A P P E N D I X

Tables

Table A-1 The error function.

x
erf
2

x
erf
2

x
erf
2

0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08

0.00000
0.02256
0.04511
0.06762
0.09008

0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84

0.71754
0.73001
0.74210
0.75381
0.76514

1.52
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.60

0.96841
0.97059
0.97263
0.97455
0.97636

0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18

0.11246
0.13476
0.15695
0.17901
0.20094

0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94

0.77610
0.78669
0.79691
0.80677
0.81627

1.62
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.70

0.97804
0.97962
0.98110
0.98249
0.98379

0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28

0.22270
0.24430
0.26570
0.28690
0.30788

0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04

0.82542
0.83423
0.84270
0.85084
0.85865

1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.80

0.98500
0.98613
0.98719
0.98817
0.98909

0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38

0.32863
0.34913
0.36936
0.38933
0.40901

1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14

0.86614
0.87333
0.88020
0.88079
0.89308

1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90

0.98994
0.99074
0.99147
0.99216
0.99279

0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48

0.42839
0.44749
0.46622
0.48466
0.50275

1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
1.24

0.89910
0.90484
0.91031
0.91553
0.92050

1.92
1.94
1.96
1.98
2.00

0.99338
0.99392
0.99443
0.99489
0.995322

0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58

0.52050
0.53790
0.55494
0.57162
0.58792

1.26
1.28
1.30
1.32
1.34

0.92524
0.92973
0.93401
0.93806
0.94191

2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50

0.997020
0.998137
0.998857
0.999311
0.999593

0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68

0.60386
0.61941
0.63459
0.64938
0.66278

1.36
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.44

0.94556
0.94902
0.95228
0.95538
0.95830

2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00

0.999764
0.999866
0.999925
0.999959
0.999978

0.70
0.72
0.74

0.67780
0.69143
0.70468

1.46
1.48
1.50

0.96105
0.96365
0.96610

3.20
3.40
3.60

0.999994
0.999998
1.000000

649

650

Table A-2 Property values for metals.

Thermal conductivity k, W/m C

Properties at 20 C

Metal
Aluminum:
Pure
Al-Cu (Duralumin),
9496% Al, 35%
Cu, trace Mg
Al-Si (Silumin,
copper-bearing),
86.5% Al,
1% Cu
Al-Si (Alusil),
7880% Al,
2022% Si
Al-Mg-Si, 97% Al,
1% Mg, 1% Si,
1% Mn
Lead
Iron:
Pure
Wrought iron, 0.5% C
Steel
(C max 1.5%):
Carbon steel
C 0.5%
1.0%
1.5%

cp

105

100 C

0 C

100 C

200 C

300 C

400 C

600 C

800 C 1000 C 1200 C

kg/m 3

kJ/kg C

W/m C

m2 /s

148 F

32 F

212 F

392 F

572 F

752 F

1112 F

1472 F 1832 F 2192 F

2,707

0.896

204

8.418

215

202

206

215

228

249

2,787

0.883

164

6.676

126

159

182

194

2,659

0.867

137

5.933

119

137

144

152

161

2,627

0.854

161

7.172

144

157

168

175

178

2,707
11,373

0.892
0.130

177
35

7.311
2.343

175
35.1

189
33.4

204
31.5

7,897
7,849

0.452
0.46

73
59

2.034
1.626

73
59

67
57

62
52

55
48

48
45

40
36

36
33

35
33

36
33

7,833
7,801
7,753

0.465
0.473
0.486

54
43
36

1.474
1.172
0.970

55
43
36

52
43
36

48
42
36

45
40
35

42
36
33

35
33
31

31
29
28

29
28
28

31
29
29

36.9
87

29.8

Table A-2 Property values for metals (Continued).

Thermal conductivity k, W/m C

Properties at 20 C

Metal
Nickel steel
Ni 0%
20%
40%
80%
Invar 36% Ni
Chrome steel
Cr = 0%
1%
5%
20%
Cr-Ni (chromenickel): 15% Cr,
10% Ni
18% Cr, 8% Ni
(V2A)
20% Cr, 15% Ni
25% Cr, 20% Ni
Tungsten steel
W = 0%
1%
5%
10%
Copper:
Pure
Aluminum bronze
95% Cu, 5% Al

cp

105

100 C

0 C

100 C

200 C

300 C

400 C

600 C

800 C 1000 C 1200 C

kg/m 3

kJ/kg C

W/m C

m2 /s

148 F

32 F

212 F

392 F

572 F

752 F

1112 F

1472 F 1832 F 2192 F

7,897
7,933
8,169
8,618
8,137

0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.46

73
19
10
35
10.7

2.026
0.526
0.279
0.872
0.286

7,897
7,865
7,833
7,689

0.452
0.46
0.46
0.46

73
61
40
22

2.026
1.665
1.110
0.635

87

73
62
40
22

67
55
38
22

62
52
36
22

55
47
36
22

48
42
33
24

40
36
29
24

36
33
29
26

35
33
29
29

7,865

0.46

19

0.527

7,817
7,833
7,865

0.46
0.46
0.46

16.3
15.1
12.8

0.444
0.415
0.361

16.3

17

17

19

19

22

27

31

7,897
7,913
8,073
8,314

0.452
0.448
0.435
0.419

73
66
54
48

2.026
1.858
1.525
1.391

8,954

0.3831

386

11.234

379

374

369

363

353

8,666

0.410

83

2.330

407

386

36

651

652

Table A-2 Property values for metals (Continued).

