Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NCERT Class 8 Science
NCERT Class 8 Science
t
s
s
s
PP
s
ss sss
P P P
P
P
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s ts
P s
ss
ss
s
P
ss
s s ss
s ts
ss
s
s
ss
s s s ss
t s
s s s
t
s
s
s t
s
q r
q
s
s t
tt t s
s
s s s
t t
s s t
s s
t
tt tt
t
t
t
t t
t
t t t
t
t t
t t t
t
t
t
P
t t t t
t t t t
t
t
t
t t t
t t t
t t
t
t t t t
tt t
t
t t
t t t
t t t t tt
t t
t t t
t tt
t t
t t
t t t
t t
s s s s
s s
s ss
ss
s s
s
s
s s s s s
s ss
s s
s
r r rr
s s
s s
s s
s
s
s s
q ss s q
ss ss
s s ss
r P
rqq
sP PP
P PP
P
P
s
PPt
P
P PP
P P
P P
P s
t P
P
t
t
t
t t
t s
t t
P P P
t t
t t
t
t
qr r t t
rtq
t r t ttq rrt t
r tq
t tr t qt rr
qr r t
tr
t t t qr
qr r
t r rq
t r t q r rq
qrr t
qt r q
rr t trr
t r qtq qrr qt
r
s
t tq r
t t t
qtr tr
r qtr
t
P
r
t t
rr
rr
s
s
q rsss
t
t
t t
t
t t
t
t
t
tt t
t
t t
tt
t t
tt
PP
t t
t t
t t
s P
P
P P
P P
P
s P
P P
s P
P
P
s
P
P s
qr
s P
s
P
s s
P P
P
s
PP
Ps
P
qr q
q
t
t
t
t t
t t t
t
ss s
t t
t t
t t
s
qq q
q q q
PP
P
P
PP
P
PP
PPP
t t
t t
t t
t t t t
tt
t
t t
t t
Pt
t t
t t t t t t
t t t
t t t t tt
t t t
t t t
t
t
t
Pt
P t
t t
t
t t
t
t
t ttt
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
s
t t
tt t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
s P
t
s
P
t
P
t Pt
tt t
tt P t
t t P t
t
qrrs
q qrq
s
q
P P
P P
r
qt
s s
s ss
t
t
t t
t
t
t
P
t
t
s s
s
ss
s s s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s
P
t
t
qr
r
t
t
P
s
q
q
t
q r s
t t
s
s
P
s
qr s q q
r q s q q
s q
t t
t
t
t t
t t
t
P
s
t r
r
r r
P
P
r
r
r
r
r
P
t
P
t
t
qr r r
q
q
r
r
r
t
t
s
t
t
tt t
P
PPP
P
P
t
t
t
P
s
s
r r
q t q
r t
P P
r
r
r r
r r
r
r r
P
r
r
rr r
rr r
sr
r r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
tt
q
q
t
q
P s
ss
s Ps
ss
s s s s
s s s
ss s s s s s
s s
s
ss
s s s ss
s
ss
s s
ss s s
s
s s
s s
s s
s
s s ss
Ps
s
s s
s
s s s s
s
ss
qrt
r
r r
s
s s s
s
s
s
s s
t
t r
tt
t t
t t
t t t
t
t t t
t
r t
t t t
t t t
t t
t t t
t t t tt
t tt t t t t
t t
t
t tt
ttt t
t t t
t t
t
t
t
t t t
t tt
t
t t t
t t t
t tt t
t t
t t
t t tt
t t
tt t t
t t r t t
t t t t t
t t
t t t t
t
q s
s
s
t t t
t t t t tt
t t t t t
t t
t t t t
t t t
t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t t t tt
qr
s
P
P
t
t
P
P
q
rrqrstr
s
P
s t s
P
s
s
s
s
s
qr r
P
r r
s
s
s
qr s
P P P
t t
t r
tt
tt
t t
t tr t
t t t
tr t t
t t ss
t t t t t
t
t t tt
tt t
ss ss
t tt
r t
tt
t t
t t t
t r
t tt t
t t
t t
t t tt
t
P P
t t
t t t
t st rt
r q
r q t
tq rs t
st
q r st t t
t r t tq rs r
q strq q rr
r t st t
rq st s rtq r
ttq rstq
t r
P
P
t s
t s
t tt tt
t t
t s
t t
t t
t s t
ts
tt s
t t
s
t tt
tt s t
ss
t t
s t
t s
t
t
s t
tt s
t
t s
t t
t ts t t
t t t t
