Sheet 2

2
2. !
Generation of High Voltage

2.1
113603 High Voltage Engineering I
SKW
Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 1
2.1
2.1

(Standard shortduration power-frequency withstand voltage)
(Standard lightning impulse withstand voltage)
(Standard switching impulse
withstand voltage)

(Insulation coordination) IEC 60071-1(1993)
VDE (DIN VDE 0111 Teil 1,2,3)
2 ( 1 1.1 1.2)

(Protective margin)

SKW
2.2
2.2
2.2.1
: Hydroelectric Power Generation
Why Generation Voltage in Power Plant is Low (11kV to 33kV) ?

Low voltage generation for particular power level (say 500MW) requires large size of the stator
conductors as huge currents flow through the stator because of low voltage. ( Any current carrying
conductor size is decided by the amount of current flowing through the conductors). Thereby increase
in the cost and size of the machine takes place.
On the other hand, increase of the machine voltage significantly beyond the minimum necessary value
results in more insulation required on the generator stator windings, thus increasing its size and cost
660 MW generation plant usually operate at 23.5 kV with line currents of about 19 000 A at 0.85 power factor.
SKW
2.2
2.2.2
:
(Acceptance test)

(Routine test)

(Type test)

U eff =

(Nominal value)
U
= 2 5%
U
2 ; 3% ( 60
1%) [IEC 60060-1(1989)]

(Sinusoidal)
5%

( 45 Hz 65 Hz)

1T 2
U
u (t) dt = U rms = U =
T0
2
(
PD) 5%

(Nondisruptive discharge)
(Instantaneous voltage drop)
20%
SKW
2.2
2.2.3 (Testing Transformer)

2.2.3.1
a.
Ur (Rated Voltage)

1.1 1.2 (10%-20%)

1.4 1.5

(Capacitive Load)
(Test Sample)[CS]

k
> 1
Pr = k U 2r CS
SKW
2.2
(Capacitance)
(Insulator)

10..20 pF

(Bushing)

100500 pF

200 500 pF

:

(GIL)

60 pF/m

200 700 pF/m

:

< 1 MVA

1 nF ..3 nF

> 1 MVA

1 nF ..25 nF

(Circuit Breaker)

1 nF ..25 nF

GIS

1 nF ..10 nF

500 .2,000 pF

5 .15 pF/m

( : 100kV Cm 100pF ;
1,000 kV Cm 1,000pF)

(Control electrode)
SKW
2.2

(Dry test)

0.1 A (r.m.s.)

0.1 A (r.m.s.) (Wet test)
0.5 A (r.m.s.)
1.0 A
Insulator ; CT ; PT

Bushing ; Circuit Breaker
Power Transformer

Capacitor
0.1......0.5A
0.5......1.0 A
Cable
1A
SKW
2.2
b.
L
UL
UR
U0
U0
U SC
R Load
FU =
UL
UR
U U0
U0
U
1
U0
U = U 20 U 2L U R
Pollution Test IEC 60061-1

1A 5%
uR : R U0
uR =
uL : L U0
UR
u
U
100 R = R
U0
100 U 0
uL =
UL
u
U
100 L = L
U0
100 U 0
FU[%] : U0 ( uR uL (2.3)
(2.4))
FU [%]
1 2
uL uR
2
FU [%]
uSC :
usc =
U SC
100%
Ur
1 2
1
uSC uSC
2
6
U L = 5...7 U R 6 U R U SC
SKW
2.2
1A USC
(2.8)
1A

