‘ADAMIEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM > ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS Chapter - 15 GALVANOMETE! A galvanometer is a basic instrument which is used to detect Electric Current. One common form of analog galvanometer is moving coil galvanometer. ‘THE MovING Col GALVANOMETER: Moving coil galvanometer is a current detector based on magnetic dipole torque. Principle: When a current flows in a rectangular coil placed in a magnetic field it, experiences a magnetic toque. It rotates through an angle proportional to the current flowing through it. The rotation or deflection thus indicates a current through it. Essential Parts: The essential parts of moving coil galvanometer are: ‘Apermanent Magnet (M): It is a U - shaped magnet. Its pole pieces are made concave to make magnetic field stronger and radial. Coil (C): A coil of fine enameled (orinsulated) copper wire, wound on a aluminum frame, that can turn around a central axis. Core (B): Asoft iron cylinder, co-axial with the pole piece is placed Inside the coil. Suspension Fiber.(F}: A phosphor-bronze strip is used to suspend the coil. Copper Spiral (€): Itis aloosely wound copper Spiral which is connected to another terminal of the coil. Mirror (m): Assmall plane mirror is attached with the suspension fiber to measure defini Alamp and Scale Arrangement: Itis used to determine the deflection of the coil.‘ADAMIEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM Construction: A coil of enamel insulated wire is wound over a non-metallic or aluminum frame. The coil with frame is suspended between the cylindrically concave pole pieces of a strong U - shaped magnetic by means of a thin metallic strip. The upper end of the wire of coil is soldered to the metallic strip. Whose other end is fixed to the frame of galvanometer and connected to an external terminal. ‘The suspension strip acts as one current lead. The other end of the wire of coil is soldéredito a soft spiral which is which is connected to another external terminal. It serve as a second)current lead. A soft iron cylinder is fixed in the frame of the lead coil. It makes thes magnetic field stronger and radial. The coil is capable to rotate freely between the poles of the magnet. Due to radial magnetic field the plane of coil is always parallel to the lines of induction. Theory and Working: When current is passed through the coil it experiences torque and rotates. The torque Is given as: Deflecting magnetic torque = BINA Cos « ~ Where, B = Strength of the magnetic Field ‘urrent in the coil A= Area of the coil N= Number of turns in the coil ec = The angle of deflection of the'¢oil As the coil rotates, the suspension, Strip)is twisted. The twisting of suspension strip gives rise to an opposing torque due to elasticity) This opposing torque called the restoring torque is directly proportional to the angle of twist)‘6". Restoring torque «6 Restoring Torque’= C@ Where ‘c’ is the Constant depending upon the nature and dimension of the suspension strip. It is defined as: “Torque produce per unit twist is the suspension strip” ‘Thedeflecting torque rotates the coil while restoring torque opposes the rotation and goes on ineréasing as the coil rotates move and move. Finally a stage is reached. When the restoring torque balances the deflecting torque and the coil stops rotating. Then: Deflecting torque = Restoring Torque BINA Cos x =CO co BINA Cos «As the field is radial (+ So, « = 0°, cos «= 1) Or ‘Thus: “Current passing through the coil is directly proportional to the.angle of definition.” ALLMONGH CoRENT SOURCE Fey {CORCUIT UNDER TEST) An afmeteriis a device which is used to measure current. A galvanometer can be converted into ammeter, Ifa low resistance is connected in parallel called “Shunt” for measuring current an ammeter, must be connected in series with the circuit to allow all the current through it. Conversion of Galvanometer into an Ammeter: Let ‘Rg’ is the resistance of the galvanometer which deflects full scale deflection for a current "g. Suppose ‘I’ is the current to be measured which is the desired range of ammeter. Let ‘Rs' is the resistance of shunt connected in parallel with the galvanometer to measure current‘! and “Is” is the current in the shunt is equal to (I~ 1g) as shown.