New Cambridge Statistical Tables PDF

NEW CAMBRIDGE
STATISTICAL
TABLES
D. V. LINDLEY
&
W. E SCOTT
Second Edition
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CONTENTS
PREFACES
page 3
TABLES:
1
The Binomial Distribution Function
2
The Poisson Distribution Function
3
Binomial Coefficients
4
The Normal Distribution Function
5
Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution
6
Logarithms of Factorials
7
The )(2-Distribution Function
8
Percentage Points of the )(2-Distribution
9
The t-Distribution Function
10
Percentage Points of the t-Distribution
11
Percentage Points of Behrens' Distribution
12
Percentage Points of the F-Distribution
13
Percentage Points of the Correlation Coefficient r when p = 0
14
Percentage Points of Spearman's S
15
Percentage Points of Kendall's K
16
The z-Transformation of the Correlation Coefficient
17
The Inverse of the z-Transformation
Percentage Points of the Distribution of the Number of Runs
18
19
Upper Percentage Points of the Two-Sample KolmogorovSmirnov
Distribution
20
Percentage Points of Wilcoxon's Signed-Rank Distribution
21
Percentage Points of the MannWhitney Distribution
22A Expected Values of Normal Order Statistics (Normal Scores)
22B Sums of Squares of Normal Scores
23
Upper Percentage Points of the One-Sample KolmogorovSmirnov
Distribution
24
Upper Percentage Points of Friedman's Distribution
25
Upper Percentage Points of the KruskalWallis Distribution
26
Hypergeometric Probabilities
27
Random Sampling Numbers
28
Random Normal Deviates
29
Bayesian Confidence Limits for a Binomial Parameter
30
Bayesian Confidence Limits for a Poisson Mean
Bayesian Confidence Limits for the Square of a Multiple Correlation
31
Coefficient
A NOTE ON INTERPOLATION
CONSTANTS
4
24
33
34
35
36
37
40
42
45
46
50
56
57
57
58
59
60
62
65
66
68
70
70
71
72
74
78
79
80
88
89
96
96
CONVENTION. To prevent the tables becoming too dense with figures, the convention has been adopted of omitting the leading figure when this does not change
too often, only including it at the beginning of a set of five entries, or when it
changes. (Table 23 provides an example.)
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

The raison d'etre of this set of tables is the same as that of the set
it replaces, the Cambridge Elementary Statistical Tables (Lindley
and Miller, 1953), and is described in the first paragraph of their
preface.
This set of tables is concerned only with the commoner and
more familiar and elementary of the many statistical functions and tests of significance now available. It is hoped that
the values provided will meet the majority of the needs of
many users of statistical methods in scientific research, technology and industry in a compact and handy form, and that
the collection will provide a convenient set of tables for the
teaching and study of statistics in schools and universities.
The concept of what constitutes a familiar or elementary
statistical procedure has changed in 30 years and, as a result,
many statistical tables not in the earlier set have been included,
together with tables of the binomial, hypergeometric and
Poisson distributions. A large part of the earlier set of tables
consisted of functions of the integers. These are now readily
available elsewhere, or can be found using even the simplest of
pocket calculators, and have therefore been omitted.
The binomial, Poisson, hypergeometric, normal, X2 and t
distributions have been fully tabulated so that all values within
the ranges of the arguments chosen can be found. Linear, and
in some cases quadratic or harmonic, interpolation will sometimes be necessary and a note on this has been provided. Most
of the other tables give only the percentage points of distributions, sufficient to carry out significance tests at the usual 5 per
cent and i per cent levels, both one- and two-sided, and there
are also some io per cent, 2.5 per cent and 01 per cent points.
Limitation of space has forced the number of levels to be
reduced in some cases. Besides distributions, there are tables
of binomial coefficients, random sampling numbers, random
normal deviates and logarithms of factorials.
Each table is accompanied by a brief description of what is
tabulated and, where the table is for a specific usage, a
description of that is given. With the exception of Table 26,
no attempt has been made to provide accounts of other statistical procedures that use the tables or to illustate their use with
numerical examples, it being felt that these are more appropriate
in an accompanying text or otherwise provided by the teacher.
The choice of which tables to include has been influenced
by the student's need to follow prescribed syllabuses and to
pass the associated examinations. The inclusion of a table does
not therefore imply the authors' endorsement of the technique
associated with it. This is true of some significance tests, which
could be more informatively replaced by robust estimates of the
parameter being tested, together with a standard error.
All significance tests are dubious because the interpretation to be placed on the phrase 'significant at 5%' depends on
the sample size: it is more indicative of the falsity of the null
hypothesis with a small sample than with a large one. In
addition, any test of the hypothesis that a parameter takes a
specified value is dubious because significance at a prescribed
level can generally be achieved by taking a large enough
sample (cf. M. H. DeGroot, Probability and Statistics (1975),
Addison-Wesley, p. 421).
All the values here are exact to the number of places given,
except that in Table 14 the values for n > 17 were calculated by
an Edgeworth series approximation described in 'Critical values
of the coefficient of rank correlation for testing the hypothesis
of independence' by G. J. Glasser and R. F. Winter, Biometrika
48 (1961), pp. 444-8.
Nearly all the tables have been newly computed for this
publication and compared with existing compilations: the
exceptions, in which we have used material from other sources,
are listed below:
Table 14, n = 12 to 16, is taken from 'The null distribution
of Spearman's S when n = 13(1)16', by A. Otten, Statistica Neerlandica, 27 (1973), pp. 19-20, by permission of the
editor.
Table 24, k = 6, n = 5 and 6, is taken from 'Extended
tables of the distribution of Friedman's S-statistic in the
two-way layout', by Robert E. Odeh, Commun. Statist.
Simula Computa., B6 (I), 29-48 (1977), by permission of
Marcel Dekker, Inc., and from Table 39 of The Pocket Book
of Statistical Tables, by Robert E. Odeh, Donald B. Owen,
Z. W. Birnbaum and Lloyd Fisher, Marcel Dekker (1977),
by permission of Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Table 25, k = 3, 4, 5, is partly taken from 'Exact probability levels for the KruskalWallis test', by Ronald L. Iman,
Dana Quade and Douglas A. Alexander, Selected Tables in
Mathematical Statistics, Vol. 3 (1975), by permission of the
American Mathematical Society; k = 3 is also partly taken
from the MS thesis of Douglas A. Alexander, University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1968), by permission of
Douglas A. Alexander.
We should like to thank the staff of the University Press for
their helpful advice and co-operation during the printing of the
tables. We should also like to thank the staff of Heriot-Watt
University's Computer Centre and Mr Ian Sweeney for help
with some computing aspects.
10
January 1984
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

The only change from the first edition is the inclusion of
tables of Bayesian confidence intervals for the binomial and
Poisson distributions and for the square of a multiple correlation coefficient.
D. V Lindley
Periton Lane,
Minehead
Somerset,
TA24 8AQ, U.K.
W. F Scott
Department of Actuarial Mathematics
and Statistics,
Heriot-Watt University
Riccarton, Edinburgh
EHI4 4AS, U.K.
TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
n= 2
r =o
n= 3 r =o
p=
P = 0.01 0.9801
0.9999
0 '9997
*9996
001
02
0.9703
'9604
*9412
'9988
'9409
9216
.9991
'9984
.03
'04
.9127
.8847
'9974
.9953
'02
'03
'04
0'05
0.9025
8836
0 '9975
0'05
0'8574
8306
0.9928
9896
8044
'9860
'7787
'7536
9818
'9772
'07
'8649
9964
'9951
.68
'8464
'993 6
06
07
.08
09
8281
9919
'09
0. zo
08roo
I I
I2
'7921
0'10 0'7290 0'9720

' II '7050 '9664
'7744
'13
14
'7569
.7396
0.9900
'9879
'9856
'9831
.9804
'12
'13
x4
6815
'6585
6361
0'15
0'7225
7056
0.6141
.5927
6889
0.9775
'9744
'9711
0'15
16
17
-6724
9676
'17
18
6561
9639
'19
0'20
21
'22
'23
o'6400
6241
0.9600
'9559
0'5120
'4930
'6084
'5929
'9516
'24
'5776
'9471
'9424
0'20
'21
'22
'23
'24
0'25
5625
0 '9375
26
'5476
'5329
9324
9271
0'25
'26
5184
9216
'5041
'9159
0'30
0.4900
0.3430
'4761
0.9100
'9039
0'30
'31
.31
3285
'32
'4624
'8976
'32
'3144
'33
.34
'4489
8911
.8844
'33
.3008
'4356
'34
'2875
66
18
19
The function tabulated is
0.9999
.9998
.9997
'9995
'9993
0.9990
'9987
.9983
'9603
'9537
'9978
.9467
.9973
0.9393
.9314
'9231
.9145
'9054
0.9966
'9959
.9951
.9942
'9931
0'8960
0'9920
'4390
8862
8761
8656
'8548
.9907
'9894
9878
9862
0'4219
0.8438
0 '9844
'8324
'8207
'9824
'9803
28
'4052
'3890
'3732
'29
'3579
8087
'7965
'9780
'9756
0.7840
'7713
'7583
.7452
.7318
0 '9730
x 6
'5718
5514
'5314
F(r1n, p) = E (n) pt(i_p)n-t
0.9999
Pr {X < r} = F(rIn, p).

Note that
Pr {X 3 r} = 1 -Pr {X < r= I F(r iln, p).
F(nin, p) = I, and the values for p > 0.5 may be
-
27
'28
'29
6.35
36
'37
'38
.39
0.4225
4096
.3969
'3844
.3721
'43
44
0'2746
0.7182
36
2621
'7045
37
.38
2500
6966
.9493
.2383
.6765
. 9451
'39
'2270
662,3
'9407
0.8400
8319
'3364
82 36
8151
'3249
3136
8064
0'40
02160
41
'2054
0.6480
.6335
0.9360
.9311
'42
'1951
'6190
'9259
'43
44
1852
1756
6043
9205
'9148
6.1664
'1575
'1489
0'5748
1406
.1327
'5300
'5150
0.3025
0 '7975
0.45
46
2916
'2809
7884
.7791
46
'7696
49
.2704
26or
0'50
0'2500
.48
0.9571
'9533
0'35
8704
8631
.8556
.8479
0 '45
.47
'9702
'9672
.9641
9607
0'8775
040 0.3600
.41
.3481
'42
27
'7599
'47
'48
'49
0'7500
0'50
5896
.5599
'5449
0.9089
.9027
.8962
8894
8824
F(rIn, p) =
0'5000
0'8750
F(n r
-
'In, x
p).
The probability of exactly r occurrences, Pr {X = r}, is

equal to
-
F(r
1ln, p ) = (nr) Pr(I
Linear interpolation in p is satisfactory over much of the

table but there are places where quadratic interpolation
is necessary for high accuracy. When r = o, x or n-1 a
direct calculation is to be preferred:
F(o1n, p) = (i - p)n ,
F(1 In, p) = (1 -p)"-1[1 + (n- 1)p]
F(n- iln, p) = 1 -p".
and
For n > 20 the number of occurrences X is approximately normally distributed with mean np and variance
np(1 p); hence, including for continuity, we have
-
F(rin, p) * (1)(s)
npand 0(s) is the normal distribution

A/np(i p)
where s = r+
function (see Table 4). The approximation can usually be

improved by using the formula
F(rin, p) * 0(s)
where y
I -
Y e-is (s2 - x)
6 A/27/
2P
Vnp(i -p)
An alternative approximation for n > zo when p is

small and np is of moderate size is to use the Poisson
distribution:
F(rIn, p) * F(rI#)
where # = np and F(r1,a) is the Poisson distribution
function (see Table 2). If 1 p is small and n(i p) is
of moderate size a similar approximation gives
-
F(rin, p) *
F(n r
-
11,a)
where u = n(i p).

Omitted entries to the left and right of tabulated
values are o and I respectively, to four decimal places.
-
0'1250
found using the result
F(r1n, p)
'4746
'4565
for r = o, r,
n- 1, n < 20 and p 5 O. 5 ; n is sometimes referred to as the index and p as the parameter
of the distribution. F(rin, p) is the probability that X, the
number of occurrences in n independent trials of an
event with probability p of occurrence in each trial, is
less than or equal to r; that is,

n =4
p
= oox
'02
.03
.04
0.05
7= 0
0.9606
-9224
.8853
8493
00I
'02
0'9510
0'9990
'9039
.8587
'9998
.81 54
.9962
.9915
'9852
0 '9999
-03
04
0 '9995
0'05
0 '7738
0 '9774
'9992
'9987
9981
'9973
-o6
o8
'7339
'6957
'6 591
.9681
'9575
'9456
0.9988
998o
9969
'9955
0 '9999
.09
'6240
.9326
'9937
'9999
'9998
'9997
0.9963
'9951
'9937
.9921
'9902
0'9999
'9999
'9998
'9997
'9996
010
'II
0.5905
0.9185
'9035
-8875
.8708
.8533
0 '9914
0 '9995
.9888
.9857
'982,
.9780
'9993
'9991
'9987
'9983
0'9995
(Yr5
i6
0'4437
0 '9734
0 '9999
'17
0.9978
'9971
.9964
'9955
'9945
0 '9933
0 '9997
'9919
9903
9886
9866
'9996
'9995
'9994
'9992
.07
o8
.7164
'09
6857
0.9860
9801
'9733
'9656
'9570
oio
0.6561
0 '9477
'II
12
6z74
'5997
13
'14
.5729
'5470
'9376
'9268
'9153
'9032
0'15
0.5220
i6
'4979
17
'4746
0.8905
'8772
.8634
18
19
.4521
'4305
'8344
0.9880
.9856
.9829
'9798
.9765
0'20
21
0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
'3895
'22
3702
3515
'8037
.7878
'7715
'7550
9688
'9644
'9597
'9547
8491
.23
.24
'3336
0'25
0 '3164
26
'2999
0.7383
.7213
27
2840
*7041
28
'29
2687
'2541
6868
'6693
0.9492
'9434
'9372
9306
'9237
0'30
0.2401
0.6517
0.9163
'31
'32
-2267
2138
'6340
'6163
'9085
9004
'33
'34
2015
'1897
5985
5807
0.35
36
'37
0.1785
1678
'1 575
0.5630
38
'1478
'39
1385
0'40
01296
'41
1212
1132
1056
'42
'43
'44
0'45
-46
'47
'48
49
o.5o
'5453
.5276
-5100
'4925
0.4752
.4580
'4410
'4241
0 '9999
0.8145
7807
'7481
o6
0 '9994
'9977
'9948
9909
n =5
7' = 0
'07
12
x3
'14
'5584
5277
'4984
'4704
0.9984
0'20
0.3277
0 '7373
9981
'9977
'9972
.9967
21
'7167
'6959
.23
'3077
2887
*2707
'24
.2536
.6539
0.9421
'9341
.9256
'9164
.9067
0 '9961
0'25
0 '2373
0.6328
0.8965
0 '9844
0 '9990
'9954
'9947
'9939
'9929
26
2219
8857
*9819
'27
*2073
6117
5907
'5697
'5489
'8743
8624
'8499
'9792
'9762
'9728
.9988
9986
'9983
'9979
05282
'5077
'4875
'4675
'4478
08369
8234
'8095
'7950
7801
0.9692
'9653
.9610
'9564
'9514
0 '9976
0.7648
'7491
'7330
'7165
'6997
0.9460
.9402
'9340
'9274
'9204
0 '9947
0.6826
665,
'6475
6295
6114
0.9130
8967
8879
'8786
0.9898
9884
9869
'9853
'9835
0 '5931
0.9815
'9794
'9771
'9745
'22
'6749
0'30
*9908
'31
01681
'1564
'32
'1454
8918
'8829
'9895
9881
9866
'33
'34
'1350
-1252
0.8735
-8638
'8536
8431
.8321
0.9850
-9832
'9813
'9791
'9769
0.35
0.1160
36
38
1074
'0992
09,6
'39
.0845
0.4284
'4094
'3907
'3724
'3545
082.08
8091
'7970
7845
'7717
0 '9744
0.40
0.0778
0'3370
'9717
9689
9658
9625
'41
'42
'43
'44
.0715
o6o2
0551
'3199
'3033
2871
0 '9590
0'45
0.0503
'9552
'9512
'9469
'9424
'46
'47
'48
'49
'0459
.0731
'3431
0677
3276
0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0'9999
'3487
0'9919
0.7585
'7450
.7311
'7169
7023
0 '9999
i8
'1935
0.3910
'3748
'3588
'9997
'9994
'19
1804
0.0915
0850
'0789
'3939
'3707
-4182
.28
'4074
0.8352
8165
'7973
'7776
'7576
'9993
'9992
'9990
.9987
'29
'0983
'37
-0656
'2714
9051
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
'9971
9966
- 9961
'9955
'9940
'9931
'9921
'9910
-2272
'5561
2135
2002
'5375
0.8688
'8585
'8478
.8365
'5187
'8248
'9718
050
0'0313
0'1875
0'9375
See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.
0'5000
0.8125
0.9688
'0418
'0380
'0345
02562
'2415
9682
'9625
'9563
'9495
'5747

