Mt s vn v phng php nghin cu nh

lng trong gio dc ngoi ng v ngn ng hc

ng dng

Cc loi hnh NC nh lng

Th ngim (Experiments)

Nghin cu mi quan h nhn qu gia cc yu t

Ngi nghin cu ch ng trong thit k s tng tc gia cc yu t
Chn mu ngu nhin vo cc nhm thc nghim v nhm i chng
So snh kt qu ca bin/yu t ln hai nhm

Bn th nghim
Nghin cu mi quan h gia cc yu t/ bin
Khng chn mu ngu nhin vo cc nhm

iu tra/ Khng tc ng ln khch th nghin cu

Nghin cu mi quan h gia cc yu t ang tn ti
Khng cn chn mu ngu nhin vo cc nhm nghin cu
iu tra c th
Ti mt thi im
Lu di
Chng minh c mi lin h nhng khng phi mi quan h nhn qu

1. t cu hi nghin cu trong
nghin cu nh lng
Cu hi dng m t
Cu hi dng lin h/mi tng quan
Cu hi v mi quan h nhn qu

Cc cu hi dng m t
Mn hc no sinh vin yu thch hn?
Sinh vin cc nhm khc nhau la chn mn hc nh th no?
Sinh vin cc nm khc nhau la chn mn hc c khc nhau khng?
Nhu cu ca gio vin v pht trin chuyn mn l g?
Trnh chuyn mn ca gio vin mc no?

Cu hi v mi lin h
C mi lin h no gia trnh ca
gio vin v mc sinh vin nh gi
h?
C mi lin h no gia trnh ca
gio vin v tin b ca sinh vin?

Cu hi dng mi quan h nhn qu

nh hng ca vic bi dng
chuyn mn ln nhn thc ca
gio vin v mn hc l nh th
no?
D n dy hc theo chin thut c
nh hng nh th no ti trnh
mn ni ca sinh vin?

Cu hi dng gii thch

Ti sao nhiu hc sinh nam b hc hn hc
sinh n?
Gii tnh ca sinh vin c nh hng nh th no
ti t l b hc?
Thi ca cha m v trng hc c nh hng
nh th no ti t l b hc ca con ci?

Hot ng trn lp 1
Hc vin cung cp v d cho tng
loi cu hi
Dng m t
Dng mi lin h/ tng quan
Dng gii thch mi quan h nhn
qu
8

2. Thit k nghin cu nh
lng
Cn lu tm ti
Ngun d liu
Ai l ngi thch hp cung cp s liu
c im ca khch th nghin cu

Phng php ly s liu

To dng mi lin h gia loi s

liu cn thu thp, ngi cung cp
thng tin, v phng php thu
thp thng tin
Loi d liu/ Bin Ngun
cn thu thp d
liu

Phng php

10

Cng c thu thp s liu

Pht trin/ thm nh cht lng ca cng
c

11

Thu thp v qun l d liu

Thc hin thu thp d liu mt cch
tng minh, c s cho php ca cc i
tng lin quan, c cc bin php m
bo tnh chnh xc ca d liu
Nhp d liu
Lm sch d liu

12

Phn tch d liu

D liu dng m t
D liu nghin cu mi tng quan
D liu nghin cu mi quan h nhn
qu

13

Vit cc chng ca lun vn v

chng tho lun

14

3. Xy dng phiu iu tra

Cc bc xy dng phiu iu tra

1.
2.

Xy dng bng c t k thut, mi chuyn gia thm nh, chnh sa

bng c t k thut
Vit cu hi tng ng vi bng c t k thut trn
1.
2.
3.
4.

3.

Chun b hnh thc b cu hi

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Quyt nh ni dung cu hi
Quyt nh hnh thc cu tr li cho tng cu hi
Chn t ng ph hp
Mi chuyn gia gp v sa cc cu hi nu cn thit
Trnh t phi hp l
S lng cu hi/ trang.
Mi chuyn gia gp v sa hnh thc phiu iu tra

Th nghim b cu hi
Chnh sa nu cn thit

16

Questionnaire design
Xy dng bng c t k thut
Bin cn iu tra S liu
Gii tnh

Nam/n

Dn tc

Dng m

Trnh o to

Cp 1-3, H, SH...

im c

Theo s t 1-10, mt s
thp nhn

17

Questionnaire design
Bng c t k thut

Gm tt c cc bin cn iu tra, v biu

hin ca bin , cng nh phng php
ly d liu
Lin quan trc tip ti cu hi nghin
cu

18

Xc nh li chnh xc mc tiu thit k phiu

iu tra
Phiu iu tra tr li cu hi NC no,
p ng mc ch no?
C gi thit NC no khng?