‘ADAMIEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM Voltage across galvanometer (Vg). Vg=IgRo @ Voltage across shunt (Ws) Vs =Is Rs Or Vs=(I-Ig)Rs -—--~(ii) As two Resistance are In parallel: » Vs=Vg or Or IgRg ps = 19RG "THs = 19 89 From the above equation the value of shuntltesistafice (Rs) can be calculated for any desired range of the ammeter. Mueti— RANGE AmmeTER: Itis@n ammeter with more than one range for the measurement current. The desired range is selectediby the proper choice of shunt. i. \C Th this type a number of external terminals are provided. The terminal of a desired range is used with a common terminal. R R Ry ANA ar MANA AA Tet = 100A 1.000.100‘ADAMIEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM In this type, eau shunt acts independent to provide the divided range. Each shunt can be put in the circuit separate’s by means of a range switch. It has only two external terminals. range selector ‘Swen black tast Toad VOLTMETER: ‘A voltmeter is device which is used to measure potential differencelbetween two points. A galvanometer can be converted in to a voltmeter if a high resistafice is connected in series. To find the potential difference at the two ends of a circuit. Voltmeter is’ always connected in parallel across the ends. Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter: Let ‘Rg’ Is the resistance of the galvanometer which deflects full scale deflection for a current “41g. Let ‘Rx’ is the resistance of a resistor connected in series with the galvanometer and ‘V’ is the potential difference which is to be measured, Potential difference across Re: * (Vg=lgRg ----O potential difference across Rx! Vx =Igkx -—-—--(ii) B/c Rg and Rx are in'Series so draw the same current ‘ig’ and Totalp.d =Vg +Vx V =IgRg +1g Rx Ig RX =V —IgRg V-Ig Rg Ig Rg From this equation the value of Rx of the series resistor for any desired voltage ‘V’ of the voltmeter can be calculated,‘ADAMIEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM MULTI-RANGE VOLTMETER: A voltmeter with more than one range is called mul resistors. It is of two types. ‘ange voltmeter. It has a number series ie Is this type, various external terminals are provided. The terminal for a desired ranges is used with a common positive terminal. ii, In this type, only two external terminals are provided. One'terminal is used as a common terminal. The other terminal is connected to a range switch when puts the desired range in the circuit. > > WHEATSTONE BRIDGE: If tour resistances R4,,R2,.R3, R4 are connected end to end in order to form a closed mesh ABCDA aridhbetieen one pair of opposite junctions. A and C, a cell is connected through a key While\between the other pair of opposite junctions, B and D, a sensitive galvanometeer ‘G” is;connected through another key the circuit Is 1 formed is called wheat stone bridge’. As shown in the circuit diagram. Cigctiir DIAGRAM: (ANALYSIS) Inthe bridge circuit as shown in if the K; is closed first some current flows through a cell and the resistances R;, R2, Rs and Ry if the key K2 is also closed a current will usually found to flow through the galvanometer indicated by its deflection. However, if the resistance Ry, Ra, Rs and Ry {or at least of them) are adjusted, a condition can always be attained in which the galvanometer_ shows no deflection at all, such that no current passes through it. Then the p.d between B and D must be zero i.e. B and D must be at the same potential. ‘This implies that p.d between B and A (across R,) must equal that between D and A (across Ri). Also the p.d between B and C (i.e. across R2) must equal between D and C (i.e. across Rs). Since‘ADAMIEECOACHING.BLOGSPOT.COM no current flows through the galvanometer. Then ‘I,’ is the current through R: and Rz and Iz is the current through R3 and R, as shown: So, p.dacross AB = p.d across AD 2 or Or Similarly, p.d across BC = p.d across CD or Vac = Veo Or Ry = bRy Rh Reo ‘Comparing (i) and (ii) Ry Ro Ra Ry Or Ri y Rs RB, ORy This is an important relation true Only for balanced wheat stone bridge i.e. when no current flows in the galvanometerwith bothik;, and kz closed. 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