THE SKELETAL SYSTEM G9 | Ribs + 12 pairs / 24 total + 11% and 12" pair are called ~~ floating ribs as they are not attached to bone The Skeletal System * Parts of the skeletal system * Bones (skeleton) + Joints *Cartilages + Ligaments (bone to bone) + (tendon=bone to muscle) APPENDICULAR, AXIAL SKELETON DIAGRAM, SKELETON DIAGRAM Appendicular Skeleton + Composed of 126 bones in the human body + Appendicular is an adjective derived from the noun appendage * This means that these structures are joined to something larger | Functions of Bones + 1. Support of the body + 2. Protection of soft organs * 3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles * 4. Storage of minerals and fats * 5. Blood cell formation Axial Skeleton * Consists of 80 bones along the central axis of the human body + Itis composed of six parts; the skull, the ossicles (in middle ear), the hyoid bone, the rib cage, the *"~ sternum, and the vertebral column | Appendicular Skeleton * Composed of 126 bones in the human body + Appendicular is an adjective derived from the noun appendage + This means that these structures are joined to something largerAppendicular Skeleton * Composed of 126 bones in the human body + Appendicular is an adjective derived from the noun appendage + This means that these structures are joined to something larger Functions of Bones + 1, Support of the body = Internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs *+ 2. Protection of soft organs — Ex, skull - brain, rib cage ~lungs and heart Functions of Bones + 1. Support of the body — Internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs + 2. Protection of soft organs — Ex. skull — brain, rib cage — lungs and heart Functions of Bones + 3. Movement due to attached skelétal muscles — Skeletal muscles attached by tendons use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts + 4, Storage of minerals and fats Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bone — Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus Functions of Bones * 5, Blood cell formation — Hematopoiesis — Occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones Bones of the Human Body * The skeleton has 206 bones + Two basic types of bone tissue * Compact bone + Homogeneous ‘Spongy bone = Spongy bone * Small needle-like pieces of bone + Many open spaces Bone Marrow Types of Bone Cells + Osteocytes + Mature bone cells + Osteoblasts + Bone-forming cells * Osteoclasts + Bone-destroying cells, + Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calciumBone Fractures The Vertebral Column + Abreak in a bone The human spinal + Types of bone fractures column is made up of 33 bones - * Closed (simple) fracture — break that does not 7 vertebrae in the penetrate the skin cervical region, 12 in + Open (compound) fracture — broken bone the thoracic region, 5 in penetrates through the skin. the lumbar region, 5 in the sacral region and 4 “in the coceygeal region. The Skull The Vertebral Column + Two sets of bones . -7 cervical region, *Cranium -12 thoracic region, + Facial bones -5 lumbar region 5 sacral region * Bones are joined by sutures -4 coceygeal region. °29 bones * | Bones of the Skull Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints + Arthritis — inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints The Vertebral Column Clinical Forms of Arthritis * Vertebrae =e * Osteoarthritis separated by = Most common chronic arthritis, intervertebral discs + Probably related to normal aging processes * Rheumatoid arthritis = An autoimmune disease ~ the immune system + The spine has a normal curvature * Each vertebrae is attacks the joints given aname + Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of according to its certain joints location + Often leads to deformitiesClinical Forms of Arthritis * Gout Arthritis + Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood *Can usually be controlled with diet | Names of some famous bones * Knee — Patella * Thigh — Femur + Ankle — Tarsal * Fingers — Phalanges + Wrist — Carpals * Upper arm — Humerus + Palm — Meta carpal The Middle Ear Auditory ossicles ‘Stabilizing ligaments —} External acoustic meatus —} ‘Tympanic membrane — Tympanic cavity