BI GING

PHN TCH THIT K H

THNG THNG TIN
Nguyn Vn V - Nguyn Th Nht Thanh
Khoa Cng ngh thng tin, i hc Cng ngh

Bi 7- M hnh d liu logic

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Ni dung
M hnh d liu lgic: M hnh d liu quan

h (Relational Data Model)

Cc thnh phn ca m hnh quan h
Chuyn mt ERM sang m hnh quan h
Cc bc thit k 1 c s d liu logic
V d

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

Ti liu tham kho

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

1. Nguyn Vn Vy. Gio trnh phn tch thit k HTTT. i hc Cng

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

ngh, 2007.
Nguyn Vn V. Phn tch thi k HTTT. Hng cu trc v hng i
tng. NXB Thng k, 2002.
Nguyn Vn Vy. Phn tch v thit k HTTT qun l. NXB Khoa hc
T nhin v Cng ngh, H ni, 2007.
Nguyn vn Vy, Nguyn Vit H. Gio trnh K ngh phn mm. i
hc Cng ngh, 2006.
Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson. The Unified Modeling
language User Guid. Addison-Wesley, 1998.
Jeffrey A.Hoffer, Joey F.Gorge, Joseph S.Valacich. Modern Systems
Analysis and Design. 2th Edition, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1999.
Sommerville. Software Engineering. 6th Edition, Addison- Wasley,
2001.

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

1. M hnh d liu lgic

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

a. Cu hi
M hnh d liu logic l g?
C nhng loi m hnh d liu logic no? c
trng mi loi?
Ti sao cn m hnh d liu lgic?

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

b.M hnh d liu logic

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Khi nim: M hnh d liu logic l s m t cc d

liu sao cho mt h qun tr CSDL c th xy dng
trn n t chc vic lu tr v khai thc d liu mt
cch hiu qu.
Cho n nay c 4 loi m hnh d liu lgic:
M hnh d liu phn cp
M hnh d liu mng
M hnh d liu quan h
M hnh d liu hng i tng

M hnh c nhiu h qun tr CSDL s dng l m

hnh quan h.

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

b1. M hnh d liu phn cp

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Cc bn ghi sp xp t trn
xung to thnh mt cy.
Thut ng cha, con c
s dng m t m hnh:
1 con ch c 1 cha.
1 cha c th c nhiu con

PHNG

M hnh ch biu din 1 NHN VIN

pham vi hp cc cu trc
d liu: trn xung

K NNG PH VIC

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

D N

TRANG THIT B

b2. M hnh d liu mng

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

1 bn ghi c th c kt ni vi
1s bt k cc bn ghi khc
N pht trin vt qua c
phm vi ng dng hn hp ca m
hnh phn cp.
Tuy vy, cu trc l phc tp cho
vic qun l.

PHNG

NHN VIN

PH VIC

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

D N

TRANG THIT B

b3. M hnh d liu quan h

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

M hnh d liu quan h

cu thnh t cc bng
d liu hai chiu c quan
PHNG
h lgc vi nhau thng
mphng
tnphng
qua cc gi tr ct kha
K thut
P10
N c xy dng trn
K ton
P20
c s ton hc tp hp:
n gin nhng hiu qu
NHN VIN
Hin c s dng
h tn
telephon
rng ri trong cc h m nhn vin
NV001
Nguyn vn
8.775566
QTCSDL
A
NV002
Oct - 2007

Trn th B

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

7.234544

vtr
bc
ng

m phng
P10
P20
8

b4. M hnh d liu hng i tng

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

M hnh d liu hng i tng l mt loi m

hnh mi lu tr d liu ca cc i tng, bao
gm c thuc tnh d liu v hnh vi ca chng
M hnh pht trin cha lu, cha hon chnh.
c mt s c s d liu hng i tng,
nhng cha c hon thin, cha c s dng
rng ri.
Nhiu h thng hng i tng, nhng vic lu
tr d liu ca n vn s dng h CSDL quan h

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

2. M hnh d liu quan h

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Cu hi
M hnh cu thnh t nhng b phn no?
Nhng yu cu g t ra cho mt quan h?
Quan h c cu trc tt l g?
Nhng yu t no xc nh cu trc ca quan h? C
nhng dng cu trc (chun) no?
Ni dung chun ha c quan h cu trc tt?
Cc rng buc ton vn trong m hnh quan h l g?
Tin trnh pht trin mt thit k CSDL liu lgic?