n =6
= 0
p = 001
0.9415
'02
'8858
8330
.03
04
0'05
06
.07
o8
.09
025
26
.27
-28
29
n =7
r=o
p = 001
0'9321
o2
-03
.04
8681
-8080
0'9980
9921
9829
9706
0.9997
'9991
9980
0.9999
0.9556
9382
9187
8974
8745
0.9962
'9937
9903
.9860
9807
0.9998
'9996
'9993
'9988
9982
0 '9743
0'9973
'3773
'3479
0.8503
825o
.7988
.7719
'7444
9669
9584
'9487
9380
9961
'9946
.9928
9906
z6
0.3206
2951
0.7166
6885
0.9262
.9134
.8995
.8846
8687
0.9879
.9847
9811
.9769
9721
'4702
08520
.8343
8159
'7967
*7769
0'9667
9606
'9539
'9464
.9383
0'4449
0'7564
0'9294
4204
3965
'3734
3510
'7354
.7139
6919
6696
9198
.9095
.8984
8866
0'6471
6243
6013
5783
'5553
0.8740
8606
8466
8318
.8163
0.9978
.9962
'9942
.9915
9882
0.9999
'9998
'9997
'9995
'9992
0'9842
'9794
'9739
.9676
.9605
0.9987
.9982
'9975
-9966
'9955
0'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9997
0:::
'4046
0'8857
.8655
.8444
.8224
'7997
0.3771
.3513
3269
3040
2824
0-7765
.7528
7287
7044
.6799
0'9527
.9440
'9345
'9241
.9130
0.9941
.9925
.9906
9884
.9859
0.9996
'9995
'9993
'9990
'9987
0'15
0'2621
2431
0'9011
8885
8750
8609
.8461
09830
'9798
*9761
.9720
.9674
0 '9984
'2252
'2084
'1927
0'6554
6308
'6063
5820
'5578
.9980
'9975
.9969
'9962
0.1780
1642
0.5339
5104
1513
1393
1281
'4872
'4420
0.8306
8144
'7977
.7804
7626
o9624
.9569
.9508
'9443
'9372
0'7443
7256
'7064
.687o
6672
0.7351
-6899
. 6470
-6064
'5679
'4970
23
.24
0.9672
'9541
'9392
9227
*9048
7828
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3102
2877
0'45
46
'47
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0.0025
0.0233
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0017
0014
'0012
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0148
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0.0996
0889
0.2660
'2453
'0791
0702
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'2255
2067
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1888
4018
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0'50
0.0ozo
0.0107
0'0547
O'1719
0'3770
0.6230
0.8281
0 '9453
0 '9893
'31
32
'33
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42
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4
85
2
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'6943
'9993
'9991
'9989
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0 '9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
'9997

n = xx
p = 001
.03
04
8007
-7153
0'9948
9805
.9587
0.9998
9988
.9963
'6382
'9308
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0.9998
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0.05
o6
0.5688
5063
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o8
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0.9848
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963o
9481
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0.9984
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0'9999
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0.8981
8618
8228
7819
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0'10
0.3138
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0.6974
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0'9104
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1903
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'8985
0.9815
'9744
.9659
'9558
'9440
0.9972
'9958
'9939
9913
9881
0.9997
'9995
'9992
.9988
9982
0 '9999
5714
888o
8634
8368
oxs
16
.17
-18
19
0.1673
- 1469
-1288
1127
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0'4922
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3849
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0'7788
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7161
6836
6506
0.9306
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8803
8603
0.9841
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0'9973
0'9997
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0'20
0.0859
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0.3221
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2667
2418
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0.6174
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4866
0.8389
8160
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7667
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0.9496
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0.9883
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0.9980
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0.9998
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0'25
0'0422
0'1971
0'4552
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28
29
0270
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0'9657
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0'9924
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0'8854
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0 '9999
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0'7133
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0 '9988
26
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0.1130
1003
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0.3127
2877
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0.5696
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0.7897
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6941
0.9218
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0.9784
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0.9957
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0.0198
0169
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0'35
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0.4256
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0.6683
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0.8513
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0 '9499
36
'37
-38
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0.40
41
42
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0.0036
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-0025
0021
0017
0.0302
0261
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0.1189
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0.2963
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0.5328
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0 '7535
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0. 45
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0'8953
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0 '9999
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0 '9999
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0 '9999
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0 '9994
0 '9999
'9918
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0'9878
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0.9980
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0.9998
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0.9006
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0.9707
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9601
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0.9941
-9928
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0 '9993
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0.9999
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0.9998
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0'9995
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2100
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0'0014
0'0139
0'0652
0'1911
0'3971
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0009
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0.6331
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7688
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0.9390
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0.9852
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0.9978
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0.0005
0.0059
0.0327
0'1133
0 '2744
0.5000
0.7256
0.8867
0.9673
0.9941

I0
xo
n = 12
p=
(oi
08864
02
'03
04
'7847
0.05
o6
=o
6938
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0.9998
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0'5404
0'8816
0'9804
0 '9978
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0.8891
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0 '9744
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0.4435
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0'7358
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0'9957
0'9995
0 '9999
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0.9998
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0.9078
8886
8676
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0.9761
-9690
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9511
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0.9954
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-9884
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0 '9993
0'9999
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6656
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'5940
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0.2749
-2476
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0 '5583
0 '7946
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0.9806
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9626
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0.9961
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9911
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0 '9999
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7096
0'9274
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0 '9994
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4886
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0'9456
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0'9983
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0.2824
0.6590
II
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0.0687
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0.0317
0.1584
0'3907
0.6488
0.8424
26
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0'0850
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0'4925
0.7237
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6410
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0.8822
8657
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8087
0.9614
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0 '9905
0.5833
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0.7873
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0'9154
0.9745
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0'4382
0.6652
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2078
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0.1513
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0.3467
3201
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0.0057
0.0424
0047
0039
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0315
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oolz
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0'0196
0166
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0099
0'0834
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1853
3825
1671
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0.45
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0.0083
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0.0421
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0.1345
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0.3044
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0.5269
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0057
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0'0193
0.0730
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0.35
36
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38
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0'40
r=x
'9998
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010
18
n = 12
zo
0 '9999
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0'9999
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3225
0.1422
1234
1069
0'45
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0.9998
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.9984
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1637
0'9999
3677
1880
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p = 0.44
o8
2157
0 '9999
0 '9999
07
0'15
0.9938
'9769
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z3
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0.2253
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0'9992
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0.8418
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0.9427
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0.9847
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0'9972
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8041
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7620
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9012
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0.9997
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0.8883
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0'9644
0.9921
0'9989
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0.7393
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6911
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9886
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0.3872
0.6128
0.8062
0.9270
0.9807
0.9968
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II
'9972
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.9955
0 '9944
.9930

n = x3
r=o
p = 0.01
0.8775
0'9928
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7690
6730
5882
'9730
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9068
0.9997
9980
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9865
0.9999
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0.9999
06
0'5133
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0.8646
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0.9755
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0.9969
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0.9997
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0.2542
0.6213
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0.8661
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0.9658
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0.9935
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0'9991
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0.9658
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0.9925
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0'9987
0 '9998
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0.7473
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0.9009
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0.9700
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0.9930
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0.9988
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0.9998
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0.5843
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0 '7940
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0'9757
0.9944
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0.4206
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0.6543
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0.8346
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0.9376
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0.9960
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0.9993
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0 '9999
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0.9818
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0'5005
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0 '9999
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24
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26
0200
27
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1 1 11
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0'40
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0.0579
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0.3530
0.5744
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0.45
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0.3326
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0.9302
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0.9797
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0.9959
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0.50
0.0001
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0.0461
0.8666
0.9539
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0.1334
0.2905
0.5000
0.7095

12

n = 13
r = II
12
p=
n = i4
p = oox
02
'02
03
04
03
.04
0.05
06
.07
o8
09
0'05
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r=
0.8687
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0.9916
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0 '9999
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0.9998
0-4877
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0.8470
0'9699
0 '9958
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0.9559
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0.9908
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0.9985
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0.3567
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0.6479
6068
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0.8535
8258
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0.9533
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0.9885
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0'9978
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0.9997
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0'0440
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0.4481
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1741
06982
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0.8702
- 8477
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0.9561
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0.9884
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0.9976
99 67
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0.25
26
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28
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0'0178
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0'2811
0'5213
0'7415
0'8883
0'9617
0'9897
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2033
1812
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6807
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9868
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0.30
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0055
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o.o475
0.1608
0.3552
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1254
1101
2968
2699
0030
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0.5842
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5187
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0.7805
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6994
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0.9067
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0.9685
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0.35
36
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0.0024
0019
0016
0012
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0.0205
0'9999
0.35
36
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38
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0172
0143
0119
0.0839
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0630
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0.2205
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1774
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0.4227
3920
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3057
0.6405
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5169
0.8164
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0.9247
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8988
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0.40
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0'9999
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0.40
o-0008
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o.0081
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0.0398
0339
0.1243
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0'2793
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0'4859
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0054
0044
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2078
1868
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0.6925
6645
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6063
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0.8499
8308
8104
7887
7656
0'45
0 '9995
0.0002
0002
0.0170
0'5461
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0001
0001
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0.3373
3100
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0015
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0.0632
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0'1672
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0.45
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0.0029
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0'50
0'9983
0 '9999
0'50
0000I
0'0009
0'0065
I2
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16
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18
19
27
28
29
31
32
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0'9999
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0 '9999
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0'9999
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0468
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0399
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1167
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0.7414
7160
-6895
6620
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0'0287
0'0898
0'2120
0.3953
0.6047
1490

1
0 '9999

t/ = 14
71 = 15
r= 0
p = oox
'02
'03
p = 0.01
o86oi
r= 8
xo
II
12
13
.02
'7386
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'6333
0.9904
'9647
'9270
'04
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.5421
'8809
0.9996
.9970
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0.05
06
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09
0.05
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09
0.4633
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2863
0.8290
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0.9638
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9171
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0.9945
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9825
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6035
8531
9601
0I0
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x x
0'2059
0.5490
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0.8159
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6916
6480
0.9444
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9041
8796
8524
0.6042
5608
5181
0'8227
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0.15
x 6
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.9999
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.9998
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0'20
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22
0.9996
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0'25
0'9978
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0 '9999
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0.9997
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0.9999
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-9998
12
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1238
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0'15
0.0874
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17
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0731
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0.3186
-2821
2489
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19
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0'20
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0241
0'1671
0'3980
0'6482
1453
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6105
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23
24
0198
0163
1087
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0'0134
0109
0089
0072
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0'0802
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0.2361
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1863
0'4613
4258
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1447
3914
3584
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0.0047
0038
0.0353
0296
o,268
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0.2969
2686
28
29
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0.9999
'9999
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32
'33
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0 '9757
0 '9940
0 '9989
0'9999
o35
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36
0.9417
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0.9825
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0.9961
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0'9994
0'9999
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0.45
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o88ii
8652
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0'9574
0.9886
9861
9832
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0.9978
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9966
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0 '9997
9500
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0'50
0.7880
0.9102
0.9713
0.9935
0'9991
0.9917
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0'9983
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0.35
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0'30
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0'0142
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0'0617
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0'1727
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0078
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0'0052
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0'0905
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0.0107
0.0424
- 0087
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0.0176
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0.45
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0.9999

1
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13
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0.9998
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0.30
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1741
0 '9998
0001
0001
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Y/
= 15
r= 4
xo
II
12
13
p = 0. oi
'02
'03
0 '9999
'04
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0.05
36
0'9994
0 '9999
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.07
'9972
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'9993
'9987
-o8
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9918
0'10
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0.9873
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9639
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0.15
16
17
18
19
0'20
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0.25
26
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28
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0.30
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0.9997
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0.9383
0.9832
0'9999
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0.9964
'9948
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9898
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0 '9994
9222
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0.9819
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9626
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0.9958
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0.9992
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0.9999
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0.9434
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8870
0'9827
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0.9958
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9927
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0'9992
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0 '9999
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0.8689
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0.9500
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9023
0.9848
9810
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0.9963
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0.7548
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0.8868
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0.9578
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9180
0.9876
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9768
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0.9972
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0'6098
0.7869
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0.9050
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8573
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0.9662
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0.9907
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0.9981
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0 '9997
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3
4
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0.9231
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69
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0.6964
0.8491
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0.8358
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0.6865
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0.5155
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3829
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0.9389
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8921
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0.8516
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8042
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0.7216
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38
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0.9978
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0.3519
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0'5643
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0 '9999
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'43
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1367
2869
5786
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0.2608
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0.4522
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2125
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3606
0.6535
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0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
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0'9999
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15
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0 '9999
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n = i6
P=
1' = 0
or
08515
0'9891
02
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9601
03
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6143
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0.9995
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0.9998
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0 '9999
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0.9999
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10
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2634
0.81(38
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0.9571
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8306
0.10
43.1853
0.7892
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6074
0.9316
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8838
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0.9830
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9652
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0.9967
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9918
9880
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0'9999
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0.5147
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13
14
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0'5614
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0.9209
0 '9765
0 '9944
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8273
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9888
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0'9989
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0 '9998
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0'2839
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0'7899
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0'1407
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0'3518
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0'5981
0'7982
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23
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0 '9999
5186
0'9930
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0 '9998
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0. 9733
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9568
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0 '9985
5582
0'25
0'0100
0'0635
0'1971
0'4050
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3360
3041
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0.8103
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0'9204
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8683
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0.9729
9660
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0.9925
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0 '9997
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0.8406
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0.9329
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0.9771
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0.0743
0'9930
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0.8577
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8168
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0.9417
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0.3660
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0.5629
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0.7441
7171
6889
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0'8759
8584
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8,86
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0 '9514
0'0106
0'0384
0'1051
0'2272
0'4018
0.5982
0.7728
0 '8949
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000i
0016
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0.0001
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0.00,0
-oo08
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00066
0053
0042
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050
0'0003
0'0021
0'45
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16
'9921
'9900
'9875
'9845
.9426
'9326
'9214
.9089

n = 16
7= 11
12
13
14
n = 17
p=
P = oox
'02
03
'04
7= 0
0.0I
'02
0.8429
'7093
.03
'04
'5958
0 '9877
0.9994
'9956
9866
'9714
'4996
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9091
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0.4181
'3493
0.7922
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o8
09
2423
6638
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'5396
0.4818
- 4277
0 '9997
9986
9960
0.9999
'9996
8073
0.9912
.9836
'9727
'9581
'9397
0.9988
'9974
'9949
9911
'9855
0.9999
'9997
'9993
'9985
'9973
0.9174
.8913
8617
8290
0.9779
'9679
'9554
.9402
0.9953
.9925
9886
0.9497
.9218
8882
0.05
'o6
'07
o8
og
0'05
0I0
II
- 12
I3
010
'II
12
0.1668
.0937
.0770
.3318
'14
'13
'14
0.7618
'7142
6655
6164
'2901
'5676
'7935
'9222
0.15
x6
x.7
x8
19
0.15
16
17
18
19
0.0631
0516
0421
.0343
0278
0'2525
0'5198
0'7556
0'9013
2187
1887
1621
-1387
'4734
4289
3867
'3468
7159
'6749
'6331
5909
'8776
.8513
8225
'7913
0.9681
'9577
'9452
'9305
'9136
0'20
2I
'22
020
'21
'22
0'0225
0182
0'1182
1004
0'3096
0'5489
5073
0'7582
0.8943
'2751
'0146
0849
'2433
'4667
'7234
6872
'8727
8490
'23
'24
23
0118
'0094
0715
0600
2141
'4272
6500
'8230
'24
1877
3893
'6121
'7951
0.0075
.0060
0.0501
0417
0.1637
'1422
0.3530
0'5739
'3186
0047
'0346
oz86
'0235
'1229
Io58
2863
2560
'5357
'4977
-4604
0.7653
'7339
.7011
6671
*0907
'2279
'4240
-6323
0'0193
'0157
'0128
'0104
0083
0'0774
'0657
0556
'0468
'0392
0'2019
-1781
1563
'1366
1188
0'3887
0'5968
'3547
.5610
2622
'4895
'4542
0'25
26
.27
'28
-29
o6
0'25
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
26
0'30
0'0023
0018
0'0007
0005
0'0067
0'0327
0'1028
0'2348
0'4197
0054
0272
0885
0004
0043
0034
'0225
0185
-3861
'3535
-1640
0027
0151
0759
-0648
'0550
2094
.1858
' 1441
3222
'2923
0'0021
0'0123
0'0464
012,60
0016
0013
0100
oo8o
0390
0326
1096
0949
'0010
'0065
0271
- 0817
'2121
'1887
0008
0052
0224
0699
1670
0.0041
0032
0025
0020
0.0184
0151
'0123
0099
0.0596
0505
'0425
0356
0'1471
iz88
'I 122
0972
0015
oo8o
-0296
-0838
0'0012
0.0064
0'0245
0.0717
0'9999
'9999
'9999
0.35
.36
'37
-38
'39
0'9987
0 '9998
0'35
'9983
'9977
'9970
'9962
'9997
'9996
'9995
'9993
'36
040
0.9951
'9938
'9999
'37
38
'39
0 '9991
0 '9999
0'40
.9988
'41
'42
'43
'44
0'9999
- 0038
0014
0011
0009
'0003
'0002
0'0002
'0001
'9922
'9984
'9902
'9879
'9979
'9973
.9998
.9998
'9997
'9996
0.45
'46
'47
'48
'49
0.9851
'981 7
'9778
'9732
.9678
0.9965
'9956
'9945
'9931
.9914
0.9994
'9993
'9990
'9987
'9984
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
0.45
0'0006
'46
'47
'48
'49
0004
0003
050
0'9616
0.9894
0.9979
0 '9997
050
O'COOI
'41
'42
'43
'44
*9834
'9766
'0030
'31
32
'33
'34
'31
.32
'33
'34
'3777
'27
'28
29
0.9997
'9996
'9995
'9993
'9990
0'30
'1379
'11 3 8
*8497
0001
000x
000x
0002
0002
17
'3222
2913
'5251
0.2639
'2372