Thermal conductivity k, W/m C

Properties at 20 C

Metal
Bronze 75% Cu,
25% Sn
Red brass 85% Cu,
9% Sn, 6% Zn
Brass 70% Cu,
30% Zn
German silver 62%
Cu, 15% Ni,
22% Zn
Constantan 60%
Cu, 40% Ni
Magnesium:
Pure
Mg-Al (electrolytic) 68% Al,
12% Zn
Molybdenum
Nickel:
Pure (99.9%)
Ni-Cr 90% Ni,
10% Cr
80% Ni, 20% Cr
Silver:
Purest
Pure (99.9%)
Tin, pure
Tungsten
Zinc, pure

cp

105

100 C

0 C

100 C

200 C

300 C

400 C

600 C

800 C 1000 C 1200 C

kg/m 3

kJ/kg C

W/m C

m2 /s

148 F

32 F

212 F

392 F

572 F

752 F

1112 F

1472 F 1832 F 2192 F

8,666

0.343

26

0.859

8,714

0.385

61

1.804

59

71

8,522

0.385

111

3.412

88

128

144

147

147

8,618

0.394

24.9

0.733

19.2

31

40

45

48

8,922

0.410

22.7

0.612

21

22.2

26

1,746

1.013

171

9.708

178

171

168

163

157

1,810
10,220

1.00
0.251

66
123

3.605
4.790

138

52
125

62
118

74
114

83
111

109

8,906

0.4459

90

2.266

104

93

83

73

64

59

8,666
8,314

0.444
0.444

17
12.6

0.444
0.343

17.1
12.3

18.9
13.8

20.9
15.6

22.8
17.1

24.6
18.0

10,524
10,525
7,304
19,350
7,144

0.2340
0.2340
0.2265
0.1344
0.3843

419
407
64
163
112.2

17.004
16.563
3.884
6.271
4.106

419
419
74
114

417
410
65.9
166
112

415
415
59
151
109

Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

412
374
57
142
106

362

360

133
100

126
93

106

102

22.5

112

76

99

92

654

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-3 Properties of nonmetals (Continued).

Substance

Acoustic tile
Aluminum oxide,
sapphire
Aluminum oxide,
polycrystalline
Asphalt
Bakelite
Brick:
Building brick,
common
Face
Carborundum brick
Chrome brick

Diatomaceous earth,
molded and fired
Fireclay brick
Burnt 2426 F
Burnt 2642 F
Missouri

Magnesite

Cement, portland
Mortar
Coal,
anthracite
Concrete, cinder
Stone, 1-2-4 mix
Glass, window
Corosilicate
Graphite, pyrolytic
parallel to layers
perpendicular to
layers
Gypsum board
Lexan
Nylon
Particle board,
low density
high density
Phenolic
Plaster, gypsum
Metal lath
Wood lath

107
m2 /s

Temperature
C

k
W/m C

kg/m 3

30

0.06

290

1.3

46

3970

0.76

150

36
0.740.76
0.23

3970

0.76

120

1200

1.6

1.2

0.69
1.32
18.5
11.1
2.32
2.47
1.99

1600
2000

0.84

5.2

3000

0.84

9.2
9.8
7.9

2000

0.96

5.4

2300

0.96

5.8

2600

0.96

4.0

30
30
2055
30

20
600
1400
200
550
900
200
870
500
800
1100
500
800
1100
200
600
1400
200
650
1200
23
30
23
20
20
3075
30

0.24
0.31
1.04
1.07
1.09
1.28
1.37
1.40
1.00
1.47
1.77
3.81
2.77
1.90
0.29
1.16
0.26
0.76
1.37
0.78 (avg)
1.09
1900

c
kJ/kg C

1.6

1.13

1500

1300

1.25

1.6

19002300
2700
2200

0.88
0.84

8.26.8
3.4

2200

0.71

12,200
36

30
30
30
30

5.6
0.16
0.2
0.16

2200

0.71

1200
1100

1.3
1.6

1.3
0.9

30
30
30
20
20
20

0.079
0.17
0.03
0.48
0.47
0.28

590
1000
1400
1440

1.3
1.3
1.6
0.84

1.0
1.3
0.13
4.0

654

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-3 Properties of nonmetals (Continued).

