:

: atom
.
.
: O Cu Hg .C
: Molecule
) ( .
:
( : Mono Atomic Molecules
.
: He Ne Ar .Kr
) :(He
.
( : Diatomic Molecules
. : H2
O2 N2 F2 Cl2 Br2
.I2
( : Polyatomic Molecules
.
: O3 S8 .P4
( : Molecules of Compounds
. : H2O .C6H12O6
Properties of Matter
: Physical Properties
.
:
.
: Chemical Properties
.
: .
Change of Matter
: Physical Change .
:
.
: Chemical Change
.
: .
1

)Atomic Weight (Aw

1.67 10-24 g ).(2.66 10-23 g



) (H, C, O ) (1, 12, 16
:
atomic mass unit ) (a m u
) ( 1 amu : H
) ( 16 amu : O
)(a m u
:
-24
1 a m u = 1.661 10 g
:
126 C 12 (a
) m u ).(u
= ) ( ) +
( ....................... +
)(
:
35 Cl 75.4 % Cl 24.6 %
) (Aw
37

75.4
24.6

= Aw Cl
35 +
37 = 35.49 u
100
100

Molecular Weight and Formula Weight
: Molecular Weight
.Mw

C6H12O6
: Formula Weight
.Fw

: ) ( .NaCl

)(
Mw :
N2, NO, C2H6, N2O4, C8H18O4N2S, CO2, H2O2, Ca(NO3)2, Al2(CO3)3, MgSO4.7H2O,
C8H10N4O2, C6H12O6, H2SO4, C2H5OH, Zn(NO3)2.

:
)(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24.3, Al = 27, S = 32.1, Ca = 40.1, Zn = 65.4

Mw N2 = ( 2 14 ) = 28 amu
Mw NO = (14 ) + (16 ) = 30 amu
Mw C2 H6 = ( 2 12 ) + ( 6 1) = 30 amu
Mw N2O4 = ( 2 14 ) + ( 4 16 ) = 92 amu
Mw C8H18O4 N2S = ( 8 12 ) + (18 1) + ( 4 16 ) + ( 2 14 ) + ( 32 ) = 238 amu
Mw CO2 = (12 ) + ( 2 16 ) = 44 amu
Mw H2O2 = ( 2 1) + ( 2 16 ) = 34 amu

Mw Ca(NO3 )2 = ( 40.1) + 2 ( (14 ) + ( 3 16 ) ) = 164.1 amu

Mw Al2 (CO3 )3 = ( 2 27 ) + 3 ( (12 ) + ( 3 16 ) ) = 234 amu

Mw MgSO4 .7H2O = ( 24.3) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 16 ) + 7 ( ( 2 1) + (16 ) ) = 246.4 amu

Mw C8H10 N4O2 = ( 8 12 ) + (10 1) + ( 4 14 ) + ( 2 16 ) = 194 amu
Mw C6 H12O6 = ( 6 12 ) + (12 1) + ( 6 16 ) = 180 amu
Mw H2SO4 = ( 2 1) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 16 ) = 98.1 amu
Mw C2 H5OH = ( 2 12 ) + ( 5 1) + (16 ) + (1) = 46 amu
Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = ( 65.4 ) + 2 ( (14 + 3 16) ) = 189.4 amu

The mole
: ) (NA
...
)(NA
) (..............
).(NA = 6.022 1023
N A = 6.022 10 23

.
:
23
) (O2 6.022 10 .
) (O 6.022 1023 .

.
Molar Mass
g/mol
) (amu
amu )
g/mol
( .
)(
Mw g/mol
N2, NO, C2H6, N2O4, C8H18O4N2S, CO2, H2O2, Ca(NO3)2, Al2(CO3)3,
MgSO4.7H2O, C8H10N4O2, C6H12O6, H2SO4, C2H5OH, Zn(NO3)2.
:
(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Mg = 24.3, Al = 27, S = 32.1, Ca = 40.1,
)Zn = 65.4

Mw N 2 = ( 2 14 ) = 28 g/mol
Mw NO = (14 ) + (16 ) = 30 g/mol
Mw C2 H6 = ( 2 12 ) + ( 6 1) = 30 g/mol
Mw N 2O4 = ( 2 14 ) + ( 4 16 ) = 92 g/mol
Mw C8H18O4 N 2S = ( 8 12 ) + (18 1) + ( 4 16 ) + ( 2 14 ) + ( 32.1) = 238.1 g/mol

