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Chat Dieu Hoa Tang Truong
Chat Dieu Hoa Tang Truong
Gii thiu
I. Cc cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt......................................................................3
1.1. Auxin...................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Ngun gc .......................................................................................................3
1.1.2. Cu trc ho hc v s sinh tng hp..............................................................4
1.1.3. Tnh cht sinh l ca auxin...............................................................................4
1.1.4. Cc cht auxin tng hp...................................................................................8
1.2. Gibberellin ........................................................................................................... 10
1.1.1. Ngun gc....................................................................................................10
1.1.2. Sinh tng hp ...............................................................................................11
1.2.3. Tnh cht sinh l ca gibberelin .....................................................................12
1.2.4. Cc cht khng-gibberelin..............................................................................14
1.3. Cytokinin............................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1. Ngun gc......................................................................................................14
1.3.2. Cu trc v sinh tng hp..............................................................................14
1.3.3. Cc loi cytokinin............................................................................................16
1.3.4. Tnh cht sinh l ca cytokinin........................................................................18
II. Cc cht c ch sinh trng thc vt........................................................................19
2.1. Axit abscisic (ABA)...............................................................................................19
2.1.1. S pht hin..................................................................................................19
2.1.2. Con ng sinh tng hp v s phn phi trong t bo................................20
2.1.3. Tnh cht sinh l ca acid abscisic..................................................................21
2.2. Etylen................................................................................................................... 22
2.1.1. S pht hin...................................................................................................22
2.2.2. Con ng sinh tng hp .............................................................................23
2.2.3. Vai tr ca etylen............................................................................................24
2.3. Nhm cc cht c bn cht phenol......................................................................25
III. Mt s nguyn tc khi s dng cht iu ho tng trng thc vt..........................26
IV. ng dng cc cht iu ho sinh trng trong trng trt .........................................28
Gii thiu
Trong i sng thc vt, ngoi cc cht hu c nh gluxit, protin, lipit, axit
nucleic... cu trc nn t bo, m v cung cp nng lng cho cc hot ng
sng ca chng, th cn c cc cht c hot tnh sinh l nh vitamin, enzyme
v cc hormone, trong cc hormone c mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic
iu ha qa trnh sinh trng pht trin v cc hot ng sinh l ca thc vt.
Cc cht iu ha sinh trng v pht trin ca thc vt l nhng cht c bn
cht ha hc khc nhau, nhng u c tc dng iu tit cc qu trnh sinh
trng, pht trin ca cy t lc t bo trng th tinh pht trin thnh phi cho
n khi cy ra hoa kt qu, hnh thnh c quan sinh sn, c quan d tr v kt
thc chu k sng ca mnh. Cc hormone thc vt (phytohormone) l nhng
cht hu c c bn cht ha hc rt khc nhau c tng hp vi mt lng rt
nh cc c quan, b phn nht nh ca cy v t vn chuyn n tt c
cc c quan, cc b phn khc ca cy iu tit cc hot ng sinh l, cc
qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca cy v m bo mi quan h hi ha
gia cc c quan, b phn trong c th.
Bn cnh cc cht iu ho sinh trng t nhin (c tng hp trong c th
thc vt) cn c cc cht do con ngi tng hp nn (gi l cc cht iu ho
sinh trng nhn to).
Ngy nay bng con ng ho hc con ngi tng hp nn hng lot cc
cht khc nhau nhng c hot tnh sinh l tng t vi cc cht iu ha sinh
trng t nhin (phytohormone) iu chnh qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin
ca cy trng, nhm tng nng sut v phm cht ca cy trng. Cc cht iu
ho sinh trng nhn to ngy cng phong ph v c ng dng rng ri
trong sn xut nng nghip.
Cc cht iu ha sinh trng, pht trin ca thc vt c chia thnh hai
nhm c tc dng i khng v sinh l: cc cht kch thch sinh trng
(stimulator) v cc cht c ch sinh trng (inhibitor).
2
Auxin
1.1.1. Ngun gc
Ngoi ra, auxin cng kch thch s tng hp cc mRNA cc cht ribosome tham
gia vo s tng hp cc cht protein.
on: giai on u l phn phn ho t bo trc tng pht sinh, tip theo l xut
hin mm r v cui cng mm r sinh trng thnh r ph chc thng v v ra
ngoi. Giai on u cn hm lng auxin cao, giai on r sinh trng cn t
auxin v c khi khng cn c auxin.
