Chng6-ocngsut

6.1.Cckhinimvphngphpo
cngsut.
6.2.ocngsuthpth.
6.3.ocngsuttruynthng.

6.1.Cckhinimvph
ngphpocngsut.
6.1.1.Khinim.
- Php o c bn o cc thng s ca tn
hiu.
Cng sut cao tn ca tn hiu dng lin tc
hay xung l i lng nng lng in t tiu th
trn ti trong mt n v thi gian.
- Mch in mt chiu: P=UI.
Mch in xoay chiu: p = ui

6.1.Cckhinimvph
ngphpocngsut.
6.1.1.Khinim. 1

pdt UI cos
- Mch in iu Pho:
T
(*)

(*) l tr trung bnh ca cng sut trong mt

chu k, cn gi l cng sut thc hin, cng
sut tc dng.

6.1.Cckhinimvph
ngphpocngsut.
6.1.1.Khinim.

- Cng sut phn khng: Q = UIsin

U v I l tr s hiu dng, l gc lch pha
gia in p v dng in.
R
Tr s cos biu th c tnh caZ ti: cos
=
2
2

Z R X

6.1.Cckhinimvph
ngphpocngsut.
6.1.1.Khinim.
u

Um
t

(a)

- Mch xung:
Tr s cng sut xung l tr s cng sut trung bnh trong
khong thi gian tn ti ca xung

1
bnh
uidtbng tr trung bnh trong
Tr s cng sutPvg
trung

khong chu k ca xung:

u
Um

1
P uidt
T

Um/2

(b)

- Mch xung:
Quan h gia Pvg v P:

P Pvg
T
hiu xung

Trng hp tn
c dng nh hnh b, th cng sut
xung Pvg tm c xc nh nh xung tng ng c hnh ch
nht m bin cng bng U m, v thi gian bng khong thi
gian tnh t cc im tng ng vi mc na bin U m/2.

- Trong k thut in t, thng tin, gii hn lng

trnh o cng sut kh rng. T cc thit b c
cng sut ln nh my pht, n cc thit b c
cng sut nh nh my thu, my o , c cng
sut t 10-6W n 107W, cc ch cng tc
khc nhau (lin tc hay xung).

- n v o cng sut:
+ n v tuyt i: Ot (W), cc c s v bi s
ca ot (t W ti MW).
+ n v tng i: xiben ot (dbW),
exiben miliot (dbmW) dng so snh cc mc
cng sut cc v tr khc nhau trong k thut
thng tin.

- n v o cng sut:
n v cng sut tng i c xc nh theo
biu thc:
P
10 lg
P1
P l tr s cng sut tnh bng W (hay mW) ti
mt v tr o no
P1 l tr s cng sut ban u, bng 1W (hay
1mW)
o bng dbW (hay dbmW), c du dng khi
P > P1, du m khi P < P1.

10

6.1.2.Phngphpocngsut.
Trong o cng sut, siu cao tn, c hai nhim
v phi gii quyt
1. o cng sut trn ti c phi hp tr khng, hay
o cng sut cc i c hp th ca nng lng
t mt ngun c cng sut cn o. Trong php
o ny, ti c xc nh c tr s bng tr
khng c tnh ca ng dy v ti thun tr.
Ngun
cng
sut
cn o

Dy
truyn

Ti
hp
th

Bin
i
nng l
ng

Thit
b
ch
th

Ot
mt
11

6.1.2.Phngphpocngsut.
Trong o cng sut, siu cao tn, c hai nhim
v phi gii quyt
1.
- Khi o, Ot-mt c mc vi ngun cng sut
cao tn cn o thng qua dy truyn ti. Vy
cng sut hp th trn in tr ti ca ot-mt
ph thuc vo s phi hp ca ngun cng sut
cn o khng nhng ch ph thuc vo cp
chnh xc ca ot-mt m cn ph thuc c vo
mc phi hp ca ng dy vi ngun v vi
ti.

12

2.

o cng sut c hp th trn ti bt k hay o

cng sut truyn thng. Trong php o ny,
cng sut o c l mt phn ca ngun cng
sut cn o. V d cn o cng sut bc x trn
anten t ngun cng sut pht ra ca mt my
pht; hay cng sut a ti tng cng sut cui
ca tng trc cui ca mt my pht
Ti
hp
th
Dy truyn
sng

Ngun
cng
sut

B
phn
ghp

Bin
i
nng l
ng
Ot
mt

Thit
b
ch
th

Ti
thc

13

2.

