent to neighboring routers on a regular
basis.
RIP updates occur every 30 seconds
However a triggered update is sent immediately in response to
some change in the routing table.
The router that detects a topology change immediately sends
an update message to adjacent routers that, in turn, generate
triggered updates notifying their adjacent neighbors of the
change.
Triggered updates, used in conjunction with route poisoning,
ensure that all routers know of failed routes.
105

Triggered Updates Graphic

106

Holddowns
Holddowns are a technique used to ensure that a route
recently removed or changed is not reinstated by a routing
table update from another route
Holddown prevents regular update messages from
reinstating a route that is going up and down (called
flapping)
Holddowns prevent routes from changing too rapidly by
allowing time for either the downed route to come back up
Holddowns make a router wait a period of time before
accepting an update for a network whose status or metric
has recently changed

107

Solution: Holddown Timers

108

Pinhole Congestion
1Mbps

1Mbps

192.168.20.1
192.168.10.1

56kbps
56kbps

109

RIP Timers
Route update timer Sets the interval
seconds) between periodic routing updates

(typically

30

Route invalid timer Determines the length of time (180

seconds) before a router determines that a route has
become invalid
Holddown timer This sets the amount of time during which
routing information is suppressed. This continues until either
an update packet is received with a better metric or until the
holddown timer expires. The default is 180 seconds
Route flush timer Sets the time between a route becoming
invalid and its removal from the routing table (240 seconds).

110

Routing Information Protocol

(RIP)
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a true distance-vector
routing protocol.
It sends the complete routing table out to all active
interfaces every 30 seconds
RIP only uses hop count to determine the best way to a
remote network
It has a maximum allowable hop count of 15
AD is 120
Bellman-ford algorithm
Works well in small networks, but its inefficient on large
networks
RIP version 1 uses only classful routing, which means that
all devices in the network must use the same subnet mask
RIP version 2 does send subnet mask information with the
route updates. This is called classless routing.

111

Router Configuration
The router command starts a routing process.
The network command is required because it enables
the routing process to determine which interfaces
participate in the sending and receiving of routing
updates.
An example of a routing configuration is:
Gates(config)#router rip
Gates(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
The network numbers are based on the network class
addresses, not subnet addresses or individual host

112

RIP Configuration
192.168.20.1

192.168.10.1E0

S0

192.168.30.1

S0

S1
S0

192.168.10.2

R2# config t
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config)#network 192.168.20.0
R2(config)#network 192.168.30.0

R1# config t
R1(config)# )#router rip
R1(config)#network 192.168.10.0
R1(config)#network 192.168.20.0

E0 192.168.40.1

192.168.30.2

192.168.20.2

192.168.40.2

R3# config t
R3(config)# )#router rip
R3(config)#network 192.168.30.0
R3(config)#network 192.168.40.0

113

Verifying RIP Configuration

114

Displaying the
IP Routing Table

115

debug ip rip Command

116

Passive Interface
Passive-interface command prevents RIP update
broadcasts from being sent out a defined interface,
but same interface can still receive RIP updates
R1#config t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
R1(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0

Passive-interface command depends upon the

routing protocol
RIP router with a passive interface will still learn
about the networks advertised by other routers
EIGRP, a passive-interface will neither send nor
receive updates.
117

RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)

R1# config t
R1(config)# )#router rip
R1(config)#network 192.168.10.0
R1(config)#network 192.168.20.0
R1(config)#version 2

118

Exercise - RIP Version 2

Configuration
192.168.0.4/30

E0

192.168.0.16/29

1.

S0

192.168.0.8/30

S1

S0

S0

E0
192.168.0.32/28

Find out the IP Address and SNM of each interfaces

119

Exercise - RIP Version 2

Configuration

E0

192.168.0.5
255.255.255.252

192.168.0.9
255.255.255.252

S0

S1

192.168.0.17
255.255.255.248

S0
192.168.0.6
255.255.255.252

S0
192.168.0.10
255.255.255.252

E0

192.168.0.33
255.255.255.240

192.168.0.34
255.255.255.240

192.168.0.18
255.255.255.248

120

Exercise - RIP Version 2

Configuration
192.168.0.4/30

E0

192.168.0.16/29

S0

192.168.0.8/30

S0

S1
S0

E0

R2# config t
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config)#network 192.168.0.4
R2(config)#network 192.168.0.8
R2(config)#version 2

R1# config t
R1(config)# )#router rip
R1(config)#network 192.168.0.4
R1(config)#network 192.168.0.16
R1(config)#version 2

192.168.0.32/28

R3# config t
R3(config)# )#router rip
R3(config)#network 192.168.0.8
R3(config)#network 192.168.0.32
R3(config)#version 2

121

Enabling IGRP

2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

122

122

Introducing IGRP

CISCO Proprietary
More scalable than RIP
Sophisticated metric

123

IGRP Composite Metric

Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Load
MTU
124

IGRP
Some of the IGRP key design characteristics emphasize the
following:
It is a distance vector routing protocol.
Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds.
Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used to create
a composite metric.
The main difference between RIP and IGRP
configuration is that when you configure IGRP, you
supply the autonomous system number. All routers
must use the same number in order to share routing
table information.
125

IGRP Vs RIP

126

Configuring IGRP

128

IGRP Configuration
192.168.20.1

192.168.10.1E0

S0

192.168.30.1

S0

S1
S0

192.168.10.2

R2# config t
R2(config)#router igrp 10
R2(config)#network 192.168.20.0
R2(config)#network 192.168.30.0

R1# config t
R1(config)# )#router igrp 10
R1(config)#network 192.168.10.0
R1(config)#network 192.168.20.0

E0 192.168.40.1

192.168.30.2

192.168.20.2

192.168.40.2

R3# config t
R3(config)# )#router igrp 10
R3(config)#network 192.168.30.0
R3(config)#network 192.168.40.0

129

Verifying the IGRP Routing

Tables
LabA#sh ip route
[output cut]
I 192.168.50.0 [100/170420] via 192.168.20.2, Serial0/0
I 192.168.40.0 [100/160260] via 192.168.20.2, Serial0/0
I 192.168.30.0 [100/158360] via 192.168.20.2, Serial0/0
C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected Serial0/0
C 192.168.10.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

The I means IGRP-injected routes. The 100 in [100/160360]

is the administrative distance of IGRP. The 160,360 is the
composite metric. The lower the composite metric, the
better the route.
To delete all routes
clear ip route

130

Debug Commands
debug ip igrp events Command
summary of the IGRP routing information that is running
on the network.

debug ip igrp transactions Command

shows message requests from neighbor routers asking
for an update and the broadcasts sent from your router
toward that neighbor router.

no debug all to turn off all debug

131