HY NHN BNG CON MT KINH IN

V Quc B Cn
Bi vit s 1. K thut thm - tch - bt trong bt ng thc
Cauchy-Schwarz
Hm th hai, ngy 25/10/2009, ang hc th thy Nam Dng gi cho ti, thy
bo ti son mt bi v bt ng thc ch nht ln ging cu lc b ton
hc. Son mt bi ging th khng kh nhng son lm sao hc sinh nm
bt c iu mnh mun ni th qu tht khng d cht no, ti phi mt
my ngy ngh v vn ny. Ti ngh, cu lc b, cc bn hc sinh
c cc thy dy cho rt nhiu phng php ri, chng l gi mnh li ln ging
v cc phng php na, SOS, hay dn bin, hay EV, . . . chnh l vn
khin ti au u. Sau my ngy suy ngh, ti quyt nh son mt bi v
bt ng thc kinh in. L do l g th ti ngh cc bn cng hiu, cc phng
php SOS, dn bin, . . . c tnh thit thc cao trong gii ton nhng nu ta c
dng chng gii trong thi hc sinh gii th tht khng hay. Thi hc sinh gii
l chn nhng ngi c sng to ch khng phi chn nhng ngi gii
dao ba. Vn ny xin khng bn nhiu y.
V bt ng thc kinh in, chng ta bit rt nhiu bt ng thc loi
ny nh: AM-GM, Cauchy-Schwarz, Chebyshev, . . . Mi loi trong chng u
c nhng k thut s dng ring, i hi phi c s t duy tt. Nu c th, ti
s c gng gii thiu ht cc k thut ny vo nhng dp khc. Cn trong bi
ny, ti xin c gii thiu mt k thut m ti vn hay dng - K thut thm
- tch - bt trong bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz.
Trc ht xin c nhc li v bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, n c pht
biu nh sau: Vi hai b s thc bt k a1 , a2 , . . . , an v b1 , b2 , . . . , bn , ta c
(a21 + a22 + + a2n )(b21 + b22 + + b2n ) (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + + an bn )2 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ai bj = aj bi vi mi i 6= j.
Ta c mt dng khc ca bt ng thc ny rt hay c s dng, n c
pht biu nh sau: Vi hai b s thc bt k a1 , a2 , . . . , an v b1 , b2 , . . . , bn
tha mn bi dng, ta c
a21
a2
a2
(a1 + a2 + + an )2
+ 2 + + n
.
b1
b2
bn
b 1 + b2 + + bn
ng thc cng xy ra khi v ch khi ai bj = aj bi vi mi i 6= j. (Lu l s
dng tt dng ny, cc bn cn c ci nhn hai chiu)
Chng ta bt u bng v d n gin sau
1

V d 1. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc dng ty . Chng minh rng

bc
ca
ab
a+b+c
+
+

.
b + c + 2a c + a + 2b a + b + 2c
4
Li gii. Li gii ca bi ton tht n gin nh sau: S dng bt ng thc
Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
12
(1 + 1)2
12
+

,
a+b a+c
(a + b) + (a + c)
suy ra
1
1

2a + b + c
4

1
1
+
a+b a+c


.

Theo nh gi ny, ta c
X

1X
bc

2a + b + c
4

bc
bc
+
a+b a+c


=

a+b+c
.
4

chnh l iu phi chng minh.

Li gii ny tuy n gin nhng vic tm ra n tht khng d. im c bit
y chnh l vic pht hin ra hng ng thc

X  ab
ab
+
= a + b + c,
a+b a+c
c th tm cch tch thch hp cho cc mu s ca cc i lng bn v tri,
t a n li gii Cauchy-Schwarz nh trn. y l mt tng hay v ta
c th s dng n gii mt s bi ton khc. Sau y l mt v d khc
V d 2. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng c tng bng 3. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
.
4a2 + b2 + c2
4b + c2 + a2
4c + a2 + b2
2
Li gii. S dng tng nh trn, ta s tm mt hng ng thc thch hp
c th gip ta chng minh bt ng thc cho. Cc bn hy n hng
ng thc sau

