CHAPTER # 19 THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS ‘An atom consists of three fundamental particles, Electrons Protons Neutrons ‘An electron is a negatively charged particle. ‘Aproton is a positively charged particle. Proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron. ‘A neutron is a neutral particle having no charge om it. S James Chadwick had discovered the neutron in nucleus. Neutron has mass slightly greater than that of the proton ‘. ‘Mass number is the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the nucleus .A = 2+ Q ‘Isotopes: Isotopes are chemical elements which have different mass number but ber. For example, hydrogen has three isotopes, protium, H°, deuterium, H® diuflidm ngss number, e., Hand He * Isotones: Isotones are chemical elements which have differe er but same number of neutrons. ive. .H and.He® 4 * Mass Defect: ‘The mass of nucleus is less than the su ses of the nucleons. This difference of mass is called ‘mass defect or mass deficit. ‘The mass defect of nucleus into binding energy of invisible radiations, is called radioactivity. itted from radioactive sample are of three types. s Beta particles Gamma rays articles: ha particles have mass number A= 4 & charge number 7=2. Infact Alpha particles are helium nuclei ‘with double positive charge, They have low penetrating power, but they have high ionization power. By the emission of an a - parte, the charge no of parent nucleus is decreased by 2, & mass no is decreased by 4. Oa Het 58 Copyright @ Adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com© Beta particles: Beta particles are negatively charged electrons of high energy. Their penetration power is also very ‘They are affected by electric & magnetic fields. They have low ionization power. They travel about A/S! of the velocity of ight, A negative B-decay results increasing the atomic no of parent nucleus by 1. bbut mass no remains constant. Kut A positive B-decay, the mass no remains constant, but the charge no of parent nucleus is decreased by 1 Pah tab canara? YQ ‘Lays are electromagnetic radiations has no mass & charge. ‘heyhey mane s “They have very lw inl power Since y rays are massless ohotons their erision wil cause no can $255 0 F charge no. + Radioactive Decay: law of radio-active decay states that "the rate of dis proportional to the no of parent nucies present in ieaN=-ANat ‘Ais the decay constant & it only depends the ire of temperature pressure et. Activity of the materials the dsintegati a : . isthe relative activi WY ‘The exponential law of radi sgrations shows that a radioactive atoms decreases ‘exponentially during disir in the decay slows down, ie. N = Nje~*" * Half Life: eS The time interval i (of the atoms in any given sample decay into daughter elements is known as the halflife, elementiie. dioactive element is directly Half ITT element to element i.e. Half life of Radium is 1590 yrs. itis only 3.825 days. the process of breaking up a heavy nucleus into light nuclei with the released of Ich fission process also involves the production of some smaller particles ike neutrons in addition to the bigger fragments. ‘The fission of U™* gives Ba’ & Kr along with 3 neutrons emitted per atom. Avery hgh amount of energy released inthis reaction, itis due to the conversion of mass. Fission is a self sustaining, controllable reaction, * Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process in which heavy nucleus is formed from two or more lighter nuclet “The energy released during fusion is called thermonuclear fusion energy. 59 Copyright @ Adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com‘When two deuterium Nuclei (H") combines to form a nucleus of 2H” about 3.3 MeV energy is ejected. Fusion is the basic source of energy in stars. Hydrogen bomb is based on fusion. ‘+ Nuclear Reactors: ‘Assystem used to obtain a controlled amount of heat from nuclear fission is called a nuclear reactor. Nuclear fuel of reactors are U**, U, Platinum ete, Moderators are used to reduce the energy of emitted neutrons, the common moderators are light ‘water, heavy water, graphite, Beryllium & the organic compounds. Coolants are the materials absorb the excess heat produced in reactor, these materials are light w: heavy water, mercury & other organic compound, Control materials are used to cease fission at any instant, cadmium & Boron rods act as eS Soul a isa einasia sistas RE TISTET ISCO oo we vaya dee shielding to secure health is commonly a 6 to 8 feet thick layer of concrete wall. Breeder reactor used U”® as a fuel element which is abundant in nature, it i fissionable isotope Pu” © BULDING BLOCKS OF MATTER. [Federal Board] Y 1) Photons 2) Leptons 3) Hadrons Hadrons. Hadrons are particles that experience the strong In addition to protons, neutrons and ‘mesons are hadrons. The particles equal in ~ i protons are called Baryons and those lighter then protons are called Mesons. Leptons Leptons are particles that do not exp nuclear force. Electron, muons and neutrinos are Leptons, Quarks ‘According to quark theory Gell-Mann and G. Zweig, the quarks are proposed as the basic yons. A pair of quark and antiquark makes a Meson and 3 quark lat there are six quarks. the (I) up (2) down (3) strange (4) charm (5) yes on these quarks are fractional. ‘made up of two up quarks and one down quark. The neutron is assumed to ‘Up quark and two down quarks. Currently, the hundred of hadrons can be of six quarks and their antiquarks. Its believed that quarks cannot exist on their 1ce has been indirectly verified. 60 Copyright @ Adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com