Oct - 2007

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10

a.Khi nim: m hnh quan h

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

M hnh quan h bao gm:

Cc quan h
Cc lin kt gia chng: th hin ra bng m hnh
lin kt gia cc quan h
Quan h l mt bng d liu 2 chiu gm:
Cc ct c tn, gi l cc thuc tnh ca n
Cc dng khng c tn, gi l cc b d liu hay
bn ghi
V c cc tnh cht sau:
Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

11

b. Tnh cht ca mt quan h

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

V c cc tnh cht:
Phn t nm giao gia dng v ct l duy nht
Cc phn t trong 1 ct thuc 1 min gi tr
Cc dng l khc nhau
Th t cc dng l khng quan trng (cp nht
theo th t bt k)
Th t cc ct l khng quan trng (sp t ty )

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

12

c. V d: quan h
SINH VIN
msv

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

tnsv

ngysinh

lp

mnhc im

97001

Nguyn T.Ti

13/05/80

K41C

CSDL

97002

Trn H.Trng

08/10/79

K41T

CSDL

97002

Trn H.Trng

08/10/79

K41T

C++

98001

Hong .Minh

15/12/80

K42T

C++

98006

L H.Nhung

12/06/81

k42T

Anh

K41C
Trong , SINHVIN l tn quan h,
msv, tnsv, ngaysinh, lp, mnhc, im: l cc thuc tnh
mi dng l 1 b d liu xc nh duy nht nh kha
(msv,mnhc )
Oct - 2007

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13

d. Lc ca mt quan h
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Mt quan h c th khng cha 1 dng d liu no.

Khi n c gi l 1 lc quan h
Cho 1 lc quan h bao gm:
Tn quan h,
Cc thuc tnh v rng buc gia chng
V d: quan h SINHVIN c lc sau:
SINHVIN (msv, tnsv, ngysinh, lp, mnhc, im) v

Tp U= {cc rng buc ph thuc gia cc thuc tnh}

sau ny ta gi tp U l cc ph thuc hm
Oct - 2007

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14

e. Mt quan h c cu trc tt
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Quan h c s dng lu d liu trong cc

CSDL nn n cn c cu trc sao cho khi cp nht
(xem, sa, xa) khng gy ra sai st d liu.
1 quan h c cu trc tt: c d tha t nht v cho
php thm, sa, xa d liu trong n m khng gy
ra li hoc s thiu nht qun.
Quan h SINHVIN l khng c cu trc tt, v khi
sa K41T dng 3 thnh K41C th dn n sai v
thiu nht qun: sinh vin Trn H.Trng va thuc
lp K41T , va thuc K41C
Oct - 2007

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15

f. Ph thuc hm gia thuc tnh

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Ph thuc hm: Cho 1 quan h R vi A & B l 2 tp

thuc tnh phn bit ca n. B gi l ph thuc hm vo
A nu i vi mi dng cc gi tr ca A xc nh duy
nht cc gi tr ca B.
S ph thuc hm ca B vo A cn gi l A xc nh B
v c k hiu: AB. C h tin v ph thuc hm
V d, trong quan h SINH VIEN c 2 ph thuc hm:
{msv} {tnsv, ngysinh, lp}
{msv, mn} {im}
xc nh cc ph thuc hm da trn ng ngha ca chng
Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

16

g. Cc kha trong mt quan h

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Kha d tuyn ca 1 quan h l tp cc thuc tnh m

gi tr ca chng xc nh gi tr ca cc thuc tnh cn
li trn mi dng.
Kha ca 1 quan h l 1 kha d tuyn v ti thiu
ngha l: nu b i 1 thuc tnh trong kha th n khng
cn l 1 kha d tuyn
Kha ngoi l 1 thuc tnh ca quan h m l thuc
tnh kha chnh ca 1 quan h khc.
C nhiu thut ton xc nh kha. Kha tt l kha c
t thuc tnh nht.
Oct - 2007

