1/(Thi Bnh)Tm tt c cc hm s f : R R tha mn iu kin

f ( x 2 ) f ( x y ). f ( x y ) y 2 , x, y R
f (0) 0

Cho x = y = 0 ta c f (0) f (0)

f (0) 1
Cho x = y = 2 ta c f (4) f (4). f (0) 4 f (0) 1
Vy f(0) = 0.
Cho x = y ta c f ( x 2 ) f (2 x). f (0) x 2 x 2 f (t ) t , t 0.
Cho x = 0, y = t > 0, ta c
2

f (0) f (t ) f ( t ) t 2 0 tf (t ) t 2 f (t ) t , t 0

Vy f(x) = x.Th li ta thy hm s f(x) = x tha mn bi ton.

2/ (Vnh Phc)Tm cc hm s f (1; ) R tho mn
f ( x ) f ( y ) ( y x ) f ( xy )x, y 1, x y

Gii :gt

f ( x) f ( y )
f ( x) f ( y)
f ( xy)
xy f ( xy )x y 1
1 1
yx

x y

(*)

f ( y ) f ( y ) f ( z ) f ( x ) f ( z )
( y x ) f ( xy ) ( z y ) f ( yz ) ( z y ) ( y x ) f ( xz )

x, y , z 1

v x y z x ; f ( x)

( z y ) f ( yz ) f ( xz ) ( y x ) f ( xz ) f ( xy)
f ( yz ) f ( xz ) f ( xz ) f ( xy)
f ( yz ) f ( xz ) f ( xz ) f ( xy )

1
1
1
1
yx
zy

yz xz
xz xy

n
n 1
3/(Qung Ninh) Gi s f x a0 x a1 x ... an 1 x an

a0 0 v tho mn ng thc sau: f x . f 2 x f 2 x x

Chng minh rng a thc f x khng c nghim s thc.
2

t (*)

xyz f ( xyz ) x y z f ( x yz )
2

Uf (u ) vf (v ) a const f ( x)

u xyz 2

l a thc vi cc h s thc c

x R

u, v 1 (u v)

V x 2 yz

a
x 1
x

n
n 1
Gi s f x a0 x a1 x ... an 1 x an l a thc vi cc h s thc c a0 0 v tho
2
3
x R
mn ng thc sau: f x . f 2 x f 2 x x
Chng minh rng a thc f x khng c nghim s thc.

 Ta chng t rng x0 0 khng l nghim ca f x , ngha l an f 0 0 . Gi k l

s ch ln nht sao cho ak 0 . Lc v tri ca (1) c dng
f x . f 2 x 2 a0 x n ... ak x n k a0 2 n x 2 n ... ak 2 n k x 2 n k
a02 2 n x 3n ... ak2 2 n k 33 n k
V phi ca (1) c dng
n
nk
f 2 x 3 x a0 2 x 3 x ... ak 2 x 3 x
a0 2 n x 3n ... ak x n k
ak2 2 n k x 3 n k ak x n k x
So snh hai v ca (1) ta c
Hay an ak 0
n k
Gi s f(x) c nghim thc l x0 0 . Xt dy s
xn1 2 xn3 xn n 0,1,2,...
Nu x0 > 0 th x0 < x1 < x2 <
Nu x0 < 0 th x0 > x1 > x2 >
T h thc (1) suy ra nu x0 0 m f x0 0 th f xk 0 k , ngha l f(x) bc n,
khng ng nht bng 0 m c v s nghim thc khc nhau, dn n mu thun.
Vy a thc f(x) khng c nghim thc .
4/(Qung Ninh) Cho f : R R l hm s t tp R vo chnh n. Tm tt c cc hm f nh th
i ) f ( x f ( y )) y f ( x)
x, y R
tho mn hai iu kin:

f ( x)

: x 0, x R l tp hp hu hn.
x

ii )

Gii: Cho f : R R l hm s t tp R vo chnh n. Tm tt c cc hm f nh th tho

i ) f ( x f ( y )) y f ( x)
x, y R
mn hai iu kin:
f ( x)

ii )
: x 0, x R l tp hp hu hn.
x

Cho x R. t x = y + f(0), ta nhn c

f f 0 f f y f 0 f 0 f y y f 0 x
Suy ra, vi mi t1, t2 R, ta c :
f t1 t 2 f t1 f f t 2 f t1 f t 2 .
Tip theo, xt s nguyn m bt k tho mn m f x . Ta c
f m f x x f m x mf 1

m f x
m f x m f x
f t

: t 0 l tp hp hu hn nn tn ti cc s nguyn m1 , m2 vi m1 , m2 f x
V
t

f m1 f x f m2 f x
x m1 f 1 x m2 f 1

. T y ta c
sao cho:
.Suy ra
m1 f x
m2 f x
m1 f x m1 f x
f x . f 1 x .
2

2
By gi, cho x = 1, ta nhn c f 1 1 , do f 1 1.
Nh vy ta c f x x .o li, d dng thy rng hai hm f x x v f x x tho
mn hai iu kin cho

5/(Hng Yn) Cho hm s f: R tha mn:

1) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) vi mi x, y R
2) f(x) b chn trn [0; 1]
3) f(1) =

2010 ;Tnh f( 2010 )

gii: T K 1 vi mi r , f(rx) = rf(x) vi mi x (1)

Theo K 2: N > 0: f ( x) N vi mi x 0;1
Theo K 1, f(x) l hm l f ( x) N vi mi x 1;1 (2)
Ly x , tn ti s hu t dng r sao cho x r

x
1
r

x
1
T (2) f N f x N
r
r

f x rN (3)
Do (3) ng vi mi s hu t dng r x nn ta c:

0 f x x.N (4)
f ( x) 0 (5)
Do (4) ng vi mi x , theo nguyn l kp lim
x 0
T K 3: f(1) = 2010 r : f ( r ) f (r.1) r 2010 (6)
Ly x0 , dy s hu t (rn): lim rn x0
Ta c: rn x0 0 nn theo (5) lim f rn f x0

Theo (6) f x0 lim rn 2010 x0 2010

f ( x) x 2010 (tha mn)Vy f

2010 = 2010.

