APPENDIX I

Test Functions

In order to determine how well an optimization algorithm works, a variety of

test functions have been used as a check. Weve listed 16 in this appendix. In
each case we give a general form of the function, plot its value in one or two
dimensions, give the global optimum in one or two dimensions, and list the
domain. Some of the functions are generalizable to N dimensions. MATLAB
code for these functions appear in Appendix II. Some of the research into
developing test functions is reported in the references.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
De Jong, K. A. 1975. Analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems.
Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Michalewicz, Z. 1992. Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Schwefel, H. 1995. Evolution and Optimum Seeking. New York: Wiley.
Whitley, D., K. Mathias, S. Rana, and J. Dzubera. 1996. Evaluating Evolutionary
Algorithms. Artificial Intelligence Journal 85:132.
Whitley, D., R. Beveridge, C. Graves, and K. Mathias. 1995. Test Driving Three 1995
Genetic Algorithms: New Test Functions and Geometric Matching. Journal of
Heuristics 1:77104.

Practical Genetic Algorithms, Second Edition, by Randy L. Haupt and Sue Ellen Haupt.
ISBN 0-471-45565-2 Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

205

206

TEST FUNCTIONS

F3

F1
x + cos( x)

2
n

minimum: f (0) = 1
for - x

n =1

minimum: f (0,0) = 1
for - x

F2

F4

x + sin( x)

N -1

minimum: f (0) = 0

n =1

for - x

{100[ x

n +1

- xn2 ] + [1 - xn ]

minimum: f (1,1) = 0
for - xn

TEST FUNCTIONS

F7

F5
N

xn - 10 cos( 10 xn

207

n =1

minimum: f ( x) = 1 at x = 0

x sin(4 x) + 1.1y sin(2 y)

minimum: f (0.9039, 0.8668) = -18.5547
for 0 x, y 10

for - xn

F6

F8

( x 2 + x) cos( x)

y sin(4 x) + 1.1x sin(2 y)

minimum: f (9.6204) = -100.22

minimum: f (0.9039, 0.8668) = -18.5547

for - 10 x 10

for 0 x, y 10

208

TEST FUNCTIONS

F11

F9
N
4
nxn + N n (0, 1)
n =1

N
xn2
- cos( xn )
n =1
n =1 4000

1+

minimum: varies

minimum: f (0,0) = 0

for - x

for - xn

F10

F12

10 N + [ x - 10 cos(2pxn )]
2
n

n =1

minimum: f (0,0) = 0
for - xn

0.5 +

sin 2 x 2 + y 2 - 0.5
1 + 0.1( x 2 + y 2 )

minimum: f (1.897,1.006) = -0.5231

for - x, y

TEST FUNCTIONS

F15

F13

(x 2 + y2 )

0.25

209

sin 30 ( x + 0.5) + y 2

0.1

minimum: f (0, 0) = 0
for - x, y

+x+y

-e -0.2

x 2 + y2 + 3 ( cos 2 x + sin 2 y )

minimum: f (-2.7730, -5) = -16.947

for - 5 x, y 5

F14

F16

J 0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 0.11 - x + 0.11 - y

- xsin( x - ( y + 9) ) - ( y + 9)sin( y + 0.5 x + 9 )

minimum: f (1, 1.6606) = -0.3356

minimum: f (-14.58, -20) = -23.806

for - x, y

for - 20 x, y 20