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17

h. Cc dng chun
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Ba chun c bn:
Chun 1 (First Normal Form - 1NF): 1 quan h l chun
1 nu khng cha thuc tnh lp
Chun 2 (2NF): 1 quan h l chun 2 nu:
L 1NF
Khng cha thuc tnh ph thuc vo 1 phn kha

Chun 3 (3NF): 1 quan h l chun 3 nu:

L 2NF
Khng cha thuc tnh ph thuc bc cu vo kha

Ngoi ra cn c cc chun Boyce Codd, chun 4, chun 5

Oct - 2007

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18

i. Cc rng buc ton vn trong

m hnh quan h
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Ton vn thc th: Kha xc nh duy nht cc bn ghi

gi tr kha khc null
Ton vn gi tr thuc tnh: mi thuc tnh phi thuc 1
min gi tr xc inh (xc nh = kiu, kch c/gii hn,
nh dng).
Ton vn tham chiu: Kha ngoi xc nh mi quan h
rng buc (lgic) gia hai quan h
Cc ton vn khc: Cc trigger l cng c t chc cc
rng buc nghip v (a dng) khc v d liu:
Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

19

3. Pht trin m hnh DL lgic

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Qu trnh pht trin mt m hnh d liu lgic

cho mt ng dng qua 2 pha:
1. Xy dng m hnh d liu quan nim kt
qu l mt m hnh thc th - mi quan h
(ERM)
2. Chuyn m hnh thc th mi quan h sang
mt m hnh d liu lgic: m hnh quan h
Sau y trnh by ni dung qu trnh chuyn
ny
Oct - 2007

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20

a. Tin trnh pht trin MHDLLG

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

M hnh
thc th
-mi quan
h: ERM

Oct - 2007

Biu
din cc
thc th

Biu
din cc
mi
quan h

Chun
ho cc
quan h

M hnh d
liu lgic:
M hnh
quan h

V biu
ca
m hnh

Hp
nht cc
quan h

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

21

b. Biu din cc thc th

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Qui tc chuyn
Tn thc th
Thuc tnh thc th
Thuc tnh nh danh
tnkhch
mkhch

tn quan h
thuc tnh quan h
kho quan h
ach

KHCH HNG

mvng

KHCH (mkhch, tnkhch, ach, mvng)

Oct - 2007

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22

c. Biu din cc mi quan h loi 1

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

a. Mi quan h bc 2, dng 1:m v khng c thuc tnh

ring: thm kho ca quan h bn 1 vo quan h bn
nhiu lm kho ngoi ca n
Mnhm

Mhng

tnnhm

NHM HNG

THUC

HNG

nv
tnhng

NHMHNG (mnhm, tnnhm)

HNG (mhng, tnhng, nv, mnhm)

Oct - 2007

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23

d. Biu din mi quan h loi 2

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

b. Mi quan h dng khc trng hp (a) trn:

thm mt mi quan h mi gm cc thuc tnh l :

Thuc tnh ring ca mi quan h

Cc nh danh ca cc thc th lin quan

Mkhch
ach
khuvc

Oct - 2007

tnkhch
KHCH

sn

Mhng

T
slng

tnhng

HNG

ngyt

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

nv
24

d. Biu din mi quan h loi 2

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Mi quan h dng khc trng hp trn: thm 1quan

h mi :
mkhch
ach
khuvc

tnkhch

sn

mhng

KHCH
slng

tnhng

HNG
ngyt

nv

NHNG (sn, ngyt, slng, mkhch, mhng)

Oct - 2007

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25

e. Xc nh kha v chun ha
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Ch cn xt cc quan h thm vo bc 2
Nu 1 quan h cha 1NF th chun ha n:

Tch cc thuc tnh lp v phn kha xc nh n

thnh 1 quan h.
Quan h cn li: gm cc thuc tnh cn li v ton
b kha nhng khng cha thuc tnh lp

V d: NHNG (sn, ngyt, slng, mkhch, mhng)