X  b2
c2
+ 2
= 3.
a2 + b2
a + c2
T , ta ngh n cch tch 4a2 + b2 + c2 = 2a2 + (a2 + b2 ) + (a2 + c2 ) v s
dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz nh sau
(a + b + c)2
a2
b2
c2

+
+
.
4a2 + b2 + c2
2a2
a2 + b2
a2 + c2

Theo nh gi ny, ta c
9

X a2
X
1

+
2
2
2
2
4a + b + c
2a

b2
c2
+ 2
2
2
a +b
a + c2


=

9
.
2

V nh th, bng cch chia c hai v ca bt ng thc cui cho 9, ta thu c

ngay kt qu cn chng minh.
Qua hai v d trn, chng ta c th thy k thut tch nhm nu bit s dng
kho lo s cho ra nhng li gii hay v c o. Tuy nhin, i khi ta khng
th tm ra nhng hng ng thc thch hp c th gip ta gii bi ton. Vy
lc ny ta nn lm th no? K thut tch nhm khng cn hiu qu? Tht ra,
ta khng nht thit phi tm cc hng ng thc m ta cng c th tm cc bt
ng thc thch hp (tt nhin l phi cht v d chng minh) sau khi s
dng Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c th s dng cc bt ng thc ny hon tt li
gii. Hai bt ng thc m ti vn thng s dng l
Kt qu 1. Vi ba s thc khng m a, b, c ty , ta c
b2
c2
a2
+
+
1;
(a)
2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab
ca
ab
bc
+
+
1.
(b)
a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
Vic chng minh hai bt ng thc ny kh n gin, cc bn c th t chng
minh. By gi, chng ta hy cng xt v d sau
V d 3. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a, b, c, ta u c
a2
b2
c2
1
+
+
.
(2a + b)(2a + c) (2b + c)(2b + a) (2c + a)(2c + b)
3
Li gii. rng
(2a + b)(2a + c) = (2a2 + bc) + a(a + b + c) + a(a + b + c).
Do , s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(1 + 1 + 1)2
1
1
1
2
+
+
,
(2a + b)(2a + c)
2a + bc a(a + b + c) a(a + b + c)
suy ra
X



X
a2
1 X
a2
a

+
2
(2a + b)(2a + c)
9
2a2 + bc
a+b+c
X

2
1
a
=
+2 .
9
2a2 + bc

Vy, chng ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc sau na l

a2
b2
c2
+ 2
+ 2
1.
+ bc 2b + ca 2c + ab

2a2

chnh l Kt qu 1a.
Mt v d khc cho k thut tch ny l bi kim tra cu lc b ton hc nm
ngoi
V d 4. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc khng m ty . Chng minh rng
1
a2
b2
c2
1
2
+
+
.
2
2
2
2
2
3
3a + (b + c)
3b + (c + a)
3c + (a + b)
2
Li gii. Bt ng thc bn tri kh n gin, n c suy ra trc tip t bt
ng thc
(x + y)2 3x2 + 3y 2
vi mi x, y 0. By gi, ta s xt n bt ng thc bn phi, hy
phn tch sau
3a2 + (b + c)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2 ) + (2a2 + 2bc).
Theo , bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz cho ta
(1 + 1)2
1
1
1
1
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
.
+ (b + c)2
a + b2 + c2
2a + 2bc
a + b2 + c2
2a + bc

3a2

S dng nh gi ny, ta thu c



X
X
1 X
a2
a2
a2

+
3a2 + (b + c)2
4
a2 + b2 + c2
2a2 + bc


2
X
1
a
=
1+
.
4
2a2 + bc
Bi ton c a v chng minh
b2
c2
a2
+
+
1.
2a2 + bc 2b2 + ca 2c2 + ab
chnh l Kt qu 1a.
K thut tch nhm thng cho ta nhng li gii rt p v gn gng. Nhng
nu trong trng hp ta khng tm c c hng ng thc ln bt ng thc
thch hp tch v nh gi th sao? Lc ny, ta c th s dng mt k thut
khc l thm - bt.
4