P P P P
P
P P P
P P P
PP
PP
qrs
q
q qs
r rrr
rr r
s s
qr r r
qr r r
qr r r
qr r r r
qr r
r r r
r r r r
r
r r r
r r
s
r r r
r r
r r
r r r
r
r r rr
r
r
r
r r
r r
r
P
t t
P P
t
q
r
r r
r r r
r r r
r rrr
r
r r r
r r r r
r r r
r
r r r
r r r
r r
s r r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r
r r r
r
r r r
r r
r
r r r r
r r
r r r
r r
r r
r
r
rr
r
r r
r
r
r
rr
r
r r
r
P
t
t t P
s
q
P P
PP
s s s
s s s s
s
s
s s
P
s s s
s
s s
s
s s s
s s
s s s
s
s s
s s
s
s
s s
s s s
s s
s
ss s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t
s s s
s s
s
s s s s
s
s
s ss sss
s s
s
s s s s s
s s s
s s
s s
s s s
s s s
s s s ss
s
s ss
s sss
s ss
s s s s
ss
s s s s
ss
s
s s
s s
ss s
s
s s
s s ss
s s
r
s
P
qr tr
r r
r
r r
q
q
P
r r
r r
q s t
s s s
s
s s
s s
s
s
s s s
s
s
r
P
P
s s
s s
s s
s s
s s
s
s
s s
s s s
s
s s
s
s
r r
s
s s
s s
t t
P PPP
t t
t t
t
t t
tt
PP
qrst
r
r r
q
ts
r r
s r
s
r
r r
r
r
r
qr s
tts
t s
s
s
t
t
s t
t
P
P
P P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
t
t
t t
t
t
t s
t
tt t
tt
t
t t
qr r
tt t tt
t tt tt t
t
t
tt t
t
tt
t t
t t
qr s
tt
t
t
tt
t
t
tt
t t
t
t
t
t
t
P
t
tt
t
t ttt t
t
t tt t
t t t t
t t t t t
t t
t t t
t
qr q r
qr
q
q
s
q
q
qr
q
t
t t
t
tt
r
rr
r
qss s s
r
r
r
t
r r
qrr
sq
sq
sq
q
q
qq
rqs
q
t
t
t
t
t tt
t
t t
tt
tt t
t t
tt
t
tt
tt
tt
P
t Pt
s
s
t
P
t
q r
rr
t
s t
t
t
t t
t t
t t
t
P t
t
t
t
tt
t t
t t
t
P
t t
t
t
s
t
Pt
t t t
t t
rr
r r
t
t
s t
s
t
P t
tt
t P
t
t
t
t
qr
t P
qt
t t
s
ss
s
P
s
s
r
s
s
s
s
s ss
qt t t t
qt t
qt
t t
q rst r
q t q
t tt
s t
t r
s r
r r
r r
r r
r r r rr
r rr rr
r r r
rr
r
P r
r
rr r r
r r
rr r
r r
s
r r
r r
rr rr
r r r
r
r r
r
r
r r
q t
r r
r r
r
q st
r
r
r
r
P r
r
r
r r
t t t
P
s P PssP
PsP
P P
P P ssP
P s
P PP sP
P P PPP
P PsP
PP P P
P P P
P P P
q r
P
P P P P
PP P
P P PP
PP
PP P P P
PP P P
P
P P P
P P P
P sP
P
P
P
P
sP P P
P P
P
q P P
sP PP P P
P P P P
s P P
P
t
t
P sP P PP
P
s P P
P PP P sP
ts
PP PP
P P
PP
P P
PP
P P
P
P P
P
P P P
P PP
PP P PP
P P
r r
r r
r
P r r
r
r r r r
r
r r
rr r
r
r r
r r r r
r
P r
r rr r
rr r
t t
P t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t
t P t t t
r r
r r r
rt
r
r r
r sr
r r
r
r
r
r r
r r
rr
r
r r r
r
r s
s
r r
r
r r s r
r
r
r
rr s
s r
s s r
r r r
rr
r
r r
P
r
s
r
r r
r
q
qq
r r
s s
r
t
P
t
s
t
s t t
stt t
t t
t r
r t t t
tr t
t r
t r s
t r r
rr t t
t t t
r r t
t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t
t tt r
t t rr
r t r t r
tt t
t
t t t
rr s t r
t t t
r t
t r t
rt t r
tt r t
t t r
t t tt
tt t r
t t
t s
t t t ttr
t t
rt t t
tr t
tr t t t
t t
t t
t r
t r t
r
t t t
t
P r t r
t r
t t
tt t
q q q
qq q q
q
t r
t r
tr
t r
t t t
t t
t tr t
t r t t
t t
t r r
qrt
