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06 Gioi Han Day So Trong de Thi HSG
06 Gioi Han Day So Trong de Thi HSG
cc thi HS gii.
M U
1. L do chn ti
Dy s l mt lnh vc kh v rt rng, trong cc thi hc sinh gii quc
gia, quc t cng thng xut hin cc bi ton v dy s. gii c cc bi
ton v dy s i hi ngi lm ton phi c kin thc tng hp v s hc, i
s, gii tch. Cc vn lin quan n dy s cng rt a dng v cng c nhiu
ti liu vit v vn ny, cc ti liu ny cng thng vit kh rng v cc vn
ca dy s, cc vn c quan tm nhiu hn l cc tnh cht s hc v
tnh cht gii tch ca dy s.
Tnh cht s hc ca dy s th hin nh tnh chia ht, tnh nguyn, tnh
chnh phng , tnh cht gii tch c nhiu dng nhng quan trng l cc bi
ton tm gii hn dy s. Cc bi ton v dy s thng l cc bi ton hay v
kh, tc gi su tm, chn lc v phn loi theo tng ch
Sng kin kinh nghim vi ti Gii hn dy s trong cc thi hc
sinh gii c mc ch trnh by mt cch h thng, chi tit gii hn dy s.
ti c trnh by vi 2 chng.
Chng 1. Mt s kin thc chun b. Chng ny h thng li kin thc
c bn nht v dy s, s hc, phng php sai phn s c dng gii quyt
cc bi ton trong chng 2.
Chng 2. Gii hn ca dy s. Chng ny cp n mt s bi ton
v gii hn dy s nh: Gii hn ca tng, dy con v s hi t ca dy s, dy
s xc nh bi phng trnh cng vi phng php gii c th cho tng dng
ton.
2. Mc ch v nhim v nghin cu
Nghin cu l lun v k nng, k nng gii ton v mt
s bin php rn luyn k nng gii ton cho hc sinh THPT
Rn luyn k nng gii cc bi ton v gii hn dy s
Tm hiu thc trng ca vic hc dy s trong chng trnh mn
ton ca trng THPT
Tm hiu bi ton kh v gii hn dy s trong cc thi hc sinh
gii
Chng 1
MT S KIN THC CHUN B
1.1.DY S
1.1.1.nh ngha
Mi hm s u xc nh trn tp cc s nguyn dng N* c gi l mt
dy s v hn (gi tt l dy s). K hiu:
u: N* R
n a u(n)
Dy s thng c vit di dng khai trin
u1, u2, u3,, un,
Trong un = u(n) v gi u1 l s hng u, un l s hng th n v l s hng
tng qut ca dy s
Mi hm s u xc nh trn tp M = {1,2,3,, m} vi m N* c gi l
mt dy s hu hn
Dng khai trin ca n l u1, u2, u3,,um trong u1 l s hng u, um l
s hng cui.
Dy s (un) c gi l:
-
Dy s (un) c gi l
- Dy s b chn trn nu tn ti s M sao cho un < M, vi mi n = 1, 2,
1 1 5
1 1 5
un
2
2
5
uk 1 uk 1
vi mi k =2, 3,
2
n
n
(u1 un ) 2u1 n 1 d
2
2
b)Cp s nhn.
nh ngha.. Dy s u1, u2, u3, c gi l mt cp s nhn vi cng
bi q (q 0, q 1) nu un = un 1q vi mi n = 2, 3,
Tnh cht.
un = u1qn 1 vi mi n = 2, 3,
uk2 uk 1uk 1 vi mi k = 2, 3,
u1 (q n 1)
Sn = u1 + u2 + + u n =
q 1
c)Dy Fibonacci.
nh ngha. Dy u1, u2, c xc nh nh sau:
u1 1, u2 1
un un 1 un 2 n 3, 4...
c gi l dy Fibonacci.