7Z=17
r=6
0.9999
'9998
'9996
'9993
.9989
0'9999
0.9997
'9995
'9992
.9988
-9982
xo
II
12
13
14
15
p = oox
'02
'03
'04
0.05
o6
.07
o8
0 '9999
'9998
.09
'9996
0'10
0.9992
II
12
13
'9986
.9963
'14
'9944
0'15
0.9917
16
-9882
17
x8
19
.9837
.9709
0.9983
'9973
'9961
'9943
.9920
0'20
'21
22
0.9623
0.9891
0 '9974
0 '9995
0 '9999
'9853
.23
24
'9521
9402
'9264
9106
9680
.9963
'9949
'9930
.9906
'9993
9989
'9984
'9978
'9999
'9998
'9997
'9996
0 '9999
025
0.8929
0.9598
0.9876
0 '9999
8732
9501
.9839
8515
'9389
28
8279
9261
'9794
'9739
29
8024
9116
9674
0.9969
'9958
'9943
.9925
.9902
0 '9994
26
.27
'9991
'9987
9982
'9976
'9998
'9998
'9997
'9995
0 '9999
0'30
0.7752
0 '9993
0'9999
32
'7162
'8 574
'33
'34
6847
6521
8358
.9508
'9405
9288
8123
'9155
0'9873
.9838
'9796
'9746
9686
0 '9968
'7464
0.8954
.8773
0 '9597
'31
'9957
'9943
.9926
9905
'9991
.9987
.9983
'9977
'9998
'9998
'9997
'9996
0 '9999
0.35
.36
0.6188
.5848
0.9617
'9536
'9443
'9336
9216
0.9880
. 9849
9811
9766
'9714
0.9970
9960
'9949
'9934
.9916
0 '9999
5505
0.9006
'8841
.8659
.8459
8243
0 '9994
'37
07872
76o5
'7324
7029
6722
'9992
.9989
.9985
.9981
'9999
'9998
'9998
'9997
0.6405
6080
'5750
'5415
5079
0.801 x
.7762
'7498
.7220
6928
o9o81
8930
. 8764
.8581
8382
o.9652
9580
'9497
'9403
'9295
0.9894
.9867
.9835
'9797
'9752
0 '9975
0 '9995
0'9999
.9967
'9958
'9946
'9931
'9994
'9992
.9989
.9986
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
0 '4743
'49
1878
.3448
0.6626
6313
'5992
.5665
'5333
0.8166
'7934
7686
'7423
'7145
0.9174
.9038
8888
8721
.8538
0.9699
.9637
9566
'9483
.9389
0.9914
.9892
9866
.9835
'9798
0.9981
'9976
.9969
.9960
'9950
0 '9997
'48
0.2902
2623
.2359
2110
0.50
o1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.9755
0.9936
0.9988
'9977
-978o
38
5161
'39
'4818
0'40
0.4478
'41
'42
'4144
.3818
'3501
3195
'43
'44
0'45
'46
'47
9806
'9749
'4410
'4082
3761
'9999
'9998
0 '9999
'9999
'9998
'9997

18
'9996
'9995
'9993
'9991
0 '9999
'9999
'9999
0'9999

n = 18
r=0
p = cin
02
.03
.04
08345
0.9862
'6951
9505
-578o
'4796
8997
8393
0.9993
9948
'9843
.9667
0.9996
.9982
'9950
0.9998
'9994
0 '9999
0.05
0.3972
0.7735
o6
3283
.7055
0.9419
9102
.8725
.8298
.7832
0.9891
'9799
'9667
'9494
.9277
0-9985
.9966
'9933
'9884
.9814
0.9998
'9995
'9990
'9979
.9962
0 '9999
'9997
'9994
0 '9999
0.9018
.8718
8382
8014
.7618
0.9718
'9595
'9442
'9257
.9041
0.9936
.9898
.9846
'9778
9690
0.9988
'9979
.9966
'9946
.9919
0.9998
'9997
'9994
'9989
9983
xo
07
2708
6378
o8
'2229
5719
09
1831
.5091
010
'II
0.1501
0.4503
12
1227
I002
395 8
3460
13
0815
14
o66z
3008
26oz
0.7338
.6827
6310
'5794
5287
0.15
0.0536
'17
i8
19
.0349
-0225
0.4797
'4327
3881
3462
3073
0.7202
'6771
-6331
5888
'5446
0.8794
-8518
8213
7884
'7533
0.9581
'9449
'9292
9111
8903
0.9882
'9833
'9771
.9694
9600
0.9973
'9959
'9940
'9914
988o
0 '9999
'0434
0.2241
'1920
'1638
1391
1176
0 '9995
x6
'9992
9987
9980
'9971
'9999
'9998
'9996
'9994
0'20
'21
22
0'0180
0144
'0114
'0091
'0072
0'0991
'0831
'0694
'0577
'0478
0'2713
2384
0'5010
'45 86
0'7164
'6780
0'8671
8414
0'9487
0.9991
0 '9998
-2084
.1813
'4175
3782
1570
.3409
6387
'5988
'5586
8134
7832
7512
0.9837
'9783
'9717
'9637
'9542
0'9957
'9355
9201
-9026
8829
'9940
'9917
'9888
.9852
'9986
'9980
'9972
9961
'9997
'9996
'9994
'9991
0.25
0'0056
26
27
28
29
0.0044
0.0395
0324
0.1353
1161
0.3057
2728
0.5187
'4792
0.7175
6824
0.8610
-837o
0.9431
'9301
0035
'0265
'0991
'2422
'4406
6462
8109
'9153
oo27
0021
0216
0842
2140
4032
6093
'0712
1881
3671
5719
.8986
8800
0-9946
.9927
9903
.9873
'0176
'7829
'7531
0.9807
'9751
-9684
'9605
9512
0.9988
'9982
'9975
'9966
'9954
0.30
'31
32
0.0016
0013
0010
0.0142
0114
0092
o.o600
0502
0419
0.1646
'1432
0.3327
'2999
0.5344
'4971
0'7217
6889
0.8593
8367
0.9404
9280
0 '9939
'0073
'0348
'4602
4241
6550
6203
.91 39
0007
-0006
2691
'2402
8122
33
'34
'1241
'1069
0058
0287
.0917
2134
'3889
5849
7859
'7579
8981
8804
0.9790
'9736
.9671
'9595
-9506
0.35
0'0004
0.3550
0.5491
'0665
1659
'3224
. 5 1 33
0561
1451
2914
'4776
0002
0'0236
0193
'0157
'0127
0.1886
-0003
0002
0'0046
'0036
'0028
0022
0.0783
36
0472
1263
'2621
.4424
'39
0001
0017
0103
'0394
1093
- 2345
'4079
0.7283
.6973
6651
6319
'5979
0.8609
.8396
8165
'7916
7650
0.9403
9286
.9153
9003
.8837
40.9788
'9736
.9675
9603
'95 20
0.40
0.0001
0.0013
0.0082
0001
0001
0010
'0008
'0066
0052
0041
0.0328
0271
-0223
0182
0.0942
0807
0687
0582
0.2088
'1849
1628
1427
0.3743
3418
'3105
2807
0.5634
'5287
'4938
'4592
0.7368
.7072
6764
'6444
'0032
'0148
'0490
1243
2524
423 0
'6115
0.8653
8451
8232
'7996
'7742
0 '9424
'41
0'2258
'2009
0-3915
1778
-1564
.3272
'2968
0.5778
'5438
'5094
'4751
1368
'2678
.4409
0.7473
.7188
6890
-6579
6258
0.8720
8530
8323
8098
7856
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
23
-24
'37
38
'42
oz81
'43
'44
0006
0004
0'45
0'0003
'49
00120
0096
'0077
0061
'0048
0.1077
0002
0002
0001
0001
0.0025
'0019
'0015
0011
'0009
0.0411
'46
'0342
0283
'0233
0190
'0928
0795
'0676
'0572
0.50
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
'47
'48
3588
19
0'9999
'9998
'9997
'9836
0 '9999
'9999
9920
9896
.9867
9831
-9314
9189
.9049
'8893
n= ig
P = oox
P= ooz
'02
'03
'02
03
04
5606
8900
4604
0'05
o6
07
08
' 20 5 1
'5440
'8092
09
'1666
'4798
.7585
1()
II
12
0.1351
0'4203
0'7054
1092
'3658
'6512
0881
'0709
3165
'2723
-5968
.5432
'0569
*2331
4911
0'0456
-0364
-0290
0230
0182
01985
-1682
1419
1191
-0996
0'4413
0'20
'21
'22
'23
24
0.0144
o'o829
-0687
0.2369
2058
0'25
n = 18
r = II
12
13
14
xs
x6
'04
0'05
'o6
.07
o8
09
0'10
I I
I2
I3
'I4
13
'14
0.15
0'15
16
x7
x8
x6
x7
x8
19
19
0'20
'21
'22
0 '9999
'23
'24
'9999
'9998
0'25
0 '9998
'9997
26
'27
28
.29
'9995
-9993
*9990
0-9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
0.8262
09847
'6812
'9454
'8249
0'9991
'9939
-9817
*96 I 6
0 '3774
0 '7547
0 '9335
3086
-6829
6i2x
.8979
8561
'2519
'0113
.3941
'3500
-3090
-2713
'0089
0566
I 778
'0070
*0465
*1529
'0054
'0381
I 308
0.0042
0033
0.0310
0251
'0203
'0163
0667
'29
'0025
*00 I 9
0015
oiii3
'0943
.0795
0131
'0557
26
'27
-28
0.9986
.998o
'9973
'9964
'9953
0 '9997
0'30
0'0011
0'0104
0'0462
.31
'32
'33
'34
'9996
'9995
'9992
'9989
0'9999
3 I
'0009
'0083
'9999
'9999
'9998
32
33
'34
-0007
0065
0382
0314
'0005
0051
'0257
'0004
0040
'0209
0'35
0 '9938
36
37
.38
'39
.9920
.9898
-9870
'9837
0'9986
9981
'9974
.9966
'9956
o9997
'9996
'9995
'9993
'9990
0.40
'41
'42
'43
'44
0 '9797
'9750
'9693
9628
'9551
0'9942
'9926
'9906
9882
-9853
0.45
'46
'47
'48
'49
0.9463
.9362
'9247
9117
'8972
0'50
o8811
0'30
0.35
0'0003
0'0031
0'0170
0'9999
36
0002
'9999
'9999
'9998
37
38
-39
0002
'0024
'0019
' 0137
'0110
'0001
0014
'0087
000x
'0011
'0069
0 '9987
0'9998
0'40
o000i
'9983
-9978
'9971
.9962
'9997
'9996
'9994
'9993
0.0008
0006
0005
0004
0003
00055
'0043
0033
'9999
'9999
'41
'42
'43
'44
0.9817
'9775
.9725
9666
'9598
0 '9951
0'9990
'9987
.9983
'9977
'9971
0 '9999
0'45
0'0002
'9937
'9921
'9900
'9875
'9998
'9997
'9996
'9995
000x
0001
0.0015
0012
0 '9999
'46
'47
48
'49
0.9519
0.9846
0'9962
0 '9993
0 '9999
050
0 '9999

20
'0026
'0020
'0009
'000!
'0007
'0001
0005
0'0004
TABLE I. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

=1
r=
10
II
12
13
p = 0'01
'02
03
04
0 '9995
-9978
*9939
0.9998
'9993
0'05
o6
0.9868
'9757
0.9980
'9956
07
'9602
'9915
98
.09
.9398
'9147
-9853
*9765
oio
0885o
II
I2
'8510
'8133
0.9648
'9498
.13
-7725
.14
-7292
o15
16
17
0.6841
638o
.5915
'18
-19
'5451
'4995
0'20
'21
'22
0.4551
.23
-24
.3329
0 '9999
0.9998
'9994
.9986
.9971
'9949
0 '9999
.9998
.9996
*9991
0.9999
'9999
-9096
.8842
0'9914
9865
-9798
9710
'9599
0.9983
'9970
'9952
'9924
.9887
0.9997
'9995
'9991
'9984
'9974
0.8556
8238
-7893
'7524
*7136
0.9463
.9300
.9109
'8890
-8643
0'9837
.9772
-9690
'9589
'9468
0 '9959
0.8369
.8071
0.9324
.9157
0.9767
'9693
'7749
- 7408
.7050
8966
-9604
'2968
0.6733
.6319
'5900
-5480
.5064
'8752
'8513
'9497
'9371
0.25
0.2631
0.4654
0.6678
08251
0.9225
-26
27
-28
29
'2320
'2035
'4256
'6295
'7968
'9059
-5907
.7664
.1776
-3871
. 3502
'5516
1542
'3152
5125
0.30
0.1332
32
.1144
0978
'33
'34
'0831
'0703
0'2822
. 2514
'2227
' 1963
0'4739
31
0.35
'4123
'3715
.9315
'4359
'3990
.9939
.9911
'9874
.9827
0 '9999
'9998
'9997
'9995
0 '9999
0.9992
.9986
'9979
'9968
'9953
0.9999
-9998
'9996
'9993
'9990
0 '9933
0-9984
'9977
*9966
'9907
'9873
'9831
'9778
'9953
'9934
0 '9999
'9999
'9998
0 '9997
'9995
'9993
'9989
'9984
0'9999
'9997
0 '9999
0'9977
0.9995
0 '9999
'9968
.9956
'9940
'9920
'9993
.9990
'9985
'9980
'9999
.9998
'9997
'9996
0 '9999
'9999
. 9998
'7343
.8871
.8662
0.9713
-9634
.9541
.9432
0.9911
.9881
-9844
'9798
7005
'8432
'9306
'9742
0.6655
'6295
'5927
'5555
-5182
0.8180
'7909
7619
'7312
6990
0.9161
'8997
-8814
'8611
8388
0 '9674
0-9895
9863
.9824
'9777
'9720
0.9972
.9962
'9949
'9932
'9911
0 '9994
0 '9999
'9595
9501
'9392
9267
.9991
'9988
'9983
'9977
-9998
-9998
'9997
'9995
0.6656
6310
'5957
'5599
*5238
0.8145
.7884
'7605
'7309
'6998
0.9125
.8965
.8787
'8590
'8374
0.9653
'9574
.9482
'9375
'9253
0.9886
'9854
'9815
'9769
'9713
0.9969
'9959
'9946
'9930
'9909
0 '9993
0.9884
'9854
-9817
'9773
9720
0.9969
9960
9948
'993 3
'9914
.1720
'3634
.3293
0.0591
0495
0- I 500
1301
0.2968
-2661
'39
0412
'0341
0281
1122
'0962
0821
'2373
'2105
1857
0.4812
'4446
'4087
3739
3403
0'40
0'0230
0'0696
0'1629
0'3081
-0587
-0492
0410
0340
1421
- 1233
1063
- 0912
'2774
2485
2213
1961
0.6675
*6340
'5997
.5647
- 5294
0.8139
7886
7615
.7328
7026
0.9648
'0187
- 0151
0.4878
.4520
-4168
3824
.3491
0'9115
'V
896o
-8787
.8596
-8387
'9571
'9482
'9379
9262
0.0777
0658
0554
0463
0.1727
.15 r 2
-1316
1138
0.3169
2862
-2570
2294
0978
'2036
0.6710
'6383
- 6046
'5701
- 5352
0.8159
'7913
- 7649
-7369
.7072
0'9129
'0385
0.4940
'4587
4238
3895
'3561
'8979
- 8813
-8628
.8425
0.9658
'9585
9500
.9403
. 9291
0.9891
-9863
9829
.9788
'9739
0'0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.9165
0.9682
.36
'37
38
- 42
'43
'44
'0122
0.45
0.0280
0229
0186
49
0'0077
006r
'0048
'0037
0029
0'50
0'0022
0'0096
46
'47
'48
'0097
-0150
'0121