- V cu to, th ot-mt thng gm ba khi (cc

khi c v trong khung nt ri trn cc hnh 6.2
v 6.3): ti hp th, b bin i nng lng v
thit b ch th.

14

- Tu theo phng php o c bin php bin

i nng lng thch hp v trc tip hay gin
tip ch th. cng l c s cu to ca cc loi
ot-mt.
- Php o c di lng trnh o ln v di tn s
o rng. Nn c nhiu phng php o khc nhau
thch ng vi cc trng hp c th t c sai
s o cho php. Thng tu thuc vo kh nng
ch to thit b nn ch thch hp cho tng tn
on. Tuy nhin, cng c phng php p dng vi
mi tn on tu theo yu cu c th ca php
o.

15

- mch mt chiu, mch xoay chiu tn s cng

nghip (50Hz, 60Hz), m tn, v c cao tn, th
php o c thc hin bng o trc tip hay
o gin tip.
+ o trc tip dng ot-mt c b bin i cc
i lng in l mt thit b nhn in p v
dng in trn ti, sao cho u ra c trc tip
ch th i lng o l: P = UIcos. V d: dng
c in ng, b bin i Hall v cc b
nhn in t.
+ o gin tip c thc hin bng php o
dng in, in p v tr khng. Php o bng
vn-mt v ampe-mt n gin, song trong
nhiu trng hp, khng th thun li nh phng
php o trc tip.
16

- siu cao tn, o cng sut l mt trong

nhng php o c bn, ch yu xc nh
thng s c tnh ca tn hiu. Php o c
thc hin bng cc phng php bin i nng l
ng in t thnh cc dng nng lng khc
o. Cc dng nng lng khc v d nh quang nng
(dng t bo quang in), nhit nng (dng nhit
lng-mt, in tr), hay c nng (dng tc dng
c hc ca sng in t).

17

 Hin nay, phng php c dng nhiu tt c

cc tn on trong di tn s trong k thut
in t l phng php dng hiu ng Hn
(Hall) trong cht bn dn.
chnh xc ca cc phng php o cng sut
k thut in t, c coi l cao nu nh sai s
khng qu 5%, v l trung bnh nu sai s khng
qu 25%.
V mc , cng sut ca thit b c coi l ln
khi c tr s ln hn 10W; l trung bnh khi c
tr s t 10W n 0,1W; v c coi l b khi tr
s t 0,1W n 10-9W.

18

6.1.3.ocngsuttnsthpvtn
scao.
1. Phng php nhn.
- Cng sut tc dng ca dng in iu ho:
P=UIcos.
- Vic o cng sut thc hin trc tip php
nhn in p v dng in bng mt thit b
nhn.

19

6.1.3.ocngsuttnsthpvtn
scao.
1. Phng php nhn.
- Ot-mt in ng c cu to theo phng
php ny, tr s ch th ca kim ot-mt l mt
i lng t l trc tip vi tch s ca in p v
dng in trn ti cn o. Nhng ot-mt in
ng ch c th dng o cng sut tn s
thp v mc cng sut tng i, c tnh tn
s ca n b hn ch nhiu do cm khng ca cc
cun dy v cc in dung tp tn.

20

 Mt thit b mch nhn c nhiu u im v c

ph bin dng l thit b nhn s dng c
tuyn bc hai ca n bn dn..
x1

x2

B
t
ng

x1+x2

B
bnh
phng

(x1+x2)2

B
tn
g

x1-x2

B
bnh
phng

(x1-x2)2

B
tng

4x1x2

ng
h t
din

x1
x

B
o
cc

-x2

B
o
cc

(a)

21

 Nguyn l ca mch: dng thut ton bin i php nhn theo

ng thc:

1
x1 x2 2 x1 x2 2
Nu u vo: x1 = Usint
4 v x2 = Isin(t - ), l in p v dng
x1 x2

in trn ti, u ra s c: 4x1x2 = 4UIsintsin (t-)

Bin i lng gic tch s trn, ta c:

4x1x2 = 2UIcos - 2UIcos(2t-)
in p c o bng ng h t in, song song vi ng h c
mc t in, nn tr s ch th ca kim ng h tng ng vi thnh
phn mt chiu: 2UIcos, tc l cng sut cn o trn ti.

