4.

Tnh ton b inverter

i vi h solar stand-alone, b inverter phi ln c th p ng c khi tt c ti u bt
ln, nh vy n phi c cng sut bng 125% cng sut ti. Nu ti l motor th phi tnh ton thm
cng sut p ng thi gian khi ng ca motor.
Chn inverter c in p vo danh nh ph hp vi in p danh nh ca battery. i vi h solar
kt ni vo li in, ta khng cn battery, in p vo danh nh ca inverter phi ph hp vi in
p danh ca h pin mt tri.
5. Tnh ton battery
Battery dng cho h solar l loi deep-cycle. Loi ny cho php x n mc bnh rt thp v cho
php np y nhanh. Loi ny c kh nng np x rt nhiu ln ( c nhiu cycle) m khng b hng
bn trong, do vy kh bn, tui th cao.
S lng battery cn dng cho h solar l s lng battery cung cp in cho nhng ngy d
phng (autonomy day) khi cc tm pin mt tri khng sn sinh ra in c. Ta tnh dung lng
battery nh sau:
- Hiu sut ca battery ch khong 85% cho nn chia s Wh ca ti tiu th vi 0.85 ta c Wh ca
battery
- Vi mc deep of discharge DOD (mc x su) l 0.6, ta chia s Wh ca battery cho 0.6 s c dung
lng battery

Kt qu trn cho ta bit dung lng battery ti thiu cho h solar khng c d phng. Khi h solar c
s ngy d phng (autonomy day) ta phi nhn dung lng battery cho s autonomy-day c s
lng battery cn cho h thng.

6. Thit k solar charge controller

Solar charge controller c in th vo ph hp vi in th ca pin mt tri v in th ra tng
ng vi in th ca battery. V solar charge controller c nhiu loi cho nn bn cn chn loi solar
charge controller no ph hp vi h solar ca bn. i vi cc h pin mt tri ln, n c thit k
thnh nhiu dy song song v mi dy s do mt solar charge controller ph trch. Cng sut ca
solar charge controller phi ln nhn in nng t PV v cng sut np battery.
Thng thng ta chn Solar charge controller c dng Imax = 1.3 x dng ngn mch ca PV
Tnh h solar cho 1 h dn vng su c yu cu s dng nh sau:
- 1 bng n 18 Watt s dng t 6-10 gi ti.
- 1 qut my 60 Watt mi ngy s dng khong 2 gi.
- 1 t lnh 75 Watt chy lin tc
Bc 3: tnh thi gian s dng v cc thit b i km
Xc nh thi gian s dng h thng, nn tnh ton thi gian s dng tht hp l v chi ph u t cho
1kwh s dng in 1 ngy cho h thng in nng lng mt tri khng nh
p dng cng thc tnh ton bng mt trong cc cng thc sau:
* Tng Cng sut tiu th trong h thng (W)
* Hiu in th ca mch np bnh c quy (V)
* Dung lng ca bnh c quy (AH)
* Thi gian cn c in ca h thng (T)
* H s nng sut ca b kch in (pf): thng l 0,7 hoc 0,8
AH = (T * W)/(V * pf)
Dng cng thc ny tnh tng dung lng ca c quy (AH) nu xc nh trc thi gian s dng

h thng T, tng cng sut ca Inverter W, in th ca b np V, pf = 0.7 hoc 0.8 tu vo tng loi
Inverter
T = (AH * V * pf)/W
Dng cng thc ny tnh thi gian hot ng T ca h thng nu bit tng dung lng ca c quy
AH, tng cng sut ca Inverter W, in th ca b np V, pf = 0.7 hoc 0.8 tu vo tng loi Inverter
Bc 4:
Theo nh thng s k thut tm nng lng th t l dng np l 100wp /dng np (ampe = 5,5A )
( c 100 wp tm khi thi tit t chun th dng in o c max 5,5A Vy np bnh in
100A th cn tm 200wp. Nhng trn thc t v nh sng lc mnh lc yu , thi tit 4 ma khc nhau
nn trong t vn thit k cc nh u t u tnh cng xut d .
Vy bnh in 100A nn dng tm nng lng 300wp .dng np max l 16.5 A.
V d c th 1:
La chn b kch in v c quy chay 2 qut cy, 2 bng n neon 1m20, 1 b my tnh, 1 mn
hnh my tnh LCD 15", 1 modem cho 1 vn phng dng khi mt in mi tun 1 ngy.
Bc 1: Cng sut thc t = (2*60) + (2*40) + 200 + 35 + 10 = 445W
Bc 2: W = 445*1.5 = 667.5W cn chn cng sut kch in khong 700W, v vy nn chn loi
kch in 1000VA, 24V l ph hp
Bc 3: Theo nhu cu, thi gian s dng trong 1ngy nhng nn tnh ton hp l nhn vin vn
phng lm khong T = 6h cho ngy mt in (ngh tra di hn, chiu v sm hn 1 cht).
Bc 4: Dung lng c quy tnh theo cng thc 1 l
* Theo cng sut thc t: AH = (6*445)/(24*0.7) = 158Ah. Vy bn cn mua t nht 2 c quy
150Ah/12V l m bo yu cu.
* Vy la chn mua c quy th no cho ph hp? Nu bn s dng ng cng sut thc t ca
thit b v chc chn dng di 6h/ngy th ch cn 2 c quy 150Ah, m bo khng b qu ti.
C th l :
Thit b s dng = 450w - thi gian 6h - dng bnh in 300AH ( 2 bnh 150ah) - tm nng lng =
900wp/12v ( 9 tm 100wp - s d 100wp) inventer ( b kch in =1500w)