21
'9991
.9987
'9983
'9977

n = 19
P
r = 14
15
16
n = 20
= 0
0.9990
'9929
'9790
.9561
O 0 I
02
'03
'04
p = 00i
0.8179
02
'6676
.03
'5438
0.9831
9401
8802
04
'4420
'8103
0'05
0'05
o6
-07
o8
09
o6
07
0.3585
290I
0.7358
6605
'2342
5869
o8
1887
09
1516
5169
4516
&If)
I I
12
X3
010
I I
'12
0'1216
'0972
'0776
0.3917
13
0617
2461
14
'14
0490
&IS
0'15
x6
x7
/8
19
16
17
x8
19
0'20
'21
'22
'23
24
0'20
'21
'22
23
-24
025
'26
'27
'28
'29
0'25
26
0014
0123
0526
'29
0011
'0097
0'30
0'30
.31
'31
'32
o0008
.0006
0004
'33
'34
0003
'32
'33
'34
'9999
.36
'37
'38
'39
0.9999
.9998
'9998
'9997
'9995
0.40
'V
0-35
0 '9994
'9973
.9926
0 '9997
'9990
0 '9999
0.9245
885o
8390
.7879
'7334
0.9841
'9710
'9529
9294
-9007
0.9974
'9944
'9893
.9817
.9710
0.9997
'9991
9981
.9962
'9932
0.6769
6198
'2084
5080
'4550
0.8670
8290
.7873
'7427
.6959
0.9568
'9390
.9173
8917
8625
0.9887
.9825
'9740
-9630
'9493
0.9976
'9959
'9933
.9897
.9847
0.0388
0.1756
0-4049
0.6477
-0306
1471
3580
'5990
0241
1227
'3146
5504
o189
-0148
1018
2748
5026
'0841
'2386
4561
0.8298
'7941
'7557
7151
.6729
0.9327
.9130
.8902
-8644
.8357
0.9781
-9696
'9591
'9463
'9311
0'0115
0090
0069
0'0692
'0566
0461
0'2061
1770
1512
04114
0054
.0374
1284
-2915
0.6296
5858
'5420
.4986
0.8042
7703
'7343
6965
'0041
'0302
'1085
'2569
'4561
'6573
0.9133
-8929
.8699
'8443
8162
0'0032
'0024
0018
0'0243
0195
0155
0'0913
'0763
o635
0'2252
0'4148
0'6172
07858
'0433
1962
1700
1466
1256
3752
'3375
3019
2,685
.5765
'5357
'4952
'4553
'7533
7190
6831
6460
0.0076
oo6o
0047
0.0355
0289
0235
0.1071
0908
0765
0.2375
2089
1827
0.4164
3787
.3426
0.6080
-5695
5307
'0036
'0028
'0189
3083
'4921
0152
'0642
'0535
'1589
'0002
-1374
.2758
'4540
0.35
0'0002
0'0021
0'0121
0.0444
0001
0016
-0096
-0366
0.1182
101 z
0'2454
36
0.4166
3803
27
28
0 '9999
'3376
2891
5631
-3690
'3289
2171
0'9999
'9997
'9994
.9987
'37
000 I
0012
0076
'0300
'0859
1 9 10
. 3453
38
0001
0009
oo6o
0245
0726
1671
0 '9999
'39
0001
'0007
0047
0198
'0610
'1453
3118
2800
0 '9994
0'9999
0'40
0'0005
0'0036
0.1256
'41
0004
0003
-0028
-0021
0423
'0349
1079
'43
'44
'9999
'9998
'9997
'9996
oo16o
-0128
0.0510
'9991
'9988
'9984
'9979
0 '9999
0.45
0.9972
0'9995
'46
'47
'48
'49
'9964
'9954
'9940
'9924
'9993
'9990
'9987
'9983
0.50
0.9904
0'9978
0 '9996
. 42
42
'0783
oo63
.0286
0233
0660
0.2500
2220
21925
1959
-1719
1499
0.0009
0.0049
0.0189
0.0553
0.1299
'0007
'0005
'0152
0121
0096
'0076
'0461
0381
0313
'0255
I I I 9
'0958
'o688
0.0059
0.0207
0.0577
0102
.0080
'44
'0002
0002
0012
0 '9999
0'45
0.000!
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9997
'46
0001
'47
000I
43
'49
0004
0003
'0038
0029
0023
. 0017
0'50
0.0002
0.0013
48

22
.0922
0814

n - 20
p=
r = 7
I0
I1
0.9999
'9999
.9998
'9996
0 '9999
12
13
14
15
16
0.01
'02
03
'04
0.05
o6
.07
o8
'09
0.9999
'9998
0. 10
II
I2
0.9996
13
14
'9976
.9962
0' 15
0.9941
.16
'17
18
'19
.9912
'9992
'9986
0.9999
.9999
.9998
*9995
'9992
0 '9999
'9999
'9759
0'9987
.9979
'9967
.9951
'9929
0'9998
.9996
'9993
-9989
'9983
0'20
2I
0.9679
0.9900
0 '9974
9862
'22
'23
24
*9464
'9325
9165
'9814
'9754
-9680
9962
*9946
*9925
'9897
0.9994
'9991
'9987
9981
'9972
0 '9999
'9581
'9998
'9997
.9996
'9994
0.9999
'9999
0'25
'26
0.8982
'8775
.27
28
-29
'8 545
8293
'8018
0.9591
'9485
'9360
0.9861
'9817
.9762
'9695
9615
0.9961
'9945
.9926
.9900
9868
0.9991
'9986
.9981
.9973
9962
0.9998
'9997
*9996
'9994
'9991
0'9999
0'30
0.7723
-7409
0.8867
866o
0'9987
0 '9997
6732
6376
-8182
7913
'9909
-9881
'9846
-9982
'9975
9966
'9955
'9996
'9994
'9992
'9989
0 '9999
'8432
0.9829
.9780
*9721
'9650
.9566
0 '9949
.9931
'7078
0.9520
.9409
'9281
.9134
8968
0.35
'36
-37
38
'39
06oio
'5639
.5265
-4892
'4522
0.7624
'7317
'6995
6659
'6312
o8782
'8576
'8350
8103
'7837
0.9468
'9355
'9225
9077
'8910
0.9804
'9753
'9692
9619
'9534
0.9940
'9921
'9898
9868
*9833
0.9985
'9979
'9972
.9963
'9951
0 '9997
'9996
'9994
'9991
'9988
0'9999
0.40
'41
'42
'43
'44
0.4159
'3804
'3461
'31 32
'2817
0.5956
'5594
'5229
'4864
4501
0 '7553
0'8725
.852o
'8295
8o5i
7788
0 '9435
0'9984
0'9997
'9321
'9190
9042
8877
0'9790
.9738
.9676
9603
'9518
0 '9935
'7252
'6936
'6606
6264
9916
'9893
9864
9828
'9978
'9971
.9962
'9950
'9996
'9994
.9992
'9989
0 '9999
0.45
'46
'47
48
'49
0.2520
'2241
'1 980
'1739
'1518
0.4143
*3793
3454
'3127
2814
0.5914
'5557
'5196
'4834
'4475
0.7507
*7209
6896
6568
*6229
0.8692
. 8489
-8266
8o23
7762
0'9420
- 9306
'9177
9031
8867
0'9786
'9735
.9674
'9603
'9520
0 '9936
0 '9985
0 '9997
'9917
'9895
9867
'9834
'9980
'9973
'9965
'9954
'9996
'9995
'9993
*9990
0 '9999
0'50
0'1316
0.2517
0.4119
o'5881
0.7483
0.8684
0.9423
0 '9793
0 '9941
0'9987
0 '9998
.31
.32
'33
'34
'9873
-9823
'9216
9052
'9999
'9998
'9999
'9999
'9998

23
'9999
'9998
'9998
'9999
.9999
'9998
'9999
'9999
'9999
TABLE 2. THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

r=
6
0'00
'02
04
1'0000
0'9802
06
o8
0.9418
09231
.9992
-9983
9970
0.10
0.9048
0 '9953
12
'8869
14
x6
x8
'8694
8521
.8353
'9934
'9911
9885
.9856
0'20
'22
0.8187
0.9825
'8025
'9791
24
7866
0.9608
0'9998
F(r
for r = o, I, 2, ... and ft < 2o. If R is a random variable

with a Poisson distribution with mean it, F(r1/1) is the
r; that is,
probability that R
0 '9999
0.9998
'9997
'9996
'9994
'9992
r} = F(rl,u).
Pr {R
Note that
Pr {R r} =
=I
'26
'7711
'28
.7558
'9754
.9715
'9674
0'30
0.7408
0.9631
32
'34
.36
-38
'7261
*9585
'7118
.6977
.6839
'9538
'9488
'9437
0.9989
.9985
.9981
-9976
'9970
0'9999
0.9964
.9957
'9949
'9940
'9931
0 '9997
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
F(r
F(r1/1)- Ffr -
r - I}
ilp).
r!
Linear interpolation in is is satisfactory over much of

the table, but there are places where quadratic inter-
.9997
'9996
'9995
'9994
polation is necessary for high accuracy. Even quadratic

interpolation may be unsatisfactory when r = o or I and
a direct calculation is to be preferred: F(olp) = e1 and
F(il#) =
0.6703
.6570
'6440
'6313
6188
0'9384
.9330
'9274
9217
9158
0.9921
9910
9898
.9885
'9871
0.9992
'9991
'9989
'9987
'9985
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
0'50
'52
o6o65
'5945
'54
'5827
-56
.5712
-58
'5599
0.9098
'9037
'8974
8911
'8846
0.9856
'9841
'9824
*9807
'9788
0.9982
'9980
'9977
'9974
'9970
0.9998
'9998
.9998
'9997
'9997
o6o
62
.64
-66
-68
0.5488
0.8781
'8715
'8648
0.9769
'9749
'9727
-8580
.851r
9705
0-9966
.9962
'9958
'9953
'9948
0.9996
.9995
'9995
'9994
'9993
070
72
0.4966
9682
Pr {R
equal to
0.40
.42
'44
'46
'48
'5273
5169
5o66
The probability of exactly r occurrences, Pr {R = r}, is
+p).
R is approximately normally distributed
with mean it and variance p; hence, including 4 for
For # >
.5379
li:
=t
20,
continuity, we have
F(rlis)
Co(s)
where s = (r+4 p)Alp and 0(s) is the normal distribution function (see Table 4). The approximation can
usually be improved by using the formula
-
F(rip)
0:10(s) -
I 2rt
e-"I
(s2 - I) (s5 -7s2 +6s)1
6,/,7
72#
For certain values of r and > 20 use may be made of

the following relation between the Poisson and X2distributions :
F(rlit) = I -F2(r+i) (210
0'9999
where Fv(x) is the x2-distribution function (see Table 7).

Omitted entries to the left and right of tabulated values
'9999
'9999
are o and I respectively, to four decimal places.
'74
'4771
.76
78
.4677
.4584
08442
8372
83o2
'8231
.8160
o8o
- 82
.84
0.4493
'4404
.4317
o8o88
8o16
'7943
0.9526
'9497
'9467
-86
-88
.4232
-4148
.7871
.9436
'7798
'9404
090
0.4066
'92
'3985
0.7725
'7652
0-9371
'9338
'94
'3906
'7578
'9304
'96
'3829
'98
'3753
'7505
'7431
roo
0.3679
0-7358
'4868
0'9659 0'9942 0'9992 0 '9999

'9634
'9991
'9999
'9937
-9608
.9930
'9990
'9999
'9582
'9924
'9989
'9999
'9998
'9917
'9554
'9987
0.9909
'9901
'9893
'9884
'9875
0.9986
'9984
'9983
'9981
'9979
0.9998
.9998
'9998
'9997
'9997
0'9977
'9974
'9972
'9969
.9966
0'9997
'9269
. 9233
0-9865
'9855
'9845
'9834
.9822
0.9197
0.9810
0.9963
0'9994
'9996
'9996
'9995
'9995
0'9999
'9999
'9999
0 '9999
24