22

Mch in ca mt ot-mt n gin dng it.

Phn t c c tuyn bc hai y chnh l
it.
R

I1

I2
mA

D1

D2

R0

R0

Ngun cng sut o

Rt

(b)

23

 c c phn t c c tuyn bc hai c th dng nhiu cch

nh cc phn t tch sng hiu dng. V d nh phn u ca
c tuyn dng in-in p ca it hoc tranzito.
Nhc im ca ot-mt dng phng php nhn bng c tuyn
bc hai l yu cu n phi c c tuyn ng nht. V vy th
ng c sai s khi n c bin i c tuyn, nh khi n b gi
i, khi n b thay th hay khi c s thay i in p cung
cp. nng cao chnh xc th in p cung cp cho mch
phi n nh; nn thng hay thc hin hi tip dng in.
Sai s ca loi ot-mt ny vo khong 5 10%.

24

2. Phng php o dng in trn mch c tr khng

bit.
Dng o cng sut ra ca mt my pht.
Khi o, ngi ta mc thay ti ca mt my pht (v d nh anten)
bng mt in tr tng ng c bit (c tnh tiu chun cao, t
thnh phn in khng, c kh nng hp th nhiu nng lng).
Tin hnh o dng in trn in tr ti, th t c th xc
nh c cng sut ra ca my pht theo cng thc:
P = I 2R

25

3. Phng php so snh.

o cng sut ca mt ngun in cao tn, c
th bng cch so snh n vi ngun cng sut
dng in mt chiu hay ngun dng in c
tn s thp.
Ta bit phng php o cng sut dng in
mt chiu hay dng in tn s cng nghip
(50Hz - 60Hz); cc phng php o ny thng d
thc hin v c chnh xc cao. V d nh o
cng sut bng ot-mt in ng th sai s c
th t ti (0,1% - 0,2%).

26

3. Phng php so snh.

Php o so snh c thc hin bng nhiu cch,
cch thng dng l so snh cng sng ca hai
n. Mt n c ni vi ngun cng sut cn
o, n th hai c ni vi ngun cng sut mt
chiu hay tn s thp. Cho sng ca hai n
bng nhau, iu ny c th xc nh c nh
mt thit b o nh sng (quang -mt), hay
t bo quang in. Khi xc nh c ngun
cng sut dng mt chiu, c th bit c cng
sut ngun cng sut cao tn cn o.

27

4. Phng php o cng sut bng

hiu ng Hall.
iL

uL
L

BH

H
u

D
eH

28

4. Phng php o cng sut bng hiu

ng Hall.
Nguyn l cu to:
- Gm mt bn mng bng cht bn dn n
tinh th, hai cp in cc: cp dng in D
v cp in p Hall H. Cp D c cung cp l
dng in mt chiu, xoay chiu. Khi trn bn
c tc dng ca t trng, th gia hai cc H s
sinh ra mt sc in ng Hall eH.

29

4. Phng php o cng sut bng hiu

ng Hall.
Nguyn l cu to:
Tr s ca eH t l vi tch s ca dng i v t tr
ng H:
eH = kBi = k0Hi (6.4)
k: h s t l, ph thuc vo vt liu, kch
thc v dng ca bn thn bn bn dn, vo
nhit v cng t trng ca mi trng
xung quanh.
B: tr s in trng, c sinh bi dng in
iL trong cun dy L v c cu to sao cho quan
h gia dng iL v B l quan h bc nht:
B = k i i L = ku uL
(6.5)
30

4. Phng php o cng sut bng hiu

ng Hall.
Nguyn l cu to:
Thay (6.4) v (6.5), ta c:
eH = k ki.iLi = kku uLi

(6.6)

Cun dy in t c cung cp bi dng in

mt chiu hay xoay chiu tu theo cc trng hp
cng sut cn o.