Bng phng php sai phn c th tm c cng thc tng qut ca dy
l:
n
1 1 5
1 1 5
un
2
2
5
1.1.4 Gii hn ca dy s
nh ngha. Ta ni rng dy s (un) c gii hn l hng s thc a hu hn
nu vi mi s dng (c th b ty ), lun tn ti ch s n0 N (n0 c th ph
thuc vo v vo dy s (un) ang xt), sao cho vi mi ch s n N, n n0 ta
un a hoc limun = a v cn ni rng dy
lun c un a .Khi k hiu nlim
cng c gii hn l a
n
un1 un a th lim un a
Nu nlim
n
n
c
un 1 u n . Khi , vi mi n > N0 ta c
un 1
1
u N u N 1 u N ... un un 1 u N . n N 0
n
n
n
n
N1 u N
0
Khi vi mi n>N1 ta s c
un
u
2 . Vy nn lim n 0
n n
n
Chng minh
1) a) Nu x0 l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = x th x0 cng l nghim
ca phng trnh fn(x) = x
b) Nu phng trnh f(x) = x v nghim th f(x) x > 0 hoc f(x) x <
0 vi mi x D do fn(x) x > 0 hoc fn(x) x < 0 vi mi x D
nn phng trnh fn(x) = x cng v nghim
2) a)Gi s phng trnh f(x) = x c nghim duy nht l x0 th y cng
l mt nghim ca phng trnh fn(x) = x. t F(x) = f(x) x do F(x) lin tc
trn (x0; ) v ; x0 nn F(x) gi nguyn mt du.
[f ( x) x] v lim [f ( x) x] cng dng th F(x) > 0 trong
Nu xlim
x
Hiu s 2 yk : yk 1 k (yk )
(1)
(1)
$
yn
s 1
c
i 1
j i
n ci in
i 1,i j
n
j
Trong trng hp ny, thu c cng thc nghim tng qut, trong
cng thc (1) ta thay b phn
c j jn c j 1 jn1 ... c j 2 s 1 jn 2 s 1
bi b phn tng ng
i
n
c j i n r cos
i 0
s 1
s 1
c
i 0
j s i
ni r n sin n
Trong
tng ng
+ yn* l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh khng thun nht
Chng 2.
GII HN CA DY S
2.1.GII HN CA TNG
Cc bi ton v tm gii hn ca tng ta thu gn tng bng cch phn
tch hng t tng qut thnh hiu cc hng t ni tip nhau cc hng t c
th trit tiu, cui cng a tng v biu thc ch cn cha xn , sau tm
limxn.
Bi 1.
Cho dy s (xn) (n = 1, 2, ) c xc nh nh sau:
x1 = 1 v xn1 xn ( xn 1)( xn 2)( xn 3) 1 vi n = 1, 2,
n
t yn
i 1
1
xi 2
yn
(n = 1, 2, .). Tm lim
n
Li gii
Ta c x2 = 5 v xn > 0 vi mi n = 1, 2,
xn 1 xn ( xn 1)( xn 2)( xn 3) 1
2
n
T suy ra
xn+1 +1 = xn2 3xn 2 = (xn + 1)(xn + 2)
1
xn 1 1
n
Do yn
i 1
x n 1 xn 2
1
1
x n 1 xn 2
1
1
1
xn 2 xn 1 xn 1 1
n
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
xi 2 i 1 xi 1 xi 1 1
x1 1 xn 1 1 2 xn 1 1
(2)
1
(v do (2) xn+1 > 3n)
2
yn
Nn lim
n
1
x1 2
x
n
xn21 4 xn 1 xn 1
2
(n 2,3,...)
n
1
c gii hn hu
xi2
hn, tm gii hn .
Li gii
T gi thit ta c xn > 0 n 1
Ta c xn xn-1 =
xn21 4 xn 1 xn1
- xn-1 =
2
xn21 4 xn1 xn 1
> 0 n 2
2
a 2 4a a
a = 0 (v l)
2
Vy limxn =
T xn =
xn21 4 xn 1 xn 1
n 2 suy ra
2
xn2 ( xn 1) xn 1
1
1
1
2
xn xn 1 xn
n 2
Do
n
yn
i 1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1
...