ii
0.9197
'9103
'9004
8901
'8795
0.9810
'9778
'9743
9704
.9662
0.9963
'9955
'9946
.9935
'9923
0 '9994
0'9999
'9992
'9990
.9988
'9985
'9999
'9999
.9998
*9997
0.9617
.9569
'9518
'9463
'9405
0'9909
.9893
.9876
'9857
'9837
0'9982
'9978
'9973
'9968
'9962
0 '9997
6092
'59 x 8
'5747
0.8685
8571
8454
'8335
'8213
'9996
'9995
'9994
'9992
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
0 '9955
0'9991
.9989
'9987
*9984
'9981
0 '9998
'9948
'9940
'9930
'9920
10
II
I t.
r = 12
3'40
0'9999
'45
'9999
3.50
0-9999
1.00
'05
xo
15
0.3679
'3499
-3329
3166
0.7358
*7174
6990
6808
'20
'3012
'6626
1.25
-30
'35
'40
'45
o'2865
0.6446
'2725
.2592
'6268
1.50
'55
60
65
70
0.2231
2422
2019
1920
1827
0.5578
0.8088
'5412
'7962
0 '9344
'9279
5249
*7834
.7704
. 7572
'9212
*9141
9068
0.9814
'9790
'9763
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0.1353
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0.6767
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0.8571
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0.9958
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0.9989
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0.4815
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0.9927
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0.9978
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0.8554
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0'9999
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0.4232
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0.6472
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0.9161
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0.9665
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0.9881
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0.9962
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0.9989
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0'9999
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0.0498
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3.25
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0.1648
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0.3696
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0.5914
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0.7717
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0.8888
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0.9523
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0.9817
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0.9980
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0 '9994
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0 '9999
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0.0302
0.1359
0.3208
0.5366
0.7254
0.8576
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0'9901
0'9967
0.9990
0 '9997
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0 '9999
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0.9999
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0 '9999
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IL
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10
0.3208
3117
0.5366
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0.7254
7160
0'8576
8509
0 '9347
0 '9733
9308
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0'9901
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0.9967
9963
0.9990
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3.50
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0'0302
0'1359
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0273
0260
0247
1307
1257
3027
5152
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1209
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0 ' 0235
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0'4838
0.6775
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0.9I37
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0.9624
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0.9852
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9828
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0'9947
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0.9983
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0.8893
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0'9489
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0'9786
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0.9919
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0.9972
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0.8617
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0.9702
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0.9880
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0.9956
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85
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0.2037
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0.3862
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0.5801
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0.9326
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0.5321
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0.9582
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0.9812
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0.9799
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0 '9999
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27
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IL
r= 3
10
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12
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0.9964
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0.9161
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0.9912
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0.3690
6
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0.7916
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0.9661
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.8724
0.9418
'9353
'9284
9210
.9131
0'9633
'25 85
0 '5640
*5448
5256
5065
'4875
0.6550
'6367
6182
'5996
5810
0.7363
'7199
7031
'6859
6685
0.8055
'7914
7769
.7619
7465
0.8615
85oo
838o
-8255
-8126
0.9047
8958
8864
'8765
866o
0.9367
9301
9230
'9154
'9074
'4
6
-8
'3444
'3260
-3083
2911
16 0
'2
6
8
2285
2144
'2971
0.4667
'4470
.4276
4085
3898
170
0.2009
0.2808
0.3715
'2
'1880
'2651
'3535
'4
.6
8
'1758
.1641
1531
2500
' 2354
. 2215
3361
'3191
'3026
0.4677
'4486
.4297
'4112
'3929
18.0
0.2081
.1953
183o
'1714
'1603
0.2867
2712
.2563
'2419
*2281
0.3751
.3576
'3405
.3239
*3077
0.4686
.4500
'4317
.4136
'3958
0.5622
'5435
*5249
'5063
.4878
0.6509
'6331
6151
'5970
.5788
0.7307
'7146
6981
'6814
.6644
0'7991
.7852
7709
7561
7410
0.8551
.8436
8317
8193
8065
0.8989
*8899
'8804
'8704
8600
0.1497
'1397
0'3784
'3613
3446
'3283
'3124
0'4695
*4514
'4335
4158
'3985
0'5606
*5424
'5242
5061
'4881
0'6472
'6298
6122
*5946
5769
0.7255
'7097
'6935
'6772
'660 5
0.7931
'7794
'7653
'7507
'7358
0.8490
'8376
'8257
'8134
8007
0.2970
0.3814
0.4703
0'5591
0'6437
0.7206
0 '7875
'4
13
2432 '33
3139
0.1426
.1327
'1233
.6
8
1145
xo62
10'0
0.0984
'2
'0911
'4
.6
8
0842
.0778
0717
-1213
0'2148
'2021
1899
.1782
1128
-1671
0'2920
'2768
2621
' 2479
2342
20.0
0.0661
0.1049
0.1565
0.2211
'2
-1303
31
'9588
'9539
9486
.9429
ii.
r = 24
25
mo
0.9998
0 '9999
'2
'9997
'4
'6
'8
'9997
'9996
'9995
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
36
37
38
39
fl
1= 35
IT2
'4
'6
'8
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
x8.0
0.9999
'2
'9999
0 '9999
'4
'6
.8
'9998
'9998
'9997
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
190
.2
'4
.6
.8
0.9997
'9996
'9995
'9994
'9993
0.9998
'9998
'9998
'9997
'9996
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
0 '9999
20'0
0'9992
0'9996
0.9998
0'9999
0'9999
30
31
32
33
34
26
27
0 '9999
'9999
12'0
*2
0.9993
0 '9997
0'9999
'9991
'4
.6
'8
'9989
.9987
'9984
'9996
'9995
'9994
'9992
'9998
'9998
'9997
'9996
13'0
0.9980
'9976
'9971
.9965
'9958
0.9990
'9988
.9985
.9982
'9978
0'9995
'9994
'9993
'9991
'9989
0.9998
'9997
'9997
'9996
'9995
0 '9999
.2
'4
.6
.8
14.0
.2
'4
'6
.8
0.9950
'9941
'9930
.9918
'9904
0 '9974
0 '9987
0 '9994
0 '9997
0 '9999
0 '9999
9969
'9963
'9956
'9947
'9984
9981
'9977
'9972
'9992
'9990
'9988
9986
'9996
'9995
'9994
.9993
'9998
'9998
'9997
'9997
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
15.0
0.9888
0.9996
'9995
'9994
'9992
'9991
'9998
'9997
'9996
'9995
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
0 '9999
'9851
9829
9804
0.9991
'9990
.9987
.9985
'9982
0'9999
'4
.6
-8
0.9983
'9979
'9975
'9971
'9965
0 '9998
'9871
0.9938
.9928
.9915
9902
'9886
0'9967
'2
16o
0 '9777
'9747
0'9989
'9986
'9984
'9981
'9977
'9993
'9992
'9990
'9988
0'9997
'9997
'9996
'9995
'9994
0 '9999
'9952
'9944
'9934
'9924
0'9978
'9974
'9969
'9964
'9957
0 '9999
'9713
.9677
'9637
0.9925
9913
.9900
-9884
'9867
0 '9994
'4
'6
'8
0'9869
.9849
9828
'9804
'9777
0 '9959
'2
'9998
'9998
'9998
'9997
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
17.0
0'9594
'9546
0'9748
'9968
9962
'9956
'9949
'9983
.9980
'9976
9972
'9991
'9989
'9987
-9985
0'9996
'9995
'9994
'9993
'9992
0'9998
'9998
'9997
'9997
'9996
0'9999
'9495
.9440
'9381
0.9950
'9942
'9933
-9922
9910
0 '9993
'4
6
.8
0.9912
'9898
.9883
9866
.9848
0 '9986
.9715
'9680
.9641
'9599
0.9848
9827
'9804
'9778
'9749
0 '9973
'2
x8o
0.9317
0'9554
'9249
'4
6
8
'9177
.9100
9019
.9505
'9452
.9395
'9334
0.9718
.9683
- 9646
9606
'9562
0.9827
-9804
'9779
9751
'9720
0.9897
'9882
9866
.9847
9827
0.9941
'9931
'9921
'9909
'9896
0.9967
9961
'9955
'9948
'9939
0.9982
'9979
'9975
'9971
'9966
0.9990
'9989
'9986
'9984
.9981
0'9995
'2
0.9998
'9997
'9996
'9996
'9995
19.0
0.8933
'8842
'4
6
8
'8746
8646
8541
0.9269
'9199
'9126
'9048
8965
0.9514
'9463
'9409
'9350
9288
0.9687
.9651
'9612
'9570
'9524
0.9805
.9780
'9753
.9724
'9692
0.9882
9865
'9847
.9828
9806
0.9930
'9920
'9908
'9895
9881
0'9960
'9954
'9946
'9938
.9929
0.9978
'9974
'9970
'9965
'9959
0'9988
'9986
'9983
9980
'9977
0 '9994
'2
20'0
0.8432
0.8878
0.9221
0 '9475
0.9657
0'9782
0.9865
0.9919
0'9953
0 '9973
0'9985
.996;
'9954
'9945
'9936
0.9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
z8
'9999
'9999
0 '9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
29
0'9999
'9999
'9999
0 '9999
'9999
32
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9994
'9993
'9991
'9990
0 '9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9998
'9998
'9992
'9991
.9989
'9987
TABLE 3. BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

This table gives values of
n!
n(n 1). .(n r + 1)
(n r)! r!
r!
(r ) =nC,
when r> in use (1 =

n ) (n) is the number of
r
n r
r
ways of selecting r objects from n, the order of choice being
immaterial. (See also Table 6, which gives values of log10 n!
for n < 300.)
=x
I
2
I
I
3
4
3
6
I
4
I
1
10
15
7
8
I
x
21
5
6
7
8
9
10
35
56
84
xo
II
12
I
I
I
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
I
1
I
1
19
20
21
22
23
24
Jo
II
28
36
45
55
66
5
15
35
70
126
20
21
7
28
84
56
126
120
210
252
210
120
330
495
462
792
462
924
33o
792
1716
1716
3003
3432
14
715
1001
1287
2002
15
105
455
1365
16
17
120
560
1820
18
19
136
153
171
68o
816
969
2380
3060
3876
3003
4368
6188
8568
11628
5005
8008
12376
18564
27132
I
I
I
I
I
20
21
22
190
210
231
I I 4o
1330
1540
23
253
1771
4845
5985
7315
8855
15504
20349
26334
33649
38760
54264
74613
100947
24
276
2024
10626
42504
134596
25
26
27
I
I
I
300
28
29
x
I
25
26
27
28
29
325
351
378
406
2300
2600
2925
3276
3654
12650
14950
17550
20475
23751
53130
65780
80730
98280
118755
230230
296010
376740
475020
30
30
435
4060
27405
142506
593775
?I
II
12
= 20
184756
167960
125970
21
22
23
352716
352716
293930
646646
1144066
1961256
705432
1352078
2496144
646646
1352078
2704156
3268760
5311735
4457400
7726160
24
26
27
28
29
8436285
13037895
13123110
21474180
2.0030010
34597290
5200300
9657700
17383860
30421755
51895935
30
30045015
54627300
86493225
25
8
36
165
220
286
364
10
78
91
33
177100
13
77520
203490
497420
6435
45
165
495
xo
55
220
1287
3003
715
2002
31824
50388
6435
12870
24310
43758
75582
24310
48620
92378
77520
x 1628o
170544
245157
346104
125970
203490
319770
490314
735471
167960
293930
497420
817190
13.07504
480700
657800
888030
1184040
1560780
1081575
1562275
2220075
3108105
4292145
2042975
3124550
4686825
6906900
10015005
2035800
5852925
14307150
11440
19448
14
5005
11440
15
2496144
3876o
116280
319770
817190
1961256
15504
54264
170544
490314
1307504
5200300
10400600
20058300
37442160
67863915
4457400
9657700
20058300
40116600
77558760
3268760
7726160
17383860
37442160
77558760
119759850
145422675
155117520
1144066
TABLE 4. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

The function tabulated is 0(x) =
fx
.V2it
dt. 0(x) is
-00
the probability that a random variable, normally distributed

with zero mean and unit variance, will be less than or equal
to x. When x < o use 40(x) = i -0( - x), as the normal
distribution with zero mean and unit variance is symmetric
about zero.
0(x)
(I)(x)
(11(x)
I(x)
(13( x)
0'00
0'5000
'5040
'5080
0'40
'41
'42
0*6554
'6591
0'80
81
1'20
0'8849
8869
2'00
0.97725
.9463
*9474
5120
5160
82
83
x.6o
61
62
0'9452
8907
'8925
'63
'9484
- 44
6628
6664
67oo
0'7881
7910
'7939
.64
'9495
0,
02
03
04
'97778
*97831
'97882
*97932
0.8944
8962
898o
.8997
1.65
66
67
-68
'69
0.9505
9515
9525
'9535
'9545
2'05
0'97982
o6
07
o8
09
98030
170
0.9554
.9564
'9573
.9582
'9591
210
01
02
03
04
'43
'84
.7967
'7995
21
22
23
.24
0'85
0'8023
1'25
86
87
88
89
8051
8078
8106
8133
26
27
28
-29
0'05
06
0.5199
'5239
0.45
.46
.07
.5279
*47
08
'5319
'09
'5359
48
.49
0.6736
.6772
6808
6844
.6879
010
0'5398
0'50
0'6915
0'90
0'8159
130
'II
12
'5438
'5478
13
'14
.5517
'5557
51
52
.53
'54
6950
6985
.7019
'7054
'91
92
93
.94
8186
8212
.8238
.82,64
3I
-32
.33
'34
0.15
16
17
18
19
0-5596
5636
.5675
.5714
'5753
0.55
56
'57
58
'59
0.7088
7123
'7157
7190
'7224
o.95
96
.97
98
.99
0.8289
8315
.8340
8365
.8389
0'20
'21
'22
0.5793
0.60
0.7257
100
'5832
'5871
'61
'7291
'01
62
02
'03
'04
'5910
'63
'5948
'64
'7324
'7357
'7389
0.25
26
0 '5987
0'65
0'7422
1.05
6026
6064
'6103
6141
'7454
'7486
.7517
'7549
06
27
'28
66
67
68
o8
09
.23
'24
29
'69
'07
8888
'9015
0'9032
*9049
'98077
98124
'98169
0'98214
'98257
'98300
9066
.9082
'9099
.71
'72
.73
'74
1.35
36
'37
38
'39
0-9115
9131
'9147
9162
'9177
r75
76
.77
78
'79
0 '9599
2'15
0'98422
9608
.9616
9625
'9633
16
.17
18
'19
98461
98500
.98537
'98574
0'8413
1'40
0'9192
1.80
0.9641
'41
.9207
'8,
'9649
2'20
'21
0.98610
.8438
'8461
'8485
'8508
'42
'9222
'9236
'925 1
-9656
'9664
.9671
22
.23
.24
98679
'43
.44
82
.83
.84
'98745
0.8531
.8554
'8577
8599
8621
1'45
'46
'47
48
'49
0 '9265
1.85
86
0'98778
26
'9292
'87
'27
'98809
'98840
9306
'9319
88
'89
0.9678
9686
.9693
9699
'9706
2'25
'9279
28
29
98899
150
0.9332
'9345
'9357
'9370
-9382
1'90
0.9713
'9719
2'30
0'98928
.31
.98956
'9726
'32
'98983
'9732
'9738
'33
'34
'99010
'99036
0.99061
'99086
II
12
.13
14
0'30
31
32
0.6179
070
'71
'72
0.7580
110
'6217
6255
'7611
7642
I 1
'33
'34
.6293
'6331
'73
'74
'7673
'7704
13
'14
0.8643
8665
8686
'8708
'8729
0.35
36
'37
38
'39
0.6368
6406
'6443
6480
'65 1 7
0.75
76
'77
78
'79
0'7734
r15
16
17
i8
19
0.8749
8770
.8790
8810
883o
r55
'56
.57
58
'59
0 '9394
1'95
0 '9744
2'35
7764
'7794
7823
'7852
.9406
'9418
9429
'9441
'96
'97
98
'99
'9750
'9756
9761
'9767
-36
.37
38
'39
0'40
0.6554
0.80
0.7881
120
0'8849
160
0'9452
2'00
0'9772
2.40
12
(I)(x)
'51
'52
'53
.54
34
'91
.92
'93
'94
.98341
.98382
98645
'98713
98870
'99111
'99134
'991 58
0'99180
TABLE 4. THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

x
(1.(x)
(1)(x)
(1)(x)
(1)(x)
2'40
0.99180
2'55
0'99461
2'70
'99202
'99224
'99245
'99266
56
'99477
II
2.85
86
'57
58
.72
'73
'74
'99683
88
59
'99492
.99506
.99520
0.99653
'99664
'99674
'99693
89
0.99781
.99788
'99795
.99801
-99807
3.00 0.99865
',II
2'60
0 '99534
2.75
0.99813
305
0.99886
-76
0.99702
.9971i
2'90
61
62
'63
'64
'99547
9x
.99819
o6
.99889
'99560
.77
.99720
'92
'99825
07
'99893
'49
0'99286
'99305
'99324
'99343
'99361
'93
'94
'9983 1
'99836
o8
.09
'99900
2'50
0.99379
.52
'99396
'99413
0'99841
- 99846
3.10
. 51
I2
'53
'54
13
'99913
'14
'99916
2'55
3'15
0'99918
'42
'43
'44
2'45
'46
'47
'48
'87
'99573
78
.99728
'99585
'79
'99736
2.65
0'99598
99609
.99621
2.8o
8x
2'95
'99430
'99446
66
.67
68
.69
-99
.99851
.99856
.99861
0'99461
2.70
3'00
0'99865
.99632
83
'99643
*84
(3'99744
'99752
.9976o
'99767
'99774
0.99653
2'85
0'99781
82
.96
.97
.98
ox
02
'03
04
(D(x)
.99869
'99874
'99878
'99882
.99896
0.99903
.99906
'99910
0(x)
3'15
x6
0.99918
x7
i8
19
'99924
.99926
'99929
3'20
'2I
'22
6 23
24
0 '99931
3'25
0 '99942
'26
'27
28
-29
'99944
'99946
'99948
'99950
3.30
0.99952
.99921
'99934
'99936
'99938
'99940
The critical table below gives on the left the range of values of x for which 0(x) takes the value on the right,
correct to the last figure given; in critical cases, take the upper of the two values of (1)(x) indicated.
3.075
0.9990
3o5
0.9991
'130 0'9992
3.215
3'174 0.9993
0 '9994
3'263 09994
3-320 09995
3.389 0.9996
3'480 0.9997
3.615 0.9998
0 '9999
When x > 3.3 the formula -0(x) *
xV2IT
99990
3 .916 0 '99995
3.976 099996
0
3.826 0.99993
3.867 0.99994
4'055 0.99997
4'173 0.99998
4'417 099999
100000
3'73ro .99991
3159
3 .791 99992
0 '99995
I 3 15 1051
is very accurate, with relative error
7+ 78+71x
less than 945/x1.
TABLE 5. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
This table gives percentage points x(P) defined by the
equation
ioo
lc e-It2 dt.
x(P)
If X is a variable, normally distributed with zero mean and

unit variance, P/Ioo is the probability that X x(P). The
lower P per cent points are given by symmetry as - x(P),
x(P) is 2PI loo.
and the probability that IXI
x(P)
50
0'0000
45
40
35
0'1257
30
25
0'2533
0 '3853
0'5244
0 '6 745
0.8416
x(P)
x(P)
x(P)
5'0
P6449
2'0
2'0537
I'0
2'3263
010
3'0902
1.6646
1'6849
3'0
2'9
1'8808
4.8
4'6
4'4
P8957
2'8
1 .91 10
2.0749
20969
2.7
0'07
P7279
2'6
P9268
1.9431
2.3656
2089
2.4573
4*2
I'6
2'1444
0.9
o8
0.7
o6
0.09
0T8
1.7060
1.9
1.8
r7
2.5121
0'06
3'1214
3.1559
3'1947
3.2389
P7507
2.5
P9600
I.5
21701
o5
1'7744
P9774
1 '9954
1.4
2.1 973
0.4
2.5758
2.6521
1 . 7991
2'4
2'3
1'8250
P8522
2*2
2'1
2'0141
r3
12
2'0335
I I
22262
2'2571
2'2904
0'3
02
01
I0
P2816
4'0
3.8
36
3.4
P6449
3'2
20
15
1.0364
35
2i20i
x(P)
2/478
28782
3.0902
x(P)
00x
0.005
3.2905
3.7190
3.8906
0.001
0.0005
4.4172
0.05
4.2649
TABLE 6. LOGARITHMS OF FACTORIALS

