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Alargamiento Del Tracto Vocal y Economia Vocal
Alargamiento Del Tracto Vocal y Economia Vocal
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA, 2National Center for Voice
and Speech, The Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, CO, USA, 3Department of Speech Communication and
Voice Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
Abstract
Voiced obstruents and phonation into tubes are widely used as vocal exercises. They increase the inertive reactance of the
vocal tract in the 2001000 Hz range and thereby reinforce vocal fold vibration. But the effect is strong only when the
epilarynx tube is also narrowed. The present study focused on the effects of a resonance tube (27 cm in length, 0.5 cm2
cross-sectional area, hard walls) on vocal tract reactance and the accompanying economy of voice production (defined as
maximum flow declination rate (MFDR), divided by maximum area declination rate (MADR)). The vowel /u/ and
phonation into the tube were simulated with a computer model. Three values were given to the cross-sectional area of the
epilarynx tube (0.2 cm2, 0.5 cm2, and 1.6 cm2), which is at the opposite end of the vocal tract from the artificial resonance
tube. The degree of glottal adduction was varied in order to find the economy maximum for each epilarynx tube setting.
Results showed that the resonance tube lowered F1 from 300 Hz to 150 Hz and doubled the vocal tract inertive
reactance at F0 100 Hz. The largest economy with the resonance tube was obtained when the epilarynx tube was
narrowed (relative to the rest of the vocal tract) and sufficiently tight adduction was used. Most importantly, the intraoral
acoustic pressure (calculated at 0.8 cm behind the lips) was tripled with the tube. The results suggest that by optimizing the
vibratory sensations in the face that are attributed to increased intraoral acoustic pressure, phonation into a tube may assist a
trainee in finding an optimal glottal and epilaryngeal setting for the greatest vocal economy.
Key words: Airflow, breath control, computer modeling, epilaryngeal narrowing, vocal economy, voice training and therapy
Introduction
Voiced fricatives like /v, z, b/, lip and tongue trills,
nasal consonants, and phonation into tubes have
been widely used in voice training and therapy (15).
Beneficial effects have also been reported when a
person phonates against a hand nearly covering
the mouth (6). Lessac (7) has proposed the use
of a y-buzz as a vocal exercise, which is a closed
front vowel produced with a slight protrusion of
the lips and with so narrow a constriction between
the tongue and the palate that it almost sounds
like the semivowel /j/. This y-buzz exercise and
other components of a series of energy principles
described by Lessac have been crafted into the
Lessac-Madsen Resonant Voice Therapy method
by Verdolini (8). Also, Stemples Vocal Function
Correspondence: Ingo R. Titze PhD, National Center for Voice and Speech, The Denver Center for the Performing Arts, 1101 13th Street, Denver, CO
80204, USA. Fax: 1-303-893-6487. E-mail: ititze@dcpa.org
148
150
Vocal tract
configuration
MADR
(cm2/ms)
MFDR
(cm3/s2)
Peak Pg
(kPa)
Mean Pg
(kPa)
Peak Pe
(kPa)
Mean Pe
(kPa)
Peak Pm
(kPa)
Mean Pm
(kPa)
Economy
(cm/ms)
Efficiency
0.23
0.45
0.87
0.33
4.12
4.80
0.48
3.27
0.29
0.48
0.017
9.09
0.0003150
0.24
0.23
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.17
0.14
0.057
0.09
0.17
0.12
0.29
0.11
0.30
0.29
0.12
0.66
0.64
0.61
0.68
0.61
0.67
0.65
0.43
0.51
0.43
0.38
0.29
0.31
0.24
0.22
0.15
0.23
0.30
0.44
1.65
0.61
1.73
1.69
0.57
0.99
1.05
1.08
1.02
1.19
1.10
1.06
1.04
0.53
0.58
0.59
0.39
0.68
0.38
0.38
0.61
0.59
0.62
0.69
1.02
0.78
1.14
1.11
0.63
0.38
0.33
0.30
