linaidu b 1. INTRODUCTION Meaning, Nature and Scope of Public Administratio 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning of Administration 1.3. Definitions of Administration Ja 14 Meaning of Public Administration 1.5 Definitions of Public Administration, 1.6 Characteristics of Public Administration. 1.7 Administration, Organization and Management 7 1.8 Nature of Public Administration... i 1.9 Scope of Public Administration. 9 1.10 Conclusion ” 1.11 Advantages of the Study of Public Administration . 7 Significance of Public Administration 18 2.1 Basis of Government 19 22 An Instrument for Implementing Laws and Policies 19 23 Participation in Policy Formulation. 20 24 A Great Stabilizing Force in Society 20 25 Provides Continuity when Governments Change 20 26 Provides a Wide Variety of Services in the Public Interest... 20 2.7 An Instrument of Social Change and Economic Development 2 2.8 Public Administration: Essential for the Development of Civilization .. 2.9 Reasons for the Growing Importance of Public Administration 210 ‘New Agenda ItemsPublic Administration 2.11 Opinions of Some Eminent Scholars om the Importance of Public Administration p Role and Importance of Public Administration in Developing Countries, Differences between Public Administration in Developed and Developing Societies—The Impact of New Liberalized Economic Policies on the Role of the State and Public Administration. 3.1 Meaning of Developing Societies (Countries) 3.2. Common Characteristics of Developing Countries/Societies... 28 33° Characteristics of Public Administration of, 26 34 Role and Importance of Public Administration in Developing 35 3.6 Question of Administrative Capability and the Need for Administrative Reforms. 33 37 Conclusion 38 Developed and Developing Societies 39 New Liberalized Economic Policies: Their impact on public ‘administration in the developing countris.. Public and Private Administration: Differences and Similarities ..43, 4.1 Differences between Public and Private Administration 42 Similarities between Public and Private Administration Conclusion . Public Administration as an Art, a Science and a Philosophy Sil Public Administration as an Art 52 Public Administration asa Science 5.3. Arguments for Public Administration as a Science. 5.4 Arguments against Public Administration asa Science. 5.5 Public Administration as a Philosophy Evolutions and Status of the Discipline of Public Administration 6.1 Public Administration in Ancient Times... 62 Public Administration in the I6th and 18th Centuries 63. Public Administration inthe 19th and 20th Centuries 64 Development ofthe Discipline ofthe Public Administration in the USA... 65. Five Stages in the Development ofthe Discipline of Public Administration ..66 Present Status ofthe Discipline sa 6:7 Identity Crisis in Public Administration as a Discipline. 68 Landmarks in the Study of Public Administration in India State Versus Market Debate. a 7A Debate Rooted in Laissez-faire Doctrine 7.2 Failure of Laissez-faire Market Economy and the ‘Increasing States’ Role. 7.3 State's Hegemonic Role under Question 7.4. Respective Roles of Government and the Markets. 7.5. Case for Government Intervention 7.6 Basics that Government Should Do. Conelusion ‘What Does the NPA Stand For? .. Principal Themes or Goals of NPA ... aluation nn sas Minnowbrook II (1988) in Comparison with Minnowbrook I (1968) New Public Management Perspective... 9.1 Birth of New Public Management (NPM). 9.2 Important Features of the NPM... 9.3. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler on Entrepreneurial Government. 94 9s 96 9:7 Comparison between New Public Management (Reinventing Government Movement) and. New Public Administration srcnnon Exercise . 2. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION .......... Philosophical Approach ... Legal ApproachContents 3. RELATIONS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES. nannies 145, Public Administration and Political Science Public Administration and Economics ir 146 148. 148 150 Is 15342 43 44 4s 46 47 ‘Need forthe Field Establishments... Meaning of Headquarters and the Field Importance of Field Stations Headquarters-Field Relationship Gulick’s Casification of Field Organization126 12.7 1B. 13.2 133 134 Barriers (hindrances) to Delegation.. Remedies to Barriers... Causes of Delegated Legislation ‘Advantages of Legislation... : Disadvantages of Delegated Legislation “Meaning and Importance. Supervision at Different LEVIS eon ‘Types of Supervision ‘Techniques of Supervision Line Agencies ‘Staff Agencies, ‘Auxiliary Staff or Agency... Line-Staff Relations... Public Relations... 4a 142 143 144 145 Importance of Public Relation Meaning, Nature and Purpose of Public Relations. Public Relations and Propaganda “Media of Public Relations. ‘Specific Techniques of Public Relations and Publicity14.6 Public Relations Organization in India 14.7 Public Relations and Publicity in the States. 5. Citizen’s Charter. 15.1 Nature and Purpose 15.2 Citizen’s Charter in the UK 15.3 Citizen's Charter in Other Counties 15.4 Citizen's Charter Scheme in India Planning. Significance .. ‘Meaning and Natue . Qualities of Good Planning Exercise THEORIES OF ADMINISTRATION: CLASSICAL AND NEOCLASSICAL ssneseninemerennmnonmannearnnnnnnie 281 1. Wilson’s Vision of Public Administration: Politics-Administration Dichotomy Theory 1.1 Brief Life Sketch of Woodrow Wilson. 1.2 Background to Wilson's Administrative Theory E 1.3. Woodrow Wilson's Main Ideas on Public Administration .. 283 1.4 Woodrow Wilson's Views on Polities and Administration: (Politics-Administration Dichotomy} 1.5 Significance of Woodrow Wilson's Contribution o the ‘Study of Public Administration Scientific Management: Taylor and Scientific Management Movement 2.1 Life and Works of Taylor. 2.2 Background to Taylor's Thought... 2.3. Meaning of Scientific Management 24 Core Principles of Scientific Management. 25. Taylor's Scientific Management Movement Became a Great Movement . 2.6 Criticisms of Taylor’s Scientific Management 2.7. Importance of Taylor's Contribution to Management ‘Thought and its Impact on Public Administration... Classical Theory of Organizations: Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick and Others 3.1 Introduction ...3.2 Henri Fayo! (1841-1925)... 33 Activities of an Industrial Undertaking Lee 34 Fayol’s Definition of Management and its Elements 3.5 Fayol’s Fourteen Principles, 3.6. Evaluation of Fayol’s Ideas... a7 38 39 3.10 Main Features of Classical Theory Bureaucratic Theory: Weber and his critics 41 Brief History ann 42 Vari 43 ‘Types of Bureaucracy 44 Weber's Theory of Bureaucracy... 4 een Ee 4.6 Factors Contributing tothe Growth of Bureaucracy 47 Superiority of Bureaucratic Organization... 48 Negative Aspects of Bureaucracy sin.n 49 Disadvantages of Bureaucracy su 4.10 _ Criticisms of Weber's Bureaucratic Theory... 4.11 Significance of Weber's Contribution 4.12 Is Bureaucracy Inevitable? . Ideas of Karl Marx and Michels on Bureaucracy S.1 Marx on Bureaueracy .. 5.2 Robert Michels’ Views on Bureaucracy .. ‘Human Relations school (approach): Elton Mayo .. 6.1 Life and Works of Mayo. 6.2 Mayo's Pre-Hawthome Studies . 63 Hawthome Experimenis / Studies 64 Interviews with Workers... 6.5 Basic Principles of Human Relations Theory. 66 FW. Taylor vs. Elton Mayo, 67 Haman Relations Theory vs. Classical Theory 68 Criticisms of Human Relations Theory .... 69 ExercisePublic Administration ©" 6. THEORIES OF ADMINISTRATION: BEHAVIOURAL AND SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL wn... 371 » Ideas of Mary Parker Follett. LL Life and Works... 1.2 Main Ideas of M.P. Follett 1.3. Why Follett’s Ideas Could Not Get Their Deserving Recognition in her Time? 14 Criticism 1.5. Follett’s Contribution to Administrative Theory Ideas of Chester I. Barnard (1886-1961) 2.1 Life and Works 22 ‘Bamnard’s Major Ideas . 