Substance

Temperature
C

k
W/m C

c
kJ/kg C

107
m2 /s

1200
960
1150
1000
1700
1200
3150

1.5
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.1
2.0
0.68

1.1
1.64
0.73
1.1
0.48
0.62
2290

2640
2500
25002700
21602300

0.82
0.90
0.80
0.71

818
5.65.9
1013.6
11.211.9

1.05
0.7

kg/m 3

Structural and heat-resistant materials

Plexiglass
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystrene
Polyvinylchloride
Rubber, hard
Silicon carbide
Stone:
Granite
Limestone
Marble
Sandstone
Structural concrete
low density
light weight
medium weight
normal weight
Teflon
Titanium dioxide
Wood (across the grain):
Balsa, 8.8 lb/ft3
Cypress
Fir
Maple or oak
Yellow pine
White pine

30
30
30
30
30
30
30

100300
40

0.2
0.33
0.16
0.14
0.09
0.15
490
1.733.98
1.261.33
2.072.94
1.83

30
30
30
30
30
30

0.21
0.65
0.75
2.32
0.35
8.4

670
1570
1840
2260
2200
4150

30
30
23
30
23
30

0.055
0.097
0.11
0.166
0.147
0.112

140
460
420
540
640
430

2.72
2.4
2.8

1.5
29

0.96
1.28
0.82

Insulating materials
Asbestos:
Loosely packed

Asbestos-cement
boards
Sheets
Felt, 40 laminations/in

20 laminations/in

Corrugated, 4 plies/in

Asbestos cement
Balsam wood, 2.2 lb/ft3
Cardboard, corrugated
Celotex
Cork, regranulated
Ground
Corkboard, 10 lb/ft3

45
0
100
20

0.149
0.154
0.161
0.74

51
38
150
260
38
150
260
38
93
150

32

32
32
32
30

0.166
0.057
0.069
0.083
0.078
0.095
0.112
0.087
0.100
0.119
2.08
0.04
0.064
0.048
0.045
0.043
0.043

470570

0.816

3.34

1.88

25.3

35

45120
150
160

656

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-4 Properties of saturated liquids.

Substance

Temperature
C

Diamond, Type IIa,

insulator
Diatomaceous earth
(Sil-o-cel)
Felt, hair
Wool
Fiber, insulating board
Glass fiber,
duct liner
Glass fiber,
loose blown
Glass wool, 1.5 lb/ft3
Ice
Insulex, dry
Kapok
Magnesia, 85%

Paper (avg.)
Polyisocyanurate sheet
Polystyrene, extruded
Polyurethane foam
Rock wool, 10 lb/ft3
Loosely packed
Sawdust Silica
aerogel Styrofoam
Urethane, cerllular
Wood shavings

30

k
W/m C

2300

kg/m 3

3500

c
kJ/kg C

0.509

107
m2 /s

12,900

0
30
30
20

0.061
0.036
0.052
0.048

320
130200
330
240

30

0.038

32

0.84

14.1

30
23
0
32

0.043
0.038
2.22
0.064
0.144
0.035
0.067
0.071
0.074
0.080
0.12
0.023
0.028
0.017
0.040
0.067
0.087
0.059
0.024
0.033
0.025
0.059

16
24
910

0.84
0.7
1.93

32
22.6
12.6

1.2

1.1

30
38
93
150
204
30
30
30
30
32
150
260
23
32
32
30
23

270

900

160
64

140

Adapted to SI units from A. I. Brown and S. M. Marco, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

Other properties from various sources.

656

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-4 Properties of saturated liquids.

