UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN ACADEMIC YEAR 2011/2012 APRIL EXAMINATION UDDD3144 PATHOLOGY WEDNESDAY, 9 MAY 2012 TIME : 2.00 PM - 4.00 PM (2 HOURS) BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE Instruction to Candidates : Answer ALL questions. All questions carry equal marks. This question paper consists of 4 ques!UDDD3144 PATHOLOGY Qa @ @ () © (a) ) ©) @ (i) Define oedema. (2 marks) (ii) Describe TWO (2) mechanisms of oedema formation in localised edema with an appropriate diagram (6 marks) (Inflammation is a part of local biological response of vascularised tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants. It is a protective response by the organism to eliminate the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process. State ONE (1) foreign material and ONE (1) pathogen that cause granulomatous inflammation in human. (2 marks) (ii) Differentiate between the wound healing processes by primary and secondary unions. (4 marks) (iii)__List THREE (3) complications of wound healing, marks) Andrew suffers from radius fracture of the forearm after fall from his bicycle. The doctor did an X-ray imaging of the fractured forearm and decided to apply fiberglass cast to aid the healing of the fracture. Indicate the type of fracture suffered by Andrew and describe briefly the SEVEN (7) stages in fracture healing and bone regeneration in a chronological order. (1,7 marks) [Total : 25 marks} Describe the differences between red and white infarcts and the organs in which they commonly occur. (6 marks) Discuss hypovolemic and cardiogenic shocks and give a reason for each condition, (4 marks) Nerve cells are permanent cells and do not regenerate when injured. However, the re-establishment of the peripheral nerves system can occur through post- axonal regeneration and reorganisation. Discuss the whole process involved. (5 marks) ‘Smoking increases the risk of getting oral, lung and throat cancers in smokers. It is also linked to many other complications, such as cardiovascular disease, impotence, asthma and macular degeneration. () Describe the morphological adaptations that might occur in epithelial lining of the respiratory tract of heavy smokers. (2 marks) This question paper consists of 4 questions on 4 printed pages.UDDD3144 PATHOLOGY Q3. (a) (b) ©, 4 @ (ii) List TWO (2) chemical components of the cigarette that are known to cause cancer. (2 marks) (iii) Correlate smoking habit with the increase risk of lung cancer development. (6 marks) {Total : 25 marks] ‘A37-year old female with a history of asthma, presents to the hospital with tachypnea and acute shortness of breath with audible wheezing. (@ Explain what may trigger an attack of asthma, (4 marks) (ii) Explain the pathogenesis of an allergen-induced asthma. (4 marks) Gii) Draw and label a macroscopic diagram of the affected bronchiole. (4 marks) Compare and contrast the aetiology, location and survival between Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Myasthenia gravis. (6 marks) Helicobacter pylori do not actually invade the stomach cells yet it has a major role in causing peptic ulcer. Justify the statement. (7 marks) [Total : 25 marks} A 43-year old female presented with complaints of fatigue, anorexia, severe joint pain and swelling, and generalised stiffness. Figure 1 shows the picture of her hand. (i) State the probable diagnosis and name the types of deformities labeled in Figure 1. (1, 2 marks) This question paper consists of 4 questions on 4 printed pages.UDpDD3144 PATHOLOGY 24. (a) (Continued) (ii) Explain the reasons behind the clinical signs of anorexia, fatigue, and generalised weakness in the patient. (4 marks) (&) (Dysplasia can be confirmed by cervical biopsy. Describe the cytological abnormalities that may be present. (4 marks) (ii) List the predisposing factors and aetiologies of cervical squamous carcinoma. (4 marks) (©) Name the tumour marker that would likely be elevated in patients with prostate cancer and discuss the role of it in diagnosis. (4 marks) (@) Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol has been strongly associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Justify. (6 marks) [Total : 25 marks} This question paper consists of 4 questions on 4 printed pages.