*
*
*
6/ (H Nam) Tm tt c cc hm f : ( y x x 0 ) tha mn:

f ( x) f ( y ) 2 xyf ( xy )

f ( xy )
, x, y *
f ( x y)

Gii : f x f y 2 f xy .xy
Bc 1) Chng minh f 1 1

f xy
f x y

x, y * (1)

Tht vy cho y 1 vo (1) v k hiu f 1 a ta c

f x
f x
f x a 2 xf x
f x 1
(2)
f x 1
1 2x f x a
1
a 1
1
1
; f 3 4
; f 4
Suy ra f 2
5
4a 4
7 5a 4 a 2
a 5 4a
4
f (4)

Mt khc, cho x y 2 vo (1) 2 f (2) 8 f (4) f (4) 1

1
8
1 a 1 vy f 1 1
T (2) suy ra
2 7 5a 4 a 2
f x
n 1,2,...
Bc 2) Chng minh f x n 2
n 2nx f x 1

Quy np: t (2) suy ra (3) ng vi n =1. Gi s ng cho n = k.

f x

k 2 2kx f x 1
f x k
C f x k 1 1 2 x k f x k 1

1 2 x k f x

1
k 2 2kx f x 1

f x

(pcm)
2
k 1 2 k 1 x f x 1

Vy t (3) ta c f n 1
hay f n

f 1

2n f 1 1

n 1

1
n 1,2,....
n2

1
1
f n2
2
Bc 3) Chng minh n
1

n

Tht vy, trong (3) thay

1
x
n

1
1
f x f 2
1

x
f x
x

f n

1
n
n

n 1,2,.....

1
f
n
.Cho
1
n2 2 f 1
n

(4)

1
trong (1)
x

1
1
f n f 2
n2 2
1
n

.Vy

f n
n

1
1 ;m

1
1
2

f
n (pcm).
2
n
n
4

1
n
, m, n 1, m, n * th f q 2
q
m
1
Tht vy vi n, m 1 t x n, y
trong (1) ta c
m
Bc 4) Chng minh: nu q

2n n
1
f
f n
m m

m
f

f n

1
m
;Cho x
trong (3) ta c
1
m
n
m

1
1
2n
m

2 m2
2n 1
m
n
2 2n 1
2
n f 1 n m m2
m m

1
m2
2
n
m
f q f n

1
m
n2 2 n
m

1
q2

Cui cng d kim tra f x

1
n

n
f
m

vy

1
tha mn phng trnh
x2

hm cho.
7/(Chuyn LHP)Tm tt c cc a thc P x vi h s thc tha mn:

1
P x P 1 P x 1 P x 1 x
2
2
Gii: t P 1 a . Xt Q x P x ax .Khi Q 1 P 1 a 0 v
P x ax 2 Q x
1
2
2
x
Thay vo (1) ta c: Q x ax 2 a Q x 1 a x 1 Q x 1 a x 1

2
1
Q x Q x 1 Q x 1 x Q x Q x 1 Q x 1 Q x x
2
Q x Q x 1 b x (vi b l hng s)
(2)
t Q x R x bx .T (2) suy ra: bx R x b x 1 R x 1 b x
R x R x 1 x R x c (vi c l hng s) Q x bx c
2
V Q 1 0 nn c b Do P x ax bx b Th li thy ng.Vy

8/(Bc Ninh) Cho hai a thc: P( x) x3 3x 1 v Q( x) 8 x3 36 x 2 48 x 19 . Gi a l

nghim ln nht ca P(x) v b l nghim nh nht ca Q(x). Chng minh rng:
a 2b 3 .
P x ax 2 bx b
Gii: +) V P(2) 1 0, P(0) 1 0, P(1) 1 0, P(2) 3 0 suy ra
P(x) c 3 nghim v nghim ln nht a (1; 2)
5

V Q(0) 19 0, Q(1) 1 0, Q(2) 3 0, Q(3) 17 0 suy ra Q(x) c 3 nghim v nghim

b nht b (0;1)
+) t a = 3 2m
V P(a) 0 (3 2m)3 3(3 2m) 1 0 8m3 36m 2 48m 19 0 Suy ra m l 1 nghim ca
Q(x)
+) a (1; 2) m

3 a
(0;1)
2

mbb

3 a
a 2b 3
2

9/ (Daklak 2010-2011) Tm tt c cc hm s f xc nh trn tp R,ly gi tr trong R v tha mn

h thc f(x-y)+f(x.y)=f(x)-f(y)+f(x).f(y)

Ni dung
Phn 1:

nhng khi nim c bn

1. Nguyn l Archimede
0, x 0 k N * ; k x

x R !k Z : k x k 1

H qu:
S k nh th gi l phn nguyn ca x, k hiu
Vy:

x x x 1

2. Cn trn cn di
Gi s

A R

S x c gi l mt cn trn ca tp A nu vi mi a A th a

S x c gi l mt cn di ca tp A nu vi mi a A th a x
Cn trn b nht (nu c) ca tp A c gi l cn trn ng ca A v
k hiu l supA.
6

Cn di ln nht (nu c) ca tp A c gi l cn di ng ca A
v k hiu l infA.
- Nu A = (a;b) th supA = b
infA = a
- Nu A = [a;b] th supA = maxA = b
infA = minA = a
* Tnh cht:
Tnh cht1: Nu A , A b chn th tn ti supA, infA.
Tnh cht2:
sup A

inf A

{a ,0,aaAA: - a
{a 0,,aaAA: a

3. Hm s cp
+ Hm s s cp c bn l cc hm ly tha, hm s m, hm s
logarit, hm s lng gic, hm s lng gic ngc.
+ Hm s s cp l nhng hm c to thnh bi hu hn cc php
ton s hc ( +, - , x, : ), php ton ly hm hp i vi cc hm s s
cp c bn.
7

