Professional Documents
Culture Documents
591-614 Ing3
591-614 Ing3
Aromatics
591
CCR
regenerator
stacked
reactor
naphtha feed
from treating
net gas
compressor
combined
feed
exchanger
light ends
separator
stabilizer
regenerated
catalyst
fired heaters
aromatics
rich reformate
spent
catalyst
Fig. 1. CCR Platforming process.
592
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
lean
naphtha
rich
naphtha
reformate
reformate
loss
loss
P
P
P
P
N
from P
N
from P
N
N
A
from N
from N
from A
from A
593
594
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
CCR
regenerator
hydrogen product
stacked
reactor
fuel gas
combined
feed
exchanger
separator
regenerated
catalyst
light ends
drag to fuel gas
fired heaters
stripper
spent
catalyst
RZ Platforming process
595
Process description
naphtha feed
from treating
net gas
compressor
combined
feed
exchanger
light ends
separator
stabilizer
fired heaters
C6+ aromatics
reactors
596
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
597
598
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
Parex unit
raffinate
fuel gas
purge
gas
charge
heater
to Platforming
unit
debutanizer
steam
clay
treater
make-up
hydrogen
to xylene
splitter
Process performance
Process chemistry
599
Fig. 6.
Tatoray process.
feed
surge
drum
heater
toluene
from toluene
column
purge gas
to Isomar
unit
fuel gas
overhead liquid
to Platforming unit
debutanizer
C9 aromatics
from A9
column
toluene from
Parex unit
recycle gas
600
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
PX-Plus process
Process description
Process chemistry
feed
surge
drum
PX-Plus process.
purge gas
heater
fuel gas
toluene
overhead liquid
to Platforming unit
debutanizer
make-up
hydrogen
steam
recycle gas
to B-T
fractionation
601
602
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
603
Fig. 8. Sulpholane
process.
to ejector
raffinate
product
to storage
recovery
column
feed
surge
drum
steam
steam
604
solvent
regenerator
extract to clay
treaters in BT
fractionation
unit
steam
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
Bibliography
Gary J.H., Handwerk G.E. (1984) Petroleum refining.
Technology and economics, New York-Basel, Marcel
Dekker.
Johnson J.A. (1986) Aromatics complexes, in: Meyers R.A.
(editor in chief) Handbook of petroleum refining processes,
New York-London, McGraw-Hill.
Vladas Zukauskas
Copyright 2004 UOP LLC
All rights reserved
Used with permission
605
Introduction
Acid catalysis
CHCH2 C2H5
OH
C2H5
C2H5
SO 3Na
CH3
OH
H3CCHCH3
H3CCHCH3
OH
H3CCHCH3
OH
CH 3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3
ibuprofen
CH3
CH2
H 3CCCH3
H3C
606
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
19.5
53.4
Cumene
6.3
17.3
LAB
1.3
3.5
Cyclohexane
5.0
13.8
Nitrobenzene
2.3
6.3
Other
2.1
5.7
Total
36.5
100
12
log K
4
3.5
2.5
1,000/T (K)
1.5
0.5
CH3CH
2A
CH2 CH2HA
CH2 CH3
A
CH2CH3
HA
607
Dimensional
structure of
channels
Pores
Dimensions of
pores (nm)
Beta
BEA
3D
large
0.660.67
0.560.56
Mordenite
MOR
1D
large
0.650.70
FAU
3D
large
0.740.74
MWW
3D
medium
0.550.40
0.510.41
MFI
3D
medium
0.530.56
0.510.55
Zeolite
MCM-22
ZSM-5
The activated species CH3CH
2 A is often
represented as a free carbocation CH3CH
2 . This
is, however, a qualitative representation, and in fact
the completely free carbocation is never obtained:
the protonation of ethylene produces a single
primary carbocation. In the case of higher olefins
the protonation can form two carbocations; for
example from propylene the secondary carbocation
(i-propyl, CH3CHCH3) and the primary one,
(n-propyl, CH3CH2 CH
2 ), may be generated. The
relative stability of the carbocations increases in
the order primary<secondary<tertiary and
influences the rate and selectivity of the alkylation
reaction.
Kinetics. The effect of the nature of the alkyl group
on the reaction rate is shown in Table 3. The
isopropylation of toluene is approximately 1,460 times
faster than its ethylation, using GaBr3 as the catalyst
and the alkyl bromide as the alkylating agent. Similar
data were reported for the alkylation of benzene with
olefins, with a zeolite catalyst (REY, rare earth
exchanged Y zeolite): at 100C propylation is about
300 times faster than ethylation (Beck and Haag,
1997).
These data agree with the protonic affinity (Vogel,
1985), i.e. the tendency of an olefin to be protonated
thus creating the corresponding carbocation:
608
Relative rate
1.0
13.7
20,000
ethylene to ethyl
propylene to i-propyl
i-butene to t-butyl
672 kJ/mol
755 kJ/mol
810 kJ/mol
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
CH2CHCH3
k2
k1
CH3CHCH3
CH3CHCH3
CH2CHCH3
CH3CHCH3
CH2 = CH2
H
C2H5
C2H5
CH2CH3
CH3CH
2
H
H5
C2
H
CH3
C2H4
CH
CH2CH3
CH2CH3
higher alkylbenzenes
H
C4H
9
H
C4 olefins
cracking
C2H4
higher alkylbenzenes
H
C6H13
H
C6 olefins
other alkylates
609
610
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
purge
drag benzene
column
benzene
EB
to vacuum
system
column PEB
transalkylation
section
column EB
clay
treatment
benzene column
alkylation
section
oily water
ethylene
flux oil
ethylene
compression
benzene
PEB
Fig. 4. Flow scheme for the liquid phase process for the production of EB.
611
lights
benzene
ethylene
reaction
of benzene
with propylene.
CH3 CH3
CH2 = CHCH3
H
CH
CH3CHCH3
C3H6
H
H
C3H
7
CH3
CH
CH3
higher alkylbenzenes
H
C6H13
H
C6 olefins
cracking
C3H6
higher alkylbenzenes
H
C9H
19
H
C6 olefins
other alkylates
612
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS
AROMATICS
company
ExxonMobil
process
UOP
CD-tech
Dow-Kellog
Q-max
CDCumene
3-DDM
Polimeri Europa
zeolite
MCM-22
Beta
Mordenite
Beta
reactor
recycled
fixed bed
fixed bed
catalytic
distillation
fixed bed
fixed bed
ppm
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
non aromatics
a-methylstyrene
t-butyl benzene
n-propylbenzene
bromo index
zeolite
References
SPA
Fig. 8. Comparison of catalyst performance between a zeolite
613
purge
fresh
benzene
drag benzene
column
oily water
LPG
clay
treatment
pure cumene
recycle benzene
transalkylation
reactor
cumene column
benzene column
depropanizer
alkylation reactor
zeolite catalyst
diisopropylbenzene
column
polyalkylbenzenes
fresh propylene
zeolite
catalyst
heavier to fuel
Fig. 9. Flow scheme of the liquid phase process for the production of cumene.
614
Carlo Perego
EniTecnologie
San Donato Milanese, Milano, Italy
ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HYDROCARBONS