THC HNH HO CNMT

PHN I: PHN TCH CC CH TIU HO HC TRONG T

BI 1: XC NH CHUA TRAO I PHNG PHP XKLP
I.

Mc ch ngha:
chua l yu t ph ca t, n nh hng n cc qu trnh l ho v sinh

hc trong t. a s cy trng thch ng t trung tnh (pH = 6 7); mt s c th chu

t chua nh ch, khoai ty (pH = 4,5 5,5).
t chua l do s c mt ca cc ion H+ v Al3+ trong dung dch t cng nh
trong cc h phc hp ph ca t c kh nng trao i gy nn.
Kh nng to thnh H+ v Al3+ cng ln th t cng chua v ngc li; chua
ca t ph thuc vo cc phng php xc nh, trong cht chit rt c ngha ln
trong trong i cc ion H+ v Al3+. Trn cng mt loi t, nu dng cht chit rt NaOH
0,01M s c chua ln (khong 19mmol/100g t), trong khi vi CH3COONa 1M th
chua thp (khong 6mmol/100g t); nu dng NaCl 1M th chua xc nh c l
rt thp (khong 0,2mmol/100g t). Nguyn nhn do H+ c kh nng lin kt mnh vi
OH-, b hn vi CH3COO- v khng lin kt vi Cl-.
chua ca t thng thng c chia lm 2 loi:

chua hin ti ( chua hot tnh): L chua gy nn do cc ion H+

t do trong dung dch t v c xc nh khi ho tan t trong nc ct.

chua tim tng: c xc nh khi chit rt t bng dung dch mui.

Da vo cht chit rt, chua tim tng c li c chia thnh chua trao
i v chua thu phn.
+ chua trao i: chua trao i c to nn bi cc ion H+ v Al3+, khi pH

= 5,5 6,5 th cn rt t hoc khng cn Al3+ di ngS dng cht chit rt l cc dung
dch mui trung tnh nh KCl, NaCl, BaCl2. Cc cation ca cc mui ny y H+ v mt
phn Al3+ ra khi h phc hp ph, Al3+ b thu phn to thnh chua ca t. Lng
H+ v Al3+ trao i ni ln mc ra tri cation kim, ph hu keo t. Cy c th cht
khi t qu chua hoc cha nhiu nhm di ng. chua trao i l 1 ch s xc nh
nhu cu bn vi cho t. K hiu pHKCl.
+ chua thu phn: chua ca t c xc nh khi s dng cht chit rt l
mt mui cha anion thu phn (nh CH3COONa). chua thu phn c tr s ln hn
chua trao i, v gn nh ton b H+ v Al3+ c trao i ( chua thu phn
chnh l tng s chua tim tng). T ta tnh c lng vi cn bn, tnh dung tch

hp ph theo cng thc T = S + H hoc tnh no kim ca t theo cng thc V% =

S/T.100% (vi S l tng s cation kim trao i, H l chua thu phn)
II.

Nguyn tc ca phng php XKLP:

Dng dung dch mui trung tnh nh KCl, NaCl tc ng vo t chuyn ion

H+ v Al3+ vo dung dch:

+

[K] HAl + 4K+ [K].4K+ + H+ + Al3+

3+

Al b thu phn: Al3+ + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3H+

3+

Dng dung dch NaOH chun ta tnh c chua trao i. Sau nh lng
ring H+ ri suy ra nng Al3+ trao i
III.

Tin hnh:

1. nh lng tng s chua tra i:

Cn 30,000gam t qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic 250mL. Thm 150mL
dung dch KCl 1M. Lc trong 1 gi ri lc ly dung dch trong, un si 1 pht ( loi CO2)
Ly ton b dung dch thu c, chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,02M vi ch
th phenolphtalein n khi c mu hng nht, bn trong 30 giy.
chua trao i c tnh theo cng thc:
pHKCl (mmol/100g) = k.C NaOH .VNaOH .
Trong :

100
30

k l h s kh kit ca t 1,1.
V th tch NaOH dng (tt c th tch u tnh bng mL)

2. nh lng ring H+:

Tin hnh nh trn nhng trc khi chun bng NaOH, thm 5mL dung dch
NaF 3,5% ( che Al3+ di dng phc Na3[AlF6]). T tnh c H+, Al3+.