+ c trng ca hm:
Nh ta bit, phng trnh hm l mt phng trnh thng thng
m nghim ca n l hm. gii quyt tt vn ny, cn phn bit
tnh cht hm vi c trng hm. Nhng tnh cht quan trc c t
i s sang hm s c gi l nhng c trng hm.
* Hm tuyn tnh f(x) = ax, khi f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
Vy c trng hm l f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), vi mi x, y
* Hm bc nht f(x) = ax + b, khi
Vy c trng hm y l:

x y

f ( x y) 2 f

f ( x) f ( y)
x y

2
2

x, y R

n y th ta c th nu ra cu hi l: Nhng hm no c tnh cht

f ( x y ) f ( x) f ( y ), x, y R

. Gii quyt tt vn chnh l dn n

phng trnh hm. Vy phng trnh hm l phng trnh sinh bi c

trng hm cho trc.
* Hm lu tha:

f ( x) x k , x 0

c trng hm l:
* Hm m:

f ( xy ) f ( x) f ( y )

f ( x) a x (a 0, a 1)

c trng ca hm l:
* Hm Logarit:

f ( x) log a x

c trng ca hm l:
* Hm lng gic:

f ( x y ) f ( x) f ( y )

x, y R

( a 0, a 1)
f ( xy ) f ( x) f ( y )

f ( x) cos x

c trng hm l:

f ( x y ) f ( x y ) 2 f ( x) f ( y )

Hon ton tng t ta c th tm c cc c trng ca cc hm s

f ( x) sin x, f ( x) tan x

vi cc hm Hypebolic:

* sin hypebolic:

shx

e x ex
2

* cos hypebolic:

chx

e x ex
2

* tan hypebolic:

thx

shx e x e x

chx e x e x

* cot hypebolic:

chx e x e x
coth x

shx e x e x

- shx c TX l R, tp gi tr l R
- chx c TX l R, tp gi tr l

1,

- thx c TX l R, tp gi tr l

1,1

- cothx c TX l

R \ 0 , tp gi tr l

,1 1,

4. Hm cng tnh, nhn tnh trn mt tp hp

- Hm s f(x) c gi l cng tnh trn tp xc nh D nu vi mi
x, y D th x + y D v f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y).
- Hm s f(x) c gi l nhn tnh trn tp xc nh D nu vi mi x,
y D th x . y D v f(x . y) = f(x) . f(y).
- Nu vi mi x, y D m x+y D , x y D v f( x y) = f(x)
f(y) th f(x) cng gi l mt hm cng tnh trn D.
-

f ( x) x ( 0)

Hm

l hm nhn tnh.
9

5. Hm n iu
+ Hm s f(x) c gi l tng trn khong (a,b) nu:
Vi mi x1, x2 (a,b), x1

x2

f(x1)

f(x2)

+ Hm s f(x) c gi l gim trn khong (a,b) nu:

Vi mi x1, x2 (a,b), x1

x2

f(x1)

f(x2)

6. Hm tun hon.
Hm s f(x) c gi l tun hon trn min D, nu nh tn ti s
dng T >0 sao cho:
-

x0 D

, th x0 + T D

- f(x+T) = f(x)

x D

S T > 0 b nht tho mn hai iu kin trn gi l chu k c s ca

hm s tun hon f(x).
Phn II:

cc phng php thng dng gii ph-

ng trnh hm
I.Phng php 1: S dng tnh lin tc ca hm s
S dng tnh lin tc ca hm s c 3 con ng chnh:
- Xy dng bin t N n R.
10

- Chng minh hm s l hng s.

- S dng phng trnh hm CSi.
Bi1. (Xy dng bin t N n R)
Tm hm

f :N R

tho mn:

1) f(x) lin tc trn R

2) f(1) = 2
3) f(xy) = f(x).f(y) - f(x+y) +1 ,

x, y R

Gii.
Cho x = y = 0 ta c: f(0) = 1.
Cho x =1, y R ta c: f(y+1) = f(y) + 1 (*).
T f(0) = 1, f(1) = 2 v (*) quy np ta suy ra f(n) = n + 1,

n N

Vi n N, (*) suy ra f(-n) = f(-n+1) - 1 = f(-n+2) - 2 = = f(0) - n =

-n + 1.
Vy f(z) = z + 1,
Vi

n N*

z Z .

, 2 = f(1) =

1
1
1
f ( n. ) f (n). f ( ) f (n ) 1
n
n
n

(**). Mt khc t (*) ta

li c:
1
1
1
1
f ( n ) 1 f ( n 1 ) 2 f ( n 2 )... n f ( )
n
n
n
n
1
1
f ( ) 1
n
n

Vi

. Th vo (**) ta c:

q Q, q

m
,m Z,n N *
n

ta c:

m
1
1
1
1
f (q) f ( ) f (m). f ( ) f (m ) 1 (m 1)( 1) f (m ) 1
n
n
n
n
n

. (***).

T (*) ta d dng chng minh c:

11

1
1
f (m ) m f ( )
n
n

. Th vo (***) ta c f(q) = 1 + q,

Vi r R, tn ti dy r vi
n

rn Q

tho mn

lim rn r

q Q

. Khi do tnh lin

tc nn ta c: f(r) = f(limrn) = limf (rn) = lim(rn + 1) = limrn + 1 = r + 1.

Vy f(x) = x + 1,

x R .

Th li thy ng.

Bi2. (Chng minh hm l hng s):

Tm hm

1
1
f : 0; 0;
2
2

tho mn:

1
0; 2

1) f(x) lin tc trn on

2)

1
1
f ( x) f ( x 2 ), x 0;
4
2

Gii

x0 a

Vi a

1
0; 2

x x
, xt dy s:

n 1

2
n

1
, n N
4

D dng chng minh x khng m (a).

n

x0

1
1 1
x1 x 02
2
4 2

. Quy np suy ra xn

1
x n 1 x n ( x n ) 2 0 x n 1 x n , n N
2

T (a), (b), (c) suy ra xn

Vy vi mi a

1
0; 2

1
0; 2

1
2

(b).

(c).
v x c gii hn hu hn l

lim x n

1
f( )
2

= c (c

, f(a) = f(x1) = fx2) == lm(xn) =

1
2

hng s).
Th li thy ng

12

Bi3. (S dng phng trnh hm Csi) - VMO nm 2006 (bng B)

Tm

lin tc trn R tho mn f(x-y).f(y-z).f(z-x) + 8 = 0.

f :RR

x, y , z R

(3)
Gii:

Cho x = t, z = -t, y = 0,
f (2t )

t R

ta c f(t).f(t).f(-2t) = -8

8
0 f (t ) 0, t R
2
f (t )

Th vo (3) ta c:

. t

g ( x ) ln

f ( x)
f ( x) 2.e g ( x ) .
2

8.e g ( x y ) g ( y z ) g ( z x ) 8 g ( x y ) g ( y z ) g ( z x) 0

(*).