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
qrst
st P
P
P
P q
st P
s t
PP
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
P
q
r
t
r
s
r
r
r
r
r
s
t
r
r
s r
s
r rs
r
r
r r
s
r r
PP
r
r rr
sr
r r r
r
r
r
q
P P P
t t P PP
s
r rr
r r r
sq
r
r
rr
rr
r r
tt t
s
s s
s
s
s
s s
t t t
qr
r
r r r
r
r r
r
P P
r
r
r r
r r r
r r rrr
r r
r r r
r rrr
r rrr r
r r
rrr r r r
r r
r
rr r
r r r
r r r
r r
r r
r r
r r r
r
r
qr
qr
P
P
t tt
q rqs
qrs q
r r
r r q
q
r
q
rr q
q q q r
r r r qq
r qqq
t
t t
t t
t t t t t
t t
t t t
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
r
P r
P r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r r
q
q q
q
s s
s
P P
P
P P
P P
P P
P
P P P P P
s
t
qr
P
r
r
r
r
r
q
s
q q
q
s s
q
s
s ss s
s
s s
s s ss
s
s
s
s
P
P
P
P P P
P
sss
s s
s
t
s
s
s s
qr r
r
rr
r r r
ss
s
s
s
q r
s s s
P
r
s
s
ss
s
qtt
P
r
r
r r
r r
r r r
r r
r t
r
rr
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
r r
t r
qs
s
sqss
s
s
s
r t
r r
r r
r r
r r
r t
r r
r r
r
r
rrr t
rr
r r
r
ss
q
ss
q s
s s
ss s s
s
s s
s
s ss
ss
s s
s
s
s s
s
s
ss
s
s s s
s s
s
ss
s P
s ss s
s
s s s
P s
s s ss
q
rt
s
s
P
s s
ss
s s
r
r rP
t
t
t
t
r
t
PP
t st t
t
t t
t
PP
t
s
q s
s q
tr
q q
s s q
qq s
s q s
qq qq
q
s q s
t t
t t
t t
t
Pt
P t
t
r r r
Prr
r r
r r
Pr r
r r
r r r
r r r r r
r r
P
r
P P
r r
r
r
tt
Pt
Pt
s r
qt
s s s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
t
s s s
s s s s
s s
s
s s
s s s
s r
t
t
s r
t
t t
P P
P PP P P PP
P P P
s
r
r r
r
s r
r r
r
P
t
r
r
r
r
r
P t
P
q q q
q
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
s s s ss
ss
ss
s s
s ss
s s
ss
s s
s s
s
s s s
s
ss
s
s s
s s
s ss
ss
P P P
PP
s s
P q
qP P PP P
r q
t
t
t
q rq q r
qr q r r qq q
q q rq qr
r rqq q q rq q
rqq q q qr
q r rqr
P
t
s
q q
r r
r
t
r r
rt
rt
P P P P
Pt
s
t
q
r r
r
r r
rr
sr
s
r
sr
r
r
r
r
rr
P
P
qtqt
r
r
r
r
r
r r
r
r r
r
r
r r
r r
r
rr
qss ss q
rr r r r
rr
r r
rr r
rr
r
r r r r
r r
rr r
t
r
r r
r r
rr
r ttt
r r r
r rr
s
s
t
s ss t ts
s
t
s
t
s ss
s t st t
s
s
P
s
s s
ss
t s t s
s s
s
ss
s t
s
s t
s s t
t ss
s s
s s
s s
s
t s
s s s
s ss ss
s s
s
t s
s t
s s
t
s s
st t t
s
s t
s s st s t
s s
ss
t
qr
s
s
P P P
P
P
P
P
qr
P
t t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t t
t t tt
t t
t t t
t
t t
t t t
t t t
t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
t t t
t t
t t
t
t t t t
t t
t t t t
PP
t
t
t
t
P
P
P
t t t
r r r r tr r
r t
t t
t
t t t t t
r t
t t
t t t
tt t t
t t
t t
t
t tt t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t
t t
t r
t t
r t t
s
P
t
r t
t
t t
s
t t
t t
t t
t t
s s
s s s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t s
t s
s
r
t
r
q
q
rr t r
t r
t
P
r t
r r r r t
t t r
P
P
s s
P
t
r r
r r
r