Kch thch s hnh thnh, s sinh trng ca qu v to qu khng ht
T bo trng sau khi th tinh to nn hp t v sau pht trin thnh phi. Phi
ht l ngun tng hp auxin ni sinh quan trng, khuych tn vo bu v kch thch
s sinh trng ca bu hnh thnh qu. V vy qu ch c hnh thnh khi c
s th tinh. Nu khng c qu trnh th tinh th khng hnh thnh phi v hoa s b
rng. Vic x l auxin ngoi sinh cho hoa s thay th c ngun auxin ni sinh
vn c hnh thnh trong phi v do khng cn qu trnh th phn th tinh
nhng bu vn ln ln thnh qu nh auxin ngoi sinh. Trong trng hp ny qu
khng qua th tinh v do khng c ht.
Km hm s rng l, hoa, qu ca cy, v n c ch s hnh thnh tng ri
cung l, hoa, qu vn c cm ng bi cc cht ch sinh trng. V vy phun
auxin ngoi sinh c th gim s rng l, tng s u qu v hn ch rng n, qu
non lm tng nng sut. Cy tng hp lng auxin s c ch s rng hoa, qu,
l.
Trng
Tn cht
3-Indoleacetic acid
Vit tt
lng
IAA
phn t
175.2
Dung mi
1N NaOH
Nhit bo qun
Dng
Dng
bt
lng
0oC
0 oC
8
3-Indolebutyric acid
-Naphthaleneacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic
acid
p-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4chlorophenoxyacetic acid
-Naphthyloxyacetic acid
3,6-Dichloro-2methoxybenzoic acid
4-Amino-3,5,6trichloropicolinic acid
Phenylacetic acid
2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid
IBA
NAA
203.2
186.2
1N NaOH
1N NaOH
2-8oC
-
0 oC
2-8oC
2,4-D
221.0
Water
2-8oC
2,4,5-T
255.5
EtOH
2-8oC
4-CPA
158.1
EtOH
2-8oC
MPCA
NOA
202.2
1N NaOH
2-8oC
Dicamba
186.6
Picloram
241.5
DMSO
2-8oC
PAA
TIBA
136.2
499.8
EtOH
1N NaOH
0C
2-8oC
0 oC
Gibberellin
1.2.1. Ngun gc
10
11
S ny mm, ny chi
Gibberellin kch thch s ny mm, ny chi ca cc mm ng, ca ht v
c, do n c tc dng trong vic ph b trng thi ng ngh ca chng. Hm
lng gibberellin thng tng ln lc chi cy, c, cn hnh ht thi k ngh, lc ht
ny mm.Trong trng hp ny ca gibberellin kch thch s tng hp ca cc
enzyme amilaza v cc enzyme thu phn khc nh protease, photphatase... v
lm tng hot tnh ca cc enzyme ny, v vy m xc tin qu trnh phn hy tinh
bt thnh ng cng nh phn hy cc polime thnh monome khc, to iu kin
v nguyn liu v nng lng cho qu trnh ny mm. Trn c s , nu x l
gibberellin ngoi sinh th c th ph b trng thi ng ngh ca ht, c, cn hnh k
c trng thi ngh su.
S ra hoa, qu
Trong nhiu trng hp ca gibberellin kch thch s ra hoa r rt. nh
hng c trng ca s ra hoa ca gibberellin l kch thch s sinh trng ko di
v nhanh chng ca cm hoa. Gibberellin kch thch cy ngy di ra hoa trong iu
kin ngy ngn (Lang, 1956).
Gibberellin nh hng n s phn ha gii tnh ca hoa, c ch s pht
trin hoa ci v kch thch s pht trin hoa c.
Gibberellin c tc dng ging auxin l lm tng kch thc ca qu v to qu
khng ht. Hiu qu ny cng r rt khi phi hp tc dng vi auxin.
s tng hp
14
15
thu gii (theo con ng enzym troong t bo). Nh vy, tRNA ca thc vt (v
hu nh ca mi sinh vt t vi khun n con ngi) cha zeatin, mc d dng
ng phn cis thay v trans nh cc cytokinin t do.
1.3.3. Cc loi cytokinin
Cc loi cytokinin t nhin: ngy nay, ngi ta cho rng kinetin khng phi l
cht t nhin m n c to thnh do s ti sp xp li cu trc ca mt cht
khc (Hecht, 1980), c t nht hai loi cytokinin t nhin c cu trc tng t nh
cu trc ca kinetin c xc nh, l nhgng hp cht t do hay nhng hp
cht c gn vi nhm glucoside hoc riboside (Entsch v cng s, 1980). Hai loi
cytokinin thng c s dng trong nui cy m l:
Zeatin:
4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylaminopurine,
hoc
6-(4-hydro-3-
17
Tn cht
Adenine
6-Benzylaminopurine
Zeatin
6-(3-methyl-2butenylamino)purine
Vit
tt
Trng
lng
ADE
BAP
ZEA
phn t
135.1
225.3
219.2
2-iP
203.2
Dung mi
Nhit bo qun
Dng
Dng
bt
lng
1.0 HCI
1N NaOH
1N NaOH
0oC
2-8oC
2-8oC
0 oC
1N NaOH
0oC
0 oC
18
Kinetin
KIN
1-phenyl-3(1,2,3 thiadiazol-5-yl)
TDZ
1,3-Diphenylurea
DPU
1.3.4. Tnh cht sinh l ca cytokinin
215.2
220.2
212.3
1N NaOH
DMSO
DMSO
0oC
-
0 oC
2-8oC
2-8oC
19
II.