31

4. Phng php o cng sut bng hiu

ng Hall.
u im: Khng c qun tnh, cu to n gin,
kch thc b, thi gian lm vic lu bn. C th
o cng sut thc hin (cng sut tc dng) v
cng sut hin dng (cng sut biu kin) trong
mt di tn s rt rng, tn s siu cao tn.
Khuyt im : Cc thng s ph thuc nhiu vo
nhit .
ng dng: Dng o cng sut dng mt chiu
th cng da theo kt qu ca biu thc (6.6)
trn. Nu dng in cung cp cho cp D ca b
bin i l dng in qua ti, cn in p t
trn cun L l in p h trn ti, th in p e H l
i lng t l vi cng sut tiu th trn ti: P t = UtIt 32

6.1.4.ocngsutsiucaotndng
nhitintr.
Rb()

Rb()
R=f(P)

220

(a)

60
40

180
dR/dP=(P)
140
100

(b)

R=f(P)

dR/dP=(P)
20

10

15

0
P(mW)

40

80

120

P(mW)

33

6.1.4.ocngsutsiucaotndng
nhitintr.
- C hai loi in tr nhit l blmt v
tecmisto. V vy cc phng php o ny thng
c l phng php blomt v tecmisto. B bin
i y chnh l cc in tr nhit. Phng
php ny dng o cc ngun cng sut cao
tn, c tr s b. Blmt hay tecmisto ng vai
tr ti hp th ca ngun cng sut o. Thng
qua php o s bin i tr khng ca ti hp
th m suy on ra cng sut cn o.

34

6.1.4.ocngsutsiucaotndng
nhitintr.
- Blmt l si dy bng bch kim hay vnphram
min
rt mnh t trong mt ng thu tinh. Trong
ng
I
8
c cha kh tr tng cng sut cho si dy khi
c t bng dng in yu cu:
cho s phn b dng in trn si dy c
ng u: min l di bc sng cc tiu ca
ngun cng sut o.

35

6.1.4.ocngsutsiucaotndng
nhitintr.
- Blmt l mt loi in tr nhit, khi nhit
tng th tr s in tr cng tng. th biu
din quan h ph thuc gia tr s in tr Rb
v cng sut tiu th.
in tr trung bnh ca blmt khng ln, loi
vnphram 50 v bch kim 200.

36

- Tecmisto l in tr nhit bng cht bn dn c

cu to: Hai dy bng bch kim hay iridiom c
ng knh 20-30, ni vi hai u ng thu tinh,
ni vi nhau bng mt ht cu b lm bng cht
bt bn dn.
R()

0o

800

-40o

+20o
600
+60o
400
P(mW)

200
4

12

16

37

- in tr ca tecmisto khong chng 100 n

3000. L loi in tr nhit, khi nhit tng
th in tr gim. th biu din quan h tr
s in tr R1 v cng sut.

38

- So snh gia blmt v tecmisto:

+ u im: d ch to, t b ph thuc vo
nhit mi trng. Nhc im l d b qu ti;
kch thc ln nn b hn ch kh nng s dng
on sng cm (khi <10cm); in khng vo b;
kh thc hin phi hp vi dy truyn ti; tr s
in tr ph thuc vo tn s (do hiu ng b
mt); tr s in cm v in dung ln; s
phn b dng in dc theo si dy t khng
u.

39

- So snh gia blmt v tecmisto:

+ u im ca tecmisto l nhy cao, lng
trnh bin thin ca tr s in tr rng; t b
qu ti; kch thc nh; tr s in cm v in
dung ca bn thn b; thi gian lm vic lu.
Nhc im l ch to kh hn v d b nh h
ng bi nhit mi trng xung quanh.

40

- So snh gia blmt v tecmisto:

Do cc u nhc im trn y, nn
tecmisto c s dng nhiu hn o cng
sut. on sng cm th hu nh khng cn dng
c blmt na.

41

6.2.ocngsuthpth.
6.2.1.Phngphpvn-mt(v
ampemt).
Phng php vn-mt (v ampemt) cn gi
l c s cu to ca ot-mt kiu tch sng
dng trc tip o cng sut tn s cao,
ti 1000 MHz.

