CHAPTER # 16 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES & ELECTRONICS * Electromagnetic Waves: When a charge particle i at rest. it produces an electric eld, when it moves, it produces additionally a magnetic field, but when itis accelerated, it emits electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves propagates in the direction perpendicular to both electric & magnet field vectors. “The speed of E.M. waves is constant in a given medium, their speed in vacuum ix3x 10° Qy °F EM. waves are used to transfer energy, they can transfer easily through vacuum: * Modulation: “The process of combining audio frequency & radio frequency wa lish transfer of information. Modulating signal isthe audio signal which is transmit wave. Modulation has three types » Amplitude modulation» Frequency modulatiof » Phase modulation ‘+ Amplitude Modulation[A.M]: Y a ey jedi accordance with the modulating signal voltage. * Frequency Modulation [F.M]: e In frequency modulation the be SS lated carrier wave is kept constant, but the c frequency of itvaries in proportion t f the modulating signal * Demodulation: The process by which the origi ing signal or intelligence is recovered in the radio receiver is. called detection or demod) * Energy Band Theory: “The outer most or is called valence energy band. Electrons are not controlled by nucleus, when it jumps int jon band. There is a forbidden band in b/w valence band and forbidden band. Therajs a ridden band in b/w valence band-and forbidden band, in INSULATORS Ther {forbidden band in b/w valence band and forbidden band, in SEMI CONDUCTORS. 1 bidden band in b/w valence bend and forbidden band, in CONDUCTORS. SS rgessas an OOP | AG Forbidden band ‘Valence band Valence band Valence band Tnsulator ‘Semi Conductor ‘Conductor * Semi-Conductor: Semi conductors are those materials whose electrical conductivity lies in between a conductor® anon- conductor, 51 Copyright @ Adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com‘Semi conductors are silicon & germanium crystals have four electrons in outer most shell Semi conductors lke germanium & Silicon have crystalline structure, . ‘A pute semi conductor is called intrinsic semi conductor. ‘A Doped semi conductor is learned as Extrinsic seri conductor. * Dopit Doping is the addition of an impurity in a pure semicondlctor to increase its electrical conductivity. There are two processes of doping » Donor doping ‘When a penta valent Impurity is doped With silicon, It makes a n-type semiconductor » Acceptor doping ‘When a trivalent impurity is doped with silicon, it makes a p-type semiconductor. QS * Semi-Conductor Diode: we ‘Ajunction between p-type & n-type materials forms a semi-conductor diode or p-n jul ‘At pin junction electron from n- type and holes from p type combines and Prod region a p n fl n p I I It ligt = Biasing: y ‘The application of some electric potential across iMealled biasing. There are two types of, 4, ing current to direct current. ctfication the rectifier (diode) conduets current only during the positive tin negative half cycle, diode acts as instructor & no cycle is passed to output. > In Full.wave rectification, current flows through the load in the same direction for both half cycles of input a.c. voltage. RYN NZ oN 82 Copyright @ Adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com* Photodiode: Photodiode is a reverse biased semi conductor diode, It converts light energy directly into electrical energy. “This diode is used in reading of punched cards & tapes, light detection system operated switches etc. « Light Emitting Diode (LED): Light emitting diode (LED) is a forward biased diode. It converts electrical energy to light energy. Itis used in digital clacks & in electric circuits, it works as an indicator in a circuit. © Solar Cell: A solar cell is a photo diode, that is used to extract energy from sun light, If converts light er aden S “Transistor can be m-p or p-n-p type. It can be used as oscillators, switches TLS “Transistor isthe combination of two p-n junctions, consists camera tor. 53 Copyright @ Adamjeecoaching.blogspot.com