19

Questionnaire design
Lm r mi quan h gia cu hi NC, thng tin cn thu thp
v ngi cung cp thng tin, loi cu hi
Cu hi NC

Thng tin
cn thu
thp/ cc
bin

Ngi cung Phng

cp thng
php/loi
tin
cu hi

20

Lm r khi nim cn iu tra

Bt u bng nhng khi nim rng, chung

chung
Thi
S thng minh
Gii tnh
ng c

21

Questionnaire design
Lm r khi nim cn iu tra
Cng ngy cng lm r hn

Thi vi trng hc
Thi ca hc sinh vi trng hc
Thi ca cha m vi trng hc

Tin b ca hc sinh
im s
nh gi v hnh kim

22

Questionnaire design
Khi nim tim n v cc c t
1
2
3
Khi nim tim n

Cc c t

4
5
6

Khng nhn thy

c

C th quan st
c
23

Questionnaire design
Lm r khi nim cn iu tra
Step 1: nh ngha khi nim cn iu tra sao cho c
phm vi nh va phi, c th o c
Step 2: Vit cu hi tng ng vi cc c t .
Step 3: Kim tra gi thit rng cc cu hi c thc s
lin quan ti khi nim tim n cn o
Step 4: Chnh li cc cu hi
(Barrett, 2002)

24

Questionnaire design
Lm r khi nim cn iu tra

Tm cc nh ngha, khung cu trc

khc nhau v khi nim cn iu tra t
c s l lun
Quyt nh ly mt
Xc nh cc chiu/ni dung/ thnh
phn chnh ca khi nim cn iu tra

25

Questionnaire design
Cc vn cn quan tm khi vit cu hi trong phiu
iu tra

Liu ngi cung cp d liu c th cung

cp d liu tr li cu hi khng? H
c kin thc v tr nh khng?
Liu h c sn sng cung cp thng tin?
Bn xin php ngi qun l h/h?

26

Questionnaire design
Vit cu hi
Hy dng t n gin, khng dng t k thut
chuyen ngnh
Trnh t a ngha, tnh t kh hiu, tru tng
Trnh vic a ra cu hi c sn nh kin

27

Questionnaire design
Vit cu hi

Khng hi 2 trong 1 cu hi
Khng i hi tr nh qu di hn t
ngi tr li

28

Questionnaire design
Vit cu hi

Khng s dng thnh ng v cc cu ni

ni ting
Khng s dng nhng t ng mang tnh
nh hng tm l vi ngi tr li (Theo
bn gio vin c nn c cho nhiu
quyn lc ti vy khng?
Cu hi v thi cn lm cho ngi tr
li phi suy ngh v cc mc
29

Questionnaire design
Chn loi cu hi no?
S lng ngi tr li l bao nhiu
Lng v loi d liu cn thu thp
c im i tng cung cp s liu
Lng thi gian cn x l v gii thch s liu
Kin thc ca bn v vn (s la chn trong cu tr
li)
Phng php phn tch s liu

30

Questionnaire design
Hng dn cho bng hi iu tra

Hng dn chung u bng hi

Hng dn cho tng phn
Hng dn trong tng cu hi

31

Questionnaire design
General Instruction

Reason(s) for the questionnaire

A statement about anonymity
The sample design - to indicate how the
respondent was chosen
How to return the questionnaire - if it is mailed
A contact person
What will happen to the results
Thanks

32

Questionnaire design
Question instructions

How to answer the questions

Make sure that the instructions and the
questions correspond

33

Questionnaire design
Trnh t cu hi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Bt u bng cu d v khng mang tnh e do

Khng bt u vi cu hi m
Sp xp cu hi t chung chung ti c th
Nhm cu hi thnh tng mc/ch
Dng cc cu hi lc m bo ngi tr li ang
tr li cc cu hi lin quan trc tip ti h
Cu hi v thi cn i theo trnh t ngu nhin
Phiu iu tra ngn gn tt hn di dng

34

Questionnaire design
Mi chuyn gia gp v sa bng hi v:
lin quan vi cu hi NC v bng c t k
thut
T ng
Hnh thc

35

Questionnaire design
Th nghim bng hi

Ngi tr li c hiu khng?