100
Ir
uSC
ISC
100
Ir
uSC
ISC
100 Pr
uSC
PSC

3 5%

4 3.5%

uSC 30%
() Capacitive Overvoltage
SKW
2.2
Capacitive Overvoltage
R1
L1
U1
R2
R Fe
R1!
L1!
Lm
L2
I2
a = N2/N1
R2
L2
U2
U1 = a U1
I2
R1 = a 2 R1
U1!
U2
L1 = a 2 L1
I2 =
U1!
UR
UL
U SC
UL
U1!
U2
R = R1 + R 2
L = L1 + L 2
C = CT + CS
1
I1 = I
a
SKW
U SC
UR
U2
U 2 U1
2.2
Loaded Voltage Ratio []
U2
U1
U2
U1
U2
a U1
1
jC
R + jL +
1
jC
1
1 2 LC + jRC
1
(1 LC)
2
+ ( RC )
>

Inductive , Resistive Load

<

Capacitive Load

v
SKW
1
jC
jL +
1
jC
1
1- 2 LC
1+
v
100
a
a
( 1 )
v : Percentage
overvoltage
a
1 100[%]
a
2 LC
100[%]
1 2 LC
2.2
2.2.3.1

2 (Layer type)
(Disk type)

100kV (Dry Type)
Cast resin Resin bonded paper
500kV
PD (Oil isolation type)
GIS

SKW
2.2
2.2.3.1
U*
4
8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
2
3
4
5
3
2
1
SKW
2.2
2.2.4 (Cascade connection)

800 kV

(Exciting Coil [E])

(High Voltage Coil [H])

(Coupling Coil [C])
C : Coupling Coil
H : High Voltage Coil

E : Exciting Coil
: 0.22/100/0.22 kV , 50Hz , 10kVA
SKW
2.2
2.2.4 (Cascade connection)

C : Coupling Coil
H : High Voltage Coil

E : Exciting Coil
: 0.22/100/0.22 kV , 50Hz , 10kVA
SKW
2.2
1
2P
2P
P U
3P
3P
2U
3U
3P
113603 High Voltage Engineering I Student
SKW
2.2
70-71
2
nd
nd
st
2P
2
1
st
P
nd
100%
100%
st
200%
100%
100%
nd
10 kVA
10 kVA
st
20 kVA
10 kVA
10 kVA
nd
20 kVA
20 kVA
st
40 kVA
20 kVA
b)
P
2
2U
2P
a)
c)
E
nd
50%
50%
st
100%
50%
C
2
50%
d)
e)
nd
50%
100%
st
100%
100%
C
2
100%
f)
g)
SKW
2Pr
20 kVA
2.2
SKW
2.2
SKW
2.2
Xres
2
2
n
+
1
X
+
X
+
n
i
XCi
(
)
(
)
Ei
Hi
i =1
2 3 4
1 3 8 9
1
3

SKW
2.2
2.2.5
UL
UR
UR
I
U1!
UL
U2
U2
I
a)
U1!
b)
U1
1
I R + I jL +
jC
: L
1
C
U2
I
C
U1
U1
R C
IR
Quality Factor [Q]
Q =
PT (kVA)
=
PF (kW)
U2 I
U1 I
1
R C
SKW
2.2
SKW
2.2
a)
b)
C2
3
C2
L
R
2. (Feed transformer)
4. (Main transformer)
1. (Regulator)
3. (Reactor)
U2 =
I
U L
= 1
= U1 Q
C
R
SKW
2.2

1% 10%

(Transient)

(Parallel resonance)

3 6 kg/kVA

GIS PT
SKW
2.2
SKW
2.2
2.2.6

100 kHz

(Tesla Transformer Tesla Coil) (
Nikola Tesla 1991)
( m u t u a l
inductance)
C1
M
AC
or
DC
L1
L2
C2
Output
SKW
2.2
2.2.7 (VLF)

(Field Testing)
VLF VLF ()
(Service-aged)
(System degradation)
VLF (Withstand test)
(Diagnostic test)
IEEE Std 400.2-2004 :
VLF

VLF Testing with Cosine-Pulse Waveform

VLF Testing with Sine Waveform

VLF testing with bipolar rectangular waveform

VLF testing with alternating regulated positive and negative DC step
voltages
SKW
2.2
2.2.7 (VLF)
VLF