Mw CO2 = (12 ) + ( 2 16 ) = 44 g/mol

Mw H2O2 = ( 2 1) + ( 2 16 ) = 34 g/mol

Mw Ca(NO3 )2 = ( 40.1) + 2 ( (14 ) + ( 3 16 ) ) = 164.1 g/mol

Mw Al2 (CO3 )3 = ( 2 27 ) + 3 ( (12 ) + ( 3 16 ) ) = 234 g/mol

Mw MgSO4 .7H 2O = ( 24.3) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 16 ) + 7 ( ( 2 1) + (16 ) ) = 246.4 g/mol

Mw C8H10 N4O2 = ( 8 12 ) + (10 1) + ( 4 14 ) + ( 2 16 ) = 194 g/mol
Mw C6 H12O6 = ( 6 12 ) + (12 1) + ( 6 16 ) = 180 g/mol
Mw H2SO4 = ( 2 1) + ( 32.1) + ( 4 16 ) = 98.1 g/mol
Mw C2 H5OH = ( 2 12 ) + ( 5 1) + (16 ) + (1) = 46 g/mol
Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = ( 65.4 ) + 2 ( (14 + 3 16) ) = 189.4 g/mol

) (K, Ar, Ne, Al, Fe,..

. Aw
)(
) (K, S, O .K2SO4

K2SO4 6.022 1023 molecules

K : K2SO4
2 6.022 1023 = 1.2046 1024 atoms
S K2SO4 :
1 6.022 1023 atoms
O : K2SO4
4 6.022 1023 = 2.4092 1024 atoms of O

K2SO4
1 mol
2 mol
3 mol

K2SO4

6.022 1023
2 6.022 1023
3 6.022 1023

2 6.022 1023
)2 (2 6.022 1023
)3 (2 6.022 1023

6.022 1023
)2 (6.022 1023
)2 (6.022 1023

O
4 6.022 1023
)2 (4 6.022 1023
)3 (4 6.022 1023

( = ) (g
)m (g
=n
)Mw (g/mol
:
: n
: m
: Mw g/mol
( = ) (
)N (atoms , molecules, ions
N
=
NA
6.022 10 23

=n

: N
=
N = n NA
( =
)n = M V(L
:
: M mol/L
: V

) (ml or cm3
1000 :
V
3
n = M ml or cm
1000
)(
NaHCO3 420 g
(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23) :

Mw NaHCO3 = 23 + 1 + 12 + ( 3 16 ) = 84 g/mol
m
420 g
=
= 5 mol
Mw
84 g mol-1

= n NaHCO3

)(
) (1500 molecules C12H22O11

N
1500
=
= 2.49 10-21 mol
23
NA
6.022 10

=n

)(
) (0.2 mol )(C8H10N4O2
(H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16) :

Mw C8H10 N 4O2 = ( 8 12 ) + (10 1) + ( 4 14 ) + ( 2 16 ) = 194 g/mol

m
Mw
m = n Mw
m = 0.2 194 = 38
=n

)(
) (O = 16
)(NA = 6.022 1023

:
N
1 atom
=
= 1.66 10-24 mol
N A 6.022 1023 atoms mol-1

:
m = n Aw
m = 1.66 10-24 mol 16 g mol-1
m = 2.66 10-23 g
2.66 10- 23 g
= 2.66 10-26 kg
1000 g Kg -1

=m

= nO

: solution
) (m1 ).( m2
:
.
:
) (diluted solution : .
) : (concentrated solution
.
:
( ) ( :
: ) (NaCl :
H2O
)NaCl(S
) Na + (aq) + Cl- (aq
( ) ( :
:
H2O
C 6 H12 O 6
) C 6 H12 O 6 (aq
:
( : .
( :
( : .

METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
:
(
( ( ( (
:
(.
(
(
(

/ Weight Percentage

) 100 g (.
:

) (m 2
) (m s o l

m2
100
m sol

= W t % m2

) (m 1
) (m s o l

m1
100
m so l

100

100

= W t % m1

:
: m1 ) (msolvent
: m2 ) (msolute
: msol .
: Wt % m ).(solute
: Wt % m ).(solvent
) (msol ) (m2 ): (m1
msol = m1 + m2
2

:
m
d sol = sol
Vsol

msol = d sol . Vsol

:
: dsol ) (g/ml )(g/L
: msol ). (g
9

10

: Vsol ) (ml ) (cm3 ) (dm3

) (L )(m3
:
1 m3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 L = 1 106 cm3 = 1 106 ml
) (1 dm3 = 1 L ) and (1 ml = 1 cm3

)(
)) (NaCl ( )(43 g
) (108 g

:
m
= 2 100
msol

Wt %solute

m NaCl
100
mSol

NaCl

Wt %

43 g
100
) ( 43 g + 108 g

NaCl

Wt %

Wt % NaCl = 28.5 %

:
Wt%solvent = 100 - Wt%solute
Wt% solute = 100 - Wt%solvent

)(
1.25 g C2H5OH 11.6 g H2O
:
( .
( .

:
= ) + (H2O )(C2H5OH

msol = m H2O + mC2H5OH

msol = 11.6 g + 1.25 g = 12.85 g

10

11

( : C2H5OH
100

mC2 H5OH
msol

1.25
100 = 9.73%
12.85

( : H2O
100

m H2O
msol

= Wt%C2 H5OH
= Wt% C2H5OH

= Wt %H2O

11.6
100
12.85
Wt % H2O = 90.27 %
= Wt %H2O

:
Wt %solvent = 100 - Wt % solute
Wt %solvent = 100 - 9.73
Wt %solvent = 90.27 %

.
)(
HCl 5 cm3
) (1.19 g/cm3 37.23% . (H = 1, Cl = 35.5) :

:
m
d sol = sol
Vsol
msol = d sol Vsol

) msol = (1.19 g/cm3 ) ( 5 cm3

msol = 5.95 g

) (m2 :
m2
100
msol

= Wt %

Wt % msol
100
37.23 5.95
= m HCl
100
m HCl = 2.215g
= m2

11

12

: HCl
m HCl
Mw HCl

= n HCl

2.215
)(1 + 35.5
n HCl = 0.06 mol
= n HCl

/ ) (
Mole Fraction
:
) (n
).(nt
) (A, B, C ) (nA, nB, nC
:
nC
nt

= XC

nB
nt

= XB

nA
nt

= XA

X = 1

XA + XB + XC
n
n
nA
n
+ B + C = t =1
nt
nt
nt
nt

.

:
m
=n
Mw
Mw ) (molecular weight
g/mol .
)(
:
( Zn(NO3)2 :
).(Zn = 65.4, N =14, O =16
( 127 g .Zn(NO3)2

( : Zn(NO3)2
12

13

Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = (65.4) + (2 14) + (2 3 16) = 189.4 g/mol

( :
m Zn(NO3 )2
Mw Zn(NO3 )2
= 0.67 mol

127g
189.4 g / mol

= n Zn(NO3 )2
= n Zn(NO3 )2

)(
) (H2O NaCl ) (0.735 mol
) (6 mol .

: nt
n t = n NaCl + n H2O
n t = 0.735 + 6
n t = 6.735 mol
6
= 0.89
6.735

n H2O
nt

= X H2O

n NaCl
0.735
=
= 0.11
nt
6.735

= X NaCl

NaCl :

X = 1

X H 2O + X NaCl = 1
X NaCl = 1 - X H 2O
X NaCl = 1 - 0.89
X NaCl = 0.11

)(
5 mol
) . .(H = 1, O = 16 :

13

14

m H2O
= n H2O
Mw H O

2
1000 g
1000 g
= n H2O
=
= 55.55 mol
(2 1 + 16) 18 g/mol

n t = n NaCl + n H2O
n t = 5 + 55.55 = 60.55 mol
:
n
= NaCl
nt
5
= 0.0826
60.55

X NaCl

= X NaCl

/ ) (
Molality
) (.
: .
:
) (n 2
=
(m1 ) Kg
n2
)m1(Kg

=m

) (molal mol/Kg
:
: m )(m
: n2
: m1 .
:
1 kg = 1000 g
:
) (n 2
=
(m1 ) g

1000

n2
1000
)m1 (g
14

=m

15

)(
) (2 mol 800 g
.