2 6 n 2
2
2
xi x1 x1 x2
x1 x1 xn
xn
x2 x3
xn 1 xn
1
Xt dy s (xn) (n = 1, 2, 3, ) xc nh bi:
1
2
x1 = 2 v xn 1 ( xn2 1) vi mi n = 1, 2,3, .
1
t Sn 1 x 1 x ... 1 x
1
2
n
Sn
Tm nlim
Li gii
Ta c th tng qut ha bi ton nh sau:
u1 a
un 1
Ta chng minh Sn
i 1
un2 (b c)un c 2
bc
1
1
1
ui b u1 c un 1 c
Tht vy.
Ta c un 1
un2 (b c)un c 2
suy ra
bc
bc
bc
1
T u c u c u b
n 1
n
n
1
1
1
un b un c un 1 c
u1 b u1 c u2 c
1
1
1
u2 b u2 c u3 c
.
1
1
1
un b un c un 1 c
1
Do Sn u c u c
1
n 1
T vn dng vo bi ton trn vi b =1, c = - 1 ta c
Sn
1
1
1
1
x1 1 xn 1 1
xn1 1
M xn+1 xn =
1
2
xn 1 > 0 n N * nn dy (xn) l dy tng. Gi s
2
xn . Do lim Sn 1
Vy nlim
un 1
un2 un 9
5
t Sn 2 u 2 u ... 2 u
1
2
n
Tm limSn
Bi 4.
Cho dy s (xn) c xc nh bi: x1 = 1; xn 1
(2 xn 1) 2012
xn . Vi n l
2012
s nguyn dng.
t un
(2 xn 1) 2011
(2 x1 1) 2011 (2 x2 1) 2011 (2 x3 1) 2011
...
2 x2 1
2 x3 1
2 x3 1
2 xn 1 1
Tm limun
Li gii
(2 xn 1) 2012
Ta c xn+1 xn =
, n 1
2012
Suy ra
2 xn 1 2 xn 1 1
2( xn 1 xn )
(2 xn 1) 2011
(2 xn 1)(2 xn 1 1) 1006(2 xn 1 1)
(2 x i 1) 2011
1
1
1
1
1006
1006
2 xi 1 1
2 xi 1 1
i 1
i 1 2 xi 1
2 x1 1 2 xn 1 1
n
2012
2012
1006
3
Bi 5
Cho dy s (xn) vi n = 1, 2, c xc nh bi:
x1 = a, (a > 1), x2 = 1.
t Sn (n k ) ln x2 k 1
(n 2)
k 1
n
Tm nlim
Li gii
x2 n 1
Nhn xt rng x2n = 1, n =1, 2, do ln1 = 0 suy ra nlim
1
>0
x
vi mi x > 1
Trc ht ta chng minh bng phng php quy np, dy (x2n+1) b chn
di bi 1. Theo gi thit th x1 = a > 1, gi s x2k+1 > 1 th f(x2k+1) > f(1) > 1 nn
hin nhin x2k+3>1 tc dy (x2n+1) b chn di bi 1.
Tip theo ta chng minh dy (x2n+1) l dy gim. Tht vy, do x2n+1 > 1 nn
lnx2n+1> 0 v th x2n+3 x3n+1 = - lnx2n+1 < 0, tc dy (x2n+1) l dy gim
x2 n 1
T suy ra (x2n+1) c gii hn c nlim
1
n
n
2n
2n
lim
nx1 (n 1) ln x1 (n 2) ln x3 ... ln x2 n 3 n
1
2n
lim
n
a 1
a S n 1
S
1 hay lim n
x 2
x
n 2
2
lim
2.2.DY CON V S HI T CA DY S
Khi kho st s hi t ca dy s ta thng s dng cc nh l v tnh
n iu v b chn, nu dy khng n iu th xt dy vi ch s chn, ch s
l. Tuy nhin c nhng dy s phc tp, tng gim bt thng, trong trng hp
nh th ta thng xy dng cc dy s ph n iu, chng minh cc dy s
5 xn 2 xn 2 xn 1
2an
, d thy (an) gim dn v 0.