+ Cho x = y = z = 0, t (*) ta c g(0) = 0 (a).

+ Cho y = z =0,

xR,

t (a) ta oc g(x) = g(-x) (b).

T (*) v (b) ta suy ra g(x-y) + g(y-z) = -g(z-x) = -g(x-z) = g(x-y+y-z)

g (t t , ) g (t ) g (t , ), t , t , R

(**). V f lin tc trn R nn g(x) cng lin tc

trn R. T (**) , theo phng trnh hm Csi ta c g(x) = ax

f(x)

= -2. eax = -2.bx

(vi b = ea >0) . Th li ta thy ng.
II. Phng php2: S dng tnh cht nghim ca mt a thc
Bi1:
Tm P(x) vi h s thc tho mn ng thc:
( x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2) P ( x 1) ( x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2) P ( x), x

(1)

Gii:
13

(1)

( x 2)( x 2 x 1) P ( x 1) ( x 2)( x 2 x 1) P ( x ), x

Chn:

Do

x = -2

P(-2) = 0

x = -1

P(-1) = 0

x=0

P(0) = 0

x=1

P(1) = 0

P ( x ) x ( x 1)( x 1)( x 2).G ( x )

Thay P(x) vo (1) ta c:

( x 2)( x 2 x 1)( x 1)( x 2) x( x 1).G ( x 1) ( x 2)( x 2 x 1) x( x 1)( x 1)( x 2).G ( x)

( x 2 x 1)G ( x 1) ( x 2 x 1)G ( x)

G ( x)
G ( x 1)
2
, x
x x 1 x x 1

t:

R( x)

G ( x)
x x 1

R ( x ) R ( x 1)

R ( x) C

Vy:

( x 0,1,2)

( x 0,1,2)

P ( x) C ( x 2 x 1) x( x 1)( x 1)( x 2)

Th li thy P(x) tho mn iu kin bi ton.

Ch :
Nu ta xt:
Th

P ( x ) ( x 3 1)( x 1)

P ( x 1) ( x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2) x

Do :

( x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2) xP ( x) ( x 2 1)( x 2 x 1) P ( x 1)

T ta c bi ton sau:
14

Bi2:
Tm P(x) vi h s thc tho mn ng thc:
( x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2) xP( x) ( x 2 1)( x 2 x 1) P ( x 1)

(Gii bi ton ny tng t nh bi 1)

Tng t nh trn nu ta xt:
P ( x) ( x 2 1)( x 2 3x 2)

th ta s c bi ton sau:

Bi3:
Tm P(x) vi h s thc tho mn ng thc:
(4 x 2 4 x 2)( 4 x 2 2 x).P ( x) ( x 2 1)( x 2 3 x 2).P (2 x 1), x R

Tng t nh vy chng ta c th xy dng cc ton khc.

III.Phng php 3: H s bt nh
Nguyn tc chung:
+ Da vo iu kin bi ton, xc nh c dng ca f(x), thng l
f(x) = ax + b
hoc f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
+ ng nht h s f(x)
+ Chng minh mi h s khc ca f(x) u khng tho mn iu kin
bi ton.
15

Bi1: a thc f(x) xc nh vi mi x R v tho mn iu kin:

2f(x) + f(x-1) = x2 ,

x R

(1) . Tm f(x).

Gii:
Ta nhn thy v tri ca biu thc di du f l bc nht: x; x-1 v
phi l bc hai x2. Vy f(x) phi c dng: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
Khi (1) tr thnh:
2(ax2 + bx + c) + a(x-1)2 + b(x-1) + c = x2
3ax2 + (b-2a)x + a + b + 3c = x2

x R

do :

x R

ng nht cc h s, ta thu c:
3a = 1

b - 2a = 0

a + b + 3c = 0

Vy

f ( x)

1
3

2
3

1
3

1 2
( x 2 x 1)
3

Th li ta thy hin nhin f(x) tho mn iu kin bi ton.

Cng vic cn li ta phi chng minh mi hm s khc f(x) s khng
tho mn iu kin bi ton.
Tht vy gi s cn c hm s g(x) khc f(x) tho mn iu kin bi
ton.
Do g(x) khng trng vi f(x) nn

x 0 R : g ( x 0 ) f ( x0 )

.
16

Do g(x) tho mn iu kin bi ton nn:

2g(x) + g(1-x) = x2

x R

Thay x bi x0 ta c: 2g(x0) + g(1-x0) = x02

Thay x bi 1-x0 ta c 2g(1-x0) + g(x0) = (1-x0)2
T hai h thc ny ta c: g(x0) =

1 2
( x 0 2 x 0 1)
3

= f(x0)

iu ny mu thun vi f(x0) g(x0)

Vy phng trnh c nghm duy nht l

f ( x)

1 2
( x 2 x 1)
3

Bi2:
Hm s y = f(x) xc nh, lin tc vi

x R

f(f(x)) = f(x) + x,

v tho mn iu kin:

x R

Hy tm hai hm s nh th
Gii
Ta vit phng trnh cho di dng f(f(x)) - f(x) = x (1)
V phi ca phng trnh l mt hm s tuyn tnh.
V vy ta nn gi s rng hm s cn tm c dng: f(x) = ax + b
Khi (1) tr thnh:
a(ax + b) + b - ax - b = x ,
hay

(a2 - a)x + ab = x,

ng nht h s ta c:
a a 1
2

x R

x R

1 5
2

1 5
2

17

ab 0

b0

b0

Ta tm c hai hm s cn tm l:
f ( x)

1 5
x
2

Hin nhin hai hm s ny tho mn iu kin bi ton.