42

6.2.ocngsuthpth.
6.2.1.Phngphpvn-mt(v
ampemt).
S khi ot-mt
Rt
P~

Khuch i
mt chiu

43

6.2.ocngsuthpth.
6.2.1.Phngphpvn-mt(v
ampemt).
Php o y c thc
hin bng cch o
2
in p trn mt tiU
bit. Khi c phi hp
m
P

tr khng th:
2 Rt
(6.8)

Vi Rt l tr khng ti, n bng tr khng c

tnh (tr khng sng) W ca ng dy, Um l
tr s nh ca in p trn ti.
44

- in tr Rt l ti hp th, c cu to di dng
in tr b mt, n l mt hnh tr bng gm,
trn ph mt lp than ch c bit c ng
knh bin thin theo hm s m. Mc ch nh
vy m bo khng gy mo trng in t
trn ng truyn. Lm cho ti c tnh cht in
tr v phi hp c vi tr khng sng ca ng
dy truyn ti.

45

- gim bt s ghp in khng vo mch o

v m rng lng trnh o cng sut, vn-mt
c mc o in p ch trn mt phn ca
ti, dy ni t ti n vn-mt cn phi ngn.
Vn-mt l loi tch sng nh, mch vo h, c
s khi kiu: tch sng-khuch i-ng h
ch th.

46

- Nu biu th phn on ti m vn-mt o

in p trn l Rd, th in p o l:
Rd
Ud Um
(6.9)
Rt
- Thay biu thc (6.9) vo biu thc (6.8) ta c:
Rt
P U
2 Rd2
2
d

(6.10)

V Rd l tr s in tr bit, v c nh
i vi ot-mt, nn thang o ca ng h ch
th c th khc trc tip theo n v cng
sut (W).

47

Sai s ca php o l do cc in tr Rt v Rd c
sai s (v cha c hon ton tiu chun, v tr s
b bin i trong qu trnh s dng); sai s ca
vn-mt (do ngun cung cp thay i, s thay
i ca nhit xung quanh trong qu trnh
o) v nht l sai s do phi hp tr khng cha
tt.

48

6.2.2. Phng php o cng nh

sng.
Cu to ca ot-mt dng cch bin i in nng
thnh quang nng o cng sut.

49

6.2.2. Phng php o cng nh

sng.
Ti hp th cng sut cao tn ca ot-mt l n
it mc gia trc ca on dy ng trc. Dy
ng trc c mt u ni tt bng pit-tng P, mt
u ni tip vi mt ng B c th thay i c
chiu di ng, tc dng l to s phi hp tr khng
ca n it mt di tn s rng.

50

6.2.2. Phng php o cng nh

sng.
n it l mt n c cu to c bit; in tr
trong ca n gn bng tr khng sng ca dy
ng trc, c th m bo s phi hp ca dy.
Si t ca n l mi on dy thng, mnh
trnh c hiu ng b mt khi o cc tn s
khc nhau.

51

6.2.2. Phng php o cng nh

sng.
cho s phn b dng in dc trn si dy t
c ng u, chiu di si t c chn ngn
hn 8-10 ln mm ca on sng cng tc quy nh
ca otmt. Trong ng thu tinh ca n c cha kh
hyro nng c cng sut cc i cn o. nh
sng pht ra t n i qua l O v tm knh chn
nhit CN ri tc dng vo t bo quang in Q.
Mch in ca t bo quang in c mc ng h t
in, thang khc ca ng h c chun theo
n v cng sut.

52

6.2.2. Phng php o cng nh

sng.
Loi ot-mt ny dng o cng sut ch yu
on sng dm, lng trnh o cng sut ti 20W.
Sai s o khong 12%. Cu to ca ot-mt ny
tng i n gin, song c nhc im l nhy
ca n b ph thuc nhiu vo t bo quang in
nn d b thay i theo thi gian s dng.

53

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

Phng php o cng sut bng cch bin i

nng lng in t thnh nng lng nhit l mt
trong nhng phng php o cng sut ln chnh
xc nht. Phng php ny c th dng cho bt c
tn on no, nhng v iu kin gn nh ca thit
b, nn n ch thng dng phm vi sng cc ngn
(cm, dm v mt phn sng m), vi lng trnh do
cng sut t 5-1000W.

54

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

C hai loi: mt loi o trc tip, v mt loi o so
snh.