3
1 6
6
2
2
3 xn 3 xn xn 2
Li gii
Ta xt dy s (an) xc nh bi:
a0= max{x0, x1, x2}, an 1
2an2
x3 n 3 an 1
x3 n 4 an 1
x3n 5 an 1
3 xn 3
3 xn 3 xn2 xn xn 1
6 xn 4 xn 1 xn 2 xn2 2 xn xn 1
Bi 3.
Dy (xn) c xc nh bi:
x0 , x1 , x2 0
xn 3 xn xn 2
an 1 2an
bn 1 2bn
a0 max{x0 , x1 , x2 , 2}
vi mi n 1
b0 min{x0 , x1 , x2 ,9}
an 1 3 an
bn 1 3 bn
n 0,1, 2,...
n 0,1, 2,...
n (1)
Vy (1) cng ng vi n = k + 1
Theo nguyn l quy np th (1) ng vi mi s t nhin n
T theo nh l kp ta c
lim x3 n lim x3 n 1 lim x3 n 2 lim an lim bn 9
xn 9
Nn nlim
xn
vi mi n N*
1
Nhn xt rng xn 0, n N*. Xt hm s f(x) = nghch bin
27
trong khong [0; + ). Khi xn+1 = f(xn) , n N* v f(x) f(0) nn 0 xn 1
Ta c x1 = 0, x2 = 1, x3 =
1
nn x1 x3 v x4 = f(x3) f(x1)=x2
27
n
x2 n 2 lim f ( x2 n 1 ) lim f ( f ( x2 n )) f ( f (a ))
V a = nlim
n
n
Nn a 1
27
1
27
suy ra a =
1
3
1
3
Tng t ta cng tm c b = . Vy a = b =
1
1
xn
nn nlim
3
3
Bi 6. (HSG QG 2008)
Cho dy s thc (xn) xc nh nh sau:
x
x1 = 0, x2 = 2 v xn+2 = 2
n
1
vi mi n= 1, 2, 3,
2
1
xc dnh trn R.
2
Bi 7.
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n cho trc th phng trnh
xn
x2n+1 = x + 1 c ng mt nghim thc. Gi nghim l xn. Tnh nlim
.
Li gii: Nu x < -1 th x2n+1 < x < x+1. Nu 1 x 0 th x2n+1 x = (-x)(1x2n) < 1 suy ra x2n+1 < x + 1. Nu 0 < x 1 th x2n+1 x < x + 1. Vy nu x l
nghim ca phng trnh x2n+1 = x + 1 th ta phi c x > 1. t fn(x) = x2n+1 x
1. Ta c fn(x) = (2n+1)x2n 1 > 0 trn [1, +) suy ra hm f tng trn na
khong ny. V f(1) = - 1 < 0 v f(2) = 22n+1 3 > 0 nn phng trnh ny c
nghim xn thuc (1, 2). Theo l lun trn, nghim ny l suy nht.
Xt fn+1 = x2n+3 x 1. Ta c f n+1(1) = - 1 < 0 v fn+1(xn) = xn2n+3 xn 1 = xn2n+3
xn2n+1 > 0. T ta suy ra 1 < xn+1 < xn. Dy {xn} gim v b chn di bi 1, suy
ra dy (xn) c gii hn hu hn a, hn na a 1. Ta chng minh a = 1. Tht vy,
gi s a > 1. Khi xn a vi mi n v ta tm c n ln sao cho: x n2n+1
a2n+1 > 3. Trong khi ta c xn + 1 < x1 + 1 < 3. Mu thun v fn(xn) = 0.
