ECE 550 LeecTuRE 4 We will begin with a review of topics Prem finear algebra. Each topic‘ requiced to support cor stody of Iinear system theory A sek 1 a collection of obyecte orelements. For example, in arthmehc, we study the set of real numbers, It te alse tree that the set of real members has the following properhes: the sum, difference, prodvet, and quotient Cexcept division by tere) of ang twe real numbers are real numbers Hence , the set of real numbers 1s alsoa field- Formally, we define 0 field as besng a set, denoted by F, of elements called scalars and two operations called addition “+” and molti- plication “+. In addvhon, these twe sperations satisfy the Following. conditions: 1. To every pore of elements « and Bin A there correspond an element &+B in F colled the sum of d and B, and an element a:B on afin F, called the product of « and Bp 2. Addthion ond multi plicahon are respectively commutative, ve Forany a ond Bin FECE 550 LECTURE £ r) 4+ ps pre aeBs Bow 3. Addition and multiplication ave reopectiwely asseciative , le ferany 4, Byard Sin F Caeple es ct (pes) Cx-pr-e¥= aC pea) 4, Moltiplicotion te distribotive with respect to adden ie. forang a, Bpand Fin F aeCpex) = Capt (aed) 5. Feentens an clement, denoted by Cand and lement, denoted by 1, svch that AHOn Kaede for avery cin F ©. Te every dtm F, there wanelement Bin F such thet «+B 20 Te Te every «th F which ie not the element ©, there ts an element Yin F such that a-YeL Using our defy tien of field, we can now preceed to define the concept ofa linear space, alse ear vector referred to as a vector space ora |a tion is commutative ne. for any x', x Addit. tabve, 4g EE Aad eeepc tae For any x',x 550 LecTuRE L A Linder spoce, vera ficld GH, denoted by OK, F), comets ofaset, denoted by x, of elements called veetors a field F, and two operations called vector addition and scaler multiplicaten. These twe eperahons must sotisfs the Following conditions t 1. To everg parr of vectors Kond xn X, there corresponds a vector x't xia X, called the sum of x'and x™. 2 : ‘ate ate x! vn Ky ate te when! ond KPAX, Cale nt tata x'+ Cxten?d, . K centers a veetor, denoted by ©, euch trot Qtx 2x for every xe XK. The vector © called the Zerovecter or enigin. » To every x15 X, there 1 a veetor ene such thet x+ 20 Te every dn F, and every xin X, there corresponds a vector dx tn X called the scolar product of & and x@ Eck 550 LECTURE L 7. Scalar multiplication 2 associative ne For ang &, Bn Band ang Kin X, a(Bx)= Cap) B. Scalar multiplication 1s distributive with respect te vector addition, ue. fonang x MAK, XC xox etx! bax” in F, and ong x 9. Seolor multiplication 13 distributive with respect te sealar addition, ie. Foran 4,2 wet Px te Fy and ang xin X, Coepx 10. Fer ong x tm X, desk where 4b the, clement din FZ Tn thie course, we will be weanling with Sinear spaces. Consider a field F, and let F" be all w-tuples of seclere written at columns jre. 2 eo where the supersenipt £ denctes different vectorsECE 550 LeeTuRE £ vn Variovs components of x'. If vector addition and yand where the subseript denotes the scalar multiplication ore defined ar follows + eee eeeeenee aeececeee: ce . : x," =e) then CF", F) iv o vector space. In this course, we will enceunter two ty per of veeter spaces, Le HR Creal numbers) which gives rue tothe real vector space, CR R) and FC Ceomplex num bers) whieh gwee mie te the complex vector space. Tn oth cases, the space se n-dimensional - We will alee often deal with subspaces. Let (Xx, 3) bee linear space and let Y bea subset ofX. Then Cy, Fa said tobe o subspace, of CX, 8) PF underEck 550 Lectore 4 the operations of CX, F), Y itsel? forms a vector space over SF. Ferexample , im the 2-dimensional 2 real vector space CR R) every straight line passing through the oe. subspace of CR2R), ve. the set Dx, ax] for ang Fimed real oa subspace of CR*,R) In order to representa vector ina linear space or the coordinates of a point represented by a vector within the space, a base 1s required. A base consists of nm Irnearly independent veetors within the space. Geometrically, these veetors constitute. the coordinate aves. Letes begin by defining linear independence - A set of vectors x! afield F, CX, F), 1s said to be Mneenly depen- sha linear epace over dent iff there exists scalars a, saz ,s0 ty all mn BH, notall gero, such that a ® Tf seat eae 0, then the set of veeters feria sad debe Lineocly dependent.ECE 550 Lecture £ Thus, it ehevld come as ne surprise thet the marimal nomber of Isneorly independent vectors tha linear space CK, F) defines the dimension of the space. New, a set of linearly independent vectors of a linear space (X, F) us said tobe a bose of X, if every veeter in X can be expressed as aunque: linear combination of these vectors. In fact, 9 an n-dimensional veeter space , any set of nm linearly independent vectors qualifies asa basis. In an n-dimensionol veeter space (X, 5), if a bers Fa) sey ebb chosen, then every vector x in X, canbe written os xe lg -® where B=C Ps Pa 71) Bad 1d a column vector. B iscalled the representation of x with respect te the bass Fel e% si, 273. Hence, a vector x con have different representations each of which aries from the basis chesen- Let arLeletes ep +LA ECE 550 LECTURE 4 In order to relate B and B we must find the. representotien of e* for L212, 0 with respect te the basis £ g' Geet cee et 1€°3 on the representa- pnowith respect te the. basis Le! ]%, cs 2}. Let's proceed as follows For all such boats vectors j we have that Lelie? 2°14 EP © where the it column of Pus the representation of 2) with respect tothe bass £24 25 E73. 3 @ 2 ® , we have thet «epg = EB Us. Hence, we have that kere 0)ECE 550 Lecrore £ By a similor procedure, we Sind that ie ® where the it column of @ is the representation of BY with respect to the bars fee yy e735. Examining @ and @, i+ se abvievs that Pa Qh Next lectere we will stect our study of linear operators