t r
r r
r r
t t
tt
tt
t t
t
t t
t t
t
tt
tt t
tt t t
t t t
tt
P P PP
P P P
tt tt
t t
t t t
t t t
t
t tt t
t t t
t t t t t
t t t t
t tt t t
t t t t
t t
t t tt t
tt
t t
t
t t t
t t t t t t
t
t
t
tt
t
tt
tt
t t t t
t tt t
t t
t t
t t t
t t
rt
P
P
s P
P
P
qr t r
P s
rr
PP
qr r
t t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t t
s
s
s s
s
t
s
s
s s
s
s
sss
t
t
P
t
t
t
s
s
s s
s
s r
s
s
s
t
s
r r
r
t
s
P
PP
P
qr s
qr s
t t t
t
t
t qt
s
s
r q
q q
qt
t
t
t
ts t
t t
t
t
tr t
t
t t t
t t
t
t t
t
tt
P
P P
P
P
q
q qq
t t
t tr t t
t
t t
t t
t t t t
t t
r t
t t
s
s s
s s
t s
ss s
s
s
s
s
s s s
t
s tss
t t
s s t s s
s s t
t tss s s
ss s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
q rqr
q rqrr
s
s
s s
t P t
t
s
rr
r
t
r s
r
r s
s
r
s
P P
r r
q q
q
q q qq
q
q q q q
r r
P
P P
t
t
s
t t
t t
t
s
t
t t
t
s t
t t
t
t
t
t
t P
t
t t
t t
t t
q r
qr s
PPPP
t
t
PPPP
P P PP
s
P
t
P
r
s r
r s
r s r
rr r rr
s r s r
s ss
r
t tt
t t t t t
t
t
t t t
t t t
t t t t t t
t
t t t
tt t t t t
t t
t tt t t
t
tt
t t tt t
t t t
t t t t t t
t t t t
t t t
tt t t t
t t t t t
t t
tt
t t
t t t t t
t t t t
tt t t t
t t t t t
t t t t
qrs q sqq
t t t
t tt
t
t
P
t t t t
t t t t
t
t t t t t t t
t t
t t t
t t t t
t t t t t t t
t t t t
tt t t
t t t
t tt
t t
t
t t t
t t t t t t
t t t t t
t t t t t
tt t t
t t t t
t t t t
t s
t t
t t
t t
t
r
t
r
t t
r s q t
t
r t r
t
t
t
r t
rr r r
t
t t t
t r
r t
t r
t
qrt
qqt t rt qq
rt rt
s
s
s
s
s
s s s
sss
s s
s
s s s
s ss s
s s
ss
s
rt qr rtqqr
q r rt q
q q q q
t rt rt rt
qrt qqr rt rt
qr
t rtqr
qq r
rtqr qq
tqqt
r
tqqt qr r rt t
q
t qqt
rt qq r t
qrt t qqt
rt qq tq
qr r qr tqqt
qr t
rt q q
r q tqt qr tqqt
qr qr q q
rt qq
rt rt
rt q r rqr
s s
ss ss s
ss s
ss s ss ss
s s s
s s
s s
ss s s
qr t
r q
s s
s
s
ss s s
sss
ss s
s
s s
s s
ss
s s
s P
s s s s
s
s s
s ss
s
s
s
s
s s s s s s
ss s
s
ss s ss
ss
r r
P
P
P
P P
P s
P
t
q
P
P P
P
P
q r
r r
r r
P
s P P
s
P t
r
rr
r
r r r
r q
rr
rr
r
r
r
r r
r
r r
rr
r r
r
r r
r
r
r r
r
r r r
r
r r r
rr
r
s
s
s
t
s t
t
t
P P
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r
r r
r r
rr r r
r r r
r r r r
r r r
r r r
r r r
r r
r r rr r rr r r
r
P r rr r
rr r
r r rr
r
Prr r r r
r r r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r rr
r r r
r
PP
PPP
s
s
s
PPPP
P
P
rP
PP
P
P
r s
tt
r
tt
r
r
P P P
P P P
P P
P
s
qt tq
t t t t
tt
t s t t
t
tt
tt t t
t P tt s
t st tst t
t
t st ss
s ts
t t t t
tt
t
s t t t
t t s
t
t t s
t t
t s
t s t ts
t ts
t
st tt
t t t t s t
t t
ss
t t s s t
t
s t s
qr q r q rr
t
s
s P
s
s
qr rr
s
tt
tt t
P P
t
t t
t t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
P
tt
t t
t t
t tt
q q q
t
t t
t
qr
t t
t t
ss s
t
P
qr qr qr
t t t
t t
qr qr q