Bi 3:
Hm s

f :

Z Z tho mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:

a) f(f(n)) = n,

(1)

n Z

b) f(f(n + 2) + 2) = n,

n Z

c) f(0) = 1

(2)
(3)

Tm gi tr f(2009), f(-2010)
Gii:
Cng nhn xt v l lun nh cc v d trc, ta a n f(n) c dng:
f(n) = an + b
Khi iu kin (1) tr thnh:
a 2 n ab b n, n Z

18

ng nht cc h s ta c:
a2 1

ab b 0

Vi

a 1

a 1

b
0

bR

a 1

b0

ta c f(n) = n

Trng hp ny f(n) khng tho mn (2)

a 1

Vi

bR

ta c f(n) = -n + b

T iu kin (3) cho n = 0 ta c b = 1

Vy f(n) = -n + 1
Hin nhin hm s ny tho mn iu kin bi ton.
Ta phi chng minh f(n) = -n + 1 l hm s duy nht tho mn iu
kin bi ton.
Tht vy gi s tn ti hm g(n) khc f(n) cng tho mn iu kin bi
ton.
T (3) suy ra f(0) = g(0) = 1
T (2) suy ra f(1) = f(f(0)) = g(1) = g(g(0)) = 0
S dng (1) v (2) ta cng nhn c:
g(g(n)) = g(g(n+2) + 2),

n Z

19

Do

g(g(g(n))) = g(g(g(n+2) + 2)),

Hay

g(n) = g(n+2) + 2,

n Z

n Z

(4)

Gi s n0 l s t nhin b nht lm cho: f(n0) g(n0) (5)

Do f(n) cng tho mn (4) nn ta c:
g(n0 - 2) = g(n0) + 2 = f(n0) + 2 = f(n0 - 2)

f(n0 - 2) = g(n0 - 2)

Mu thun vi gi thit n0 l s t nhin b nht tho mn (5)

Vy:

f(n) = g(n),

n N

Chng minh tng t ta cng c f(n) = g(n) vi mi n nguyn m.

Vy:

f(n) = -n + 1 l nhgim duy nht.

T ta tnh c f(2009) = - 2008, f(-2010) = - 2011.

* Cc bi ton tng t:
Bi 1:
Hm s f: N N tho mn iu kin f(f(n)) + f(n) = 2n + 3,
n N

Tm f(2010).
Bi2:
Tm tt c cc hm f: N sao N cho:
f(f(n)) + (f(n))2 = n2 + 3n + 3,

n N

IV. Phng php4: Phng php dn bin

20

Phng php: Chn cch t n ph thch hp t phng trnh

hm cha 2 bin ta a v dng phng trnh mt bin t xc
nh hm s cn tm
Bi1:
Tm f: R R sao cho:
(x - y)f(x+y) - (x + y)f(x-y) = 4xy(x2 - y2),

u x y

t:

v x y

Gii

uv
2

x, y R

uv
y

vf (u ) uf (v) (u 2 v 2 )uv

f (u )
f (v )
u2
v 2 , u , v 0
u
v

Chn v = 1 ta c:

(a = f(1) - 1)

f (u ) u 3 au , u 0

Cho x = y = 0 ta c 2f(0) = 0 do f(0) = 0

Kt lun:

f ( x) x 3 ax

x R

Bi2:
Tm hm s f(x) sao cho:
f ( x 1) 3 f (

x 1
1
) 1 2 x, x
1 2x
2

Gii
t:

x 1
y
1 y
y 1 x
x 1
1 2x
2y 1
2y 1
f(

1 y
1
1
) 3 f ( y 1)
, y
2y 1
2y 1
2

21

x 1
1
1
f(
) 3 f ( x 1)
, x
1 2x
2x 1
2

x 1
1
f ( x 1) 3 f (
) 1 2 x, x
1 2x
2

x 1
1
1
f(
) 3 f ( x 1)
, x
1 2x
2x 1
2

8 f ( x 1) 1 2 x
f (1 x )
f ( x)

3
1
, x
1 2x
2

1
3
1
(1 2 x
), x
8
2x 1
2

1
3
1
(1 2 x
), x
8
2x 1
2

Cc bi tp tng t
Bi1:
Tm cc hm s f: R R tho mn iu kin:
f ( x y ) f ( x y ) 2 f ( x ) f (1 y ) 2 xy (3 y x 2 ), x, y R

p s: f(x) = x3

Bi2:
Tm cc hm s f: R R nu:
3f (

x 1
1 x
8
2

)5f (
)
, x 0, ,1,2
3x 2
x2
x 1
3

p s:

f ( x)

28 x 4
5x

Bi3:
Tm tt c c c a thc P(x) R[x] sao cho :
22

P(x + y) = P(x) + P(y) = 3xy(x + y),

x, y R

p s: P(x) = x3 + cx

V. Phng php5: Phng php xt gi tr

Bi1:
Tm hm s

f :RR

tho mn iu kin:

1
1
1
f ( xy ) f ( yz ) f ( x) f ( yz ) , x, y, z R
2
2
4

(1)

Gii:
Cho x = y = z = 0 thay vo (1) ta c
1
1
1
f (0) f (0) f 2 (0)
2
2
4

1
2

( f (0) ) 2 0 f (0)

1
2

Cho y = z = 0 Thay vo (1) ta c:

1 1 1
1
f ( x) , x R
4 4 2
4

f ( x)

1
, x R
2

(2)

Cho x = y = z = 1 thay vo (1) ta c

1
1
1
1
f (1) f (1) f 2 (1) ( f (1) ) 2 0
2
2
4
2

f (1)

1
2

Cho y = z = 1 thay vo (1) ta c

1
1
1 1
f ( x) f ( x) f ( x).
2
2
2 4
1
2

f ( x) , x R

(3)
23

T (2) v (3) ta c

f ( x)

1
2

Thay vo tho mn iu kin (1).

