Gii thiu v mi trng

Thng qua v d v qun l cht lng nc

ti Nht Bn

Tetsuo Minami
Osaka Prefectural Government
E-mail: MinamiTe@mbox.pref.osaka.lg.jp

Pht trin kinh t cao ti Nht Bn v pht sinh vn nhim mi trng

Bnh l do cadimi c trong nc thi

tinh luyn t hm m xut hin (bnh
Itaiitai)

Chnh sch i mi
ca Vit Nam
(1986)

Pht trin cao

ca Vit Nam

Quyt nh tiu chun mi

trng v nhim nc

Pht sinh thit hi v sc

khe, nng nghip v
ng nghip do nhim
nc ti cc a phng
Bnh l do thy ngn hu c c trong
nc thi nh my xut hin (bnh
Minamata)

Thi k pht trin cao

ca Nht Bn

Quc hi ph chun 14 d tho lut v

nhim mi trng bao gm lut phng
chng nhim ngun nc (1970)

Ngun: Lp theo World Economic Outlook, IMF v.v.

t ai v thit hi do nhim nc ti Nht Bn

Bnh Minamata
th 2 (Niigata)
Thy ngn hu c

Bnh Itaiitai
(Toyama)
Cadimi

Osaka Prefecture
Tokyo Metropolitan
Nht Bn hin ti (tham kho)
Din tch: 378.000 km2 (6.800 o)
Dn s: 128 triu (nm ti kha 2010)
GDP: 5.5 nghn t USD (nm ti kha 2010)
43.000 USD/ngi

Bnh Minamata
(Kumamoto)
Thy ngn hu c

Thit hi v ng
nghip
(Chiba, Mie)

Okinawa
3

Tch t sinh vt c cht c hi trong chui thc n

Cht c hi thi ra t nh my tch t trong cc loi c trong chui

thc n, con ngi n cc loi c b nhim v b nh hng
nghim trng n sc khe. y c gi l tch t sinh vt.

Xc tc thy ngn

Axetylene

Axetaldehyt
Ph phm

Nh my
Metyl thy ngn
Nc thi

n
Metyl thy ngn

Sinh vt ph du
Tch t sinh vt
Bn

Bnh Minamata V d v tch t metyl thy ngn trong sinh vt

Ngun: Trung tm quc gia v nghin cu tng hp bnh Minamata (Nht Bn)

Lin quan gia pht trin cng nghip v cc bin php

phng chng nhim mi trng

Point

Kinh t c u tin trong thi k pht trin kinh t cao

Mi
trng

Kinh t

Kh khn trong vic lm sng t mi quan h nhn qu gia nhng thit hi v

sc khe v nhim mi trng.
Cn rt nhiu thi gian v chi ph khi phc li khu vc b nhim.

phng chng nhim mi trng, iu quan trng l xy

dng lut, hung dn v bo m thc hin chnh xc cc c
ch .

V d v sng ngi trong th nhng nm 1960-1970 (Nht Bn)

Tnh trng nc nhim trn ra sng ngi

Tip cn gii quyt v ci thin cht lng nc

Bc 1
Nhim v cp bch ct gim nng nc nhim thi ra t nh my v gia
nh v.v.

i vi nh my, chnh ph xy dng lut, chnh quyn a phng xy dng

hng dn v.v. hng dn lp t thit b x l theo tiu chun nc thi, v.v.
i vi gia nh, thc y lp t thit b c kh nng lm sch thc y cc
bin php i vi ngun pht sinh
Bc 2
Pht trin k thut x l nc thi thng mi ha ng dng trong cc nh
my v.v.
M rng nhu cu ca ngnh cng nghip trang thit b v cc ngnh cng
nghip lin quan (cung cp ha cht, bo tr)

K vng vo s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip mi trng song song vi

vic ci thin mi trng chng hn nh cht lng nc, v.v
Bc 3
Thay i t x l ring bit ti nh my, gia nh sang x l tp trung theo tng
a phng.

Khi lng nhim trn sng, v.v gim mnh. Cha kha l chi ph u t v
thu hi vn.