)(

n1
1000
m2

= molality

2
1000 = 2.5 molal
800

= molality

20 g NaCl 90 g
) . .(Na = 23, Cl = 35.5:

Mw NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol

m
20
=
= 0.34 mol
Mw
58.5
m 2 = msol. - m1
= n NaCl

m 2 = 90 - 20 = 70 g
n1
1000
m2

= molality

0.34
1000 = 4.86 molal
70

= molality

15

16

/ ) (
Molarity
) (
: .
:
) (n 2
=
)Vsol (L
n2
)Vsol (L

= )Molarity ( M

: Vsol .

cm :
n2
= )Molarity ( M
1000
) Vsol (ml, cm3
) (molar ) (M ) mol/L )(/
mol/L (mol L-1) :
1 L = 1 dm3 1 mol L-1 = 1 mol dm-3 :
n2

)Vsol (L

= ) ( M :

16

17
n2
)Vsol (L

/
=M

)n 2 = M . Vsol(L
m2
= M .Vsol
Mw 2
m 2 = M . Vsol . Mw 2

 

number of moles

m = M. Vsol(L) . Mw :
.

Wt %

d 1000
100

=M
Mw

:
: Wt %
: d )(g/ml
: M mol /L
: Mw ).(g/mol
)(
3 mol ) (C6H12O6
750 ml

n
1000
V
3
=M
1000 = 4 mol/L
750
=M

)(
200 cm3 2 g ) (NaOH
. .(H = 1, O = 16, Na = 23) :

Mw NaOH = 40 +16 + 1= 40 g/mol

m
2
= = 0.05 mol
Mw 40
n
0.05
=M
= 1000
1000 = 0.25 mol L-1
V
200
= n NaOH

17

18

)(
) (mol/L 20 g C12H22O11
) (125 g 1.02 g/ml
.(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) :

Mw C12 H22O11 = (12 12) + (22 1) + (11 16) = 342 g/mol

m
20
=
= 0.0585 mol
Mw
342
msol = m1 + m 2 msol = 20 + 125 = 145 g
= n C12 H22O11

m
m
145
=V
=
= 142.157 ml
V
d
1.02
n
0.0585
=M
= 1000
1000 = 0.412 molar
V
142.157

=d

:
=

1000
100

Wt % d 1000
Mw 100

=M

) (d ) (g/cm3 ).(g/ml

/ ) (
Normality
: ) (Eq
).(Vsol
:
) (N

Eq 2
=
)Vsol (L
Eq 2
)Vsol (L
Eq 2
1000
)Vsol (cm3 , ml

) (Eq2 .
18

=N

= or N

19

) (Eq
) (Eq )(Ew
:
m2
Ew

= Eq

: Ew :
Mw
= Ew
)n (H , OH , e
-

: n ) (H+ ) (OH-
.
:
) .(H

+

:
) .(OH

-

:
.

:

).(H+

) (NaOH
).(OH-
Ca(OH)2 .
:
) (H2SO4 ) (2 moles

H2O
NaOH
Na + + OH- .................................... n OH- = 1
H2O
Ca(OH)2
Ca 2+ + 2OH- ................................n OH- = 2
H2O
HCl
H + + Cl- ...................................................n H+ = 1

H 2SO 4
2H + + SO 2-4 ..........................................n H+ = 2
MnO-4 + 8H + + 5e
Mn 2+ + 4H 2 O....................n e = 5

19

20

)(
:
( HCl( H2SO4( NaOH( Al(OH)3
(H= 1, O = 16, Na = 23, Al = 27, S = 32, Cl = 35.5) :

Mw
= Ew
) n (H+ ,OH-

HCl

36.5

HCl
H + + Cl-

)(H+ , OH-

36.5 g

H2SO4

98

H 2SO 4
2H + + SO 2-4

49 g

NaOH

40

NaOH
Na + + OH -

40 g

Al(OH)3

78

Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3OH -

26 g

)(
:
( K2Cr2O7 Cr
( KMnO4 MnO2
Na2SO3 ( Na2SO4
Fe2O3( FeO
.(O = 16, K = 39, Cr = 52, Mn = 55, Na =23, S = 32, Fe =56) :
3+