H c kh khn g khng?
C cu hi nhy cm khng?
Th t cu hi c ph hp khng?
Cu tr li ca h c hiu c khng?
Do the respondents understand the questions?

36

Questionnaire design
Th nghim b cu hi nh th no?
Step 1: Gii thch v b cu hi cho ngi tr li
Step 2: Lu li, ghi chp v qu trnh ngi tr li tr
li b cu hi xem h c kh khn g khng

37

Questionnaire design

Step 3: Nhc li v b cu hi vi ngi tr li sau khi

h hon thnh
H c kh khn g khng? V sao?
Cu hi no d? Ti sao?
C gi no cu hi tt hn?
Step 4: Chnh sa b cu hi nu cn thit

38

Questionnaire design
Th nghim vi nhm nh cn
Th nghim c qu trnh thu thp s liu
Th nghim b cu hi
Th nghim phng php, quy trnh qun l vic thu
thp s liu
Tm t l d liu b mt
Th nghim vic phn tch s liu

39

Questionnaire design
Phn tch
Tn xut ca mi cu tr li
Nhng cu hi khng c tr li mc cao/thp m
ch mc trung bnh thng khng c nhiu thng tin
tin cy ca bng hi (Reliability)
Quyt nh gi hoc b cu hi

40

Questionnaire design
Chnh sa v chun b bn cui

41

Phn 3
Cc yu t cn iu tra/cc bin
v vic nhp s liu

Cc loi bin/yu t cn iu tra

Bin s dng phn loi (dng th t v dng
tn) (ordinal and nominal)
Bin s dng lin tc (interval and ratio)
Chuyn bin s dng lin tc thnh bin s
dng phn loi khi cn thit

43

Categorical data
Nominal - numbers are used only as labels for
different objects within a set (e.g. gender)
Ordinal - numbers are used to reflect the rank
order of objects within a set according to a
specific criterion
Summated-rating or Likert scale items: strongly
agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree
Ranking of athletics or swimmers in Olympics
Grouping students into mastery levels

44

Summary of categorical variables

Example of Questions
In general summary of categorical variables addresses
the questions:
(How many categories), and
How many cases in each category or What are the proportions
of cases in each of the categories?

For data file vnsample.sav the possible questions are:

(For variable psex) What are the proportions of female and male
students in the study?
(For variable pethnic) What are the ethnicities of students
involved? How many students in each of the ethnic category?

45

Cc ch s m t: trung bnh v
im gia
Mean: gi tr trung bnh (average,
expected value)
Median: gi tr gia ca dy s liu, trn
c 50% trng hp v di cng
c 50% trng hp

46

Variance (phng sai) v Standard deviation (

lch chun): phm vi rng ca d liu

variance
i

xi

n 1

Where is the mean, and n is the number of

observations.

standard deviation= variance

47

Skewness ( xin, i xng)

v kurtosis ( nhn)
Bnh thng cc gi tr ny = 0
Gi tr Skewness dng th hin xin
v pha gi tr thp
Gi tr Kurtosis dng din t nhn ca
d liu trn biu

48

 tin cy v gi tr

Questionnaire design
tin cy gi tr

gi tr cao
cao
tin cy thp
(A)

tin cy

(B)

(C)

50

Questionnaire design
Validity
Validity is the ability of an instrument to measure what is designed
to measure (Smith, 1991)
Validity refers to the extent to which an empirical measure
adequately reflects the real meaning of the concept under
consideration (Babbie, 1990: 33)

Validity is based in the ACCURACY of the interpretation

51

Questionnaire design
Reliability
Reliability is concerned with how much error is included
in the evidence.
If there is no error in the measurement, the same
measurement should be consistent over time and
context.

Reliability is based in the ACCURACY of the data

52

Questionnaire design
Validity types
Face
Content
Criterion
Predictive
Concurrent

Construct
Convergent
Discriminant

53

Questionnaire design
Face Validity
Description

The instrument should be designed to look like they are

measuring what they claim to measure

Testing

Through judgments that require application of common

sense.

Who

Experts in the field or stakeholders (i.e. those who are going

to use the assessment information)

54

Part 5
Data analysis