Hiu qu ca cc bin php qua khi lng nhim BOD

Trong v d Osaka (Nht Bn), nc thi cng nghip chim khong
60% vo nm 1970, nhng n nm 1980, nh p dng quy nh kim
sot nc thi nn t l phn trm khi lng nhim gim n 16%.
Sau , khi lng ca nc thi sinh hot cng gim nh xy dng h
thng nc thi v u t bn t hoi dng kt hp. Nm 1999, khi
lng nhim gim khong 80% so vi nm 1970.
Nm
1970
Nc thi sinh hot

1980
1995
1999

Nc thi cng nghip

Khc

1970
( ) l ch
s trong trng hp
ly nm 1970 l 100

Khi lng
nhim BOD

(tn/ngy)

Ngun: Sch trng v mi trng tnh Osaka

Ph cp h thng nc thi (Osaka)

Vic ph cp c s h tng nc thi Nht Bn v nht l Osaka
gp phn ci thin cht lng nc sng ngi.
T l ph cp h thng nc thi (%)

94,3

75,1

T l ph cph thng nc thi khu vc tnh Osaka bao

gm c thnh ph Osaka
T l ph cph thng nc thi khu vc tnh Osaka tr
thnh ph Osaka
T l ph cp h thng nc thi ti Nht Bn

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 Nm

10

C s h tng h thng nc thi v

ci thin cht lng nc theo quy nh kim sot nc thi cng nghip
(V d Osaka)
Yamato River

Yodo River

30
25

Kanzaki River
Neya River

Yodo River

Yamato River

BOD (mg/L)

Otsu River

20

15
10
5
0
'71 '73 '75 '77 '79 '81 '83 '85 '87 '89 '91 '93 '95 '97 '99 '01 '03 '05
FY
10

Ci thin cht lng nc sng ngi bng nh my x l nc thi

(Nht Bn: V d ti sng Yamato)

Nh my x l nc thi

Sng Yamato hin nay

11

Doanh nghip, ngi dn v chnh quyn cng hp tc bo tn sng ngi

(V d Nht Bn)
Quan trng l thc y xy dng c s h tng sng ngi v gio dc mi trng sao cho
ngi dn lun cm thy gn gi vi sng ngi.

Hc thc t ti con sng gn gi

Xy dng mi trng nc thn thin

Hc thc t ti con sng gn gi

Thc nghim lc nc bng than ci

12

Sng ngi v knh rch ti thnh ph H Ch Minh

Sng Si Gn

y ban
nhn dn

Knh Bn Ngh
(b k cng b nhum en)

Knh Th Ngh (bn thi ng)

Sng ng Nai

Nh ca nm dc theo knh

13

(V d Vit Nam)

Ci thin m quan dc knh rch

trong ni thnh
thnh ph H Ch Minh

Knh Th Ngh trc khi ci to

(bn thi ng)

Cng trnh lp t cng

thot nc ma
Knh Th Ngh sau khi ci to
(nng cp ng i b dc
theo knh)

(T liu: Viet Nam News, thng 8/2012)14

Qun l cht lng nc sng ngi, ao h

Cp nc

Ni

Nh my nc sch

Ly
nc

Bin
Sng
ngi

Ly
nc

Thy li

Nc thi sinh hot v

nc thi cng nghip
cng ra sng ngi
Cp
nc

Ni

Nh my nc sch

Nc thi
sinh hot

Sng
ngi

Ly
nc

Bin

Nc thi
cng nghip

Ly
nc
Ngun nc trong h
thng cp nc v
thy li b nhim

Thy li

15

Qun l cht lng nc sng ngi, ao h

Cp
nc

Ni

Nh my nc sch

Nc thi
sinh hot

Sng
ngi

Nc thi
cng
nghip

p dng gi tr mi trng tiu chun

(cht lng nc) bt buc cho nc
ung v nc sch

Ly
nc

Bin
Ly
nc

Thy li

p dng gi tr mi trng tiu

chun (cht lng nc) bt buc
cho nng nghip v trng rng

Point

Trong trng hp ngun nc dnh cho nc dng n ung

v nc dng trong sinh hot nm h lu con sng, phi tin
hnh qun l cht lng nc nghim ngt.
16

Qun l ngun nc v gim st cht lng nc

Sng
ngi

Nc
thi

Cnh bo v iu tra tm nguyn nhn trong trng hp

o c gi tr bt thng trong cht lng nc
Trm gim st cht lng nc

Gim st cht lng nc sng ngi

ti im ly nc
(hng mc o lng: pH, COD, NH 3-N, v.v.)
Nh my nc sch

Ly
nc

Cp
nc

o lng

Nh , ta nh, nh my v.v.