Vy hm s cn tm l

f ( x)

1
2

Bi2:
Cho

f : (0;1) R

tho mn iu kin:

f(xyz) = xf(x) + yf (y) + zf(z),

x, y , z (0;1)

(1)

Gii
Chn x = y = z thay vo (1) ta c:
f ( x 3 ) 3 xf ( x ),

x 0;1

Thay x, y, z bi x2ta c
f ( x 6 ) 3x 2 f ( x 2 )

Mt khc t (1) ta cng c:

f ( x 6 ) f ( x.x 2 .x 3 ) xf ( x ) x 2 f ( x 2 ) x 3 f ( x 3 )

hay

3 x 2 f ( x 2 ) xf ( x ) x 2 f ( x 2 ) x 3 f ( x 3 )

2 x 2 f ( x 2 ) xf ( x) x 3 f ( x 3 )

2 x 2 f ( x 2 ) xf ( x) 3x 4 f ( x)

2 x 2 f ( x 2 ) ) ( x 3x 4 ) f ( x)

f ( x)

1 3x 3
f (x 2 )
2x

(2)

Thay x bi x3 ta c
f (x3 )

1 3x 9
f (x6 )
3
2x

24

 3 xf ( x) 1 33x 3 x 2 f ( x 2 )
9

2x

f ( x ) 1 32x f ( x 2 )
9

2x

(3)

T (2) v (3) ta suy ra:

1 3x 9
1 3x 3
f (x 2 )
f (x2 )
2x
2x 2

Vy:

f ( x 2 ) 0, x 0

x R

thay vo (2) suy ra:

f ( x) 0, x 0

f ( x) 0, x (0,1)

VI.Phng php 6: S dng phng php sai phn gii phng

trnh hm
a.L thuyt:
+) Khi nim dy s:
Dy s l mt hm ca i s t nhin:
x:N N
n

x (n)

n 0,1,2,3,...

( x n ) x 0 , x1 , x 2 ,...

+) nh ngha sai phn:

Xt hm x(n) = x0
Sai phn cp 1 ca hm xn l:

x n x n 1 x n

Sai phn cp 2 ca hm xn l:

2 x n x n 1 x n x n 2 2 x n 1 x n

Sai phn cp k ca hm xn l:

k xn ( 1)i Cki xn k i

i 0

25

+) Cc tnh cht ca sai phn:

* Sai phn cc cp u c biu th qua cc hm s
* Sai phn c tnh cht tuyn tnh:
k (af bg) ak f bk g

* Nu xn l a thc bc m th:
k x n

l a thc bc m - k nu m > k
l hng s nu m = k
l 0 nu m < k

V d:
Xt dy s hu hn: 1,-1,-1,1,5,11,19,29,41,55.
Tm quy lut biu din ca dy s .
Gii.
Ta lp bng sai phn nh sau:
xn
x n

1
2

5
4

11
6

19
8

29
10

41
12

55
14

2
xn
2

Vy

2
2 x n const

do xn l a thc bc hai:

x n an 2 bn c

tnh a, b, c ta a vo 3 gi tr u x0 = 1, x1 = -1, x2 = -1 sau ta

gii h phng trnh ta nhn c: a = 1, b = -3, c = 1.
Do : xn = n2 - 3n + 1
26

+) Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh thun nht

a 0 x n k a1 x n k 1 ... a k x n 0,

ak , a0 0

(1)

Gi l phng trinh tuyn tnh thun nht cp k

+) Phng trnh c trng
(2)

a 0 k a1k 1 a 2 k 2 ... a k 0

+) Nghim tng qut

Nu phng trnh (2) c k nghim phn bit
nghim tng qut ca (1) l

1 , 2 , 3 ,, k

th

x n c11n c 2 n2 ... c k nk

Nu (2) c nghim bi, chng hn

c bi s th nghim tng qut ca

(1) s l:
x n c11n c 2 nn2 c3 n 2 3n ... c s n s 11n c s 1 n s ns1 ... c k nk

b. Bi ton p dng:
Ch : i vi phng php sai phn, ta c mt s khc na nh
phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh khng thun nht, phng trnh sai
phn phi tuyn v c c mt h thng phng php gii quyt
tuyn tnh ho phng trnh sai phn. Song lin quan n phng trnh
trong bi vit ny, ch nhc li phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh n
gin nht (cha xt n phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh c nghim
phc).
c. p dng i vi phng trnh hm:
Bi1:
Tm hm s

f :RR

tho mn iu kin:

f(f(x)) = 3f(x) - 2x,

x R

27

Gii.
Thay x bi f(x) ta c:
f(f(fx))) = 3f(f(x)) - 2f(x),

x R

........................
f (... f ( x )) 3 f (... f ( x )) 2 f (... f ( x ))



n2

n 1

Hay

f n 2 ( x ) 3 f n 1 ( x ) 2 f n ( x), n 0

t:

x n f n ( x), n 0

x R

Ta c phng trnh sai phn:

xn 2 3 xn 1 2 xn

Phng trnh c trng l:

2 3 2 0 1 2

Do

x n c1 c 2 2 n

Ta c:

x0 c1 c 2 x

x1 c1 2c 2 f ( x)

T ta c:
Vy:

f ( x) x c 2

c1 2 x f ( x ), c 2 f ( x ) x

hoc

f ( x ) 2 x c1

Bi2:
Tm tt c cc hm xc nh trn N v tho mn ng thi cc iu
kin sau:
28

2 f (n) f (k n) 2 f (k n) 3 f (n) f (k ), k n
f (1) 1

Gii:
Cho k = n = 0
2 f 2 (0) 2 f (0) 3 f 2 (0)
f (0) 0 f (0) 2

Nu f(0) = 0 chn n = 0 ta c: -2f(k) = 0 do f(k) = 0 vi mi k

Chn k = 1 ta c f(1) = 0 mu thun vi gi thit.
Vy: f(0) = -2.
Chn n = 1 ta c phng trnh:
2 f (1) f ( k 1) 2 f ( k 1) 3 f (1) f ( k ), k
2 f (k 1) 2 f (k 1) 3 f (k ), k

t:

x k f (k )

ta c phng trnh sai phn:

2 x k 1 3 x k 2 x k 1 0

Phng trnh c trng l:

22 3 2 0 2

Vy:

1
f ( n) c1 2 c 2
2
n

1
2

Ta tm c1, c2.
T iu kin f(0) = -2, f (1) = 1 thay vo trn ta tm c c1 = 0, c2
= -2
Vy:

f (n) 2
2

VII.Phng php 7: im bt ng

29

*. im bt ng:
Trong s hc, gii tch cc khi nim v im bt ng, im c nh
rt quan trng v n c trnh by rt cht ch thng qua mt h
thng l thuyt. y ti ch nu ng dng ca n qua mt s bi ton
v phng trnh hm.
Bi1:
Xc nh hm s f(x) sao cho:
f(x + 1) = f(x) + 2 ,

x R

Gii:
Ta suy ngh nh sau:
T gi thit ta suy ra c = c + 2 do c =
V vy ta coi 2 nh l f(1) ta c: f(x + 1) = f(x) + f(1) (*)
Nh vy ta chuyn php cng ra php cng. Da vo c trng
hm, ta phi tm a:
Trong f(x) = ax. T gi thit ta c
a(x + 1) = ax + 2

=2

Vy ta lm nh sau:
t:

f(x) = 2x + g(x)

Thay vo (*) ta c: 2(x + 1) + g(x + 1) = 2x + g(x) +2,

x R

iu ny tng ng vi:
g(x +1) = g(x),

x R

Vy g(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 1.