t
s
s s
P P
qr q
t
s t
t t
t
t
tt
t
P t t
t
t
t
r
r
r
r
r
t
P
P
ssss
s
t
t s
rs s s s
t
s
t
t
t
r r
r
t s
t
t
r s
r t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t tt
t
t
t
tt r
P
s
t
s s
t
t
t
t t
t t
t
qs ss
s s qs ss
ss
qs ss
qs
ss
r
r
s
r
q qqq
q q
qq q q q
q
r
r
r
r P
r P
P P
P P
P P q
r s
t s
t
P P
q rt rt t r q rr r
q r t r rr r
q r r r t r rt
r r t r
r r q r q t t
r q r rt r
r r q r trt r
tr
t
r r r
s
s
s
P
s s
s P
s
s s
s
s
t t
t
t t
tt
t t
t t
t t
t tt t s
t t t t
t t
t
t
t t t
t
t
t t
t t tt t
t t t t
tt
t tt
tt
t t
tt t ttt
t
t tt t t
t t t
t tt t t
t tt tt
tt t t
t t
t t
t tt t
t tt t t
t tt
st t t t t
t tt t tt t
t t t t
tt t t
t t
t t
t t t
t t t
tt t t t
t t t t
t t t
t t
t
t
t t t
t t
t t
t
tq
t
t t t t
t rtt t
t t
t
t
q r
t
s
P
t
r
r
s s s P P s P
s P P P ss P s s
Ps P s P s P P
P P s ss s P s s
Ps s P P s s P s s
P s s P P s Ps P P
ss s P s P s P s P
s s ss
s tP s s s P sP s
s s ss P s P P t P
s s s s P s s PP
ss
s P P ss ssP P
s P s s P s s ss
s P s P P Pss
P P P
s P
P P s
s Ps ss
s
s
s ss s
ss P
s s P
s s s
Ps
qr
ss Ps s s
s P
P
ss P
s
P s P
s s s
s s Ps P s
PP
s
s
t
t t
t
t rt tt
t tt t
t
t
tt
t
t
t t
t t
t t
t
t t
tt
s
t
t
t t t
t t
t t
P
ss
s
s
s s
s
s
P
s
s
s
s s
s s s
s
s
t
s
q
q
r q
t
r
t
s
t
tt
t t
rr
P
t
t
s
t
r r r qr
qr
s P
P
P
P
P
t t
t
t t t
r
qq
r
P
P
t t
t t
t s
t
tt
P P
q rt
s P P
P P P P
PP P PP P
P P sP
PP P P
P
P P
PP P P
P P s PP P PP
P P P P
P P P P
s P P
P P
P PP
P P P s
P
P P PP
s
P
rt
r r
r r r t
r
PP
sr
rr
r r
s r r
r r r
r s r
s r
r r r r
r r
sr
r s
r
r
rr
r r
sr r r s
q rs s s
t P
Pt
t P
t
t
r s
P P
ss
ss
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t
s
s
P
qr
s
P t
qs
s
s
s
s ss
P
s
qr tr
r r
t r
r r
r r
r r
r r
r
r r
r rr
r r r
r r
r r
r
r t
r r r
rrt r r
r
r r r
r
r r
r r
r r r rr
r r r
r r
r r
r
r r r
P
s s
s
s s
s
t
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s s
s s
s
s s
P P
q r
r
r
r r
s
s s
s
s
s s
s
r
r
q
r r r
r q r
P P
s s
st
s
s
ss t
ts
st
ss st
s
s t s
st ss
ss
s ss
s s s ss
t s t
st s s
s ss s
s
s ss
t st
t
tt
P
r
t
r
s
s
s
r
r
r r
r
s
t
s
t
r
sss
sss
sss
P
t
t
t t s
t
t
t
t
s
t
s
t t s
t t
t t
ts
t r
s tt
r
ts
t ttt t
tt t t ts
t ttts t
t t
tt
t ts
tt
t
t s t t t
t t ts
ttt
tts
t t
t s
t t t
rts
t
tt
t t
t s ss
tt
r
t
t s
t
t s
t t
t ss
s
s
r
q
q s
tr
t
r tr
r rt
r
r
r
t
t r r
r
t
tr
r r
r
r r
r r t
r
t t t
t t t
t tt
t
t t t s t
t
t t
t t
t t t
tt t t
t t t
t t tt
t t t
t tt t
t t t
t t
t t t t t t t
t t t
t t t t t
t t t
tt t t t
t t t
t tt
t t
t tt
t t tt
tt
t t tt
t t tt
t t t
tt t
t
t
t t t
t
t t t t t
r r
t t t t
s s s
s
s s
s
s s s s
t t tt
r r r
rr
r r
r
r
r
r rr
r
r
t r
r
qs
r
r
r
r r
r
r
P
r
r
q q