K2Cr2O7

294 g/mol

)2(+3
3+

)7(-2
22
7

2(+1) 12

K 2 Cr O
2Cr

3+

2Cr
2Cr + 6e
+6

20

Mw
= Ew
ne

6e

49 g

KMnO4

158 g/mol

21

K Mn O 4
Mn O 2

3e

)+7 4(-2

)+ 4 2(-2

Na2SO3

/

Mw
= Ew
ne

+1

52.67 g

Mn +7 + 3e
Mn +4
)2(+1) +4 3(-2

)2(+1) +6 4(-2

Na 2 S O3
Na 2 S O 4

126 g/mol

+6

2e

63 g

+4

S
S + 2e
Fe2O3

+2 2

)+ 6 3(-2

Fe2 O3
2 Fe O

160 g/mol

2e

80 g

2F3+ + 2e
2Fe 2+

) (M )(N

)N = M n (H+ , OH- , e
) (Eq )(n

)Eq = n (mol) n (H+ , OH- , e

)(
)(3 mol H3PO4

24

H3PO 4
3H + PO
+

Eq = n H3PO4 n H+
Eq= 3 3 = 9 eq

)(
NaOH 16 g NaOH 400 ml
.(Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1) :

21

22

Eq 2
1000
)Vsol (ml

=N

Eq NaOH
1000
)Vsol (ml

=N

m NaOH

Ew NaOH

=N
1000
)Vsol (ml
m NaOH
Mw NaOH

n
OH
1000
=N
)Vsol(ml
16
23+16+1

1000
=N
400
0.4
=N
) 1000 = 1 N (1 normal, 1 Eq/L
400

)(
) (Eq )(0.25 N

Eq 2
)Vsol (L

=N

)Eq 2 = N Vsol (L
Eq 2 = 0.25 0.5
Eq 2 = 0.125 eq

22

23

SI Units

.
Basic Units

m
Kg
s
K
mol
A
cd

Derived Units

:

m2
m3
m/s
kg/m3
kg/ m.s2
kg m2/s2
kg . m/s2

)(area
)(volume
)(velocity
)(density
* )(pressure
)(work and energy
)(force

d
Pa
J
N

* : :

-2
*F N m . g
) (kg) (m/s2 ) ( kg m s
= =
=
=
) = kg m-1 s-2 (or kg/m s 2
=P
2
2
A A
A
m
m
*

* g ) (9.81 m/s2 )(981 cm/s2

*) : (kg m s-2 ) (N/m2 .
)(SI
Prefix
)(deci-
)(centi-
)(milli-
)(micro-
)(nano-
)(pico-
)(vimto-
)(kilo-
)(Miga-
)(giga-
)(Tera-

Symbol
d
c
m

n
p
f
k
M
G
T

23

Value
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
103
106
109
1012

24

: Length
1 km = 1 103 m
1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1 103 mm = 1 106 m = 1 109 nm = 1 1010 A

1 A= 1 10- 8cm = 1 10-10 m

: Volume
3

1 L = 1 dm , 1 L = 1000 ml = 1000 cm , 1 m = 1000 L = 1000 dm3

1 ml = 1 cm ,

1 m3 = 1000 L = 1000 dm3 = 1 106 ml = 1 106 cm3 = 1 109 mm3

: Mass
6

1 g = 1 10 mg = 1 10 g, 1 Kg = 1 10 g = 1 10 mg = 1 10 g
: Temperature

F - 32
1.8

Pressure

=C

K = C + 273,

1 atm = 76 cm Hg = 760 mmHg = 760 torr = 101325 Pa = 101.325 kPa

24

25

)(
) (121.8 g Zn(NO3)2
) (1.107 g/ml ).(Zn = 65, N = 14, O = 16
:
( )( .
( .
(
(
(
(
( .
( .

]< <<V<`]<<l^
) (m2 (121.8 g) = (Zn(NO3)2
= 1 L = 1000 ml
dsol = 1.107 g/ml

( :

Mw Zn(NO3 )2 = 65 + (1 2 14) + (3 2 16) = 189 g/mol

( :

121.8
= 0.64 mol
189

m Zn(NO3 )2
Mw Zn(NO3 )2

= n Zn(NO3 )2

(
msol
Vsol

= d sol

msol = d sol .Vsol

)msol = 1.107 (g ml-1 ) 1000 (ml
msol = 1107g

25

26

( )( :

msol = m H2O + m Zn(NO3 )2

m H2O = msol - m Zn(NO3 )2
m H2O = 1107 - 121.8
m H2O = 985.2 g
( :
m Zn(NO3 )2 100
= % Zn(NO3 ) 2
msol
121.8 100
1107
% Zn(NO3 ) 2 = 11%
= % Zn(NO3 ) 2