V d 5. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc ty tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 6= 0. Chng minh

rng
b2 ca
c2 ab
a2 bc
+
+
0.
a2 + 2b2 + 3c2
b2 + 2c2 + 3a2
c2 + 2a2 + 3b2
Li gii. Vi vic xut hin a phn cc i lng a2 , b2 , c2 cho ta thy rng
cc i lng bc, ca, ab tr nn l loi. T ta ny ra tng s dng nhng
nh gi thch hp lm trit tiu nhng i lng l loi ny. n gin nht
l s dng bt ng thc AM-GM,
bc

b2 + c2
,
2

ca

c2 + a2
,
2

ab

a2 + b2
.
2

Nh vy, ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc sau l

2y z x
2z x y
2x y z
+
+
0,
x + 2y + 3z
y + 2z + 3x z + 2x + 3y
trong x = a2 , y = b2 v z = c2 . Ta mun s dng bt ng thc CauchySchwarz chng minh bt ng thc ny. Nhng c th lm c iu ,
trc tin cc t s ca cc phn thc phi l nhng s khng m, m y th
ta cha bit chc c tnh cht ny (c th l trong ba t s lun c mt s
khng dng!). Cho nn c th p dng c bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz,
ta nn cng vo mi phn s mt lng thch hp mi t s u l s khng
m. Ta nn chn lng thm vo sao cho cc t s cng nh cng tt d vn
1
khng m. Mt cch t nhin, ta chn c l s thch hp thm vo. Khi
2
, ta vit li bt ng thc trn nh sau

 
 

1
2y z x
1
2z x y
1
3
2x y z
+
+
+
+
+
,
x + 2y + 3z
2
y + 2z + 3x 2
z + 2x + 3y 2
2
5y + x
5z + y
5x + z
+
+
3.
x + 2y + 3z
y + 2z + 3x z + 2x + 3y
By gi, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
X

5x + z
36(x + y + z)2
X
.
x + 2y + 3z
(5x + z)(x + 2y + 3z)

Vy, ta ch cn chng minh bt ng thc sau na l

X
12(x + y + z)2
(5x + z)(x + 2y + 3z).
Khai trin ra v thu gn, ta thy rng bt ng thc ny tng ng vi
x2 + y 2 + z 2 xy + yz + zx.
Mt kt qu quen thuc.
5

V d 6. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng

a
b
c
+
+
1.
3a b + c 3b c + a 3c a + b
Li gii. Cc t s ca cc phn thc trong bt ng thc u l nhng s
dng, c v nh nu ta p dng trc tip bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz th
s ra. Nhng nu cc bn th trc tip s thy sau khi p dng l b ngc
chiu. By gi, ta hy th b bt mi phn s mt lng nhng vn m bo
t s ca chng dng (ngha l dng nhng cng nh cng tt). Vi rng
4a (3a b + c) = a + b c > 0, ta c th chn ngay c lng b bt thch
1
hp l . Khi , ta vit li bt ng thc cn chng minh nh sau
4

 
 

1
1
1
a
b
c
1

+
+
,
3a b + c 4
3b c + a 4
3c a + b 4
4
a+bc
b+ca
c+ab
+
+
1.
3a b + c 3b c + a 3c a + b
n y, s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c th a bi ton v
chng minh
X
(a + b + c)2
(a + b c)(3a b + c).
Nhng bt ng thc ny thc cht chnh l mt hng ng thc!
Cc k thut thm - tch - bt l nhng k thut c bn ca bt ng thc
Cauchy-Schwarz hay c s dng trong thi olympic ton. Tuy nhin, c th
s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz hiu qu hn, cc bn khng nn dng
ring l tng k thut m nn kt hp chng li. Sau y l hai v d minh
ha cho t tng m vic bnh lun xin c dnh cho cc bn
V d 7. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
a
b
c
1
+
+
.
4a + 4b + c 4b + 4c + a 4c + 4a + b
3
Li gii. Nhn c hai v ca bt ng thc cho 4(a + b + c) v rng
3ca
a(4a + 4b + 4c)
=
+ a,
4a + 4b + c
4a + 4b + c
ta c th vit li n dng tng ng l
X

ca
a+b+c

.
4a + 4b + c
9

Tip theo, vi phn tch

4a + 4b + c = (2a + b) + (2a + b) + (2b + c),
6

s dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

(1 + 1 + 1)2
1
1
1

+
+
.
4a + 4b + c
2a + b 2a + b 2b + c
Do
X



1X
2ca
ca
ca

+
4a + 4b + c
9
2a + b 2b + c


X
1
2ca
bc
a+b+c
=
+
=
.
9
2a + b 2a + b
9

y chnh l kt qu cn chng minh.