DNGN(sn, mhng, slng)
NHNG (sn, ngyt, mkhch)
Oct - 2007

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26

f. Tch hp cc quan h
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Loi i nhng quan h tha (lp do tch hp t

nhiu ERM)
Chnh xc ha cc thuc tnh ng danh, ng ngha.
Hp nht cc quan h c cng kha c th xut
hin quan h cha cu trc tt, do vy cn chun h
tip tc.
Kt qu ca qu trnh ny ta nhn c cc quan h
ca m hnh u c cu trc tt

Oct - 2007

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27

4. V d
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Bi ton: Mt c s bn hng s dng hai loi chng t

(khung nhn) sau theo di hot ng kinh doanh ca
mnh:
N T HNG
S: XXXXXX
Ngi t hng: ................................
a ch: .............................................
Ngy t:...........................................
S
tt

Tn
hng

n
v

n
gi

S
lng

Thnh
tin

xx
...

xxx
...

xxx
..

xx
...

xx
...

xx
...

Oct - 2007

PHIU GIAO HNG

S: XXXXXX
Tn khch hng: ................................
a ch: .............................................
Ni giao: ...........................................
Ngy giao:...........................................
S
tt

Tn
hng

n
v

n
gi

S
lng

Thnh
tin

xx

xxx

xxx

xx

xx

xx

...

...

..

...

...

...

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

28

a. Xy dng ERM
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

mkhch
ach
khuvc

tnkhch

ngyt

KHCH

mhng

HNG

slng

sn

sphiuzao

ngizao

tnhng
nv

GIAO
slngzao

ngyzao

NIGIAO
tnnizao
Oct - 2007

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29

a.Chuyn ERM sang

m hnh quan h
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

KHCH (mkhch, tnkhch, achkhch)

HNG (mhng, tnhng, nv, mt)
NIGIAO (tnnizao)
NHNG (sn, ngyt, mkhch, mhng*,
slngt* )
PHIUGIAO (sphiu, ngyzao, nizao, mkhch,
mhng*, slngzao*, ngizao*)

Oct - 2007

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30

b. Chun ho cc quan h
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

KHCH (mkhch, tnkhch, achkhch)

(1)
HNG(mhng, tnhng, nv, mt)
(2)
(3)
NIGIAO (tnnizao)
NHNG (sn, mkhch, ngyt) (4)
(5)
DNGN (sn, mhng, slngt)
PHIUGIAO(sphiu, ngyzao, mkhch, tnnizao) (6)
DNGPHIU (sphiu, mhng,slngzao,ngizao) (7)

Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

31

c. V biu lin kt cc quan h

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Biu din mi quan h bng 1 hnh ch nht gm tn

(khoang trn) v cc thuc tnh kha (khoang di)
Ni tng cp quan h vi nhau nu chng cha cng
1 thuc tnh kha, nhng 1 bn l kha chnh, bn
kia l kha ngoi (c th lp bng xc nh lin
kt tip sau)
Xc nh bn s cho mi quan h (da trn ng
ngha)
n y ta nhn c m hnh quan h gm cc
quan h c cu trc tt v biu lin kt chng
Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

32

d. Lp bng xc nh lin kt
Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

Thuc tnh kho

mkhch
mhng
tnnizao
sn
sphiu
sn, mhng
sphiu, mhng

(1)
K

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Lin kt
C
C
(1)-(4), (1)-(6)
K
C
C (2)-(5), (2)-(7)
K
C
(3)-(6)
K C
(4)-(5)
K C (6)-(7)
dng loi
dng loi

Hai dng cui cha cc kha ngoi th loi i

Oct - 2007

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33

e. Biu lin kt ca m hnh

Nguyn Vn V Nguyn th Nht Thanh

(1) KHCH

(4) NHNG

(5)DNGN

# mkhch
tnkhch
achkhch

# sn
ngyt
mkhch

# sn
# mhng
slngt

(3) NIGIAO

(6)PHIUGIAO

(7) DNGPHIU

# sphiu
ngyzao
mkhch
tnnizao

# sphiu
# mhng
slngzao
ngizao

(2) HNG
# mhng
tnhng
mthng
nvhng

# tnnizao
Oct - 2007

Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Cng ngh

34