Ms. Hassert's Super Duper cheat sheet!

Parts of speech
Verb: action. Aquaman swam underwater.
Noun: Person, place, thing, or idea. Aquaman swam underwater.
Adjective: describes a noun. He swam up to a big, horrifying fish.
Determiner: limits a noun. There were four fish in the boss's gang.
Adverb: describes a verb. Those fish swam faster than Aquaman and
he was quickly caught.
Preposition: links a noun to another word. (to, at, after, on, but,).
Aquaman crawled to Batman for help.
Conjunction: joins clauses, sentences, or phrases. He had to beg
and plead.
Interjection: short exclamation (oh! Ouch! Well,). Enough!
Batman exclaimed, I will help you catch your fish!
Types of sentences:
Declarative: just declaring a state of fact or opinion. ex. Aquaman is
the best superhero.
Imperative: a command or request, can end in a period or
exclamation point. Ex. Never say that again.
Exclamatory: You want to show with strong emotion, always end with
an exclamation point. Ironman is the best superhero in the entire
universe!
Interrogative: a question. ex. Are you sure Batman is not the best?
THEN YOU HAVE THESE!
Simple or independent clause: is the most basic sentence, has a
verb, subject, and a complete thought. Ex. Batman waited for the bus.
Compound: two independent clauses separated by a coordinating
conjunction. Ex. Ironman crashed the batmobile, so Batman was
waiting for the bus.
Coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Complex: is made up of one independent clause and two or more
dependent clauses. Ex. While he waited at the bus station, Superman
flew by laughing his head off!
DEPENDENT clauses start with Subordinating Conjunctions: after,
although, as, because,before, even though, though,if, since, while,
until, whenever, unless, when,whereas.
Subject-verb agreement: the agreement of a verb with its subject
in the correct (first, second, or third) person and also agrees in
number.
You Would not say: The three of us is going to the store. You would
say: The three of us are going to the store. That's subject-verb
agreement!
Watch for Riddler Tricks! Riddle me this, if the subject is everyone

or everybody, would you use a singular verb like is or would you use a
plural verb like are? These are called collective nouns they collect
everyone as one subject so it would still be singular!
Proper use of commas, parentheses, dashes, semicolons, and
colons.
First, commas: used to separate items in a list, to keep a
coordinating conjunction company, set off introductory elements, set
off parenthetical elements, set off quotes.
Comma splices: the use of a comma to separate two independent
clauses instead of a period or semicolon.
Parentheses: These are used when the information you want to
include will not flow with the sentence but you want to include it
anyway. Ex. Batman has many flaws (most are traceable to his
childhood), but he has really cool inventions.
Dashes: indicate sudden changes of tone in a sentence, set off
sentence elements, and create emphasis.
Semicolons and Colons: Semicolons are used at the start of a list
for example: when Aquaman goes to the store he needs to get all
these things including; fish food, human food, and water.
Colons are used to announce, introduce, or direct attention to a list, a
noun or noun phrase, a quotation, or an example(as used when
providing example of semicolons!)
Types of not so sentences
Fragments: are incomplete because it lacks a subject, a verb, or
both!
Run-on, and on, and on: is two independent clauses but are
smashed together instead of being properly separated
Dangling modifiers: a word or phrase that does not actually modify
the word it is intended to modify. Ex. Upon entering the doctor's office,
a skeleton caught my attention. Was the skeleton going to the doctor?
I think it's a little late for that.
Lastly, Frequently misused words
The Who/whom debate.
Use who when it is always subject to a verb. Use whom when it is the
object in the sentence.
Who is that masked man?
To whom do I return the mask to?
Effect and Affect
use effect is usually used as a noun. Meaning that a change has
occurred.
What effect did the loss of Batman have for Superman fans?
Affect is usually a verb. It is an action word that means to produce a
change in or influence something.
How does the crime in Gotham City affect the job market?