n
log10 n!
0'0000
o0000
logio n!
log10 n!
log10 n!
loglo n!
100
157'9700
377'2001
250
251
161'9829
267'1177
200
201
202
374.8969
159'9743
15
151
152
26
62
4 '9
7 35. 6
59
9
Ica
379'5054
163.9958
153
269.3024
203
381.8129
252
253
154
271'4899
204
384.1226
254
492.5096
494'9093
497'3107
499'7138
502'1186
227753.'86783043
205
206
255
256
278'0693
280'2679
207
208
282'4693
209
386 '4343
388.7482
39 P 0642
393.3822
395'7024
210
211
212
398'0246
400'3489
402'6752
log10 n!
50
64.483 1
5x
102
103
0'3010
52
3
4
0.7782
53
66.1906
67.9066
69.6309
I 3802
54
71'3633
104
1660128
5
6
7
8
9
2'0792
2'8573
73.1037
74.8519
76.6077
78.3712
80. 1420
105
xo6
107
xo8
109
168.0340
170.0593
3'7024
4'6055
5'5598
55
56
57
58
59
172'0887
156
157
1741221
176.1595
158
1 59
IO
II
6.5598
6o
819202
83'7055
178'2009
1802462
284'6735
61
II0
III
160
7'6012
161
12
13
14
8.6803
9'7943
10'9404
62
63
64
85'4979
87.2972
89'1034
112
1
xx
13
4
182.2955
118846...43045845
262
163
286.8803
289o898
15
12'1165
65
90'9163
115
188'4661
16
13.3206
92'7359
94'5619
96'3945
98.2333
xx6
440075..734
360
291'3020
258
259
504'5252
506'9334
509'3433
511'7549
514.1682
260
261
262
263
518.9999
52 r 4182
523.8381
264
5262597
528.6830
531.1078
533'5344
535.9625
538.3922
257
164 293.5168
214
215
409.6664
297.9544
216
217
265
266
4112:3
4 03
07
03
9
ix 8
165
,66
167
,68
295'7343
190.5306
192.5988
194.6707
2,8 416.6758
267
268
119
196'7462
169
219
419.0162
269
220
221
222
421'3587
423'7031
426'0494
270
271
272
17
14'5511
66
67
x8
15.8063
68
19
17.0851
69
20
18.3861
70
100'0784
120
198.8254
170
306.8608
21
22
23
19'7083
21'0508
22'4125
71
72
101 .9297
200'9082
171
309'0938
202 '9945
24
23'7927
107. 5196
121
122
123
124
172
173
174
311.3293
313'5674
315'8079
223
224
428'3977
430'7480
273
274
25
25.1906
26.6056
28.0370
29%4841
30'9465
75
109'3946
111. 2754
125
209-2748
175
318.0509
225
433'1002
126
211'3751
176
320'2965
226
322'5444
324"7948
327'0477
227
228
229
435'4543
437.8103
4.40.1682
442.5281
275
276
277
8o
81
83
124.5961
34
38- 4702
84
126.5204
329.3030
331.5607
333.8207
336.0832
338'3480
230
231
82
120'7632
122'6770
33
32.4237
33.9150
35'4202
36.9387
85
86
128.4498
130'3843
X85
340'6152
235
186
3428847
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
35
40'0142
36
37
41'5705
43.1387
38
44 7185
39 46.3096
73
74
76
77
78
79
103'7870
105'6503
117
205'0844
207'1 779
113.1619
127
213.4790
115-0540
128
215.5862
177
178
116.9516
129
217.6967
179
118.8547
130
131
132
219'8107
221'9280
224'0485
181
133
134
226 .1 724
228'2995
135
136
137
138
230.4298
232- 5634
234.7001
236 . 8400
87
132-3238
88
89
134.2683
136-2177
180
182
183
184
300'1771
302'4024
304'6303
189
283
284
572.5753
575' 0287
285
:5569:7
02
99
6:
286
577'4835
579.9399
461'4742
463 .8508
288
349'70 71
239
466.2292
289
468'6094
470'9914
473'375 2
475'7608
478.1482
47'91 16
90
138'1719
140
241'1291
190
351'9859
240
49'5244
51' 1477
52'7811
54'4246
91
140.1310
141
243.2783
354.2669
241
45
56.0778
46
47
48
49
57'7406
59'4127
61'0939
62. 7841
50
64.4831
92
142'0948
142
245'4306
93
94
144. 0632
146'0364
143
144
247'5860
249'7443
191
192
193
194
95
96
97
98
148.0141
1 49'9964
1519831
1 53'9744
145
146
251'9057
254.0700
147
256'2374
368'0003
99
155.9700
148
149
258.4076
260.5808
197
198
1 99
100
57'9700
150
262'7569
200
For large n, logio n!
565.2246
567-6733
237
40
570'1235
584
2;8
39
577
587.3180
290
589/804
291
592'2443
292
293
294
594'7097
597.1766
599'6449
295
296
297
6o2'1147
356'5502
242
358.8358
361.1236
243
244
195
363'4136
245
196
365.7059
246
480'5374
482.9283
370.2970
372'5959
248
2
47
8
249
487
71 5
5'32140
298
609'5330
490' 1116
299
612.0087
374.8969
250
492.5096
300
614.4858
0.39909 + (n+ logio n - 0.4342945 n.
36
553'0044
555'4453
557.8878
560.3318
562 '7774
280
281
282
238
41
42
43
44
540'8236
543.2566
545.6912
548'1273
550'5651
444.8898
447'2 534
449-6189
451.9862
454'3555
3
3 :=
187
139 238.9830
232
233
234
278
279
516'5832
604.586o
607.0588
TABLE 7. THE x'-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

F,(x)

FAx)
jo
tiv-le-igdt
0
(The above shape applies for v > 3 only. When v < 3 the mode is
at the origin.)
for integer v < 25. Fp(x) is the probability that a random

variable X, distributed as X2 with v degrees of freedom, will
be less than or equal to x. Note that F,(x) = 20(xi) - (cf.
Table 4). For certain values of x and v > 25 use may be made
of the following relation between the X2 and Poisson
distributions :
with mean v and variance 2v. A better approximation is

usually obtained by using the formula
Fv(x) * (1)(V-z; - zy -
Fv(x) = 1 - F(iv - x I ix)
where 4(s) is the normal distribution function (see Table 4)

Omitted entries to the left and right of tabulated values are
r and o respectively (to four decimal places).
where F(rlit) is the Poisson distribution function (see

Table z). If v > 25, X is approximately normally distributed
=
x = 0.0
'I
'2
'3
'4
V =
V =
x = 4.0
0 '9545
x = 00
0.0000
x = 4.0
'I
'2
'9571
V =
o0000
'2482
'3453
.4161
'4729
V =
08647
8713
v=
x = 0.0
o0000
x = 4-o
:2
1
:0
00
22
84
2
'2
-.4
6
0.7385
'7593
:7
79
78
66
5
. 0598
8130
0.5
-6
o.o811
5.0
0.8282
1036
-2
.9904963
'9137
'9
'4
6
8
'8423
'8553
'9
1268
1505
1746
0'3935
'4231
'4512
5.o
0.9179
9219
10
I
0'1987
'2229
6o
I
'2
'2
'8 977
'3
.2
.3
'2470
'2709
'5034
'4
'4
'2945
'4
'6
'8
9063
.4780
'9257
'9293
'9328
5'5
'6
0 '9361
1.5
0'3177
6
.7
.3406
.3631
7'0
'2
0'9281
'9392
'8
27
0
'3851
'4066
:4
6
:93
49
508
.8
*9497
0.4276
'4481
8-o
4681
':4
86
0'9540
'9579
6
199
.. 966647
9-o
0'9707
'2
'4
'9733
'9756
'9596
'2
:0
04
98
58
2
'2
' 8775
.9619
'3
'4
'1393
'8835
'3
-o400
.1813
'3
-4.
.8892
'4
0.9661
9680
'9698
.9715
'9731
0'5
0'2212
4:5
0 8946
6
'7
2592
'8997
'2953
'8
'3297
'9
'3624
0'9747
-9761
'9774
'9787
1'0
'I
'9799
'4
3
'4
'9641
05
0'5205
6
'7
8
.9
- 5614
'5972
6289
-6572
4.5
6
.7
-8
'9
10
0.6827
50
'I
'7057
'I
'2
'7267
'2
'3
'4
'7458
'7633
'3
'4
I'5
'6
'7
8
.9
0 '7793
0.9810
9820
1.5
0.5276
'9830
'9840
.7
8203
-8319
5'5
'6
'7
'8
'9
'8
-5507
.5726
'5934
'9849
.9
.6133
'9
'9477
2'0
0'8427
6.o
0.9857
2.: 0
3
1
1
O.:68
33
24
6:.!
2
o:.99945520:
' 8527
'I
'65or
'2
-8620
'2
'9865
'9872
'6671
'3
'4875
'4
'6988
'4
6
.8
'I
'2
'9879
'9886
'9550
'9592
9631
-9666
2'5
0:55422
457
'794 1
'8o77
.2
'3
'2
:78
'2
8672
8782
o8884
'9142
'9214
'9342
'3
' 8706
*4
'8787
'3
'4
25
0.8862
6.5
o'9892
25
0'7135
7.o
0'9698
'6
'8931
'6
'9898
'6
'7275
'2
'9727
'7
'8997
'7
'9904
'9057
'8
'9909
'9
'9114
'9
'9914
'9
'7654
'4
.6
'8
'9753
.9776
'9798
'7
.8
'9
'5598
'8
:78
503:
:774
'5927
:6
8
:97
977
97
3'0
0.9167
-9217
70
3-o
I
0'7769
8:2
o
7
0:9
98314
3 o
.1
o 6o84
6235
10.0
'2
'7981
8o8o
'8173
'4
'9850
'2
'3
'8
9864
'9877
'4
'6382
'6524
- 666o
'4
'6
8
0.9814
9831
'9845
'9859
9871
o8262
'8347
'8428
9'0
'2
o9889
'9899
'4
'9909
'8577
'6
'8
'9918
'9926
o.679z
6920
'7043
7161
'7275
Io
'8504
3.5
-6
'7
-8
'9
o'8647
I00
0.9933
4'0
0'7385
'2
'9264
'2
'3
'4
'9307
'9348
'3
'4
0.9918
'9923
'9927
'9931
'9935
3'5
'6
'7
'8
'9
0'9386
'9422
'9456
'9487
7.5
'6
0'9938
'9942
'7
'9945
'8
'9517
'9
'9948
'9951
3.5
'6
'7
'8
'9
4'0
0 '9545
8'o
0.9953
4'0
'I
3
'4
7878
37
. 5765
0.9883
9893
'4
'9903
6
'8
.9911
.9919
12'0
0'9926
TABLE 7. THE x2-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

9
xo
II
.00x 8
0073
0190
o'0006
0029
oo85
0'0002
00001
0011
0037
0.0729
0.0383
1150
'0656
0.0191
.0357
0.0091
0186
v=
X = 0'5
10
0'0265
0902
0'0079
0'0022
0'0006
0'000 I
'0374
1.5
.1734
o869
0144
0405
2'0
2642
1509
0803
0052
0177
0402
2'5
30
0.3554
0.2235
0.1315
'4422
3000
1912
12
13
14
0004
0015
0.0001
0006
00002
0.0001
0'0042
0'0018
0093
0045
00008
0021
0.0003
-0009
3'5
4'0
4'5
5221
'3766
'2560
1648
'008
'0589
'0329
'0177
'0091
'0046
'0022
'5940
'4506
'5201
'3233
. 3907
2202
.2793
1429
'1906
-o886
1245
o527
0780
0301
-4471
.ol 66
0274
oo88
0154
'0045
' 0084
5.0
0.7127
0.4562
5185
. 5768
'6304
.6792
0.3400
4008
'4603
5173
'5711
o'2424
2970
3528
4086
*4634
0.1657
2113
26o x
3110
*3629
0.1088
.1446
1847
2283
.2746
0.0688
.o954
1266
16zo
2009
0'0248
0'0142
7603
8009
0.5841
6421
.6938
'7394
. 7794
0'0420
5.5
6o
6.5
7.0
0608
o839
1112
.1424
'0375
.0538
- 0978
'0224
'0335
'0477
'0653
0.8140
.8438
.8693
.8909
*9093
0.7229
.7619
'7963
'8264
'8527
0.6213
'6674
*7094
'7473
7813
0.5162
'5665
.6138
'6577
6981
0.4148
'4659
5154
'5627
6075
0.3225
'3712
'4199
'4679
.5146
0.2427
2867
'3321
*3781
'4242
0.1771
2149
*2551
2971
3403
0.1254
1564
'1904
2271
2658
0.0863
1107
-1383
1689
-zozz
0'9248
*9378
'9486
.9577
9652
0'8753
.8949
9116
.9259
9380
0.8114
-838o
8614
8818
-8994
0'7350
7683
'7983
8251
.8488
0.6495
6885
'7243
7570
.7867
0'5595
6022
'6425
6801
. 7149
0'4696
5140
'5567
5976
'6364
0.3840
*4278
. 4711
.5134
'5543
03061
'3474
3892
.4310
'4724
0.2378
.2752
3140
.3536
'3937
0.9715
*9766
'9809
'9844
'9873
0'9483
0'9147
'9279
'9392
.9488
'9570
o'8697
8882
.9042
9182
'9304
0.8134
* 8374
.8587
8777
.8944
0.7470
'7763
.8030
.8270
*8486
0.6727
.7067
.7381
7 6 7o
'7935
0.5936
.6310
6662
.6993
'7301
0.5129
. 5522
. 5900
6262
6604
0'4338
'9570
'9643
'9704
'9755
0'9896
'9916
'9932
'9944
'9955
0'9797
.9833
9862
'9887
'9907
0.9640
*9699
'9749
'9791
9826
0.9409
'9499
'9576
'9642
'9699
0.9091
'9219
'9331
.9429
'9513
0.8679
.8851
9004
9138
.9256
0.8175
'8393
8589
8764
8921
0.7586
'7848
8088
8306
8504
o6926
.7228
7509
7768
'8007
o.6218
'6551
6866
7162
'7438
0.9924
.9938
'9949
.9958
*9966
0.9856
9880
'9901
.9918
'9932
0'9747
.9788
'9822
'9851
'9876
0'9586
'9648
'9702
.9748
.9787
0.9360
9450
'9529
'9597
.9656
0.9061
'9184
*9293
'9389
'9473
0.8683
'8843
*8987
'9115
.9228
0.822.6
'8425
-8606
.8769
8916
0.7695
.7932
'9992
'9994
0. 9964
'9971
'9976
'9981
.9984
20
21
22
23
0'9995
0'9988
0'8699
'9999
0.9707
'9789
'9849
'9893
'9924
0 '9048
24
0.9821
*9873
'9911
'9938
'9957
0 '9329
'9962
'9975
'9983
'9989
0.9897
*9929
'9951
'9966
'9977
0 '9547
'9992
'9995
'9997
'9998
0.9972
9982
'9988
'9992
'9995
0 '9944
'9997
'9666
'9756
*9823
'9873
*9496
'9625
'9723
'9797
.9271
'9446
*9583
'9689
*8984
'9214
'9397
'9542
25
26
27
0 '9999
0 '9999
0 '9997
0.9984
'9989
'9993
'9995
'9997
0'9970
'9980
'9986
'9990
'9994
0.9769
.9830
0'9654
'9963
'9974
'9982
'9988
0'9909
'9935
'9954
'9968
'9977
0'9852
'9998
'9999
'9999
'9999
0'9992
'9995
'9997
'9998
'9999
0 '9947
'9999
0 '9999
0'9998
0'9996
0.9991
0'9984
0 '9972
'6575
*8352
-8641
7'5
8o
8.5
9.0
9'5
o-8883
'9084
10.0
xo.5
xo
-9251
.9389
'9503
115
0.9596
.9672
'9734
.9785
12.0
9826
125
13.0
13.5
0.9860
9887
'9909
140
*9927
14.5
'9941
15.0
15.5
16o
0 '9953
16.5
17'0
.9976
.9981
17.5
0 '9985
18o
18'5
19.0
19.5
'9988
28
29
30
'9962
.9970
'9990
'9998
'9999
'9999
38
'9893
'9923
'9945
'9961
' 0739
'4735
5124
5503
5868
8151
.8351
'8533
'9876
'9910
'9935
-9741
-9807
'9858
'9895
0 '9953
0 '9924
TABLE 7. THE f-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