T , C

kg/m 3

cp
kJ/kg C

, m2/s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

, K1

Ammonia, NH3
50
40
30
20
10

703.69
691.68
679.34
666.69
653.55

4.463
4.467
4.476
4.509
4.564

0.435106
0.406
0.387
0.381
0.378

0.547
0.547
0.549
0.547
0.543

1.742107
1.775
1.801
1.819
1.825

2.60
2.28
2.15
2.09
2.07

0
10
20
30
40
50

640.10
626.16
611.75
596.37
580.99
564.33

4.635
4.714
4.798
4.890
4.999
5.116

0.373
0.368
0.359
0.349
0.340
0.330

0.540
0.531
0.521
0.507
0.493
0.476

1.819
1.801
1.775
1.742
1.701
1.654

2.05
2.04
2.02
2.01
2.00
1.99

2.96
2.46
2.22
2.12
2.20

2.45 103

Carbon dioxide, CO2

50
40
30
20
10

1,156.34
1,117.77
1,076.76
1,032.39
983.38

1.84
1.88
1.97
2.05
2.18

0
10
20
30

926.99
860.03
772.57
597.81

2.47
3.14
5.0
36.4

0.119106
0.118
0.117
0.115
0.113

0.0855
0.1011
0.1116
0.1151
0.1099

0.4021107
0.4810
0.5272
0.5445
0.5133

0.108
0.101
0.091
0.080

0.1045
0.0971
0.0872
0.0703

0.4578
0.3608
0.2219
0.0279

2.38
2.80
4.10
28.7

14.00 103

Sulfur dioxide, SO2

50
40
30
20
10

1,560.84
1,536.81
1,520.64
1,488.60
1,463.61

1.3595
1.3607
1.3616
1.3624
1.3628

0.484106
0.424
0.371
0.324
0.288

0.242
0.235
0.230
0.225
0.218

1.141107
1.130
1.117
1.107
1.097

4.24
3.74
3.31
2.93
2.62

0
10
20
30
40
50

1,438.46
1,412.51
1,386.40
1,359.33
1,329.22
1,299.10

1.3636
1.3645
1.3653
1.3662
1.3674
1.3683

0.257
0.232
0.210
0.190
0.173
0.162

0.211
0.204
0.199
0.192
0.185
0.177

1.081
1.066
1.050
1.035
1.019
0.999

2.38
2.18
2.00
1.83
1.70
1.61

1.94 103

Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12), CCl2 F2

50
40
30
20
10

1,546.75
1,518.71
1,489.56
1,460.57
1,429.49

0.8750
0.8847
0.8956
0.9073
0.9203

0.310106
0.279
0.253
0.235
0.221

0.067
0.069
0.069
0.071
0.073

0.501107
0.514
0.526
0.539
0.550

6.2
5.4
4.8
4.4
4.0

0
10
20
30
40
50

1,397.45
1,364.30
1,330.18
1,295.10
1,257.13
1,215.96

0.9345
0.9496
0.9659
0.9835
1.0019
1.0216

0.214106
0.203
0.198
0.194
0.191
0.190

0.073
0.073
0.073
0.071
0.069
0.067

0.557107
0.560
0.560
0.560
0.555
0.545

3.8
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5

2.63 103

658

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-5 Properties of air at atmospheric pressure.

T , C

kg/m 3

cp
kJ/kg C

, m2/s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

, K1

Glycerin, C3 H5 (OH)3
0
10
20
30
40
50

1,276.03
1,270.11
1,264.02
1,258.09
1,252.01
1,244.96

2.261
2.319
2.386
2.445
2.512
2.583

0.00831
0.00300
0.00118
0.00050
0.00022
0.00015

0.983107
0.965
0.947
0.929
0.914
0.893

0.282
0.284
0.286
0.286
0.286
0.287

84.7103
31.0
12.5
0.50 103
5.38
2.45
1.63

Ethylene glycol, C2 H4 (OH)2

0
20
40
60
80
100

1,130.75
1,116.65
1,101.43
1,087.66
1,077.56
1,058.50

2.294
2.382
2.474
2.562
2.650
2.742

7.53106
19.18
8.69
4.75
2.98
2.03

0.242
0.249
0.256
0.260
0.261
0.263

0.934107
0.939
0.939
0.932
0.921
0.908

615
204
93
51
32.4
22.4

0.65 103

Engine oil (unused)

0
20
40
60
80

899.12
888.23
876.05
864.04
852.02

1.796
1.880
1.964
2.047
2.131

0.00428
0.00090
0.00024
0.839104
0.375

0.147
0.145
0.144
0.140
0.138

0.911107
0.872
0.834
0.800
0.769

100
120
140
160

840.01
828.96
816.94
805.89

2.219
2.307
2.395
2.483

0.203
0.124
0.080
0.056

0.137
0.135
0.133
0.132

0.738
0.710
0.686
0.663

47,100
10,400
2,870
1,050
490

0.70 103

276
175
116
84

Mercury, Hg
0
20
50
100
150

13,628.22
13,579.04
13,505.84
13,384.58
13,264.28

0.1403
0.1394
0.1386
0.1373
0.1365

0.124106
0.114
0.104
0.0928
0.0853

8.20
8.69
9.40
10.51
11.49

42.99107
46.06
50.22
57.16
63.54

0.0288
0.0249
0.0207
0.0162
0.0134

200
250
315.5

13,144.94
13,025.60
12,847

0.1570
0.1357
0.134

0.0802
0.0765
0.0673

12.34
13.07
14.02

69.08
74.06
81.5

0.0116
0.0103
0.0083

1.82 104

Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

658

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-5 Properties of air at atmospheric pressure.

The values of , k, cp , and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent
and may be used over a fairly wide range of pressures

T ,K
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500

kg/m 3

cp
kJ/kg C

105
kg/m s

106
m2 /s

k
W/m C

104
m2 /s

Pr

3.6010
2.3675
1.7684
1.4128
1.1774
0.9980
0.8826
0.7833
0.7048
0.6423
0.5879
0.5430
0.5030
0.4709
0.4405
0.4149
0.3925
0.3716
0.3524
0.3204
0.2947
0.2707
0.2515
0.2355
0.2211
0.2082
0.1970
0.1858
0.1762
0.1682
0.1602
0.1538
0.1458
0.1394

1.0266
1.0099
1.0061
1.0053
1.0057
1.0090
1.0140
1.0207
1.0295
1.0392
1.0551
1.0635
1.0752
1.0856
1.0978
1.1095
1.1212
1.1321
1.1417
1.160
1.179
1.197
1.214
1.230
1.248
1.267
1.287
1.309
1.338
1.372
1.419
1.482
1.574
1.688

0.6924
1.0283
1.3289
1.5990
1.8462
2.075
2.286
2.484
2.671
2.848
3.018
3.177
3.332
3.481
3.625
3.765
3.899
4.023
4.152
4.44
4.69
4.93
5.17
5.40
5.63
5.85
6.07
6.29
6.50
6.72
6.93
7.14
7.35
7.57

