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Math 107
Yesenia Madrigal

Chapter 3
3.1 Multiples and Factors
-Suppose that you have two integers b and c. The way we can prove that b is a factor of c,
is if we can multiply b by any other integer n such that bn=c.
Ex. Is 2 a factor of 6? Well if 2 represents b and 6 represents c our equation to prove that 2 is a
factor of 6 would look like this: 2n=6 we can then see that n=3 because 2x3=6 therefore 2 is a
factor of 6.
Is 4 a factor of 12?
Is 25 a factor of 250?
There are other ways in which we can use to understand the same concept. In the equation bn=c
we can say that if b divides into c, it means that b is a multiple of c.
Is 12 a multiple of 36?

Is 8 a multiple of 72?

3.2 Divisibility Rules

- There are some rules for divisibility that make it easier for us to tell if a number is a
multiple of another number. For example we can decide if certain numbers are multiples of 2 if
the last digit ends with a 0,2,4,6, or 8
For example, if a number ends with the digits 0,2,4,6, or 8 it is a multiple of 2 because 2(0)=0,
2x1=2, 2x2=4, 2x3=6, and 2x4=8. After 2x4 we have 2x5=10 and we know that 10 is a multiple
of two because the last digit in 10 is a multiple of 2.
Another example of a divisibility rule is that of the number 5. We can see that if the last digit of
number ends with a 0 or 5 then that number is a multiple of 5. Heres why: 5x0=0, 5x1=5,
5x2=10, 5x3=15, 5x4=20, 5x5=25, and so on. Since all of those numbers ended with a 0 or 5 we
can see that they are multiples of 5.

3.3 Primes and Factoring

- A natural number (1,2,3,4,5) is considered prime if it only has two distinct factors. Now,
a number is considered composite it has more than two distinct factors.
Ex. Is 2 a prime a composite number? Well since the only factors of 2 (meaning the only two
numbers you can multiply to get the number 2) are 1 and 2 because 1x2=2, that means that the
number 2 is a prime number because it only has two distinct factors.
Ex. Is 6 a prime or a composite number? Well we must list out the different factors of 6 which
are 1,2,3,and 6 because 1x6=6 and 2x3=6. Since all factors of 6 are distinct, we can say that 6 is
a composite number because it has more than 2 distinct factors.
Ex. Now lets look at 1. Is 1 a prime or composite number? Well only by multiplying 1x1 will
give us the product1; this means that 1 is neither prime nor composite because it doesnt have
two distinct factors.
Prime factorization refers to when you list out all of the prime factors of a number.
Ex. If we had to list the prime factors of 18 we wouldnt list 1,2,3,6,9,18 because 6, 9, and18
arent prime numbers, they are composite. So instead we would list out the prime factors of 18
like so: 2x3x3 because 2x3=6 and then we multiply 6x3=18 and we can do the same in 3x3=9
and then 9x2=18.
So by listing the prime factors we can also get the regular factors of a number because as was
shown in the previous example by saying that the prim factorization of 18 was 2x3x3, we got
that 2, 3, 6, and 9 are factors of 18 because 2x3=6 and 3x3=9.

3.4 Greatest Common Factor

- Say a and b are two natural numbers. Then a and b share a common factor is there is
another natural number c that is a factor of both numbers. The greatest common factor refers to
the largest natural number that is a factor of both a and b.
Ex. By making a list of the factors of 24 and 36 we can see what common factors they have as
well as what the greatest common factor is.
24: 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
36: 1,2,3,4,6,6,9,12,18,36
So, the common factors of 24 and 36 are: 1,2,3,4,6, and 12 but the greatest common factor is 12
because it is the largest natural number factor that 24 and 36 have.
Heres another example: 18: 1,2,3,6,9,18
24: 1,2,3,4,6,8,12,24
The greatest common factor of 18 and 24 is 6.

3.5 Least Common Multiple

-Say a and b are two natural numbers. A common multiple c is a common multiple of a and
b if c is a multiple of a and if c is a multiple b. A positive integer c is the least common multiple
of b and c if it is the smallest positive number that is a multiple of the two numbers.
For example, itd be better if we write down the multiples of two numbers to see what multiples
they have in common and to find out which is the smallest multiple out of all of them.
8: 8, 16,24,32,40
12: 12, 24,36,48,60
or by using prime factorization
8: 2x2x2
12: 2x2x3
The LCM in these two problems is 24 because as we listed the different factors we saw that 24
was the first common multiple 8 and 12 had which means that 24 is the LCM; you dont need to
look any further.
In the prime factorization, we listed out the prime factors for both 8 and 12 and we for the factors
2x2x2 and, 2x2x3. Now we need to pair up the necessary prime factors so that we can get the
numbers 8 and 12. So we got 2x2x2x3 because 8 is represented by the numbers in red 2x2x2x3,
and 12 is represented by the numbers in green 2x2x2x3.
Now that each number is equally represented, we multiple all of the prime numbers together and
the answer we get is 24.

Chapter 4 Integers
Addition and Subtraction
A pair of integers whose sum is 0, is referred to as a zero pair.
In order to better understand how addition and subtraction of integers works, we will use a
physical model for integers. Since temperature is a familiar concept we will be using hot and
cold chips in a tank model. The red chips will represent positive integers just as heat raises or
increases temperature, and the blue chips will represent negative integers just as cold lowers or
decreases temperature.

+ + +
+ +
-

Suppose we were to remove the 5 red chips from our tank, what
happen to the temperature of the tank?
- It will increase because we are removing the red chips that
signify heat, we will only be left with the clue or cold chips in the
tank.

Examples: -2 + -5

-7 + -4

8 + -6

5+6

Now, how do you show subtraction with the physical tank model? Well if you have the problem
-3 (-5) you first put the -3 cold chips in the tank, and then add as many zero pairs (since adding
zero pairs wont affect the temperature of the tank) needed to be able to subtract the -5 cold
chips.
This is how it would look:
-3 (-5)

- - The -3 cold chips are represented by the first three (-) signs and we
added two zero pairs in order to be able to subtract the -5 from the
equation. Once we subtract the -5, we are left with the hot chips from
the two zero pairs we added. Therefore +2 is the final answer.

Multiplication and Division

- For multiplication and division we will also use the hot and cold model but this time the first
number will mean we will put in (+) or take out (-). The second number will represent groups
of or what is in the group.

For example: -3 x 7 means that we will take out (-) 7 groups of red (+) chips which will turn the
water cold. This gives us a hint as to what our answer will be which is (-) because hot chips or
heat is being removed from the tank, leaving only cold chips inside.
More examples: 3 x -6, you are multiplying or increasing the -6 cold chips in the tank so your
answer will be negative (-)
-6 x -3, you are decreasing (-6) the cold chips (-3) in the tank so your answer will be positive.
For division, we use the Missing factor Model for Division which means that in order to solve a
division problem, (ab), we must find the number n whose product with b will equal a.

Example: 186=? we must look at the multiples of 6 which are: 6,12,18 so 6 x 3 = 18

In the problem above 18 represented a, 6 represented b, and 3 represented n.
-18 6 =
18 -6 =