V d 8. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc ty tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 6= 0. Chng minh
rng
a2 bc
b2 ca
c2 ab
+
+
0.
4a2 + 4b2 + c2
4b2 + 4c2 + a2
4c2 + 4a2 + b2
Li gii. rng
(2b + c)2
4(a2 bc)
1= 2
.
2
2
2
4a + 4b + c
4a + 4b2 + c2
Do , bt ng thc cn chng minh c th vit li di dng
(2b + c)2
(2c + a)2
(2a + b)2
+
+
3.
4a2 + 4b2 + c2
4b2 + 4c2 + a2
4c2 + 4a2 + b2
By gi, s dng phn tch
4a2 + 4b2 + c2 = (2a2 + 4b2 ) + (c2 + 2a2 )
kt hp vi bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
(2b + c)2
(2b)2
c2

+
.
4a2 + 4b2 + c2
2a2 + 4b2
c2 + 2a2
Theo , ta c
X


X  2b2
(2b + c)2
c2

+
4a2 + 4b2 + c2
a2 + 2b2
c2 + 2a2


X
2b2
a2
=
+
= 3.
a2 + 2b2
a2 + 2b2

Bi ton c chng minh xong.

Cui cng, xin nu ra mt s bi tp bn c c th t rn luyn thm
7

1. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng

ab
bc
ca
a+b+c
+
+

.
a + 3b + 2c b + 3c + 2a c + 3a + 2b
6
2. Chng minh rng vi mi s thc khng m a, b, c, bt ng thc sau y
lun ng
5a2

b2
c2
1
a2
+ 2
+ 2
.
2
2
+ (b + c)
5b + (c + a)
5c + (a + b)2
3

3. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc ty tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Chng minh rng

ca
ab
3
bc
+ 2
+ 2
.
+1 b +1 c +1
4

a2

4. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc ty tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Chng minh rng

1
1
1
9
+
+
.
1 bc 1 ca 1 ab
2
5. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
2a2 bc
2b2 ca
2c2 ab
+
+
3.
b2 bc + c2
c2 ca + a2
a2 ab + b2
6. Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh rng
2a + b
2b + c
2c + a
+
+
3.
2a + c 2b + a
2c + b
7. Cho a, b, c l ba s thc ty tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 6= 0. Chng minh rng
b2 ca
c2 ab
a2 bc
+
+
0.
2a2 + b2 + c2
2b2 + c2 + a2
2c2 + a2 + b2
8. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc khng m. Chng minh rng
bc
cd
da
ab
+
+
+
0.
a + 2b + c b + 2c + d c + 2d + a d + 2a + b
9. Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc ty tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 = 1. Chng
minh rng
X 1
8.
1 ab
sym
10. Vi mi s t nhin n 3, ta t
n1
.
2n 1


1
Xt cc s thc ty x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
, an . Chng minh rng bt ng
an
thc sau lun c tha mn
x1
x2
xn
n
+
+ +
.
x2 + x3
x3 + x4
x1 + x2
2
an =

n2

Ti liu
[1]

Phm Kim Hng, Sng to bt ng thc, nh xut bn Tri Thc, 2006.

[2]

Titu Andreescu, Vasile Cirtoaje, Gabriel Dospinescu, Mircea Lascu, Old

and New Inequalities, GIL publishing house, 2004.

[3]

Vasile Cirtoaje, Algebraic Inequalities: Old and New Methods, GIL publishing house, 2006.

[4]

Vasile Cirtoaje, V Quc B Cn, Trn Quc Anh, Inequalities with Beautiful Solutions, to be published.

[5]

V Quc B Cn, Cosmin Pohoata, Old and New Inequalities, volume 2,

GIL publishing house, 2008.

[6]

V Quc B Cn, Trn Quc Anh, Bt ng thc v nhng li gii hay,

nh xut bn H Ni, 2009.