VLF Dissipation Factor (tan d) measurement (VLF-DF)

VLF differential dissipation factor measurement (VLF-DTD)

VLF dielectric spectroscopy (VLF-DS)

VLF loss current harmonics (VLF-LCH)

VLF leakage current (VLF-LC)

VLF partial discharge (PD) measurement (VLF-PD)
VLF MV-Cable : IEEE Std 400.2-2004
SKW
2.2
2.2.7 (VLF)
220V
50Hz
9
6
7
1.
2.
3. Autotransformer
4. Isolation Transformer
5. High Voltage Transformer
6. Diode ()
b)
7. HV-Capacitor
8.
9. Test Object
SKW
2.3
2.3

(Polarity)

(Arithmetic mean value)

(Peak value)

(Ripple factor [r])

(Pulsating
DC) (Arithmetic mean value) 3%
U DC
1T
u(t) dt
T0
(Ripple ) IEC 60060-1(1989) 12.2
r=
RippleAmplitude
U
x100% =
x100%
ArithmeticMeanValue
U DC
SKW
2.3
2

(rectification circuit)

(electrostatic generator)
2.3.1 High Voltage Diode

kV

Stray Capacitor
Dissemination
Capacitor
Stray Capacitor
Dissemination
Capacitor
SKW
2.3
2.3.2
U D (t)
Single Rectification Circuit
IR
Half wave Rectification Circuit
D
U T (t)
U R (t)
a)
U
T
0
t
a : U T (t)
U
T
t
SKW
2.3
U D (t)

c
U C (t)T
U T (t)
a = 0V
0
a : 0V
a
U D (t)
t
b : U T (t)
U
T
D
U C (t)
U T (t)
2 U
T
t
SKW
2.3
U D (t)
U C (t)
U T (t)
U
a
U
T
b = 0V
b
U C (t)
0
c
U T (t)
b : 0V
t
a : U T (t)
U D (t)
U
T
2 U
T
SKW
2.3
U D (t)
U C (t)
U T (t)
2U
T
b = 0V
b
U
T
b : 0V
a : U T (t)
U
T
SKW
2.3
U D (t)
HOMEWORK
D
U C (t)
U T (t)
U
a
U
T
c = 0V
c
U T (t)
U D (t)
D
c
U
T
U C (t)
SKW
2.3
U D (t)
D
U T (t)
iR
Single Rectification Loaded Circuit
iD
C
U R (t)
a)
U
T
a : 0
b : U T (t)
U
T
SKW
2.3
Villard Loaded Circuit

U
!c
+2 U
U R (t) : R = !
U R (t) : R ! "
U C (t)
U C (t)
iR
+ U
C
R
U T (t)
D
b
a)
0
U R (t)
!b
!a :
! U
U T (t)
t
b)
2 a
T b 2T
a
b Pulsating DC Ripple
2 2
Greinachers Circuit
SKW
2.3
Greinacher Circuit
C1
D2
U T (t)
D1
U C1 = 1 U
T
U C2 = 2 U
T
U R (t)
C2
U D1 = 2 U
T
Half Wave
Rectification
Circuit
Villard Circuit
U D2 = 2 U
T
U
2 U T
!a
U T
!c
!c
!c
!b
!b
!b
!a
!a
10
! U T
D2
(Steady State)
D1
SKW
2.3
Greinacher Circuit
2U
T
!a
U
T
!c
C1
U T (t)
0
D2
!b
D1
C2
U R (t)
10
d
Villard Circuit
!U
T
Half Wave
Rectification
Circuit
D2
D1
0 .... 1
50%
+ -
100%
2 .... 3
+
-
50%
a 50%......0% b
+ -
50%......0%
0%.....50% b
0 .... 1 a + -
c
+
-
50%
75%
5/1.....6 a - + b
c
75%
0%.......100%
3 .... 4
-50%.....0%....100%
+
-
0%.....50%
a 0%......100% b
- +
+
-
50%
a 0%.....50% b
+ -
c
0%.....50%
SKW
1 .... 2
50%
+ -
100%....50%
4 .... 5 a - + b
+
-
a
100%
c
50%
100%......50%
+
-
50%
100%
0%......100%
5/2.....6
+
-
25%
- +
+
c
125%
+
-
2.3
Cockroft - Walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit

Oscillating
D1
Smoothening
1!
D1!
C1!
U
i=0
U1 = U R (t)
n!2!U
T
C1
U1!
D2
2!
D!2
C!2
3!
U2
C2 2 U
T
(n-3) Stages
D3
3
D!3
C!3
= U (t)
n!2!U
T
R
3U
T
(No Load)
C3
2U
T
Dn
n!
U
T
U !n
D!n
C!n
U
T
Cn 2 U
T
Un
U T (t)
b)
a)
No Load Operation
u(t)
SKW
2.3
Cockroft - Walton Voltage Multiplier Circuit

D1
Q = i/f =iT
1'
D1!
C '
1
n!2!U
T
1
Q
U R (t)
C
1
D2
2'
U
2U
D!2
C '
2
3'
C
2
3
D3
Oscillating Column
D!3
C '
3
C
3
Dn
t =1/f
n'
D!n
nx
Smoothening Column
C '
n
nx
t-
C
n
u(t)
t+
Loaded Operation
SKW
U n =
2
2.3
[U]
T
Q disch arg e = i dt = i T =
0
[U]
i
f
Cn Cn
n Q = 2U
U
(U Cn )max = 2 U
T
T
n
Cn
i
U =
2 f C
Cn Cn-1
C1 Q
i
U1 =
2 f C1

n Q n Q
(U Cn-1
)max = 2 U
T
Cn Cn
C2 2Q
U 2 =
2i
2 f C2
Cn-1 Cn-1
C3 3Q
3 i
U 3 =
2 f C3
ni
U n =
2 f Cn
(U Cn-1 )max = (U Cn-1

)max -
(n -1) Q
Cn-1
U n = U1 + U 2 + U 3 + ........... + U n
U n =
i n(n + 1)
f C
4
U =
SKW
i 2 3 1 2 1
n + n n
Cf 3
2
6
2.3
U
U U
2nU
T
i 2 3 1
U =
n n
2. Cn 2
Cf 3
6
i 2 3
U
n
3. n 3
Cf 3
1.
U U
U DC = 2 n U
T
4.
(U DC )opt =
n opt
2 n opt U
T
3
r=
dU DC
=0
dn
Cf
U
T
=
i
SKW
ni
2 f C
2.3
2.3.3

dF = E dQ = b dx
F = b E dx = b U
P = F.v = b U v = U Ibelt
U max = R Imax
Imax = max b v
Umax
Ileakage
Iload
dQ = i dt = b dx
Ibelt =
dQ
dx
dU
= b
= bv = C
dt
dt
dt
SKW
Ibelt
Ibelt(max)
2.3
Van de Graaff Generator
SKW
2.3
2.3.4
Switching Power Supply
input
output
HVDC
DC
HV - HF - Transformer
U
controller
SKW
2.4
2.4

VDE 0432 IEC 60060-1 (1989)

(Peak value)

(Polarity)

/ (T1/T2)