thc
C15H20O4.
ho
hc
21
Etylen
S pht hin
Etylen l mt cht kh n gin kch thch s chn ca qu. Nm 1917, khi
nghin cu qu trnh chn ca qu thy c xut hin etylen. T nm 1933-1937
nhiu nghin cu khng nh n c sn xut trong mt s nguyn liu thc vt,
c bit l trong tht qu.
Nm 1935, Crocker v mt s cng s ngi M cho rng etylen l hormone
ca s chn. Sau bng cc phng php phn tch cc nhy c pht hin
ra etylen c trong tt c cc m ca cy v l mt sn phm t nhin ca qu trnh
trao i cht trong cy.
23
Vai tr ca etylen
Etylen c tc dng lm qu mau chn. Nhiu nghin cu chng minh etylen
gy nn hai hiu qu sinh ha trong qu trnh chn ca qa: Gy nn s bin i
tnh thm ca mng trong cc t bo tht qu, dn n s gii phng cc enzyme
vn tch ri do mng ngn cch, c iu kin tip xc d dng v gy nn nhng
phn ng c lin quan n qu trnh chn nh enzyme h hp, enzyme bin i
chua, mm ca qu.... Mt khc etylen c nh hng hot ha ln s tng hp
24
26
3.2. Nguyn tc phi hp: Khi s dng cc cht iu ha sinh trng phi
tha mn c cc iu kin sinh thi v cc yu t dinh dng cho cy. V cc
cht iu ha sinh trng lm tng cng cc qu trnh trao i chtm khng
tham gia trc tip vo trao i cht, nn khng th dng cc cht thay th
cht dinh dng. V vy, mun s dng cht iu ha sinh trng c hiu qu cao
cn phi xc nh thi v v vng cy trng thch hp c cc iu kin sinh thi
ph hp nh yu t nhit , nh sng , m.... ng thi cn p ng y
nc v phn bn cho cy trng. Cng xut pht t ngi ta s dng bin php
phun hn hp cc cht iu ha sinh trng v cc nguyn t khong a lng v
vi lng nhm tng nng sut mt s loi cy trng . Nh vy r rng gia cc cht
iu ha sinh trng v phn bn c mi quan h khng kht. Phn bn lm tng
cng hiu qu kch thch ca cc cht iu ha sinh trng. Ngc li cc cht
27
kch thch lm tng hiu qu ca phn bn. V vy vic s dng phi hp gia phn
bn v cht iu ha sinh trng c ngha rt ln v cng l mt hng quan
trng trong nng nghip hin nay.
28
29
Ngi ta dng 2,4-D dit c hai l mm trong rung ng, phun trc hoc
sau khi c xut hin vi cc liu lng nh sau:
1- Mui Na ca 2,4-D:1,5 - 2 kg/ha.- Mui amn ca 2,4-D: 1,0 - 1,5 kg/ha
- Este ca 2,4-D: 0,8 - 1,0 kg/ha.
C th kt hp phun 2,4-D v 2,4,5-T vi mt s loi thuc tr c khc c
cha nit dit c g v cc loi c khc trong rung ng m khng nh hng
n cy trng.
Trong mt s trng hp vic duy tr tui th v hnh dng ca c li rt c
ngha. V d trong lnh vc trang tr, duy tr cc thm c trang tr cng vin
ngi ta thng phun cc dung dch km hm sinh trng. c bit l dng MH vi
liu lng 3-6 kg/ha lm km hm sinh trng ca c, duy tr thm c bn lu,
cng xn m li nng cao cht lng trang tr.
33. V Vn V, V Thanh Tm, Hong Minh Tn, 1999. Sinh l hc thc vt,
NXB Gio dc H Ni.
44. Bi Trang Vit, 1998, Sinh l thc vt i cng, NXB H quc gia Tp. H
Ch Minh.
55. Nguyn c Lng, L Th Thu Thu, 2006, Cng ngh t bo, NXB H
quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
66. TS. Dng Tn Nht, 2007, Cng ngh sinh hc thc vt -tp 1, NXB.Nng
Nghip.
77. Dng Cng Kin, 2002, Nui cy m thc vt, NXB H quc gia Tp. H
Ch Minh.
8 http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/
9 http://www.hoalanvietnam.com.vn/
10 http://www.plant-hormones.info