1.923
4.343
7.490
11.31
15.69
20.76
25.90
31.71
37.90
44.34
51.34
58.51
66.25
73.91
82.29
90.75
99.3
108.2
117.8
138.6
159.1
182.1
205.5
229.1
254.5
280.5
308.1
338.5
369.0
399.6
432.6
464.0
504.0
543.5

0.009246
0.013735
0.01809
0.02227
0.02624
0.03003
0.03365
0.03707
0.04038
0.04360
0.04659
0.04953
0.05230
0.05509
0.05779
0.06028
0.06279
0.06525
0.06752
0.0732
0.0782
0.0837
0.0891
0.0946
0.100
0.105
0.111
0.117
0.124
0.131
0.139
0.149
0.161
0.175

0.02501
0.05745
0.10165
0.15675
0.22160
0.2983
0.3760
0.4222
0.5564
0.6532
0.7512
0.8578
0.9672
1.0774
1.1951
1.3097
1.4271
1.5510
1.6779
1.969
2.251
2.583
2.920
3.262
3.609
3.977
4.379
4.811
5.260
5.715
6.120
6.540
7.020
7.441

0.770
0.753
0.739
0.722
0.708
0.697
0.689
0.683
0.680
0.680
0.680
0.682
0.684
0.686
0.689
0.692
0.696
0.699
0.702
0.704
0.707
0.705
0.705
0.705
0.705
0.705
0.704
0.704
0.702
0.700
0.707
0.710
0.718
0.730

From Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ. 564, 1955.

660

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-6 Properties of gases at atmospheric pressure (Continued).

Values of , k, cp , and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent for He, H2 , O2 , and N2
and may be used over a fairly wide range of pressures

T, K

kg/m 3

cp
kJ/kg C

v, m2/s

, kg/m s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

0.5275104
0.9288
1.3675
2.449
3.716
5.215
6.661
8.774

0.70
0.694
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72

Helium
144
200
255
366
477
589
700
800

0.3379
0.2435
0.1906
0.13280
0.10204
0.08282
0.07032
0.06023

5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200
5.200

125.5107
156.6
181.7
230.5
275.0
311.3
347.5
381.7

37.11106
64.38
95.50
173.6
269.3
375.8
494.2
634.1

0.0928
0.1177
0.1357
0.1691
0.197
0.225
0.251
0.275

Hydrogen
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
700
800
900

0.16371
0.12270
0.09819
0.08185
0.07016
0.06135
0.05462
0.04918
0.04469
0.04085
0.03492
0.03060
0.02723

12.602
13.540
14.059
14.314
14.436
14.491
14.499
14.507
14.532
14.537
14.574
14.675
14.821

5.595106
6.813
7.919
8.963
9.954
10.864
11.779
12.636
13.475
14.285
15.89
17.40
18.78

34.18106
55.53
80.64
109.5
141.9
177.1
215.6
257.0
301.6
349.7
455.1
569
690

0.0981
0.1282
0.1561
0.182
0.206
0.228
0.251
0.272
0.292
0.315
0.351
0.384
0.412

0.475104
0.772
1.130
1.554
2.031
2.568
3.164
3.817
4.516
5.306
6.903
8.563
10.217

0.718
0.719
0.713
0.706
0.697
0.690
0.682
0.675
0.668
0.664
0.659
0.664
0.676

Oxygen
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550

2.6190
1.9559
1.5618
1.3007
1.1133
0.9755
0.8682
0.7801
0.7096

0.9178
0.9131
0.9157
0.9203
0.9291
0.9420
0.9567
0.9722
0.9881

11.490106
14.850
17.87
20.63
23.16
25.54
27.77
29.91
31.97

4.387106
7.593
11.45
15.86
20.80
26.18
31.99
38.34
45.05

0.01367
0.01824
0.02259
0.02676
0.03070
0.03461
0.03828
0.04173
0.04517

0.05688104
0.10214
0.15794
0.22353
0.2968
0.3768
0.4609
0.5502
0.641

0.773
0.745
0.725
0.709
0.702
0.695
0.694
0.697
0.700

0.01824
0.02620
0.03335
0.03984
0.04580
0.05123
0.05609
0.06070
0.06475
0.06850
0.07184

0.10224104
0.22044
0.3734
0.5530
0.7486
0.9466
1.1685
1.3946
1.6250
1.8571
2.0932

0.747
0.713
0.691
0.684
0.686
0.691
0.700
0.711
0.724
0.736
0.748

Nitrogen
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200

1.7108
1.1421
0.8538
0.6824
0.5687
0.4934
0.4277
0.3796
0.3412
0.3108
0.2851

1.0429
1.0408
1.0459
1.0555
1.0756
1.0969
1.1225
1.1464
1.1677
1.1857
1.2037

12.947106
17.84
21.98
25.70
29.11
32.13
34.84
37.49
40.00
42.28
44.50

7.568106
15.63
25.74
37.66
51.19
65.13
81.46
91.06
117.2
136.0
156.1

660

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-6 Properties of gases at atmospheric pressure (Continued).