Point

Do c lin quan mt thit n sc khe con ngi nh s dng

lm nc ung v.v. nn cng tc qun l ngun nc phi c
tin hnh mt cch nghim ngt.
17

Tiu chun mi trng sng ngi (Vit Nam)

Nhm

Mc ch s dng nc

pH

BOD

SS

DO

S lng trc
khun coli

A1

Nc dng trong sinh hot v

nc c lit k ct A2, B1,
B2

6 8,5

T 4 mg/l
tr xung

T 20 mg/l
tr xung

T 6 mg/l T 2.500 MPN/100

tr xung ml tr xung

A2

Nc dng trong sinh hot (k

thut x l thch hp), bo v
sinh vt sng v nc c lit
k ct B1, B2

6 8,5

T 6 mg/l
tr xung

T 30 mg/l
tr xung

T 5 mg/l T 5.500 MPN/100

tr xung ml tr xung

B1

Nc yu cu cht lng nc
dng cho thy li hoc tng
ng v nc c lit k ct
B2

5,5 9

T 15 mg/l
tr xung

T 50 mg/l
tr xung

T 4 mg/l T 7.500 MPN/100

tr xung ml tr xung

B2

Nc trong giao thng ng

thy v nc khng yu cu cao
v cht lng nc

5,5 9

T 25 mg/l
tr xung

T 100 mg/l T 2 mg/l T 10.000 MPN/100

tr xung tr xung ml tr xung

Point

Ty vo mc ch s dng nc ca sng ngi m phn loi

nhm sng ngi (A1~B2) cho ph hp. (*Ngun nc dng
lm nc ung thuc nhm A1)
18

Tiu chun mi trng i vi sng ngi (Nht Bn)

River
Nhm

Mc ch s dng nc

pH

BOD

SS

DO

S lng trc
khun coli

AA

Nc sch cp 1
Bo v mi trng t nhin
v nc c lit k ct t A
tr xung

6,5 8,5

T 1 mg/l
tr xung

T 25 mg/l T 7,5 mg/l

tr xung tr xung

T 50 MPN/100 ml
tr xung

Nc sch cp 2, thy sn cp
1, nc tm ra v nc c
lit k ct t B tr xung

6,5 8,5

T 2 mg/l
tr xung

T 25 mg/l T 7,5 mg/l

tr xung tr xung

T 1.000 MPN/100
ml tr xung

Nc sch cp 3, thy sn cp
2 v nc c lit k ct t
C tr xung

6,5 8,5

T 3 mg/l
tr xung

T 25 mg/l T 5 mg/l
tr xung tr xung

T 5.000 MPN/100
ml tr xung

Thy sn cp 3, nc dng
trong cng nghip cp 1
v nc c lit k ct t D
tr xung

6,5 8,5

T 5 mg/l
tr xung

T 50 mg/l T 5 mg/l
tr xung tr xung

Nc dng trong cng nghip

cp 2, nc dng trong nng
nghip v nc c lit k
ct t E tr xung

6,0 8,5

T 8 mg/l
tr xung

T 100
mg/l tr
xung

T 2 mg/l
tr xung

Nc dng trong cng nghip

cp 3
Bo v mi trng

6,0 8,5

T 10 mg/l
tr xung

Khng chp
nhn cc loi
rc, v.v. tri
ni

T 2 mg/l
tr xung

19

Tiu chun mi trng lin quan n

sc khe con ngi (Nht Bn v Vit Nam)

Ti Vit Nam, quy nh c gi tr mi trng tiu chun v cht c

hi theo tng nhm sng ngi (A1~B2). Nu ly mc tiu l nc
dng trong sinh hot th gi tr chun thp c nhm A.

Nht Bn

Mc
Cadimi
Cyanogen
Ch
Crom (VI)
Asen
Thy ngn tng
Selen
Bo
Florua
..

Gi tr chun
(t mg/l tr xung)
0,003
khng pht hin
0,01
0,05
0,01
0,0005
0,01
1
0,8

Ch : Tiu chun thng nht ca Nht Bn

Vit Nam

Mc

Gi tr chun
(t mg/l tr xung)

Cadimi
Cyanogen
Ch
Crom (VI)
Asen
Thy ngn tng
..
..
Florua
DDT

Ch : ly nhm A1 lm v d trnh by

0,005
0,005
0,02
0,01
0,01
0,001

1
0,001

20

 nhim nc ngm v gim st cht lng nc

o cht lng nc ngm
Cht c
hi v trc
khun coli,
v.v.

