CCH CHN T B THEO TIU CHUN QUC T (IEC)

I.Ti sao cn ci thin h s cng sut:

1. Gim gi thnh tin in:
- Nng cao h s cng sut em li nhng u im v k thut v
kinh t, nht l gim tin in.
- Trong giai on s dng in c gii hn theo qui nh. Vic tiu
th nng lng phn khng vt qu 40% nng lng tc dng (tg >
0,4: y l gi tr tho thun vi cng ty cung cp in) th ngi s
dng nng lng phn khng phi tr tin hng thng theo gi hin
hnh.
- Do , tng nng lng phn khng c tnh tin cho thi gian
s dng s l:
kVAr ( phi tr tin ) = KWh ( tg 0,4)
- Mc d c li v gim bt tin in, ngi s dng cn cn
nhc n yu t ph tn do mua sm, lp t bo tr cc t in ci
thin h s cng sut.
2. Ti u ho kinh t - k thut
- Ci thin h s cng sut cho php ngi s dng my bin p,
thit b ng ct v cp nh hn V.Vng thi gim tn tht in
nng v st p trong mng in.
- H s cng sut cao cho php ti u ho cc phn t cung cp
in. Khi y cc thit b in khng cn nh mc d tha. Tuy nhin
t c kt qu tt nht, cn t t cnh cnh tng phn t ca thit
b tiu th cng sut phn khng.
Ci thin h s cng sut
- ci thin h s cng sut ca mng in, cn mt b t in
lm ngun pht cng sut phn khng. Cch gii quyt ny c gi l
b cng sut phn khng.
-Ti mang tnh cm c h s cng sut thp s nhn thnh phn
dng in phn khng t my pht a n qua h thng truyn ti
phn phi. Do ko theo tn tht cng sut v hin tng st p.
- Khi mc cc t song song vi ti, dng in c tnh dung ca t
s c cng ng i nh thnh phn cm khng ca dng ti. v vy
hai dng in ny s trit tiu ln nhau I C = IL. Nh vy khng cn tn
ti dng phn khng qua phn li pha trc v tr t t.
- c bit ta nn trnh nh mc ng c qu ln cng nh ch
chy khng ti ca ng c. Lc ny h s cng sut ca ng c
rt nh (0,17) do lng cng sut tc dng tiu th ch khng ti
rt nh.

Cch

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II. Cc thit b b cng sut:

1. B trn li in p
Trong mng li h p, b cng sut c thc hin bng :
-

T in vi lng b c nh (b nn).

Thit b iu chnh b t ng hoc mt b t cho php iu

chnh lin tc theo yu cu khi ti thay i.

Ch : Khi cng sut phn khng cn b vt qu 800KVAr v ti

c tnh lin tc v n nh, vic lp t b t pha trung p thng
c hiu qu kinh t tt hn.
2. T b nn
B tr b gm mt hoc nhiu t to nn lng b khng i. vic
iu khin c th thc hin:
-

Bng tay: dng CB hoc LBS ( load break switch )

Bn t ng: dng contactor

Mc trc tip vo ti ng in cho mch b ng thi khi

ng ti.

Cc t in c t:
-

Ti v tr u ni ca thit b tiu th in c tnh cm ( ng

c in v my bin p ).

Ti v tr thanh gp cp ngun cho nhiu ng c nh v cc

ph ti c tnh cm khng i vi chng vic b tng thit b
mt t ra qu tn km.

Trong cc trng hp khi ti khng thay i.

3. B t b iu khin t ng ( b ng ng )
- B cng sut thng c hin bng cc phng tin iu khin
ng ngt tng b phn cng sut.
- Thit b ny cho php iu khin b cng sut mt cch t ng,
gi h s cng sut trong mt gii hn cho php chung quanh gi
tr h s cng sut c chn.
- Thit b ny c lp t ti cc v tr m cng sut tc dng v
cng sut phn khng thay i trong phm vi rt rng. v d: ti
thanh gp ca t phn phi chnh, ti u ni ca cc cp trc chu
ti ln.
Cc nguyn l v l do s dng b t ng:
- B t b gm nhiu phn v mi phn c iu khin
bng contactor. Vic ng mt contactor s ng mt s t
song song vi cc t vn hnh. V vy lng cng sut b c
th tng hay gim theo tng cp bng cch thc hin ng
hoc ct contactor iu khin t. Mt rley iu khin kim
sot h s cng sut ca mng in s thc hin ng v
m cc contactor tng ng h s cng sut c h thng
thay i ( vi sai s do iu chnh tng bc ). iu khin
rle my bin dng phi t ln mt pha ca dy cp dn
in cung cp n mch c iu khin. Khi thc hin b
chnh xc bng cc gi tr ti yu cu s trnh c hin
tng qu in p khi ti gim xung thp v do kh b

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cc iu kin pht sinh qu in p v trnh cc thit hi