Values of , k, cp , and Pr are not strongly pressure-dependent for He, H2 , O2 , and N2
and may be used over a fairly wide range of pressures

T, K

kg/m 3

cp
kJ/kg C

, kg/m s

v, m2/s

k
W/m C

, m2/s

Pr

0.010805
0.012884
0.016572
0.02047
0.02461
0.02897
0.03352
0.03821
0.04311

0.05920104
0.07401
0.10588
0.14808
0.19463
0.24813
0.3084
0.3750
0.4483

0.818
0.793
0.770
0.755
0.738
0.721
0.702
0.685
0.668

0.0220
0.0270
0.0327
0.0391
0.0467

0.1308104
0.1920
0.2619
0.3432
0.4421

0.90
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.84

0.0246
0.0261
0.0299
0.0339
0.0379
0.0422
0.0464
0.0505
0.0549
0.0592
0.0637

0.2036104
0.2338
0.307
0.387
0.475
0.573
0.666
0.772
0.883
1.001
1.130

1.060
1.040
1.010
0.996
0.991
0.986
0.995
1.000
1.005
1.010
1.019

Carbon dioxide
220
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

2.4733
2.1657
1.7973
1.5362
1.3424
1.1918
1.0732
0.9739
0.8938

0.783
0.804
0.871
0.900
0.942
0.980
1.013
1.047
1.076

11.105106
12.590
14.958
17.205
19.32
21.34
23.26
25.08
26.83

4.490106
5.813
8.321
11.19
14.39
17.90
21.67
25.74
30.02

Ammonia, NH3
273
323
373
423
473

0.7929
0.6487
0.5590
0.4934
0.4405

2.177
2.177
2.236
2.315
2.395

9.353106
11.035
12.886
14.672
16.49

1.18105
1.70
2.30
2.97
3.74

Water vapor
380
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850

0.5863
0.5542
0.4902
0.4405
0.4005
0.3652
0.3380
0.3140
0.2931
0.2739
0.2579

2.060
2.014
1.980
1.985
1.997
2.026
2.056
2.085
2.119
2.152
2.186

12.71106
13.44
15.25
17.04
18.84
20.67
22.47
24.26
26.04
27.86
29.69

2.16105
2.42
3.11
3.86
4.70
5.66
6.64
7.72
8.88
10.20
11.52

Adapted to SI units from E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.

662

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-9 Properties of water (saturated liquid).

Metal

Melting
point
C

Normal
boiling
point
C

Bismuth

271

1477

Lead

327

1737

Lithium

179

1317

Mercury

39

357

Potassium

63.8

760

Sodium

97.8

883

Sodiumpotassium:
22% Na

19

826

56% Na

11

784

Lead-bismuth,
44.5% Pb

125

1670

Temperature
C

Density,
103
kg/m 3

Viscosity
103
kg/m s

Heat
capacity
kJ/kg C

Thermal
conductivity
W/m C

316
760
371
704
204
982
10
316
149
704
204
704

10.01
9.47
10.5
10.1
0.51
0.44
13.6
12.8
0.81
0.67
0.90
0.78

1.62
0.79
2.40
1.37
0.60
0.42
1.59
0.86
0.37
0.14
0.43
0.18

0.144
0.165
0.159
0.155
4.19
4.19
0.138
0.134
0.796
0.754
1.34
1.26

16.4
15.6
16.1
14.9
38.1

0.014
0.0084
0.024
0.016
0.065

8.1
14.0
45.0
33.1
80.3
59.7

0.027
0.0084
0.0066
0.0031
0.0072
0.0038

0.49
0.146
0.58
0.16

0.946
0.883
1.13
1.04

24.4

0.019

25.6
28.9

0.026
0.058

1.76
1.15

0.147

10.7

0.024

93.3
760
93.3
760
288
649

0.848
0.69
0.89
0.74
10.3
9.84

Adapted to SI units from J. G. Knudsen and D. L. Katz, Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

Table A-8 Diffusion coefficients of gases and vapors in air at 25 C and 1 atm.
Substance

D, cm2 /s

Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Water
Ethyl ether
Methanol
Ethyl alcohol

0.28
0.164
0.410
0.206
0.256
0.093
0.159
0.119

Sc =

0.78
0.94
0.22
0.75
0.60
1.66
0.97
1.30

Substance

D, cm2 /s

Formic Acid
Acetic acid
Aniline
Benzene
Toluene
Ethyl benzene
Propyl benzene

From J. H. Perry (ed.), Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.

0.159
0.133
0.073
0.088
0.084
0.077
0.059

Sc =

0.97
1.16
2.14
1.76
1.84
2.01
2.62

Prandtl
number

662

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-9 Properties of water (saturated liquid).