BI 2: XC NH CHUA THU PHN PHNG PHP KAPEN

I.

Mc ch ngha:
chua ca t c xc nh khi s dng cht chit rt l mt mui cha anion

thu phn (nh CH3COONa). chua thu phn c tr s ln hn chua trao i, v

gn nh ton b H+ v Al3+ c trao i. K hiu l pHTP hoc H.
II. Nguyn tc:
Nu dng mui trung tnh nh KCl, NaCl tc ng vi t ch chuyn c mt
phn ion H+ v Al3+ vo dung dch. Nhng H+ v Al3+ bm cht keo t cn dng mui
ca 1 axit yu v baz mnh nh CH3COONa. Mui ny c tnh hi kim (pH = 8,2
8,8) nn s c tc dng chit rt H+ v Al3+ mnh hn:
+

[K] 2H
+ 5Na+ + 5OH- [K].5K+ + Al(OH)3 + 2H2O
Al
3+

III. Tin hnh:

Cn 40,000gam t qua ry 1mm cho vo bnh tam gic 500mL, thm 100mL
dung dch CH3COONa 1M (dung dch ny phi lm phenolphtalein c mu hng nht).
Lc trong 1 gi ri lc ly dung dch trong.
Ly ton b dung dch thu c, chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,05M vi ch
th phenolphtalein n khi c mu hng nht, bn trong 30 giy.
chua thu phn c tnh theo cng thc:
pHTP = H(mmol/100g) = 1,75. k.C NaOH .VNaOH .
Trong :

100
40

k l h s kh kit ca t (thng k 1,1)

1,75 l h s quy i???

BI 3: XC NH DUNG TRNG CA T (Dv)

Dung trng ca t l t s gia khi lng t kh tuyt i trng thi t nhin
(k c nhng l hng) ca mt th tch t xc nh vi khi lng ca nc c cng th
tch 4oC.
Dung trng c trng cho cht ca t, dung lng c s dng :
- Tnh tr lng nhiu nguyn t v chuyn chng t % sang th tch
- nh gi mt cch khch quan qu trnh ra tri theo chiu su v vic chuyn
di cc nguyn t t tng t ny sang tng t khc.
- Tnh hng hay xp ca t.
C nhiu phng php xc nh dung trng nhng thun tin v ph bin nht
hin nay l phng php dng ng ng.
Trnh t phn tch: t nhng ng ong hnh tr c th tch v = 100mL ln khu
vc t c lm bng phng (t nht phi s dng 3 ng) song song cng mt lc (
bit khi lng cc ng = mo). Dng ba g ng cc ng vo t. Khi ng ln su
vo t ht c th dng dao hoc xng o, gt, nhc ng ra. Dng dao sc gt bng
phng t cc ming ng. Lau chi sch t dnh bm xung quanh ng. em cn c
khi lng m1.
Ta c khi lng t ly l m = m1 mo. Nu xem kh kit ca t l 1,1 ta
c khi lng t kh s l p =

m
p
Dung trng ca t l: Dv =
1,1
v

Theo thang nh gi ca Katrinski th nu dung trng:

Dv
<1
1,0 1,1
1,1 1,3

Loi t
t giu cht hu c
in hnh cho t trng trt
t hi cht

Dv
1,3 1,4
1,4 1,6
1,6 1,8

Loi t
t qu cht
in hnh cho tng cy
Tng tch t qu cht

BI 4: XC NH DUNG TCH TRAO I

(PHNG PHP SCHACHTSCHBEL)
Dung tch trao i ion ca t hay kh nng trao i ion (IEC ion exchange
capacity) l lng ion ln nht c t hp ph c kh nng trao i v c biu th
bng mlg/100g t. y chnh l qu trnh hp ph l ho hc c thc hin nh keo
t. Cn phn bit qu trnh trao i cation (do keo m m nhn) vi s trao i anion
(do keo dng m nhn).
Di y ch cp n vic xc nh dung tch trao i cation (CEC cation
exchange capacity hoc k hiu S) theo phng php Schachtschabel: Dng
CH3COONH4 1M lm bo ho dung tch hp ph trao i cation ca t. phn ng trao
i nh sau:
K ] M n+ + CH3COONH4 = K ] nNH 4+ + nCH3COO- + Mn+.