Bi 8.
x1 2007
x n 1 3
xn
x 1
2
n
n 1
xn 1 3
x 1
2
n
3 1
1
3 2 n 1
x 1
2
n
Vy xn 2007 vi mi n dy b chn
Cch 1:
x
Hm f(x) =
3 1
1 =
1
x 1
2
3 ; )
nn chng
n
nn c limx2n =a; limx2n+1 =b; T x n1 3 x 2 1 qua gii hn ta c :
n
b2 1
a 3
b 3
g(x) =
Suy ra
a
a 1
2
b
b2 1
a2 1
x
x 1
2
c g(x) = 1 -
1
( x 1) x 2 1
2
>0
nn g(x) ng bin
x
x 1
2
x=
3 15
2
3 15
2
lim xn =
Cch 2
f(x) =
C
x 1
2
f(x) = x
f(x) = f ' ( x)
khi x >
( x 2 1) 3
2 2
x 1
2
2
( x 3 ) 2 2x
x 1
x 2 3 x 1(l )
( x 3 x) 2( x 3 x) 3 0
2
x 3 x 3
2
x = 3 15 =a
2
p dng nh l Lagrang c:
x n 1 a f ( x n ) f (a ) f ' ( n ) x n a
Do limxn = a =
3 15
2
1
2 2
x n a ... (
1
2 2
) n x1 a
Bi 9.
Cho dy s (xn) tha mn:
x1 a , a 2
xn1 a a xn
n N *
a a x , x 0; a c xn+1 = f(xn) v
1
4 a ax ax
0 , x 0; a
a a a ax x
Xt hm F(x) =
a a a a x x , vi x 0; a
1
F '( x)
a a a ax
a a ax a ax ax
vi x 0; a , ta c
a ax ax a a a a a a a
1
a a
a
2
Thay vai tr ca x bi
1
3
a
a
2
4
1
2
2
1
a
4
3
2 0,12 0,3
4
a a a ax
a a a x 0,3
Suy ra F(x) < - 0,9 < 0 nn F(x) l hm nghch bin, li c F(0) > 0, F( a ) < 0
nn phng trnh F(x) bng 0 c nghim duy nht. Do
Suy ra limx2n = limx2n+1 = limxn
Vy c limxn= T vi T tha mn f(f(T)) = T
2.3.DY S XC NH BI PHNG TRNH
Dy s c mi quan h cht ch vi phng trnh iu ny thy r qua
hai ni dung c bn l phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c gii bng phng
trnh c trng, gii hn ca dy s cng thng c gii ra t phng trnh.
y l mt trong cc ni dung quan trng nht ca phn dy s.
Vi dng ton tm gii hn ca dy s c lin quan n phng trnh ta
thng xt tnh n iu ca hm s, p dng nh l Lagrange v nh l v
gii hn kp gia.
Bi 1.
Gi s xn thuc khong (0; 1) l nghim ca phng trnh
1
1
1
...
0
x x 1
xn
1
1
1
...
x x 1
xn
lin
f n 1 ( x ) f n ( x )
1
.
x n 1
xn c xc nh duy nht v hm s f n ( x)
1
1
...
lin tc v n
x 1
xn
iu trn (0; 1)
chng minh dy hi t ta chng minh dy (xn) b chn v n iu,
hin nhin dy b chn v 0 < xn < 1. By gi ta chng minh dy (xn) n iu
1
1
0
xn n 1 xn n 1
Trong khi fn+1(0+) > 0. Theo tnh cht ca hm lin tc, trn khong (0; xn) c
t nht mt nghim ca fn+1(x). Nghim chnh l xn+1. Suy ra xn+1 < xn. Tc dy
s (xn) gim, do dy s ny b chn di bi 0 nn dy s c gii hn
Ta chng minh dy s trn c gii hn bng 0. Ta d dng chng minh kt
qu sau:
1
1 1
1
... ln n
2 3
n
a n
1
2
1
3
Do 1 ...
1
1
khi n , nn tn ti N sao cho vi mi n N ta c
n
1 1
1 1
...