( :

n 2 1000
m1 g
n Zn(NO3 )2 1000
m H2O

=m
=m

m Zn(NO3 )2

1000
Mw
Zn(NO
)
3 2
=m
m H2O

121.8
(65 + 2 (14 + 3 16) 1000

=m
985.2 g
121.8

1000
189

=m
985.2
) m = 0.65 molal (or 0.65 mol Kg -1

26

27

( :


:
121.8
= 0.64 mol
189

m Zn(NO 3 ) 2
Mw Zn(NO 3 ) 2

985.2
= 54.73 mol
18

= n Zn(NO 3 ) 2

m H 2O
Mw H 2 O

= n H 2O

n t = n Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + n H 2 O
n t = 0.64 + 54.73
n t = 55.37
)( )( :
nZn(NO3 )2
0.64
= XZn(NO3 )2
=
= 0.012
nt
55.37

54.73
= 0.988
55.37

nH2O
nt

= XH2O

Xt = XH2O + XZn(NO3 )2
Xt = 0.012 + 0.988 = 1
( :

n Zn(NO3 )2
VL
0.64
)= 0.64 molar (or 0.64 mol/L
1

27

=M
=M

 : /
...................................... ................ .....(.....)..........................
.

) (n :

:
(
) (n :
:
(

m sol 100
= wt %
:
m2

n2
)( 1000 :
= m
m1 kg

:
(
.

n2
)( 1000 :
= m
m1 g

:
(
(
) (K = 39.1, S = 32, O = 16 K2SO4 :
( 87.1 g/mol

NA
) n = N (atoms, molecules, ions

m 2 100 :
= wt %

msol

:
(
.

:
(
.

)N (atoms, molecules, ions

= n

NA

( 126.2 g/mol

( 135.1 g/mol

( 174.2 g/ mol

Ca ) (40.1g/mol ) (NA = 6.023 1023

5 g ) (Ca :
( 7.51 1022

) (20 L :
(2 dm3

( 500 g/L

( 875 g/L

( 1400 g/L

) (0.3 mol NaCl ) (3 mol H2O :

( 0.091

( 20 dm3

( 200 dm3

( 2000 dm3

) (25 cm3 35 g ) (g/L :

( 1.4 g/L

( 3.01 1024

( 2.41 1025

( 1.21 1026

( 0.909

( 10

( 90

) (C6H12O6 ) (0.5 M ) (750 ml

) (Mw = 180 g/mol :
( 0.12 g

( 8.3 g

( 67.5 g

( 675 g

 : /
...................................... ................ .....(.....)..........................
.

) (967 g/L ) (0.250 kg ) (ml :

( 2.5853 10-4 ml

( 120 g
( 55.56 m/s

( 18 m/s

( 720 m/s

) (13.6 g/ml ) (g/L :

( 0.0136 g/L

( 1.6 g

( 520 g

200 km/h m/s:

( 0.055 m/s

( 120 ml

) (320 g ) (200 g :
( 0.625 g

( 241.75 ml

( 258.53 ml

( 1360 g/L

( 73.53 g/L

( 13600 g/L

320 g Zn(NO3)2 ) (1000 cm3

3

1.539 g/cm H = 1) :

O = 16,

N= 14,

(Zn = 65, Zn(NO3)2

:
( 125 g/mol
.

) ( :
( 15.39 g

( 0.976

( 0.24

( 0.76

) ( :
( 0.64 molal

( 0.24

( 0.976

( 0.76

) ( )( :
( 0.024

( 1.69 mol

( 67.72 mol

( 72.67 mol

) ( )( :
( 0.024

( 1.69 mol

( 67.72 mol

( 72.67 mol

) ( )( :
( 3.39 mol

( 56.44 %

( 64.21 %

( 84.04 %

) ( ) ( :
( 3.39 mol

( 43.56 %

( 35.79 %

( 15.96 %

) ( )( :
( 79.21%

( 153.9 g

( 15.39 g

( 1219 g

) ( ) ( :
( 20.79 %

( 153.9 g

( 1219 g

( 1539 g

) ( )( :
( 1539 g

( 127 g/mol

( 175 g/mol

( 189 g/mol

( 0.65 molal

( 1.39 molal

( 1.69 molal

) ( :
( 0.64 molar

( 0.65 molar

( 1.39 molar

( 1.69 molar