125kV , negative , 1.2/50
SKW
2.4
2.4.1

Transform
1/s.Ci
Transform
1/s.Ci
Rf
U0/s
1/s.Cl
Rt
U0/s
U(s)
SKW
Rf
Rt 1/s.Cl
U(s)
2.4
U(t) = U e t /1 e t / 2
Circuit A
Rf Rt
C C
i
Rf + Rt C i + C
T1
K1
T2
K 2 (Rf + Rt
)(C i
Rt C i
(Rf + Rt )(C i + C
Circuit B
K 1 Rf
+C
U
=
U0
Ci C
Ci + C
K 2 Rt (C i + C
Ci
Ci + C
W=
T1/T2!
1.2/5!
1.2/50!
1.2/200!
250/2500!
K1
1.49
2.96
3.15
2.41
K2
1.44
0.73
0.7
0.87
SKW
1
Ci U 20
2
2.4
100
[%]
90
Circuit B
80
70
Trigger
Electrode
Circuit A
60
50
40
30
Trigger Thyratron
Impulse
20
Trigger Impulse
10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Cl /Ci 0.5
SKW
2.4
Marxs Generator
D
UT
R !L
R !L
R !L
SG
C!i
R !f
SG
C!i
R !f
R !t
Circuit A
UT
R !L
SG
R !t
R !t
C!
R !L
C!i
R !f
R !t
C!
SG
C!i
C!
R !L
SG
C!i
R !f
R !t
R !f
SG
C!i
R !t
R !f
Circuit B
C!
C!
SKW
C!
2.4
Marxs Generator
SKW
2.5
2.5

IEC 60060-1(1989) 2
1. Standard impulse current
Exponential impulse current
i ( t ) / I
1.0
0.9
I
0.5
0.1
0.0
O1
(Verification)
(Current rating)
(Residual voltage)

A
T
T1
0 .2 I
T2
( 10%) (T1)[10%]
(T2) [10%]
20%

: 1/20 , 4/10 , 8/20 30/80 s

SKW
2.5
RL
D
SG

L
RT
RS
i(t)
Measurement
Circuit
SG
(Test Object)
a)
RT
RS
b)
SKW
2.5
1.4
1.2
Rr
T1n , Rr ,
1.0
0.8
T1n
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
T2/ T1
Standard impulse : T1n , Rr , = f (T2/T1)
SKW
2.5
Standard impulse : Pn , , i1r = f(Rr )

SKW
2.5
standard impulse
t 1n = t A t 2 n = t B t 3 n = tC
SKW
2.5
2. Rectangular impulse current Long duration impulse current

i ( t ) / I
1.0
0.9
Td
0.1
0.0
0.1 I
Tt
(+20%,-0%)
(Duration of peak of a rectangular impulse current [Td]) (+20%,-0%)
(Total duration of a rectangular impulse current)[Tt]) 1.5
Td 10%

Td 500 ms , 1000 ms ,2000 ms 2000 ms 3200 ms

Power capacity rating
SKW
2.5
2. Rectangular impulse current Long duration impulse current
RL
D
Ln
Cn
U0
Ln-1
L2
Cn-1
C2
L1
SG
RT
C1
i(t)
RS
Measurement
Circuit
n 1
LC
n
n +1
Tt = T10% 2
LC
n
n
n
L = Li
C
=
Ci
i=1
Td = T90% 2
n Td
C
2 R T (n 1)
i=1
L C R 2T
SKW

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2

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 1

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 2

Why Generation Voltage in Power Plant is Low (11kV to 33kV) ?

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 3

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 4

2.2.3 (Testing Transformer)

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 5

200 700 pF/m

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 6

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 7

Pollution Test IEC 60061-1

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 8

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 9

Loaded Voltage Ratio []

Inductive , Resistive Load

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 12

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 13

2.2.4 (Cascade connection)

H : High Voltage Coil

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 14

2.2.4 (Cascade connection)

H : High Voltage Coil

: 0.22/100/0.22 kV , 50Hz , 10kVA

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 15

113603 High Voltage Engineering I Student

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 16

113603 High Voltage Engineering I Student

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 17

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 18

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 19

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 20

Quality Factor [Q]

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 21

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 22

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 23

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 24

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 25

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 26

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 27

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 28

113603 High Voltage Engineering I

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 29

(Ripple ) IEC 60060-1(1989) 12.2

Generation of High Voltage: 2 - 30

113603 High Voltage Engineering I Student