v=
X
15
x6
17
18
19
=3
4
0.0004
0023
0'0002
0'0001
001I
'0005
0'0002
0'000 I
5
6
7
8
9
0.0079
0203
0424
-0762
I225
0'0042
0'0022
0'001 I
0 I 19
oo68
o267
0165
'051 I
0335
o866
0597
0038
0099
'0214
0403
10
II
12
0'1803
0.1334
1905
0.0964
1434
2560
1999
3977
'4745
3272
.4013
'2638
3329
oo681
1056
1528
2084
'2709
13
'5
16
17
x8
19
0 '5486
0.4754
'5470
.6144
.6761
.7313
0 '4045
03380
4762
.5456
-6112
.6715
20
21
22
23
24
0'8281
0.7708
'821 5
8568
8863
'9105
25
26
27
0'9501
14
'2474
'3210
6179
6811
'7373
7863
8632
8922
9159
'9349
20
21
22
23
24
25
00006
0'0003
0.0001
0021
0058
0133
0265
00II
'0006
0033
oo8 1
.0 r 7 1
0019
0049
0'08
0.0001
0003
00I0
oo28
oo67
0.0001
0005
-00'6
0040
0.0001
0003
0009
0024
0.0001
0005
0014
0.0471
0762
1144
1614
2163
0'0318
0'0211
0'0137
0'0087
0'0055
0'0033
-0538
0839
1226
1695
.0372
0604
0914
'1304
0253
0426
0668
0985
0168
0295
0480
.0731
.oi To
0201
0339
.0533
'0235
0383
'4075
'4769
5443
6082
0.2774
'3427
4101
'4776
'5432
0.2236
2834
3470
'4126
.4782
0.1770
.2303
2889
'3510
'4149
0.1378
.1841
2366
'2940
'3547
0'1054
1447
1907
2425
*2988
0.0792
x '19
1513
.1970
.2480
0.0586
'0852
. i '82
'1576
.2029
0.7258
'7737
8153
8507
8806
0.6672
7206
7680
8094
8450
0.6054
6632
7157
7627
.8038
0.5421
6029
.6595
-7112
. 7576
0.4787
'5411
'6005
0.4170
'4793
'5401
'6560
* 5983
7069
.6528
0.3581
'4189
'4797
'5392
. 5962
0.3032
'3613
'4207
.4802
'5384
0.2532
'3074
'3643
4224
-4806
0.9053
*9255
'9419
'9551
'9655
0.8751
9002
9210
'9379
'9516
0.8395
8698
-8953
.9166
'9340
0'7986
.8342
8647
8906
'9122
0.7528
*7936
8291
8598
886o
0.7029
0.6497
'6991
.7440
'7842
'8197
0'5942
'7483
7888
8243
8551
0.5376
'5924
'6441
-6921
'7361
0071
'0134
28
'9713
'9784
29
'9839
0.9302
'9460
'9585
9684
'9761
30
31
32
33
0.9881
'9912
.9936
'9953
'9966
0.9820
9865
.9900
.9926
'9946
0 '9737
0'9626
'9712
.9780
'9833
'9874
0.9482
'9596
'9687
-9760
'98,6
0'9301
'9448
'9567
.9663
'9739
0.9080
'9263
'9414
.9538
'9638
0.8815
9039
'9226
-9381
'9509
0.8506
8772
.8999
'9189
'9348
o.8x 52
8462
8730
.8959
.9153
0 '7757
9800
'9850
.9887
'9916
35
36
37
38
39
0'9975
0.9960
'9971
'9979
'9985
'9989
0.9938
'9954
'9966
'9975
.9982
0.9905
'9929
'9948
'9961
'9972
0.9860
.9894
'9921
'9941
-9956
0 '9799
'9846
'9883
.9911
'9933
0'9718
.9781
'9832
.9871
.9902
0.9613
'9696
.9763
'9817
'9859
0'9480
'9587
'9675
'9745
'9802
0.9316
'9451
'9562
'9653
.9727
0'9118
'9284
'9423
'9537
.9632
40
41
42
43
44
0 '9995
0'9992
'9994
'9996
'9997
'9998
0'9987
'9997
'9998
'9998
'9999
'9991
'9993
'9995
'9997
0.9979
9985
'9989
.9992
'9994
0'9967
'9976
.9982
.9987
'9991
0.9950
'9963
'9972
.9980
'9985
0.9926
.9944
.9958
.9969
'9977
0.9892
'9918
'9937
'9953
'9965
0.9846
'9882
.9909
.9931
'9947
0.9786
.9833
'9871
.9901
'9924
0.9708
.9770
'9820
986o
'9892
45
46
47
48
49
0 '9999
0 '9999
0'9996
'9997
'9998
'9998
'9999
0 '9973
0 '9960
0.9942
0 '9916
'9995
'9996
'9997
'9998
0'9989
'9992
'9994
'9996
'9997
0'9983
'9999
'9999
0'9998
'9998
'9999
'9999
'9999
0 '9993
'9999
'9987
'9991
'9993
'9995
-9980
'9985
'9989
'9992
'9970
'9978
'9983
.9988
'9956
'9967
'9975
'9981
'9936
'9951
'9963
.9972
0 '9999
0 '9999
0 '9998
0 '9996
0 '9994
0.9991
0'9986
0.9979
34
50
9620
'9982
.9987
'9991
'9994
39
'6468
'6955
.7400
'7799
-8i io
842o
8689
'8921
TABLE 8. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE x2-DISTRIBUTION

This table gives percentage points
equation
g(p)
P/100
defined by the
co
-
12 1-1/PN f,p)X1P-1
100 2'
e-i' dx.
If X is a variable distributed as X2 with v degrees of freedom,

Phoo is the probability that X 26(P).
For v > loo, 2X is approximately normally distributed
with mean 2v-1 and unit variance.
0 x(P)
(The above shape applies for v 3 3 only. When v < 3 the mode is
at the origin.)
8o
99'95
99'9
99'5
99
97'5
95
90
0.06 3927
0.00I000
0 . 01528
0'051571
0'002001
0'02430
0'043927
0.01003
0'07172
0'031571
0'02010
0'1148
0'039821
0.05064
0'2158
0'003932
0'1026
0'3518
0'01579
0;6
04
69
418
0;0
26
10
47
0- 5844
0.4463
roo5
0.06392
0 09080
0.2070
0.2971
0.4844
0.7107
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.1581
0.2102
0.4117
0 '5543
0.8312
P145
1.610
2 '343
0.2994
0'3811
0'6757
0.8721
V237
P635
2'204
3'070
0 '4849
0 '5985
0.8571
1.152
0'9893
1.344
P735
1'239
1.646
1.690
2.180
2.088
2/00
2.167
2133
3'325
2.833
3'490
4'168
3.822
4'594
5.380
6.179
6.989
7.807
8.634
9'467
0/104
0.9717
xo
1'265
1 '479
2.156
2'558
II
1 .587
1 . 834
2.214
3-053
3'571
4'107
4'660
3'247
3.816
4'404
5.009
5.629
3'940
4'575
5.226
5.892
6.571
4'865
5'578
6.304
7.042
7'790
7.261
7.962
8.672
9'390
1012
8.547
9.312
10.09
1086
11. 65
12.86
13.72
10-85
11.59
12- 34
13.09
13.85
12.44
13.24
14'04
14'85
15.66
12
1 '934
13
14
2 . 305
2. 617
2.697
3.041
2.603
3'074
3.565
4'075
15
16
3-108
3'536
3.980
4'439
4'912
3'483
3'942
4'416
4.905
5'407
4'601
5. 142
5.697
6.265
6.844
5.229
5.812
6.408
7.015
7633
6.262
6.908
7'564
8'231
8.907
5'398
5.896
5.921
6.447
7'434
8.034
8- 643
9-260
9.886
8.260
8.897
9'591
1028
:0;9689
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
6'404
6.983
6- 924
7'453
7-529
8.085
1902
10.86
12.40
70
6o
0 . 1485
0/133
12
94
5
1
2:4
0'2750
P022
3
76
59
2
1.- 8
3-000
3.828
4'671
5'527
6 '393
3.655
4.570
5'493
6.423
7'357
7.267
8.148
99
9:02
3:
8.295
9'237
io.:
Ir3
8
1o82
12-08
11.72
12.62
13'53
14'44
15.35
13.03
13.98
14'94
15 .89
16.85
14'58
15'44
16. 31
17.19
18.06
16.27
17.18
18.10
17.81
18.77
19.73
19.02
20.69
19'94
21.65
20.87
2P79
22.72
22.62
23'58
10.31
11.15
12'00
25
7'991
8.649
10.52
11.52
13.12
14'61
16'47
18.94
26
8.538
9.222
11'16
12'20
13'84
15'38
17.29
19.82
27
28
29
9.093
181i
20.70
21.59
22.48
ir81
1z.88
14'57
12'46
13.12
13'56
15'31
16.05
0.15
16.93
18.94
10.23
10'39
10.99
17.71
19.77
10.80
11.98
13.18
11.59
12.81
14.06
18'49
205,-60
25'51
20'07
22- 27
22
26
53-"93
14
56
-64
38
15'64
16 61
2:98r:382491
22-88
21.66
23 27
24.88
23.95
15'32
14'95
16.36
17'79
10.23
20 69
16.79
14.40
13.79
15.13
16.50
17 89
19 29
28.73
30'54
27-37
29.24
31 12
32 99
.
27-44
29-38
31.31
33.25
35-19
40
50
16.9z
23-46
30'34
37'47
44'79
17 92
20'71
22 . 16
24'43
26.51
24-67
31'74
39'04
46'52
27-99
35'53
178
4
51
3:2
29-71
32.36
4570-.4185
48.76
3520.
3
64
41'45
34'87
1
81
44
5;3
37'13
66
4
56.-82
63.35
72.92
66.40
76 19
5228
59.90
54' 16
61.92
59.20
67.33
30
32
34
36
6o
70
8o
90
I00
9'656
9.803
14'26
8
3
47
5:444
53'54
61.75
70.06
65.65
74' 22
40
434
37196
51'74
6o 39
27-34
29.05
37-69
5456:3463
23.65
24.58
24'54
25.51
26.48
64.28
59'90
69.2!
69.13
77'93
73'29
82.36
78.56
82'51
85 . 99
87.95
92-13
95.81
TABLE 8. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE f-DISTRIBUTION

This table gives percentage points x;,(P) defined by the
equation
rco
100
2142
rq)
A( p)
xiv-1 e- P dx.
0
If Xis a variable distributed as x2 with v degrees of freedom,

Phoo is the probability that X x,2,(P).
For v > ioo, VzX is approximately normally distributed
with meanzi
.s/
and unit variance.
50
v=I
40
(The above shape applies for v

at the origin.)
30
20
To
5
3.841
5'991
7'815
9.488
2
3
4
1.386
2.366
3'357
0'7083
1.833
2.946
4'045
1.074
2.408
3'665
4'878
1.642
3'219
4.642
5'989
2.706
4'605
6.251
7'779
5
6
7
8
9
4'351
5.348
6.346
7'344
8.343
5.132
6.2i 1
7.283
8'351
9'414
6.064
7.231
8.383
9'524
7.289
8.558
9.236
10.64
II
9'342
10.34
0 '4549
X,2,'(P)
2'5
3 only. When v < 3 the mode is
0'5
0I
0'05
5.024
7'378
9'348
11.14
6.635
9.210
11'34
13.28
7.879
106o
12.84
14.86
10'83
12'12
13.82
16'27
18'47
15.2o
17'73
20.00
11.07
12'59
12.83
14'45
15 '09
20'52
22'46
24'32
26'12
27'88
22'II
24'10
26'02
27'87
29'67
12'02
14'07
16'01
18.48
11.03
13.36
15'51
17'53
1066
12'24
14'68
16'92
19'02
20'09
21'67
16.75
18.55
20.28
21.95
23.59
10'47
1P53
11.78
12'90
13.44
14.63
15'99
17.28
18.31
20'48
21'92
23.21
24'72
25.19
29'59
31'42
19'68
2616
31'26
14'01
15'12
1581
16'98
18'55
19'81
21.03
23.34
26.22
22'36
24'74
27'69
16.22
18.15
21.06
23.68
26.12
29.14
28.30
29.82
31.32
32.91
34'53
36.12
33'14
34'82
36.48
38.11
19.31
20'47
z161
22.76
23.90
22.31
23'54
24'77
25'99
27.20
25.00
26.3o
2759
28.87
30.14
27'49
28'85
32.80
34'27
35'72
3716
38.58
37'70
39'25
40'79
42.31
43'82
39'72
41.31
30.19
3153
32.85
30.58
32.00
33'41
34' 81
36.19
28'41
27'10
25.04
26.17
27.30
28'43
29.55
29'62
30'81
32'01
33'20
31.41
32.67
33'92
35'17
36.42
34'17
35'48
36.78
38.08
39'36
37'57
38.93
40'29
41'64
42 .98
40.00
4P40
42.80
44' 18
45'56
45'31
46.80
48'27
49'73
51.18
47'50
49'01
50.51
52.00
53'48
29
28.17
29.25
30.32
31.39
32.46
30.68
3179
32.91
34'03
35'14
34'38
35'56
36.74
37'92
39'09
3765
38.89
40.11
41'34
42.56
40.65
41'92
43'19
44'46
45'72
44'31
45'64
46 .96
48.28
49'59
46'93
48.29
49'64
50'99
52. 34
52.62
54'0 5
55'48
27'34
28'34
26.14
27.18
28.21
29.25
30.28
56-89
58'30
54'95
56.41
57.86
59'30
60.73
30
32
34
36
38
29. 34
31'34
33'34
35'34
37'34
31'32
33'38
35'44
37'50
39'56
33'53
35'66
37'80
39'92
42.05
36.25
38'47
40.68
42.88
45.08
40'26
42'58
44'90
4721
49'51
43'77
46'19
48.60
51'00
53.38
46'98
49'48
51.97
54'44
56.90
50'89
53'49
56.06
58.6z
6116
53'67
56'33
58.96
61.58
64.18
5910
62.49
65.25
67.99
70'70
62.16
65oo
67.8o
70'59
73'35
40
50
6o
39.34
49'33
59.33
69.33
79.33
41.62
51'89
62.13
72.36
82.57
44'16
54'72
65.23
75.69
86.,2
47' 27
58.16
68.97
79'71
90'41
51.81
63.17
74'40
85'53
96.58
55'76
67.5o
79.08
90.53
I01.9
59'34
71.42
83.3o
95.02
106.6
63.69
76.15
88.38
100'4
rI23
66.77
79'49
91'95
104.2
116.3
73'40
86.66
99.61
112.3
124.8
76'09
89'56
102'7
89.33
99.33
92.76
102.9
96.52
106.9
124.3
1181
129.6
124'1
135.8
128.3
140.2
149'4
12
11'34
12'58
13
14
12.34
13.34
13'64
14.69
15
14'34
15'34
15'73
1732
16.78
17.82
18.87
19.91
18.42
19'51
20.60
20'95
21.99
22.77
23.86
24'94
26'02
16
17
18
19
16'34
17'34
18'34
20
19.34
21
20'34
22
23
21 '34
24
23'34
25
26
24'34
25'34
27
28
70
8o
90
zoo
22 '34
26 '34
23.03
24'07
2511
21'69
9'803
111.7
107.6
118.5
41
16.81
1372
45'97
115.6
128.3
140.8
153'2
TABLE 9. THE t-DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

F(t)
ray +1-) f
VV 7T
- co k I m
ds
svoi(v+i) .
F(t) is the probability that a random variable, distributed as

t with v degrees of freedom, will be less than or equal to t.
When t < o use F(t) = i F( t), the t distribution being
symmetric about zero.
The limiting distribution of t as v tends to infinity is the
normal distribution with zero mean and unit variance (see
Table 4). When v is large interpolation in v should be
harmonic.
-
V =
V =
Omitted entries to the right of tabulated values are