Nc
dng trong
sinh hot

Gia nh

Nh my

Nc bn
Nh v sinh, nh
bp, v.v

Ging

B t hoi
Dung dch thi, v.v. ngm xung t
(kim loi nng, cc hp cht clo hu
c, v.v.)

Nc bn ngm
xung t (trc
khun coli, v.v.)

Nc ngm
nhim nc ngm do trc khun coli v cc cht c hi

Point

Do rt kh khn trong vic ci thin cht lng nc ngm trong

trng hp mch dng chy ca nc ngm nh nn vic phng
chng nhim nc ngm c bit quan trng.
21

Phn loi gim st mi trng

Sng ngi/bin/ao h

Cht lng nc

Gim st
mi trng

BOD, COD, N, P, Pb, v.v...

Khng kh
N02, SPM, Benzene, v.v..

Ting n
Leq, WECPNL, v.v.

Xc nh xem t tiu chun

mi trng hay cha
Tp hp cc d liu c bn
xem xt cc bin php v mi
trng

Nc ngm
Khu dn c, v.v.
Dc tuyn ng b
Khu dn c, v.v.
Dc tuyn ng b,
gn sn bay

Hng mc lin quan

V d: nhit , lng ma, lu lng v.v.

22

Tiu chun nc thi trong cng nghip (Vit Nam)

Tiu chun nc thi quy nh nc thi t 5 ngnh ngh c th v
ngnh ngh thng thng v c nc thi t gia nh.
Chia thnh 2 hng mc tng ng vi mc ch s dng nc ti lu vc
nc u ra (sng ngi, ao h v.v.).
Phn loi Category

Category A p dng cho nh my thi ra lu vc nc s dng lm nc dng trong sinh

hot
Category B p dng cho nh my thi ra lu vc nc s dng cho mc ch ngoi sinh
hot

Ngnh ngh c th

Cng nghip ch bin cao su, ch bin thc phm thy sn, giy v bt giy, dt may, bi x
l chn lp cht thi rn

Nng ti a cho php theo tiu chun nc thi (Cmax)

Cmax = C Kq Kf

C: Nng cht nhim quy nh trong tng hng mc

Kq: H s tc dng chy ti lu vc nc u ra (0,9 1,2 trong trng hp nc thi cng nghip
(sng ngi, knh rch, v.v))
Kf: H s tc dng chy ca nc thi t nh my (0,9 1,2 trong trng hp nc thi cng nghip)

23

Tiu chun nc thi ngnh ngh thng thng (Vit Nam)

- Theo thng t ca B Ti nguyn v mi trng, tiu chun nc thi cng nghip c quy
nh nh bng sau. (bng di y)
- Tiu chun x thi (nhn thi) c bit c quy nh i vi nh my trong khu cng nghip
c lp t thit b x l cui cng.
Hng mc

pH
BOD
COD
TSS
Cadimi
Cyanogen
Ch
Crom (VI)
Asen
Thy ngn tng

n v

Hng mc A

Hng mc B

mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L

69
30
75
50
0,1
0,07
0,1
0,05
0,05
0,005

5,5 9
50
150
100
0,2
0,1
0,5
0,1
0,1
0,01

Lu : Bng trn trnh by tiu chun nc thi (gi tr C) theo QCVN24:2011

24

nh gi tc ng mi trng v phn ng ca doanh nghip

C ch nh gi tc ng mi trng l g?
Doanh nghip t thc hin iu tra, d on v nh gi mc tc
ng n mi trng khi thc hin hot ng kinh doanh c nguy c
gy tc ng n mi trng.
L c ch cng khai kt qu nh gi v lng nghe kin t chnh
quyn a phng v ngi dn trong khu vc v.v. v ln k hoch kinh
doanh trn c s tnh n yu t mi trng qua nhng phn nh .
nh gi tc ng mi trng
K hoch
kinh
doanh

Xem xt nhiu yu t

V mt mi trng (khng kh, cht lng nc,

mi trng t nhin, v.v.)
V mt kinh t x hi (tm quan trng v kh
nng sinh li, v.v. ca hot ng kinh doanh)

Khu cng nghip

nh gi
tng hp

Xa l chnh

Hot ng kinh
doanh c tnh
n mi trng

25

V d v hot ng kinh doanh l i tng nh gi mi trng (Nht Bn)