55

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

C hai loi ot-mt trn u dng ti hp th l ti
nc, tc ti c cht hp th nng lng in t l
nc, nc chy qua b pht nhit c nung nng
bi cng sut ca ngun in cn o.
Cng sut c hp th trn ti nh vy c xc
nh bng cng thc: P = 69vt0

56

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

y, v l tc chy ca nc (c th nguyn l
cm3/s). t0 l chnh lch nhit ca nc u
ra v u vo ca bnh cha ti, n c tnh bng
bch phn. o nhit ca nc c th dng
nhit biu nh thu ngn, nhit ngu, nhit in
tr

57

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

Hnh dng ca cc ti nc th khc nhau tu theo
lng trnh cng sut o v vo chiu di bc
sng ca ngun cng sut o. Hnh 6.21 l cc kiu
ti nc thng dng (hnh 6.21a v 6.21b l ti kiu
dy ng trc; hnh 6.21c l kiu dng ng dn
sng).

58

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

S khi ca ot-mt o trc tip cng sut nh
hnh 6.22. y, nng lng in t c a vo
t nng b phn pht nhit PN v c hp th
gy nng nc.

59

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

Nc t ngun chy qua b phn pht nhit PN v
c un nng bi b phn ny. S chnh lch nhit
ca nc c o bng hai nhit biu ca b phn
o t0. Hnh 6.23 l mt v d b phn o t0 bng
nhit ngu, ng h t in A c th trc tip khc
theo n v cng sut.
Tc ca nc chy thng c chn va phi
d pht hin s chnh lch nhit v ot-mt
t qun tnh khi cn chuyn t php o lng cng
sut ny sang php o khc. Thng ngi ta hay ly
tc trung bnh l: v = 1,5 lt/pht.
60

6.2.3. Phng php nhit lng mt.

o tc ca nc dng mt bnh ng nc c
dung lng c khc v vi c van hm iu
chnh c nh hnh 6.24. Khi o, iu chnh
nc chy, ri o mc nc st trong bnh khc
trong mt khong thi gian no , th t bit
c tc ca nc chy.
Sai s ca php o bng ot-mt trn gm sai s
ca php o tc nc, o chnh lch nhit ,
sai s do khng phi hp tr khng ca ti v do s
truyn nhit ra mi trng xung quanh.
61

6.3. o cng sut truyn thng.

Trn thc t o cng sut, c trng hp phi o
cng sut ca thit b c hp th trn ti bt k;
ngha l ngun cng sut ang cng tc ch c
ti thc khi tnh trng gia ti vi dy truyn
sng, cng nh gia dy truyn sng vi tr khng
ra ca ngun cng sut c th khng hon ton phi
hp.

62

6.3. o cng sut truyn thng.

o cng sut nh trng hp ny c thc hin
vi s khi ca php o nh hnh 6.3. Trong ,
ot-mt o cng sut ch hp th mt phn nh nng
lng ghp t ng truyn gia ngun cng sut
n ti, ch khng phi l hp th hon ton cng
sut ca ngun cng sut nh trong trng hp o
lng xt trn.

63

6.3. o cng sut truyn thng.

Gi trng hp o cng sut nh vy l cng sut
truyn thng. Nhng phng php o cng sut
truyn thng hay c thc hin trong k thut o
lng in t nh: phng php dng phn mch
nh hng (phng php phn xa-mt), phng
php dng hiu ng Hall, phng php dng hiu
ng p xut ca sng in t.

64

6.3.1, Phng php phn mch nh hng.

Phng php o cng sut bng cch phn mch
nh hng nh hnh 6.26. Vi mch o ny, n
cng c chc nng v s khi ging nh mch
o hnh 6.3; ch khc l b phn php nng lng
ra mch o y chnh l b phn phn mch nh
hng.

65

6.3.1, Phng php phn mch nh hng.

Phng php o bng mch ny cn gi l phng
php phn x mt (v cu to v nguyn l tnh
nng ca phn x mt, ta s xt k hn trong
chng o thng s ca mch in c cc phn t
phn b). Vi cch ghp bng b phn mch nh
hng, th c kh nng phn bit c nng lng
truyn t ngun n ti, cng nh nng lng ti
phn x tr v. Nu b phn mch nh hng c
thm ti v thit b ch th na th c th o ring r
cng sut ca sng ti v cng sut ca sng phn
x, chnh l phn x mt.
66

6.3.1, Phng php phn mch nh hng.