30

Vy: f(x) = 2x + g(x) vi g(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 1.

Nhn xt: Qua bi ton 1 ta c th tng qut ln thnh bi ton nh
sau:
TQ: Tm hm s f(x) tho mn:
f(x + a) = f(x) + b,

x R ,

a, b tu

x R

(1)

Bi 2:
Tm hm f(x) sao cho:
f(x + 1) = -f(x) + 2,

Gii:
Ta cng a n c = -c + 2 do c = 1
Vy t: f(x) = 1 + g(x), thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh:
g( x + 1) = -g(x),
Do ta c:

x R

g ( x 1) g ( x )

g ( x 2) g ( x)

g ( x)

1
g ( x) g ( x 1)
2

g ( x 2) g ( x)

x R

(3)

Ta chng minh mi nghim ca (3) c dng:

31

g ( x)

1
h( x) h( x 1) x R
2

h(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 2

Nhn xt:
Qua v d ny ta c th tng qut thnh bi ton:
TQ: Tm hm s f(x) sao cho:
f(x + a) = -f(x) + b,

x R ,

a,b tu

Bi 3:
Tm hm s f(x) sao cho:

x R

f(x + 1) = 3f(x) + 2,

(1)

Gii:
Ta i tm c sao cho c = 3c + 2 suy ra c = -1
t:

f(x) = -1 + g(x)

Lc (1) c dng:

g(x + 1) = 3g(x) ,

x R

Coi 3 nh g(1) ta c: g(x + 1) = g(1).g(x) ,

x R

(2)

T c trng hm chuyn php cng v php nhn, ta thy phi s

dng hm m:
g ( x) a x , (a 0, a 1)

Nn ta c:

a x 1 3a x a 3

Vy ta t:

g ( x ) 3 x h( x )

thay vo (2) ta c: h(x + 1) =h(x),

x R

Vy h(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 1.

Kt lun:

f ( x) 1 3 x h( x )

vi h(x) l hm tun hon vi chu k 1.

Nhn xt:
32

T bi ny ta a n bi ton tng qut l:

TQ: Tm hm s f(x) sao cho
f(x + a) = bf(x) + c,

x R ,

a,b,c tu , b>0, b khc 1

( Vi loi ny c chuyn v hm tun hon)

Cn: f(x + a) = bf(x) + c,

x R ,

a,b,c tu , b<0, b khc 1 c

chuyn v hm phn tun hon.

Bi 4:
Tm hm s f(x) sao cho:
f(2x + 1) = 3f(x) - 2 ,

x R

(1)

Gii:
Ta c:

c = 3c - 2 suy ra c = 1

f(x) = 1 + g(x)

Khi (1) c dng g(2x + 1) = 3g(x),

x R

(2)

(Khi biu thc bn trong c nghim khc th ta phi x l cch

khc).
T

2x + 1 = x suy ra x = 1

Vy t:

x = -1 + t ta c 2x + 1 = -1 + 2t

Khi (2) c dng: g(-1 + 2t) = 3g(-1 + t) ,

t:

t R

h(t) = g(-1 + 2t), ta c h(2t) = 3h(t) (3).

Xt 2t = t

t = 0,

(2t ) m 3.t m m log 2 3.

Xt 3 kh nng sau:
+) Nu t = 0 ta c h(0) = 1
33

+) Nu t > 0 t

thay vo (3) ta c

h(t ) t log 2 3 (t )

( 2t ) (t ), t 0

n y ta a v v d hm tun hon nhn tnh.

+) Nu t < 0 t

h(t ) t

log 2 3

(t )

thay vo (3) ta c

( 2t ) (t ), t 0

(4t ) (t ), t 0

1
(t ) (2t ), t 0
2

(t )

(4t ) (t ), t 0

Nhn xt:
Bi ton tng qut ca dng ny nh sau:
TQ: Tm hm s f(x) sao cho:
f (x ) f () b, 0,1

Khi phng trnh x x ta chuyn im bt ng v o, th ta c

hm tun hon nhn tnh.
+ Nu a = 0 bi ton bnh thng.
+ Nu a = 1 chng hn xt bi ton sau:
*) Tm f(x) sao cho:
Nghim 2x + 1 = x

f(2x + 1) = f(x) - 2,

(1)

x = -1 nn t x = -1 + t thay vo (1) ta c

f(-1 + 2t) = f(-1 + t) + 2,

t:

t 0

g(t) = f(-1 + t) ta c g(2t) = g(t) + 2,

t 0

(2)

T tch chuyn thnh tng nn l hm loga

34

Ta c

log a (2t ) log a t 2 a

Vy t:

g (t ) log

t h(t )

1
2

Thay vo (2) ta c:

1
2

h( 2t ) h(t ), t 0

. n y bi ton tr nn n gin.

VIII. Phng php 8. Phng php s dng h m

Ta quy c ghi m =(bibi-1b1)k ngha l trong h m c s k th m =
bibi-1b1
Bi1 (Trch IMO nm 1998):
Tm

f : N* N*

tho mn f(1) = 1, f(3) = 3, f(2n) = f(n),

f(4n + 1) = 2f(2n + 1) - f(n), f(4n + 3) = 3f(2n + 1) - f(2n),

n N *

(1)
Gii:
Tnh gi tr ca hm s v chuyn sang c s 2 ta c th d on c:
" n N , n = (bibi-1b1)2 th f(n) = (b1b2bi)2 (*). Ta s chng minh
*

(*) bng quy np.

+ Vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4 d kim tra (*) ng.
+ Gi s (*)ng cho k < n. Ta s chng minh (*)ng cho n (vi
n > 4).
Tht vy, ta xt cc kh nng sau:
* Nu n chn, n = 2m. Gi s m = (bibi-1b1)2, khi n = 2m =
(bibi-1b10)2
35

f(n) = f((bibi-1b10)2) = f(2m) = f(m) = f((bibi-1b1)2) = (b1b2bi)2

=
= (0b1b2bi)2 suy ra (*)ng.
* Nu n l v n = 4m + 1. Gi s m = (bibi-1b1)2, khi n = (bibib101)2

f(n) = f((bibi-1b101)2) = f(4m + 1) = 2.f(2m + 1) - f(2m) =

2.f((bibi-1b11)2) - f((b1b2bi)2 ) = (10)2.(1b1b2bi)2 - (b1b2bi)2 =

(1b1b2bi0)2 - (b1b2bi)2 =
= (10b1b2bi)2 suy ra (*)ng.
* Nu nl v n = 4m + 3. Gi s m = (bibi-1b1)2, khi n = (bibi-1
b111)2

f(n) = f((bibi-1b111)2) = f(4m + 3) = 3.f(2m + 1) - 2.f(2m) =

3.f((bibi-1b11)2) - 2.f((b1b2bi)2 ) = (11)2.(1b1b2bi)2 - (10)2.(b1b2

bi)2 = (11b1b2bi)2 suy ra (*)ng.
Vy (*)ng v hm f c xc nh nh (*)>
Bi 2.(Trch thi Trung Quc)
Tm hm s

f : N* N*

tho mn:

a) f(1) = 1

(1)

b) f(2n) < 6f(n)

(2)

c) 3f(n)f(2n+1) = f(2n)(3f(n) + 1),

n N *

(3)

Gii

36

V f(n) N * nn (3f(n),3f(n) + 1) = 1. T (3) suy ra 3f(n)\f(2n). Kt

hp vi (2) suy ra f(2n) = 3f(n) v f(2n+1) = 3f(n) + 1,

n N *

Th mt s gi tr ta thy f(n) c xc nh nh sau:

"Vi n = (b1b2bi)2 th f(n) = (b1b2bi)3,

n N *

" (*). Ta chng minh

(*) bng phng php quy np.

+ Vi n = 1, 2, 3, 4 th hin nhin (*)ng.
+ Gi s (*)ng cho k<n (vi n 4). Ta chng minh (*)ng cho n.
Gi s m = (c1c2cj)2
- Nu n chn: n = 2m, th n = 2m = (c1c2cj0)2. Khi
f(n) = f(2m) = 3f(m) = 3.f((c1c2cj)2) = (10)3.(c1c2cj)3 = (c1c2cjo)3
(*)

ng chn.

- Nu n l: n = 2m + 1, th n = (c1c2cj1)2. Khi :
f(n) = f(2m+1) = 3f(m) + 1 = 3.f((c1c2cj)2) + 1 = (10)3.(c1c2cj)3 +
13 = (c1c2cj1)3

(*)

Vy (*)ng cho mi

ng cho n l.
n N *

v f(n) c xc nh nh (*)

3. CC BI TON NG DNG

Phng trnh hm
Bi tp
1.1. Xc nh tt c cc hm lin tc f : R R sao cho f 1 0 v
f x y f x f y .
1.2. Vi q 1 , tm tt c cc hm f : R R lin tc ti 0 v tha mn phng trnh hm
f x f qx 0 .
1.3. Tm tt c cc hm f : R R lin tc ti 0 v tha mn phng trnh hm
2
x x .
3

f x f

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1.4. Xc nh mi nghim f : R R lin tc ti 0 ca phng trnh hm

2 f 2x f x x .
1.5. Xc nh tt c cc nghim lin tc ti -1 ca phng trnh hm
f 2 x 1 f x .
1.6. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc ti 0 ca phng trnh hm

x
, x 1.
1 x

f x f

v g tha mn phng trnh

f x y f x y 2 f x g y , x, y R .
Chng minh rng nu f khng ng nht bng 0 v f x 1 vi x R , th ta cng c
g x 1 vi x R .
1.8. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc tha mn phng trnh hm
f x y f xe y f y e x .
1.9. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc ti 0 f : R R ca
f x y f x y f x f y .
1.10. Gii phng trnh hm
1.7. Gi s rng

x 1
1 x
x

f x f

vi

x 0,1 .

1.11. Cho f : 0;1 0;1 l n nh sao cho f 2 x f x x vi

f x x, x 0;1 .
1.12. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc trn 1;1 ca

x 0;1 .

Chng minh rng

x y
f x f y .
1 xy

Bi 4. Tm hm s f(x) tha :
f(x+y) f(x).f(y) 2009 vi mi x,y R;
Bi 5. Tm hm s f(x) bit rng :
2f( )-3f( ) = ;
Bi 6. Tm hm s f(x) v g(x) bit rng :
Bi 7. Cho dy cc hm s : f1(x), f2(x),...,fn(x),tha mn cc iu kin sau:
1/ f1(x) =x
2/ f(x) =
Tnh f2009(2009).
Bi 8. Cho hm s f(x) xc nh v tha mn cc iu kin sau:
1/ f(1) =1;
2/ f( ) = f(x), x0;
3/ f(x1+x2) = f(x1) +f(x2)
Hy tnh f(63), f( ) v f(2009).
Bi 10. Tm hm s f(x) bit rng:
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f(x-1)-3f ( )= 1-2x; x ;
Bi 12. Cho hm s f: N N tha f(f(n)) +f(n) = 2n+3, n N.
Tm
f(2009).
Bi 13. Tm hm s f : (0;1) R tha mn f(xyz) = xf(x)+yf(y)+zf(z); x,y,z
(0;1).
Bi 14. Cho hm s y =f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn R , tha iu kin:
f(f(x)) = f(x) +x ; x R. Tm hai hm s nh vy.
Bi 15. Cho hm s f(x) tha mn
f(x+y)+f(x-y) -2f(x).f(1+y) = 2xy(3y- x) ; x,y R;
Bi 16. Cho hm s f: NN sao cho f(f(n)) = n +2 ,n N. Hy xc nh f(n) ,
Bi 17. Xc nh hm s g(x) bit rng (x-1)g(x) + g( ) = , x0;1.

39