2 3
n a
Khi vi mi n N th
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
...
...
0
xn xn 1
xn n x n 1 2
n a a
xn 0
iu ny mu thun. Vy phi c nlim
Bi 2. (HSG QG 2007)
Cho s thc a > 2. t fn(x) = a10xn+10 + xn + + x + 1 (n = 1, 2, )
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, phng trnh fn(x) = a lun
c ng mt nghim xn (0; ) v dy s (xn) c gii hn hu hn khi n
Li gii.
Vi mi n, t gn(x) = fn(x) a, khi gn(x) l hm lin tc, tng trn [0; + ).
Ta c gn(0) = 1 a < 0; v gn(1) = a10 + n + 1 a > 0 nn gn(x) = 0 c nghim
duy nht xn trn (0; + ).
xn , ta chng minh dy (xn) (n = 1, 2,
chng minh tn ti gii hn nlim
) tng v b chn.
Ta c
1
g n 1 a10 1
a
1
= a 1
a
n 1
n 10
1 1
n 1
1
a
1 9
a a 1
a 1
1
a
a 1 1 0
9
1
a
Suy ra xn 1 , n = 1, 2,
Mt khc, t
gn(xn) = a10 xnn10 xnn ... 1 a 0 , suy ra
xngn(xn) = a10 xnn 11 xnn1 ... xn axn 0
gn+1(xn) = xngn(xn) + 1 + axn a = axn + 1 a < 0 do xn 1
1
.
a
xn 1
Nhn xt. Ta c th chng minh nlim
1
bng cch chng minh bt
a
ng thc
1
1
9
1 a a 1 1 1
a
a
n 1
xn 1
1
a
Tht vy, ta c
aa x
n 10
n
10
1
x ... xn 1 a 1
a
n
n
10
n 10
1
1
Suy ra
1
a a 1
a
10
n 10
1
1
a 1 1
a
a
2
1
1
9
T xn 1 a a 1 1 1
a
a
xn
Cch khc chng minh nlim
t c
n 1
xn 1
n 1
a 1
a
a 1
< 1 ta c
a
1
... 1
xn 1
Bi 3. (HSG QG 2002)
Xt phng trnh
1
1
1
1
1
... 2
... 2
trong n nguyn dng
x 1 4x 1
k x 1
n x 1 2
1)Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n, phng trnh trn c duy nht
nghim ln hn 1, k hiu nghim l xn
2)Chng minh rng dy s (xn) c gii hn bng 4 khi n
Li gii
1
1
1
1
1
... 2
... 2
x 1 4x 1
k x 1
n x 1 2
1).D thy, vi mi n N*, hm s fn(x) lin tc v nghch bin trn
K hiu fn(x) =
1
khi x . T
2
...
2
3 3 5
2k 1 2k 1
2n 1 2 n 1
1
0 f n ( xn )
2(2n 1)
...
vi mi n N *
2
2
2
2
4 xn
(t 1) (4t 1)
( n t 1)
9
Suy ra
1
1
9
vi mi n N * xn 4
2(2n 1)(4 xn )
9
2(2n 1)
T (1) v (2) ta c 4
9
xn 4 vi mi n N *
2(2n 1)
(2)
Bi 4.
Cho dy s (un) (n = 0, 1, 2, ) c xc nh nh sau:
u0 = a v un+1 = sin2(un+11) 2007 vi mi s t nhin n, trong a l s
thc cho trc. Chng minh rng
a).Phng trnh sin2(x + 11) x = 2007 c nghim duy nht. K hiu
nghim l b
b).limun = b
Li gii
a)T gi thit ta thy ngay un - 2007 n N*
Xt hm s f(x) : = sin2(x + 11) 2007, x R
Ta thy
f(x) = 2sin(x +11)cos(x + 11) = sin2(x + 11) v un+1= f(un)
hm s g(x) : = f(x) x c g(x) = sin2(x + 11) - 1 0
g ( x) , lim g ( x)
g(- 2007) = sin2(- 2006) > 0 v xlim
trn
cho
un 1 b g (un ) g (b) g '(cn ) un b u n b
n
T y theo phng php quy np ta c un1 b u1 b
un b
un 1 b 0 tc l lim
Suy ra lim
n
n
Bi 5.
Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn dng n cho trc th phng trnh x2n+1 =
xn .
x + 1 c ng mt nghim thc. Gi nghim l xn. Tnh nlim
Li gii:
Nu x < -1 th x2n+1 < x < x+1. Nu 1 x 0 th x2n+1 x = (-x)(1-x2n) <
1 suy ra x2n+1 < x + 1. Nu 0 < x 1 th x2n+1 x < x + 1. Vy nu x l nghim
ca phng trnh x2n+1 = x + 1 th ta phi c x > 1. t fn(x) = x2n+1 x 1. Ta c
fn(x) = (2n+1)x2n 1 > 0 trn [1, +) suy ra hm f tng trn na khong ny. V
f(1) = - 1 < 0 v f(2) = 2 2n+1 3 > 0 nn phng trnh ny c nghim x n thuc (1,
2). Theo l lun trn, nghim ny l suy nht.
Xt fn+1 = x2n+3 x 1. Ta c f n+1(1) = - 1 < 0 v f n+1(xn) = xn2n+3 xn 1 =
xn2n+3 xn2n+1 > 0. T ta suy ra 1 < x n+1 < xn. Dy {xn} gim v b chn di
bi 1, suy ra dy {xn} c gii hn hu hn a, hn na a 1. Ta chng minh a =
1. Tht vy, gi s a > 1. Khi xn a vi mi n v ta tm c n ln sao
cho: xn2n+1 a2n+1 > 3. Trong khi ta c x n + 1 < x1 + 1 < 3. Mu thun v f n(xn)
= 0.
Bi 6.
Cho phng trnh x + 2x2 + + nxn =
a)
b)
3
vi n nguyn dng
4
Li gii.
a) Xt hm s fn(x) = x + 2x2 ++nxn -
3
lin tc trn R v c
4
tng trn 0;
M fn(0) = -
3
< 0, fn(1) > 0 nn phng trnh f n(x) = 0 c duy nht trong
4
khong 0;
b) Ta c
1
1
1
3 f n 1 2. ... n
3
3
3
1 1
1
f n 2.
3 3
3
n 1
1
... n
3
9
4
3
4
Tr v theo v ta c:
1
1
1
2 f n 1 ...
3
3
3
1
3
n 1
Do : xn > , n Z
n 3 3 1
n 3
2n 3
1 n n
0
n
3 2 2 3
3 2
3.3n
p dng nh l Lagrange, tn ti yn
1
; xn sao cho:
3
2n 3
1
1
1
f n ( xn ) f n xn f n' ( yn ) xn v f n' ( yn ) > 1 vi yn > 0
n
4.3
3
3
3
Mt khc lim
2n 3
1
0 limx n
n
4.3
3
n
Bi 2 Cho dy s (xn) c xc nh nh sau: x1 3 , x n 1 2( 2n 1) x 1
n
n N*.
n
Tnh nlim
xi .
i 1
Bi 4. Cho dy xn n 1 tha mn x1 1; x2 x3 9; x4 1 v
un 1 1 u1.u2 ....un
n 1, 2,3...
Tm lim u
i 1
un 1 un
n
Tm lim
i 1
un 1
n 1, 2,3...
1
u1 1
Bi 8. Cho dy s (xn) xc nh bi :
x1 2,1
xn 2 xn2 8 xn 4
xn 1
(n 1, 2,...)
n
Vi mi s nguyn dng n t yn
i 1
1
. Tm limyn
x 4
2
i 1
Bi 9. Cho dy s (un) xc nh bi :
u1 1
un 1
un2
un
1996
n 1, 2...