2.3. Significance of C.1. Bamard’s Contribution to the Management Organization Theory Public Policy: Public Administration as Public Policy 3.1 Significance 3.2 Meaning and Nature of Public Policy 33 34 38 36 3763. Individual and Organizational Goals... 64 Immaturity- Maturity Theoty sannomies 65 Methods of Integrating Individual and 66 67 Conclusion A Critique of Administrative Theories Exercise .. — 7. ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOUR wns I in 1, Decision-Making with Special Reference to H. Simon 1.1 Decision-Making Approach 1.2 Significance of Decision-Making 1.3. Meaning and Nature of Decision-Making 1.4 Phases of Decision-Making. 1.5 Factors Affecting Decision-Making 1.6 Types of Decisions... 1.7 Hindrances to Decision-Making. 1.8 Conceptual Approaches to Decision: Makin, 1.9 Decision-Making Approach : An Estimate 1.10 Herbert Simon on Decision-Making. ‘Communication and Control 2.1 Communication 22° Control Definitions of Leadership Elements of Leadership ... Distinctions between Leadership and Management Leadership Theories... Leadership Styles. 7 Leadership Functions 3.8 Qualities of Leadership ‘Theories of Motivation (Maslow and Herzberg). 4.1 Meaning of Motivation 4.2 Importance of Motivation 43° Different Theories of Motivation Exercise8. COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (CPA) (With Special Reference to Riggs). ree dS2T Meaning, Purpose, Nature and Scope of Comparative 527 Public Administration—Advantages and Short-comings: Is There a Universal Theory of CPA? 2527 ‘DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (With Special Reference to Riggs and Weidner) .cnnnnmnmee 563 Public Administration 1.1 Brief History of CPA S27 1.2 Formation of Comparative Administrative Group (CAG) ... $28 1.3 Factors Contributing to the Emergence of CPA 329 1.4 Traditional Approach to CPA .. 1.5. Post-World War II Approaches to CPA. 1.6 Purpose Of CPA sovinnnmennnnsi 1.7 Nature and Characteristics of CPA 1.8 Public Administration and CPA.. 1.9 Scope of CPA ... 1.10 Advantages of CPA Studies.. 1.11 Shortcomings... 1.12 Is There Universal Theory of CPA‘ ‘Models (Approaches) of CPA. 2.1 Various Classifications, 2.2 Universalist Approach .. 2.3. Some Other Models. Fred W. Riggs on Comparative Public Administration . 3.1 Man and His Works. 3.2 Main Ideas of Riggs on CPA 3.3 Modified Prismatic Theory . 3.4 Criticism 3.5 Significance of Riggs’ Contribution. Exercise Origin, Meaning, Purpose, Nature and Functions of ‘Development AdministrationContents Development Administration and Regulatory ‘Administration are Interdependent Purposes or Objectives of Development Administration .. [Nature of Development Administration . ‘Scope of Development Administration Characteristies of Development Administration... Functions of Development Administration Problems of Development Administration . ‘Some Suggested Solutions to the Problems Changing Profile of Development Administration... 21 Sustainable Development... 2.2. A Paradigm Shift in the Linkage of Environment and Economy ... Riggs’ Views on Development Administration with Reference to his Prismatic-Sala Model for Development ‘Administration. 7 3.1 Introduction 3.2. Meaning of Development Administration 3.3 Development Administration and ‘Administrative Development. 3.4 Riggs Prismatic-Sala Mode! 35 3.6 Significance ‘Weidner’ Ideas on Development Administration 4.1 His Work 4.2 Concepts of Development Administration .. 43 Objectives of Development Administration 44 System Change and Development . 4.5. Development Administration and Result Specific... 4.6 Development Administration and Environmental Factors 4.7 Development Administration and Political Factors. Development Administration and Bureaucracy. Developmental Model