Quy m kinh doanh
Loi hnh kinh doanh

Nh my nhit in

Nh my pht
in

Nh my in a
nhit
Nh my in ht
nhn

Quy nh v nh gi tc ng
mi trng ca tnh Osaka

Lut nh gi tc ng mi trng
(Lu )
Kinh doanh nhm Kinh doanh nhm
2
1

Cng sut t 20.000 KW tr ln

T 112.500 KW tr ln
Di 150.000 KW

T 150.000 KW tr
ln

Cng sut t 7.500 KW tr ln

T 7.500 KW tr ln
Di 10.000 KW

T 10.000 KW tr
ln

Tt c

Nh my x l nc thi

Dn s x l theo k hoch l t
100.000 ngi tr ln

Nh my hoc ni thc hin hot

ng kinh doanh

Tng nng lc t chy l t 4 kl du

nng tr ln trong 1 gi
Hoc tng lng nc thi bnh qun l
t 10.000 m3 tr ln trong 1 ngy

San lp mt bng cc khu cng

nghip

Din tch t 50 ha tr ln

T 75 ha tr ln
Di 100 ha

T 100 ha tr ln

Lu : Kinh doanh nhm 2 trong lut l hnh thc kinh doanh c nh gi ring v tnh cn thit trong vic
nh gi tc ng mi trng. Trong trng hp khng phi l i tng trong lut th thc hin th tc
nh gi mi trng theo quy nh ca chnh quyn a phng.
Loi hnh kinh doanh trnh by ring cc hnh thc kinh doanh ch yu lin quan n cht lng
nc.
26

Hang mc kim tra, d on v nh gi trong

nh gi tc ng mi trng (Nht Bn)

1/2

Mi trng sinh hot

Cht lng khng kh (NO2 , SPM,

v.v.), cht lng nc v cht lng
y, nc ngm, ting n, rung,
m thanh tn s thp, mi hi, st ln
nn t, nhim t, cn tr chiu
sng, cn tr sng in t, cnh quan

Mi trng t nhin

Kh tng thy vn, h sinh thi trn

t lin, h sinh thi bin, cnh quan,
ni hot ng tip xc gia con ngi
v thin nhin
27

Hang mc kim tra, d on v nh gi trong

nh gi tc ng mi trng (Nht Bn)

2/2

Mi trng vn ha,
lch s

Cnh quan v di sn vn ha

Gnh nng i vi mi
trng

Cht thi, t xy dng, kh hiu ng

nh knh, cht ph hy tng ozon
(Hydrochlorofluorocarbon, v.v.)

28

nh gi tc ng mi trng
(v d d on cnh quan qua vic xy dng ng st)
S dng phng php dng hnh nh trn my tnh khi d on v
nh gi cnh quan, kim tra hi ha vi mi trng xung quanh
trc (hin trng) v sau khi thc hin.

Dng hnh
nh

Trc

Sau
29

nh gi tc ng mi trng
(v d d on nc thi nhit t nh my pht in)
Mt lng ln nc bin c s dng lm mt trong nh my pht in. Sau khi lm mt, nc s c x
ra bin di hnh thc nc thi nhit. V vy, nh gi tc ng mi trng cn phi d on mc lan rng
ca nc thi nhit v kim chng phm vi tc ng ca n.

Top view

Thermal effluent
Outlet

Extent of diffusion of the thermal

effluent
(Extent in which the temperature
rises by 1C or more)

Current
in the
sea areas

Diffusion by the current in the sea areas

Emission of heat into the atmosphere

Outlet

Side view

Diffusion by the current in the sea areas

Being engulfed in the lower seawater

30

nh gi tc ng mi trng
(v d d on nc thi nhit t nh my pht in)
Vic san lp cc khu vc chn lp ln bin ti b bin vnh Osaka to thnh cc lu vc nc khp kn
khin cht lng nc b xu i. c bit, vo ma h, nc bin trn b mt v di su t c
trn ln nn lng oxy ha tan y bin gim ng k.
C kh nng nc thi nhit t nh my v nh my pht in cn tr s pha trn trn di ca nc
bin

Yodo River

Yamato River

Vnh Osaka

31

- Trang web k thut lin quan n nc ca tnh Osaka http://www.pref.osaka.jp/keizaikoryu/water_promotion/water_tech_e.html

Osaka Prefectural Government

32