Transducer

Device when activated from one form energy

converted to another quantity
or
Device which converts one physical quantity
or condition to another

Physical quantity heat , intensity of light,

flow rate, liquid level, humidity etc
Sensor : sense physical quantity

Classification of transducers
1.
2.
3.
4.

Based on principle of transduction

Active & passive
Analog & digital
Inverse transducer

Based on principle used

Thermo electric
Magneto resistive
Electro kinetic
Optical

Passive transducer
Device which derive power reqd. for
transduction from auxiliary power
source
- externally powered
Eg : resistive, inductive, capacitive
Without power they will not work

Active transducer

No extra power reqd. to produce I/p

Self generating
Draw power from input applied
Eg. Piezo electric xtal used for accelartion
measurement

Analog transducer
convert I/p quantity into an analog o/p
Analog o/p- a continuous fn. Of time
Eg. Strain gauge, L VDT, thermocouple

Digital transducer
Converts I/p into an electrical o/p in the
form of pulses

Inverse transducer
Which converts electrical signal to physical
quantity

Transducer for pressure

measurement
What is pressure?
force/ unit area
Unit (N/sq.m) Pa
Pressure measured can be absolute , gauge or
differential depending on type of reference

Types of pressure transducers

Gravitational
eg : manometer
Elastic force converted to strain
eg. Diaphragm, capsule, bellows,
bourdon tubes

Diaphragm
Common pressure sensing elastic element
Thin circular plate stretched & fastened at its
periphery
Made of elastic alloys of bronze,phosphor
bronze, stainless steel or alloys like Monel,
Nickel span -C

Structure flat or corrugated

Top view of flat type

Top view of corrugated type

 Flat type high natural frequency

Corrugated for large deflections

Capsule

Capsule
Two corrugated metal diaphragms sealed
together at periphery
Forms a shell like structure
One diaphragm has a port at centre to admit
pressure to be measured
Other diaphragm linked to a moveable
mechanical part.

Capsule
Displacement proportional to difference b/w
outer & inner pressure.

Bourdon tubes
curved or twisted metallic tubes with
elliptical cross section
Sealed at one end
Tends to straighten when pressure applied.
Angular sensitivity proportional to pressure
applied

Spirial bourdon tubes

Bourdon tubes C type

Helical type
Tube in the form of helix

Bourdon tube
More sensitive to shock & vibrations
Good repeatability

Bellows

Bellows
Thin walled cylindrical sheets with deep
convolutions sealed at one end
Sealed end moves axially when pressure is
applied
No. of convolution s vary from- 2 to 50
depends on range, operating temp
Used for low pressure measurement

Bellows
displacement y = 2.n. A q P Rx 2 /( Et 2 .)
where
n no. of convolutions
A q- effective area
Et - youngs modulus of elasticity
Rx radius of diaphragm
P pressure
ie, Y P

Resistive type
Eg. Strain gauge

Capacitive

Inductive type
Eg. LVDT

Measurement of velocity
Velocity linear or angular

Linear velocity
Electromagnetic transducers
O/p voltage E = /t

= N I/ R2 . dR/dt
where N I/ R2 is a constant
R- reluctance
so E proportional to reluctance
R proportional to air gap & air gap proportional to
velocity

 Types
Moving coil
Moving magnetic

Angular velocity
Tachometer - types
Mechanical
Electrical
MHD sensor magneto hydrodynamic sensor
highly sensitive
High precision

Transducer for vibration

Vibrations give early warning of impending
conditions which may develop &vlead to
complete failure & destruction of equipment
Used in power plants, turbines

Most vibrations are sinusodial in nature

Got amp & freq.
Amp gives displacement
By measuring displacement, velocity or
acceleration - vibrations measured

Vibration transducer
Accelometer measures shock or vibration
Pot type or LVDT type

Pot type accelrometer

LVDT accelorometer

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