/ -

(Data)
, ,
, ,
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,
.
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, , ,
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1.1.1:

(Information)

.

.
(IST-Information Science & Technology)
,
, , , ,
- .
(/)

,
,
(program). ,
, (Hardware)
(Software).



(Motherboard), (),
(RAM & ROM-BIOS), - (, ,
) ( , , CD-ROM),
, , modem .
.


, ,
( /)
( , ,
, ).
,
.


.

. ,
.

: (.. +5 Volt) (.. -5 Volt).


, , (1)
(0) bits (binary
digits).


, .

.

0 1.

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.
,

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,

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,
, . ,
. , ,
(4)
(00, 01, 10, 11) .
,
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100, 101, 110, 111).
,
.

,

.
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.
(RAM)
( , , , CD)
Byte
Bit (Binary digit)

0 1.
Byte , ,
. (8) (Bits),
.. 00101110.
Byte ,
:
Kilobyte (Kb): 1024 210 bytes.
Megabyte (Mb): 1024 Kbytes 220 bytes (1.048.576 bytes).
Gigabyte (Gb): 1024 Mbytes 220 Kbytes 230 bytes
(1.073.741.824 bytes).

. ,
, (Input
Units), / .
, , , , ,
.
.
(CPU), , ,
. ,
, -

.
. ,
.
,
. ,
, CD DVD.
. /,
(Output Units), ,
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.
.

C.P.U.

1.2.1 :

()
, , ,
,
(Motherboard).

 (Registers)
(Arithmetic
and Logical Unit),
(Timing and Control Unit). -
.
,
MHz ().

(Buses).
:
( Intel :
8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium II, III, IV).
(4.77, 8, 16, 32, 48, 64, 133, 256, 400, 500, 733,
800, 1.000, 1.500, 1.700) Mhz.
, bits
.


.
:

ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory-Basic Input Output System):

/, ,

. ,
ROM-BIOS,
POST (Power-On Self-Test).

, ,
RAM.
ROM-BIOS chip

.

RAM (Random Access Memory):

,
.
(, , CD)
. ,
, , ,

.

 RAM ,
. ,
.

: . , ,

, .
15, 17, 19, 21
,
.

: ,
.
.
(<Enter>, <Esc>, <F1>, <Ctrl>, <Alt>, <Shift>, <Tab>, <Delete>, <Space
bar>) ,
. ,
,
.

:
. ,
.
mouse (). Apple
Macintosh
Windows, PC.

:
. ,
Gigabytes .
,
(Format).

.
, (sectors)
- (tracks).
,

, .
,
. C:.

: (Floppy disk),
, .
. ,
,
,
. ,

, .

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,
.
.
(floppy disk drive)
:.

CD-ROM : CD
, Laser.
CD, CD
,
(CD-RW), ,
.
CD ,
.
650
D:.

DVD : DVD
DVD CD 4,7 GB
17 GB 25 CD.

CD DVD Recorder : CD DVD,

CD DVD.

ZIP-Drive:
( USB). ,
100 ,
. ZIP drive 100 250 .

: PC,
. ,
, ,
,
, . ,
PC .
, .

, ,
(Dot Matrix), (Ink Jet)
Laser.

, .
,
.
(cps).
.
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.
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(dpi),
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(ppm).
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. ,
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, . ,
,
, .
,
(dpi), (ppm).
,
.

: (scanner) .


. , .
,
, ,
(OCR).
: (plotter)
.
, .

. .

.
Modem : Modem
,
. PC .
. modem
.
, (Modulate),
,
. ,
, (DEModulate),
. (Modulate) (DEModulate)
.
: (Network Interface Card)
.
(Slot ) .
,
.

:
(midi) .
,
,
.
Video :
video PC.
video.
(tuner)
PC.
: ,
,
. 1.600 x 1.200
.
PC , .
Web :
/ ,
(Digital Video) PC.
PC
3,75 /sec.
, DVD.

,
, .

.
PC , ,
. ,
( 3-12 Volts)
. , PC
.
( - ),
.
.
( )
, . ()
() (
) (
)
( ).

,
. (4) :

(Operating System)
. Windows
80% ,
.. : Linux, Unix, MacOS, Solaris.
, .


. (BASIC, C,
PASCAL, PROLOG, LISP, FORTRAN, COBOL )

.


.
.
, ,
.

.
: ,
, , video, , , ), , ,
( - browsers),
.