Sau cation NH4+ hp th c trao i ra bng cation K+ (KCl 0,1M):

K ] nNH 4+ + nK+ =

K ] nK + + nNH4+.

Lng NH4+ c xc nh bng cch chun NaOH 0,05M vi s c mt ca HCHO:

4NH4+ + 6HCHO = (CH2)6N4 + 6H2O + 4H+

(Urotropin)

Trnh t phn tch: Cn 10 ,000gam t ( qua ry 1mm) thm 100mL

CH3COONH4 1M lc u trong 30 pht. Lc trn phu Bunse, ra t 3 ln bng ancol
etylic (mi ln 15mL).
Chuyn ton b t vo erlen 250mL, ri thm 250mL KCl 0,1M. Lc u trong
30 pht. Lc ri ly 25mL dung dch thu c + 5mL Fomalin + 5 git phenolphtalein v
chun bng NaOH 0,05M n mu hng nht (bn trong 1 pht).
Khi , ta c: CEC = S =

i cation
-CEC hayS:Dungtchtrao

, thtchcaNaOH
- N, V : Nng
- W: L ng
t (10g); K : Hs phalong

V.N.K
.100
W

trong

(250/25=10)

C th lm chun mu trng nh sau: ly 25mL nc ct + 5mL Fomalin + 5 git

phenolphtalein v chun bng NaOH 0,05M n mu hng nht (bn trong 1 pht).

BI 5: XC NH DUNG TCH HP PH PHNG PHP ALSIN

I. Mc ch ngha:
Dung tch hp ph l tng s cation hp ph trong 100,000gam t kh, tnh bng
mili ng lng gam (mlg) v k hiu l T.
Dung tch hp ph cng ln th kh nng gi phn (cht dinh dng) ca t cng
tt. Gi tr dung tch hp ph T c th c dng tham kho khi phn loi t.
II. Nguyn tc:
Phng php Alsin da trn nguyn tc y tt c cation hp ph ra khi keo t
bng dung dch BaCl2:
+

[K] 2yH
+ (nx+y)Ba2+ [K].(nx+y)Ba2+ + 2xMn+ + 2yH+.
2xM
n+

Sau khi lc v ra sch keo t cho tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 d:

[K].(nx+y)Ba2+

(nx+y)H2SO4

[K].(2nx+2y)H+

(nx+y)BaSO4.
Dng dung dch NaOH chun H2SO4 d ri suy ra dung tch hp ph.

III. Tin hnh: Thc hin theo cc bc sau:

1. Cn 30,000gam t hong kh cho vo chn s, thm 20 30mL dung dch
BaCl2 1N (0,5M), dng a thu tinh khuy u ri yn vi pht, lc dung dch
bng cch gn. Lp li 3 4 ln nh vy ri chuyn ht t ln giy lc

2. Tip tc dng dung dch BaCl2 1N ra n khi nc lc chy ra khng cn ion

Ca2+ (Th bng cch sau: Ly 10mL dung dch nc lc chy ra, thm 1mL
K2CrO4 10% v thm t t tng git dung dch CH3COOH 10% n khi dung dch
mu vng chuyn sang mu da cam. Khi ch c Ba2+ b kt ta di dng
BaCrO4. Lc kt ta , thm 2mL dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 4%, un si. Nu khng
c kt ta l ht ion Ca2+)

3. Ra sch t bng nc ct n khi ht BaCl2 (th bng AgNO3 hoc H2SO4 1M).
4. Chuyn c t v giy lc vo bnh tam gic 250mL, thm 100mL H2SO4 0,05N
(0,025M), lc 10 pht ri lc qua giy lc. Ly dung dch thu c em chun
vi dung dch NaOH 0,05N (0,05M) vi ch th phenolphtalein ti mu hng bn
trong 30 giy.
5. Dung tch hp ph c tnh theo cng thc:
T(mlg/100g) = k.[(C.V) H SO (C.V)NaOH ].
2

100
30

(vi k l h s kh kit ca t 1,1)