Tm lim 1 2 ... n
un 1
u2 u3
Bi 10. Cho dy s (un) c xc nh bi :
u0 0
un 2008
u
un 2010
n 0,1, 2...
Tn
b)t Tn u 2008 . Tm lim
n 2009
k 0 k
KT LUN
1.Kt qu t c
Dy s l mt lnh vc kh rng v kh, cc bi ton dy s rt a dng.
Trong ti ny ch cp gii hn ca dy s.
ti ny trnh by mt s dng ton v gii hn dy s nh gii hn
ca tng, dy con v s hi t ca dy s, dy s xc nh bi phng trnh. Cc
bi ton dng ny u c phng php gii c th vn dng cc kin thc v dy
s, cc nh l v gii hn.
ti chn lc c cc bi ton in hnh cho mi dng ton, c
bit c nhiu bi ton l thi hc sinh gii quc gia, quc t nhng nm gn
y qua thy vai tr quan trng ca bi ton v dy s trong cc thi ny.
Qua qu trnh p dng ti vo thc t ging dy, c bit l trong qu
trnh tham gia dy i tuyn hc sinh gii ti nhn thy hc sinh hiu r c
bn cht ca nhiu bi ton kh v dy s, hc sinh c hng th v ch ng
trong hc tp.
Kt qu t c kh r rng khi ti tham gia dy i tuyn hc sinh gii
c nhiu hc sinh t gii cp tnh. T nm hc 2009 -2010 n nay nm hc
no cng c 2 hc sinh t gii, c bit cc em thng gii tt cc bi ton v
dy s trong cc thi trong khi cc nm trc hc sinh thng khng gii
c bi ton ny.
Khi thc hin ti ny ti nhn thy nng lc t duy v k nng thc
hin cc thao tc t duy cng tng ln r rt t hc sinh c t duy hc tp tt
hn cc phn khc v cc b mn khc, hc sinh c t duy phn tch, tng hp
tt hn, nng cao nng lc t hc cho hc sinh.
2. Bi hc kinh nghim.
Qua qua trnh trnh thc hin ti ny ti nhn thy nng cao cht
lng trong dy hc, c bit l trong vic bi dng hc sinh gii cn pht huy
tnh tch cc ch ng cho hc sinh, hc sinh phi c hng th trong hc tp v
phi c nng lc t hc. Chnh v l m gio vin cng cn c s say m
trong chuyn mn, lun c s hng dn hc sinh khng ch kin thc m cn
c cc k nng t duy, hng dn hc sinh cch t hc, bit tng hp kin thc.
Cc gio vin trong t chuyn mn cng cn kt hp nghin cu cc chuyn
v phn cng bi dng hc sinh gii cc bi ging c chuyn su hn.
Vic bi dng i tuyn hc sinh gii cng rt cn s quan tm ch o chung
ca nh trng, nh trng cn c k hoch ngay t u nm hc giao cho cc
gio vin chu trch nhim bi dng hc sinh, i tuyn hc sinh gii cng cn
c bi dng ngay khi cc em hc lp 10 ch khng phi ch n lp 12 mi
tp trung rn luyn cho cc em. Cc gio vin dy i tuyn cng cn bit kt
hp cc kin thc thi hc sinh gii v thi i hc to hng th hc tp cho
hc sinh.
3. Hng tip tc nghin cu m rng ti.
Cc bi ton v dy s thng kh v nhiu dng khc nhau, ti ny
mi ch cp n bi ton tm gii hn dy s. nng cao cht lng hc tp
cho hc sinh v cc dng ton c y hn ti s nghin cu tip cc bi
ton v dy s thng gp trong cc thi hc sinh gii nh tm s hng tng
qut ca dy s, nghin cu cc tnh cht s hc ca dy s.
MC LC
M U
Chng 1.
3
7
7
GII HN CA DY S
2.1 Gii hn ca tng
2.2 Dy con v s hi t ca dy s
2.3. Dy s xc nh bi phng trnh
KT LUN
TI LIU THAM KHO
10
10
14
22
30
32