V d:
1. Xc nh tng lng in tiu th mi ngy = (18 W x 4 gi) + (60 W x 2 gi) + (75 W x 12 gi)
= 1,092 Wh/day
(t lnh t ng ngt khi lnh nn xem nh chy 12 gi ngh 12 gi)
2. Tnh pin mt tri (PV panel)
PV panel = 1,092 x 1.3 = 1,419.6 Wh/day.
Tng Wp ca PV panel = 1,419.6 / 4.58 = 310Wp
Chn loi PV c 110Wp th s PV cn dng l 310 / 110 # 3 tm
3. Tnh inverter
Tng cng sut s dng = 18 + 60 + 75 = 153 W
Cng sut inverter = 153 x 125% # 190W
Chn inverter 200W tr ln
4. Tnh ton Battery

Vi 3 ngy d phng, dung lng bnh = 178 x 3 = 534 Ah

Nh vy chn battery deep-cycle 12V/600Ah cho 3 ngy d phng.
5. Tnh solar charge controller
Thng s ca mi PV module: Pm = 110 Wp, Vm = 16.7 Vdc, Im = 6.6 A, Voc = 20.7 A, Isc = 7.5 A
Nh vy solar charge controller = (3 tm PV x 7.5 A) x 1.3 = 29.25 A
Chn solar charge controller c dng 30A/12 V hay ln hn.

Solar PV system sizing

1. Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and energy consumption
of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as follows:
1.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used.
Add the Watt-hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day
which
must be delivered to the appliances.
1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules.
Multiply the total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to
get
the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels.
2. Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out the sizing of PV
module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (Wp) produced depends on size of the PV
module and climate of site location. We have to consider panel generation factor which is different in
each site location. For Thailand, the panel generation factor is 3.43. To determine the sizing of PV
modules, calculate as follows:
2.1 Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules
Divide the total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules (from item 1.2) by 3.43 to
get
the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances.
2.2 Calculate the number of PV panels for the system
Divide the answer obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules
available
to you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that will be the
number of PV modules required.
Result of the calculation is the minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed, the
system will perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used, the system
may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be shortened.
3. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input rating of the inverter
should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The inverter must have the same nominal
voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total amount of Watts you
will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In
case of appliance type is motor or compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the
capacity of those appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current
during starting.

For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter should be same as
PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.
4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery. Deep cycle
battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy level and rapid recharged or cycle
charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery should be large enough to store
sufficient energy to operate the appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery,
calculate as follows:
4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
4.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
4.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
4.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the nominal battery voltage.
4.5 Multiply the answer obtained in item 4.4 with days of autonomy (the number of days that you
need the system to operate when there is no power produced by PV panels) to get the
required
Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of autonomy
(0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)
5. Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage capacities. Select the
solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and batteries and then identify which type of
solar charge controller is right for your application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough
capacity to handle the current from PV array.
For the series charge controller type, the sizing of controller depends on the total PV input current
which is delivered to the controller and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel
configuration).
According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller is to take the short circuit
current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3
Remark: For MPPT charge controller sizing will be different. (See Basics of MPPT Charge Controller)
Example: A house has the following electrical appliance usage:

One 18 Watt fluorescent lamp with electronic ballast used 4 hours per day.
One 60 Watt fan used for 2 hours per day.

One 75 Watt refrigerator that runs 24 hours per day with compressor run 12 hours and off 12
hours.

The system will be powered by 12 Vdc, 110 Wp PV module.

1. Determine power consumption demands
Total appliance use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 24 x 0.5 hours)
= 1,092 Wh/day
Total PV panels energy needed = 1,092 x 1.3
= 1,419.6 Wh/day.
2. Size the PV panel
2.1 Total Wp of PV panel
capacity

= 1,419.6 / 3.4

needed
= 413.9 Wp
2.2 Number of PV panels
needed

= 413.9 / 110
= 3.76 modules

Actual requirement = 4 modules

So this system should be powered by at least 4 modules of 110 Wp PV module.
3. Inverter sizing
Total Watt of all appliances = 18 + 60 + 75 = 153 W
For safety, the inverter should be considered 25-30% bigger size.
The inverter size should be about 190 W or greater.
4. Battery sizing
Total appliances use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)
Nominal battery voltage = 12 V
Days of autonomy = 3 days
Battery capacity = [(18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12 hours)] x 3
(0.85 x 0.6 x 12)
Total Ampere-hours required 535.29 Ah
So the battery should be rated 12 V 600 Ah for 3 day autonomy.
5. Solar charge controller sizing
PV module specification
Pm = 110 Wp
Vm = 16.7 Vdc
Im = 6.6 A
Voc = 20.7 A
Isc = 7.5 A
Solar charge controller rating = (4 strings x 7.5 A) x 1.3 = 39 A
So the solar charge controller should be rated 40 A at 12 V or greater.