Note: Grx Pr =

32
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
220
240
260
280
300
350
400
450
500
550
600

0
4.44
10
15.56
21.11
26.67
32.22
37.78
43.33
48.89
54.44
60
65.55
71.11
76.67
82.22
87.78
93.33
104.4
115.6
126.7
137.8
148.9
176.7
204.4
232.2
260
287.7
315.6

g 2 cp
k

x3 T

cp

kJ/kg C

kg/m 3

kg/m s

W/m C

4.225
4.208
4.195
4.186
4.179
4.179
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.179
4.179
4.183
4.186
4.191
4.195
4.199
4.204
4.216
4.229
4.250
4.271
4.296
4.371
4.467
4.585
4.731
5.024
5.703

999.8
999.8
999.2
998.6
997.4
995.8
994.9
993.0
990.6
988.8
985.7
983.3
980.3
977.3
973.7
970.2
966.7
963.2
955.1
946.7
937.2
928.1
918.0
890.4
859.4
825.7
785.2
735.5
678.7

1.79103
1.55
1.31
1.12
9.8104
8.6
7.65
6.82
6.16
5.62
5.13
4.71
4.3
4.01
3.72
3.47
3.27
3.06
2.67
2.44
2.19
1.98
1.86
1.57
1.36
1.20
1.07
9.51105
8.68

0.566
0.575
0.585
0.595
0.604
0.614
0.623
0.630
0.637
0.644
0.649
0.654
0.659
0.665
0.668
0.673
0.675
0.678
0.684
0.685
0.685
0.685
0.684
0.677
0.665
0.646
0.616

Pr
13.25
11.35
9.40
7.88
6.78
5.85
5.12
4.53
4.04
3.64
3.30
3.01
2.73
2.53
2.33
2.16
2.03
1.90
1.66
1.51
1.36
1.24
1.17
1.02
1.00
0.85
0.83

g 2 cp
k
1/m3 C

1.91 109
6.34 109
1.08 1010
1.46 1010
1.91 1010
2.48 1010
3.3 1010
4.19 1010
4.89 1010
5.66 1010
6.48 1010
7.62 1010
8.84 1010
9.85 1010
1.09 1011

Adapted to SI units from A. I. Brown and S. M. Marco, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

664

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-10 Normal

totalA-10
emissivity
of various
surfaces.of various surfaces (Continued).
Table
Normal
total emissivity
T , F

Surface

Emissivity

Metals and their oxides

Aluminum:
Highly polished plate, 98.3% pure
Commercial sheet
Heavily oxidized
Al-surfaced roofing
Brass:
Highly polished:
73.2% Cu, 26.7% Zn
62.4% Cu, 36.8% Zn, 0.4% Pb, 0.3% Al
82.9% Cu, 17.0% Zn
Hard-rolled, polished, but direction of polishing visible
Dull plate
Chromium (see nickel alloys for Ni-Cr steels), polished
Copper:
Polished
Plate, heated long time, covered with thick oxide layer
Gold, pure, highly polished
Iron and steel (not including stainless):
Steel, polished
Iron, polished
Cast iron, newly turned
turned and heated
Mild steel
Iron and steel (oxidized surfaces):
Iron plate, pickled, then rusted red
Iron, dark-gray surface
Rough ingot iron
Sheet steel with strong, rough oxide layer
Lead:
Unoxidized, 99.96% pure
Gray oxidized
Oxidized at 300 F
Magnesium, magnesium oxide
Molybdenum:
Filament
Massive, polished
Monel metal, oxidized at 1110 F
Nickel:
Polished
Nickel oxide
Nickel alloys:
Copper nickel, polished
Nichrome wire, bright
Nichrome wire, oxidized
Platinum, polished plate, pure
Silver:
Polished, pure
Polished

4401070
212
299940
100

0.0390.057
0.09
0.200.31
0.216

476674
494710
530
70
120660
1002000

0.0280.031
0.0330.037
0.030
0.038
0.22
0.080.36

242
212
77
4401160

0.023
0.052
0.78
0.0180.035

212
8001880
72
16201810
4501950

0.066
0.140.38
0.44
0.600.70
0.200.32

68
212
17002040
75

0.61
0.31
0.870.95
0.80

240440
75
390
5301520

0.0570.075
0.28
0.63
0.550.20

13404700
212
3901110

0.0960.202
0.071
0.410.46

212
12002290

0.072
0.590.86

212
1201830
120930
4401160

0.059
0.650.79
0.950.98
0.0540.104

4401160
100700

0.0200.032
0.0220.031

664

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-10 Normal total emissivity of various surfaces (Continued).

T , F

Surface

Emissivity

Metals and their oxides

Stainless steels:
Polished
Type 301; B
Tin, bright tinned iron

212
4501725
76

Tungsten, filament
Zinc, galvanized sheet iron, fairly bright

6000
82

0.074
0.540.63
0.043 and
0.064
0.39
0.23

Refractories, building materials, paints, and miscellaneous

Alumina (8599.5%, Al2 O3 , 012% SiO2 , 01% Ge2 O3 );
effect of mean grain size, microns (m):
10 m
50 m
100 m
Asbestos, board
Brick:
Red, rough, but no gross irregularities
Fireclay
Carbon:
T-carbon (Gebrder Siemens) 0.9% ash, started with
emissivity of 0.72 at 260 F but on heating changed to
values given
Filament
Rough plate
Lampblack, rough deposit
Concrete tiles
Enamel, white fused, on iron
Glass:
Smooth
Pyrex, lead, and soda
Paints, lacquers, varnishes:
Snow-white enamel varnish on rough iron plate
Black shiny lacquer, sprayed on iron
Black shiny shellac on tinned iron sheet
Black matte shellac
Black or white lacquer
Flat black lacquer
Aluminum paints and lacquers:
10% Al, 22% lacquer body, on rough or smooth
surface
Other Al paints, varying age and Al content
Porcelain, glazed
Quartz, rough, fused
Roofing paper
Rubber, hard, glossy plate
Water