67

6.3.1, Phng php phn mch nh hng.

Nguyn l cng tc ca cc b phn mch nh
hng trn l trng hp l tng. Thc t th v o
c cu to c kh khng tht hon ho, nn ti mi
u A v B c ghp ra c hai phn lng sng. Mt
phn lng sng ng chiu th c bin ln hn,
cn phn lng sng ngc chiu th c bin
nh. T s bin ca hai phn lng sng ny gi
l h s nh hng.

68

6.3.1, Phng php phn mch nh hng.

H s nh hng ca loi dng dy ng trc nh
hnh 6.27 th hu nh khng ph thuc tn s, v
kch thc nh hn nhiu so vi chiu di bc
sng. Vi loi dng ng dn sng nh hnh 6.28 th
h s nh hng ph thuc nhiu vo tn s, v
khong cch ca l a v b phi bng /4.

69

6.3.1, Phng php phn mch nh hng.

m rng lng trnh thang tn s o th cn c
loi phn mch nh hng c cu to thm
nhiu l ghp na.
Ot-mt dng o cng sut t b phn mch
nh hng th dng loi micro ot-mt, v s ghp
nng lng ra ca b phn mch nh vy phi l
ghp rt lng, khng gy nn tn hao nhiu, c
th lm nh hng ti cng sut ca mch o.

70

6.3.2. Phng php o p sut sng in t.

Sng in t truyn trn ng dy truyn sng, th
cng nh nh sng, n c gy ra mt p sut c
hc. p sut ny tc ng ln b mt thnh ng
sng khi sng in t truyn lan trong ng. Khi t
mt vt vo trong ng dn sng c sng in t
truyn lan trong ng th vt cng b mt sc y
ca sng.

71

6.3.2. Phng php o p sut sng in t.

Cng ca p sut ny t l vi mun ca
vct Ump-Pintinh, tc l cng t l vi cng sut
ca sng in t truyn lan. Do vy, o cng sut
ca sng in t c th thng qua php o p sut
ca sng in t tc ng ln thnh ng sng hay
p sut ca sng in t tc ng ln mt vt trong
ng sng. Thang khc ca p sut nh vy c
th trc tip chuyn i thnh thang khc theo
n v cng sut.

72

6.3.2. Phng php o p sut sng in t.

Nhng u im ca thit b o cng sut bng
phng php o p sut sng in t l: gii hn
lng trnh o cng sut rng, t vi phn trm W
ti vi trm kW, n khng gy tn hao cng sut
nhiu, d phi hp vi ngun o, rt t b qu ti, t
qun tnh, sai s o khong 1,5%.

73

6.3.2. Phng php o p sut sng in t.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l sai s o ph
thuc vo mt phi hp tr khng, rt nhy cm
vi chn ng c gii v c yu cu cao v chnh
xc ch to.
Phng php ny cn gi l phng php p sut
quang, c dng nhiu trong cc thit b o cng
sut siu cao tn.

74

6.4. Cu hi n tp
6.1. Trnh by cc phng php o cng sut tn s
thp v tn s cao.
6.2. Trnh by phng php nhn o cng sut.
6.3. Trnh by phng php dng tr khng bit
o cng sut.
6.4. Trnh by phng php so snh o cng sut

75

6.4. Cu hi n tp
6.5. Trnh by phng php dng hiu ng Hall o
cng sut.
6.6. Trnh by phng php dng nhit in tr o
cng sut siu cao tn.
6.7. Trnh by cc phng php o cng sut hp th.
6.8. Trnh by phng php vnmt o cng sut
hp th.
76

6.4. Cu hi n tp
6.9. Trnh by phng php o cng nh sng
o cng sut hp th.
6.10. Trnh by phng php nhit lng mt o
cng sut hp th.
6.11. Trnh by cc phng php o cng sut truyn
thng.
6.12. Trnh by phng php phn mch nh hng
o cng sut truyn thng.
6.13. Trnh by phng php o p sut sng in t
o cng sut truyn thng.
77