xy ra cho trang thit b.
- Qu in p xut hin do hin tng b d ph thuc mt
phn vo gi tr tng tr ngun.
Cc qui tc b chung
- Nu cng sut b t ( kVar ) nh hn hoc bng 15% cng
sut nh mc my bin p cp ngun, nn s dng b nn.
- Nu trn mc 15%, nn s dng b kiu t ng.
- V tr lp t t p trong mng in c tnh n ch b
cng sut; hoc b tp trung, b nhm, b cc b, hoc b
kt hp hai phng n sau cng.
- V nguyn tc, b l tng c ngha l b p dng cho
tng thi im tiu th v vi mc m ph ti yu cu
cho mi thi im.
- Trong thc tin, vic chn phng cch b da vo cc h
s kinh t v k thut.
V tr lp t t b:
3.1 B tp trung : p dng cho ti n nh v lin tc.
Nguyn l : b t u vo thanh gp h p ca t phn
phi chnh v c ng trong thi gian ti hot ng.
u im:
- Gim tin pht do vn tiu th cng sut phn
khng .
- Lm gim cng sut biu kin.
- Lm nh ti cho my bin p v do n c kh
nng pht trin thm cc ph ti cn thit.
Nhn xt :
- Dng in phn khng tip tc i vo tt c l ra t
phn phi chnh ca mng h th.
- V l do ny kch c dy dn , cng sut tn hao
khng c ci thin ch b tp trung.
3.2 B nhm ( tng phn on ).
B nhm nn s dng khi mng in qu ln v khi
ch ti tiu th theo thi gian ca cc phn on thay i
khc nhau.
Nguyn l : b t c u vo t phn phi khu vc . hiu
qu do b nhm mang li cho dy dn xut pht t t phn
phi chnh n cc t khu vc c t t c th hin r
nht.
u im:
- Lm gim tin pht do vn tiu th cng sut
phn khng.
- Lm gim cng sut biu kin yu cu.
- Kch thc dy cp i n cc t phn phi khu vc
s gim i hoc vi cng dy cp trn c th tng
thm ph ti cho t phn phi khu vc.
Nhn xt :
Cch

chn t b

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- Dng in phn khng tip tc i vo tt c dy dn

xut pht t t phn phi khu vc.
- V l do ny m kch thc v cng sut tn hao
trong dy dn ni trn khng c ci thin vi ch
b nhm.
- Khi c s thay i ng k ca ti, lun lun tn ti
nguy c b d v km theo hin tng qu in p.
3.3 B ring:
B ring nn c xt n khi cng sut ng c ln
ng k so vi mng in.
Nguyn l: b t mc trc tip vo u dy ni ca thit b
dng in c tnh cm ( ch yu l cc ng c ).
B t nh mc ( kVAr) n khong 25% gi tr cng sut
ng c. B b sung ti u ngun in cng c th mang
li hiu qu tt.
u im :
Lm gim tin pht do tiu th cng sut phn khng
(kVAr)
Gim cng sut biu kin yu cu.
Gim kch thc v tn hao dy dn i vi tt c
dy dn.
Nhn xt :
Cc dng in phn khng c gi tr ln s khng cn
tn ti trong mng in.
3.4 Mc b ti u
Phng php chung
Bng s liu tnh ton cng sut phn khng cn
thit trong giai on thit k. qua c th xc nh cng
sut phn khng v cng sut tc dng cho mc b khc
nhau.
Vn ti u ho kinh t k thut cho mt mng
in ang hot ng.
Vic tnh ton nh mc b ti u cho mt mng
tn ti c th thc hin theo nhng lu sau:
+ Tin in trc khi t b
+ Tin in tng lai sau khi lp t b.
+ Cc chi ph bao gm :
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Mua t b v mch iu khin.

Lp t v bo tr

Tn tht trong t v tn tht trn dy cp,

my bin p sau khi lp t b.

III. Chn T B :
1. Phng php tnh n gin:
( chn t b cho mt ti no th ta cn bit cng sut(P) ca ti v
h s cng sut (Cos ) ca ti ):
Gi s ta c cng sut ca ti l P
H s cng sut ca ti l Cos 1 tg 1 ( trc khi b )
H s cng sut sau khi b l Cos 2 tg 2.
Cng sut phn khng cn b l QC = P (tg1 tg2 ).
T cng sut cn b ta chn t b cho ph hp trong bng catalog ca nh
cung cp t b.
d hiu ta s cho v d minh ho nh sau:
Gi s ta c cng sut ti l P = 270 (KW).
H s cng sut trc khi b l cos1 = 0.75 tg1 = 0.88
H s cng sut sau khi b l Cos2 = 0.95 tg2 = 0.33
Vy cng sut phn khng cn b l Qb = P ( tg1 tg2 )
Qb = 270( 0.88 0.33 ) = 148.5 (KVAr)
T s liu ny ta chn t b trong bng catalog ca nh sn xut
gi s l ta c t 25KVAr. b cho ti th ta cn b 6 t 25 KVAr tng
cng sut phn khng l 6x25=150(KVAr) vi 6 t b ny ta chn b iu
khin 6 cp nh s hnh v:

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2. Phng php b ti u da vo iu kin khng ng tin pht:

Xt ho n tin in lin quan n dung lng kVArh tiu th
v ghi nhn s kVArh phi tr tin sau , chn ho n tin gi kVArh cao
nht phi tr (khng xt n trng hp ngoi l).
V d: 15965 kVArh trong thng ging
Tnh tng thi gian hot ng trong thng v d : 220h s gi xt tnh
l nhng gi m h thng in chu ti ln nht v ti t gi tr nh cao
nht. ngoi thi gian k trn vic tiu th cng sut phn khng l min
ph.
Gi tr cng sut cn b:
[kVAr] =

kVAr
= Qb
T

kVAr : s kVAr phi tr tin.

T : s gi hot ng
Dung lng b thng c chn cao hn gi tr tnh ton mt cht.

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Mt s hng cung cp qui tc thc loga thit k t bit cho vic

tnh ton ny theo cc khung gi ring. Cng c trn v cc d liu km
theo gip ta chn la thit b b v s iu khin thch hp, ng thi
rng buc ca cc sng hi in p trong h thng in . cc sng hi ny
i hi s dng nh mc t d ( lin quan n gii nhit, nh mc p v
dng in ) v cc cun khng hoc mch lc sng hi.

Cch

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