0.22
0.24
0.18
0.16
0.11
0.32
0.55
0.70
0.92
0.75
1.04
1.02
0.60
0.080
0.073
0.059
0.040
0.041
0.032
0.030
0.021
2.56
2.80
3.85
5.66
5.51
5.77
5.75
4.70
0.0000001
0.0000027
0.0000057
0.0000272
0.0000119
0.0000471
0.0000426
0.0000158
0.43
0.44
0.43
0.61
0.63
0.56
0.26
0.18
0.24
0.24
0.21
0.22
0.21
0.19
0.10
0.053
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.37
0.36
0.38
0.13
0.12
0.59
0.58
0.56
0.56
0.72
0.57
0.49
0.41
0.47
0.39
0.33
0.26
0.29
0.21
0.21
0.14
0.14
0.44
0.54
2.53
2.76
2.77
0.73
0.61
1.07
1.19
1.14
2.74
3.20
3.00
1.16
1.12
0.55
0.61
0.65
0.42
0.51
0.39
0.60
0.63
0.63
0.74
0.82
1.80
2.17
2.04
1.05
0.82
0.44
0.39
0.32
0.25
0.26
0.20
0.20
0.13
0.30
0.70
0.81
0.99
1.33
1.12
0.85
0.69
0.071
0.057
0.052
0.041
0.029
0.028
0.032
0.019
1.48
3.80
3.94
6.93
7.65
7.29
5.67
5.17
0.0000007
0.0000064
0.0000099
0.0000484
0.0000844
0.0001179
0.0000250
0.0000251
0.51
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.45
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.12
0.31
0.30
0.35
0.31
0.37
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.11
2.61
2.59
3.09
2.57
3.27
5.00
5.24
5.44
4.91
5.60
0.59
0.46
0.47
0.51
0.43
4.13
4.02
4.30
3.79
4.43
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.78
0.75
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.022
0.016
0.014
0.017
0.015
8.53
8.76
8.95
8.28
8.92
0.0000933
0.0001388
0.0001497
0.0000971
0.0002841
Notes: MADRmaximum area declination rate; MFDRmaximum flow delination rate; LCA lateral cricoarytenoid activity; SPLsound pressure level; Pg pressure in the glottis; Pm
pressure in the mouth (behind the lips); Pe pressure at the epilarynx tube entry.
Table I. Results for simulations of /u/ in the top row, and with a resonance tube in the remaining rows. For each of three cross-sectional areas of the epilarynx (Ae) there are several degrees of
adduction. Vocal economy is defined as (MFDR/MADR) and efficiency as (SPL/mean flow mean subglottic pressure). In bold: Values for the degree of adduction (in % LCA) giving the highest
economy.
Figure 1. Example of some outputs of the model (vowel /u/, 50% simulated lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) adduction, 0.5 cm2 epilarynx
tube). Left column from top: Schematic picture of the cross-sectional area of the trachea, glottis, epilarynx tube and mouth cavity; vocal fold
contact area (ca); glottal area (ga), glottal airflow (ug); first derivative of glottal flow (fug, negative peak shows the maximum flow
declination rate). Right column from top: oral radiated air pressure (Po); mouth pressure 0.8 cm behind lips (Pm); epilarynx tube input
pressure (Pe); intraglottal pressure (Pg); subglottic pressure (Ps).
152
Figure 2. Outputs of the model for the vowel /u/ with a 27-cm tube attached (top left). All waveforms are comparable to those of Figure 1.
Figure 3. (a) Vocal tract shape for the /u/ vowel and (b) with the corresponding reactance curve for three epilaryngeal settings: 1.6 cm2
(top), 0.5 cm2 (middle), 0.2 cm2 (bottom). Thin solid linesubglottic reactance, dashed linesupraglottic reactance, thick linetotal
vocal tract reactance (1 dyn-s/cm5 105 Pa-s/m3).
154
Figure 4. (a) Vocal tract shape for the /u/ vowel combined with a resonance tube and (b) the corresponding reactance curve for three
epilaryngeal settings: 1.6 cm2 (top), 0.5 cm2 (middle), 0.2 cm2 (bottom). Thin solid linesubglottic reactance, dashed linesupraglottic
reactance, thick linetotal vocal tract reactance (1 dyn-s/cm5 105 Pa-s/m3).
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by funding from the
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, grant number 1R01 DC04347,
and grant numbers 32879 and 106139 from the
Academy of Finland.
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