74

0.300.18
0.390.28
0.500.40
0.96

70
1832

0.93
0.75

2601160

0.810.79

19002560
212608
212932
1832
66

0.526
0.77
0.840.78
0.63
0.90

72
5001000

0.94
0.950.85

73
76
70
170295
100200
100200

0.906
0.875
0.821
0.91
0.800.95
0.960.98

212

0.52

212
72
70
69
74
32212

Courtesy of H. C. Hottel, from W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmissions, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954.

0.270.67
0.92
0.93
0.91
0.94
9.950.963

664

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-11 Steel-pipe

Tabledimensions.
A-10 Normal total emissivity of various surfaces (Continued).
Nominal
pipe
size, in

OD, in

1
8

0.405

1
4

0.540

3
8

0.675

1
2

0.840

3
4

1.050

1.315

1 21

1.900

2.375

3.500

4.500

5.563

6.625

10

10.75

Schedule no.
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
160
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
120
160
40
80
40
80

Wall
Thickness, in
0.068
0.095
0.088
0.119
0.091
0.126
0.109
0.147
0.113
0.154
0.133
0.179
0.145
0.200
0.281
0.154
0.218
0.216
0.300
0.237
0.337
0.258
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.280
0.432
0.365
0.500

ID, in

Metal
sectional
area, in2

Inside crosssectional
area, ft2

0.269
0.215
0.364
0.302
0.493
0.423
0.622
0.546
0.824
0.742
1.049
0.957
1.610
1.500
1.338
2.067
1.939
3.068
2.900
4.026
3.826
5.047
4.813
4.563
4.313
6.065
5.761
10.020
9.750

0.072
0.093
0.125
0.157
0.167
0.217
0.250
0.320
0.333
0.433
0.494
0.639
0.799
1.068
1.429
1.075
1.477
2.228
3.016
3.173
4.407
4.304
6.122
7.953
9.696
5.584
8.405
11.90
16.10

0.00040
0.00025
0.00072
0.00050
0.00133
0.00098
0.00211
0.00163
0.00371
0.00300
0.00600
0.00499
0.01414
0.01225
0.00976
0.02330
0.02050
0.05130
0.04587
0.08840
0.7986
0.1390
0.1263
0.1136
0.1015
0.2006
0.1810
0.5475
0.5185

666

A P P E N D I X A Tables

Table A-12 Conversion factors. (See also inside cover.)

Length:
12 in = 1 ft
2.54 cm = 1 in
1 m = 106 m = 104 cm
Mass:
1 kg = 2.205 lbm
1 slug = 32.16 lbm
454 g = 1 lbm
Force:
1 dyn = 2.248 106 lbf
1 lbf = 4.448 N
105 dyn = 1 N

Energy:
1 ft lbf = 1.356 J
1 kWh = 3413 Btu
1 hp h = 2545 Btu
1 Btu = 252 cal
1 Btu = 778 ft lbf
Pressure:
1 atm = 14.696 lbf /in2 = 2116 lbf /ft2
1 atm = 1.01325 105 Pa
1 in Hg = 70.73 lbf /ft2
Viscosity:
1 centipoise = 2.42 lbm /h ft
1 lbf s/ft2 = 32.16 lbm /s ft
Thermal conductivity:
1 cal/s cm C = 242 Btu/h ft F
1 W/cm C = 57.79 Btu/h ft F
Useful conversion to SI units

Length:
1 in = 0.0254 m
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mi = 1.60934 km
Area:
1 in2 = 645.16 mm2
1 ft2 = 0.092903 m2
1 mi2 = 2.58999 km2
Pressure:
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
1 atm = 1.01325 105 Pa
1 lbf /in2 = 6894.76 Pa
Energy:
1 erg = 107 J
1 Btu = 1055.04 J
1 ft lbf = 1.35582 J
1 cal (15 C) = 4.1855 J
Power:
1 hp = 745.7 W
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
Heat flux:
1 Btu/h ft2 = 3.15372 W/m2
1 Btu/h ft = 0.96128 W/m
Thermal conductivity:
1 Btu/h ft F = 1.7307 W/m C
Heat-transfer coefficient:
1 Btu/h ft2 F = 5.6782 W/m2 C

Volume:
1 in3 = 1.63871 105 m3
1 ft3 = 0.0283168 m3
1 gal = 231 in3 = 0.0037854 m3
Mass:
1 lbm = 0.45359237 kg
Density:
1 lbm /in3 = 2.76799 104 kg/m3
1 lbm /ft3 = 16.0185 104 kg/m3
Force:
1 dyn = 105 N
1 lbf = 4.44822 N