(to four decimal places).
V =
t = o 0 0.5000
1
'5317
t = 40
4.2
0.9220
.9256
'2
'5628
.9289
'9319
'9346
5700
-2
.5928
621
4'4
4'6
4.8
'2
.3
'4
3
'4
-6038
6361
'3
'4
0.5
0'6476
6720
.7
'6944
8
'9
7148
'7333
5.0
5'5
6.0
6.5
7.0
0.9372
'9428
'9474
'9514
'9548
0.5
-6
'7
-8
'9
0.6667
.6953
7218
'7462
684
I0
0.7500
I.0
7651
7.5
8.0
0.9578
'2
'7789
8.5
9627
'2
'3
'7913
8026
9.0
9.5
.9648
.9666
1.5
6
7
8
'9
0.8128
10. 0
I05
-8386
'8458
II-5
I20
20
0.8524
,_,
R585
12.5
'2
3
'4
2'5
0.8789
6
7
-8
.9
8831
-8871
t = 0.0
0.5000
'5353
v=
t = 0.0
05000
t = 4.0
.5367
.1
0.9860
.9869
'2
'5729
'2
'9877
.9760
3
'4
6081
6420
3
'4
'9891
4'5
'6
'7
-8
'9
0 '9770
0.5
0. 6743
4'5
'9779
-6
.7046
.6
'9788
'9804
.7
8
9
-7328
.7589
-7828
'7
.8
'9
5'0
0'9811
I.0
'2
9818
.9825
I
'2
0 '8045
- 8242
- 8419
50
I
2
0.9923
'3
'4
0.7887
8070
-8235
-8384
8518
3
'4
.9831
'9837
3
'4
.8578
872o
'3
'4
'9934
'9938
0.9683
9698
.9711
'9724
'9735
r5
6
'7
.8
.9
0.8638
.8746
- 8844
.8932
.9011
5'5
0.9842
9848
'9853
.9858
9862
/.5
-6
7
-8
9
0.8847
8960
5.5
.6
'7
.8
'9
0'9941
0'9746
.9756
21)
0'9082
6.0
0.9303
'9367
'8642
13.5
'9765
'2
'9206
I
'2
'9875
2'0
'I
'2
0 '9954
'9147
0.9867
-9871
6.0
130
'9424
.8695
14.0
'9773
14'5
'9781
'9308
'3
'4
'9879
'9882
'3
'4
'9475
.9521
-9960
'8743
'3
'4
2
3
'4
. 9961
15
0.9788
2.5
6.5
0'9561
6
.7
-8
9
.9598
.9631
- 8943
.6
'7
.8
'9
-9687
6.5
-6
-7
-8
'9
0.9963
9801
9813
-9823
.9833
0.9886
-9889
2'5
16
17
i8
19
30
I
'2
0. 8976
9007
'9036
20
21
22
0'9841
30
'I
0.9712
'9734
7.0
I
-3
'4
9063
-9089
23
9862
0.9970
.9971
-9972
'9973
24
3.5
6
.7
-8
9
0'9114
25
9138
-916o
918z
9201
30
4'0
0'9220
'4
8222
-8307
-8908
9604
t = 4*0
I
6
'7
8
9
'9259
0.9352
-9392
6
.7
-8
'9429
-9463
'9494
0 '9714
.9727
'9739
'9750
-9796
-9892
.9895
9062
9152
.9232
-9661
9884
0.9898
9903
.9909
. 9914
'9919
-9927
'9931
'9944
'9946
'9949
'9951
-9956
-9958
.9965
-9966
.9967
.9
-9898
70
I
'2
.9753
'9867
'3
'4
0.9901
'9904
.9906
.9909
9911
30
'3
'4
0.9523
'9549
'9573
'9596
9617
'3
'4
'9771
'9788
'3
'4
3'5
6
.7
-8
'9
0.9636
- 9654
9670
9686
97ot
7.5
-6
-7
8
9
0.9913
9916
9918
9920
.9922
3.5
-6
'7
.8
.9
0.9803
9816
-9829
'9840
9850
7'5
.6
'7
-8
'9
0 '9975
45
0.9873
'9894
'9909
9920
'9929
50
0'9936
4 '0 0.9714
8.0
0.9924
4.0
0.9860
8.0
0.9980
35
40
'9849
'9855
'2
42
'9969
'9974
.9976
'9977
-9978
'9979

4
xo
II
12
13
14
t = 0.0
0.5000
050o0
0.5000
0.500o
0.5000
0.5000
0.5000
0.500o
0.500o
0.500o
0.5000
'I
2
'5374
'5744
'3
'4
6104
. 6452
'5379
'5753
6119
'6472
.5382
.5760
6129
.6485
.5384
'5764
6136
. 6495
.5386
.5768
6141
6502
'5387
'5770
6145
6508
.5388
'5773
6148
6512
5389
'5774
6151
6516
'5390
'5776
6153
6519
'5391
'5777
6155
6522
'5391
'5778
.6157
6524
0.5
6
'7
.8
06783
0.6809
0.6826
7096
.7387
.7657
.7127
7148
'9
7905
'7424
7700
'7953
'7449
'7729
.7986
06838
7163
'7467
'7750
8oio
06847
'7174
7481
.7766
-8028
06855
-7183
'7492
'7778
8042
0.6861
.7191
7501
.7788
8054
06865
'7197
7508
'7797
8063
06869
7202
7514
7804
8o71
06873
7206
.7519
7810
8078
06876
7210
7523
7815
8083
ro
x
o813o
8335
8518
8683
8829
08184
8393
8581
.8748
.8898
0.8220
- 8433
8623
8793
.8945
08247
8461
8654
8826
'8979
0.8267
8483
8678
8851
9005
08283
85o1
8696
8870
9025
08296
'8514
8711
8886
9041
0.8306
.8526
8723
8899
-9055
08315
8535
8734
8910
.9066
08322
.8544
'8742
8919
.9075
0.8329
.8551
875o
.8927
-9084
I.5
6
0.8960
0.9030
9076
9148
0'9079
9196
'7
.8
'9
9178
9269
'9349
'925 1
'9341
0.9140
.9259
9362
0
5 532
:9
94
0.9161
-9280
.9383
'9473
'9551
0.9177
'9297
9400
'9490
9567
0.9191
.9310
'9414
9503
-958o
0.9203
'9322
156
1
5529
994
.9
9421
'9390
9469
0.9114
9232
'9335
9426
.9 04
0.9212
'9332
'9435
'9525
9601
0.9221
'9340
'9444
'9533
9609
2'0
0'9419
'I
'2
'9482
'9537
'3
'4
'9585
9628
0.9490
'9551
9605
9651
'9692
0.9538
'9598
9649
9694
'9734
0.9572
-9631
9681
-9725
9763
0.9597
9655
.9705
'9748
9784
0.9617
9674
'9723
'9765
9801
0.9633
'9690
'9738
'9779
9813
0.9646
.9702
'9750
'9790
9824
0.9657
.9712
'9759
'9799
9832
0.9666
'9721
.9768
.9807
9840
09674
.9728
'9774
.9813
-9846
2'5
.6
0.9666
0.9728
'9759
'9730
9786
9810
9831
09767
'9797
9822
'9844
'9863
0'9795
9700
'9823
9847
-9867
9885
0.9815
'9842
-9865
9884
.9901
0.9831
-9856
9878
.9896
'9912
0.9843
9868
9888
9906
-9921
0.9852
.9877
9897
'9914
-9928
0.9860
.9884
9903
'9920
'9933
09867
.9890
-9909
'9925
'9938
0.9873
-9895
'9914
'9929
'9942
0.985o
9866
-9880
'9893
9904
0.9880
.9894
'9907
.9918
-9928
0.9900
9913
.9925
'9934
'9943
0.9915
'9927
'9937
'9946
'9953
0.9925
'9936
'9946
'9954
'9961
0.9933
'9944
'9953
-996o
'9966
0.9940
'9949
'9958
.9965
'9970
0.9945
'9954
.9962
.9968
'9974
0.9949
'9958
.9965
'9971
'9976
0.9952
-9961
'9968
'9974
'9978
0.9914
'9922
'9930
'9937
'9943
0.9936
'9943
'9950
'9955
9960
0'9950
0.9960
9965
'9970
'9974
'9977
0.9966
'9971
'9975
'9979
9982
0.9971
'9976
'9979
9983
'9985
0'9975
'9956
.9962
.9966
'9971
'9979
9982
9985
-9988
0.9978
'9982
'9985
9987
-9989
0.998o
.9984
.9987
.9989
'9991
0.9982
.9986
'9988
'9990
'9992
0.9948
'9953
'9958
9961
'9965
0.9964
.9968
'9972
'9975
'9977
0.9974
'9977
.9980
-9982
'9984
09980
9983
'9985
9987
9989
0.9984
.9987
-9988
'9990
'9991
0'9987
0'9990
0.9991
0'9992
9989
'9991
'9992
'9993
'9991
'9993
'9994
'9995
'9993
'9994
'9995
'9996
'9994
'9995
'9996
'9996
0.9993
'9995
'9996
'9996
'9997
0.9979
'9982
'9983
.9985
-9986
0.9986
9988
'9989
'9990
'9991
0.9990
'9991
'9992
'9993
'9994
0.9993
'9994
'9994
'9995
'9996
0.9994
'9995
'9996
'9996
'9997
0.9995
'9996
'9997
'9997
'9998
0.9996
'9997
'9997
'9998
'9998
0 '9997
0 '9998
'9998
'9998
'9998
'9999
'9998
'9998
'9999
'9999
0.9988
0.9992
0.9995
0 '9996
0'9997
0.9998
0 '9998
0.9999
0 '9999
v=
'2
'3
'4
'7
.8
'9
3'0
'I
'2
'3
'4
3.5
6
'9756
'9779
0.980o
9819
'9835
9850
'9864
0.9876
'9
9886
9896
'9904
9912
4'0
0 '9919
'I
'2
'3
'4
9926
'9932
'7
.8
'9937
'9942
4.5
.6
0.9946
'7
.8
'9
'9953
'9957
.9960
0.9968
'9971
'9973
'9976
'9978
5'0
0.9963
0 '9979
'9950
.9300
43

v=
15
16
17
i8
19
20
24
30
40
6o
c0
t = 0.0
1
.2
3
'4
0.5000
.5392
*5779
6159
'6526
0'5000
0'5000
0'5000
0'5000
0'5000
0'5000
0'5000
0'5000
0.5000
.5392
'5780
6160
6528
*5392
'5781
6161
6529
'5393
'5781
6162
.6531
'5393
'5782
6163
. 6532
'5393
'5782
6164
*6533
'5394
'5784
6166
'6537
'5395
'5786
6169
'6540
'5396
'5788
-6171
'6544
'5397
'5789
6174
'6547
0.5000
'5398
'5793
'6179
'6554
0.5
6
'7
8
'9
0.6878
7213
'7527
7819
8088
0.6881
7215
'7530
7823
8093
0.6883
7218
'7533
7826
8097
0.6884
722o
'7536
7829
-81oo
0.6886
7222
'7538
. 7832
-8103
0.6887
7224
'7540
. 7834
8xo6
0.6892
7229
'7547
'7842
8115
0.6896
'7235
'7553
7850
8124
0.6901
'7241
'7560
7858
8132
0.6905
'7246
. 7567
7866
'8141
0.6915
'7257
.7580
7881
'8159
1.0
0.8339
8562
'8762
'8940
'9097
0.8343
8567
'8767
'8945
'9103
0'8347
.8571
-8772
*8950
'9107
0 '8351
0 '8354
0 '8364
8578
'8779
*8958
9116
8589
.8791
'8970
9128
0.8383
8610
8814
'8995
9154
0 '8413
.8575
'8776
*8954
9112
0.8373
8600
8802
'8982
9141
0 '8393
'3
'4
0'8334
8557
8756
'8934
'9091
8621
8826
'9007
9167
'8643
8849
'9032
-9192
1.5
0'9228
0'9235
0'9240
0'9245
0'0250
0'9254
0'9267
0'9280
.6
'7
.8
'9
'9348
'9451
'9540
'9616
'9354
'9458
'9546
9622
'9360
'9463
'9552
9627
'9365
.9468
'9557
9632
'9370
'9473
'9561
9636
'9374
'9477
'9565
9640
'9387
'9490
'9578
9652
'9400
'9503
'9590
9665
0.9293
'9413
.9516
9603
9677
0.9306
.9426
'9528
9616
9689
0.9332
'9452
'9554
-9641
.9713
2'0
0.9680
'9735
0.9691
'9745
'9790
'9828
'9859
0.9696
'9750
'9794
.9832
'9863
0.9700
'9753
'9798
.9835
9866
0 '9704
0.9715
'9768
-9812
'9848
9877
0'9727
'9779
9822
'9857
9886
0.9738
'9790
9832
'9866
'9894
0.9750
9800
9842
'9875
'9902
0.9772
9821
9861
'9893
9918
I
z
'2
'9781
'3
'4
'981 9
'985 1
0.9686
'9740
.9786
'9824
'9855
2.5
'6
'7
.8
'9
0.9877
'9900
'9918
'9933
'9945
0.9882
'9903
'9921
'9936
'9948
0.9885
'9907
'9924
'9938
*9950
0.9888
'9910
'9927
.9941
'9952
0.9891
'9912
'9929
'9943
'9954
0'9894
'9914
'9931
'9945
'9956
0'9902
0'9909
'9921
'9937
'9950
*9961
'9928
'9944
'9956
'9965
0'9917
'9935
'9949
'9961
'9970
o'9924
'9941
'9955
9966
'9974
0'9938
*9953
'9965
'9974
'9981
3'0
0.9955
.9963
'9970
.9976
'9980
0 '9958
0.9960
.9967
'9974
'9979
'9983
0.9962
-9969
'9975
-9980
'9984
0.9963
.9971
'9976
-9981
'9985
0 '9965
0 '9969
0.9973
0'9977
9972
'9978
9982
'9986
.9976
'9981
'9985
*9988
.9979
'9984
.9988
'9990
.9982
'9987
.9990
'9992
0.9980
.9985
*9989
.9992
'9994
0.9987
.9990
'9993
.9995
'9997
3'5
'6
'7
.8
'9
0 '9984
0 '9985
0.9987
'9990
'9992
'9993
'9995
0.9988
'9990
'9992
'9994
'9995
0.9989
'9991
'9993
'9994
'9996
0.9991
'9993
'9994
'9996
'9997
0 '9994
'9988
'9990
.9992
'9994
0.9986
'9989
'9991
'9993
'9994
0 '9993
.9987
'9989
'9991
'9993
'9994
'9996
'9997
'9997
'9996
.9997
'9998
'9998
0.9996
'9997
'9998
'9998
'9999
0.9998
'9998
'9999
'9999
4'0
'I
0 '9994
0 '9995
0 '9995
0.9999
'9998
'9998
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'9999
'3
'4
0.9996
'9997
'9998
'9998
'9999
0 '9999
'9996
'9997
'9998
'9998
0.9996
'9997
'9998
'9998
'9998
0 '9998
'9996
'9997
'9997
'9998
0'9996
'9997
*9997
'9998
'9998
0 '9997
'9995
'9996
'9997
'9997
4,5
0 '9998
0'9998
0'9998
0 '9999
0 '9999
0 '9999
0 '9999
'2
3
'4
'2
.9966
*9972
.9977
'9982
44
'9757
9801
'9838
9869
TABLE 10. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE t-DISTRIBUTION

This table gives percentage points tv(P) defined by the
equation
P
too
rav +
- vw, r(#y)
tv(p)(1
dt
t 2I p)i(P +1)
Let Xi and Xz be independent random variables having a

normal distribution with zero mean and unit variance and a
X'-distribution with v degrees of freedom respectively; then
t = XJVX2/P has Student's t-distribution with v degrees of
freedom, and the probability that t t (P)is P/Ioo. The
lower percentage points are given by symmetry as - t (P),
and the probability that Iti
t,,(P) is 2Phoo.
P (To)
30
40
25
20
V = I
0.3249
0.
7265
I0000
1 '3764
2
3
4
0'2887
0'6172
0'2767
0'2707
0'5844
0'5686
0.8165
0. 7649
0.7407
-o607
0.9785
09410
5
6
7
8
9
The limiting distribution of t as v tends to infinity is the

normal distribution with zero mean and unit variance. When
v is large interpolation in v should be harmonic.
15
to
5%
2.5
31.82
6.965
4'541
3'747
r 963
I .386
3.078
I'250
1'190
1.638
1.533
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1'943
1.895
1.860
1.833
2'571
2'262
3.365
3'143
2.998
2.896
2.821
1.812
2. 228
2.764
3.169
2'201
2'179
2'160
2'145
2'718
2'681
2'650
2'624
3'106
1 . 886
0.2672
0'5594
0/267
0. 2648
0- 5534
0'5491
0.2619
o- 26io
0'5459
0'5435
0.9195
0.9057
0.8960
0.8889
0.8834
1.156
1' 134
0'2632
0.7176
0.711I
0.7064
0.7027
1. 108
1100
1'476
r 440
1'415
1 '397
1.383
0.2602
0.2596
0.5415
0'5399
0'6998
0'6974
0.8791
0'8755
r 093
1. 088
1.372
F363
0'2590
0. 2586
0'2582
0.5386
13
14
0.5375
0.6955
0. 6938
0'6924
0.8726
0'8702
0. 8681
I'083
I' 079
1'076
1'356
1'350
1'345
1'796
1'782
I'771
1'761
15
0.2579
0 '5357
0. 6912
0.69o1
0'6892
0.6884
0. 6876
0.8662
0.8647
0.8633
0.8620
o 8610
r 074
.071
1069
1.067
ro66
I 341
1.337
1'333
1'330
1.328
1'753
1/46
1' 740
1'734
x729
2.131
0'2576
2. 120
2' I I0
2' IOI
2'093
0.6870
0.6864
o.8600
0.8591
0'6858
0. 8583
0'8575
I'064
1'063
1'06'
I .06o
I ' 325
1 . 323
1'321
1'319
I ' 725
I . 721
I'717
1'714
0.8569
r 059
1.318
1.711
1'708
P 706
to
II
12
0'5366
0.5
12.71
4.303
3.182
2.776
'I19
2'447
2.365
2.306
0X
63.66 318.3
636.6
31.6o
9.925 22'33
12.92
5.841 10.21
8.610
7.173
4'604
4'032
3.707
3'499
3'355
3'250
5'893
5.208
4'785
4'501
4'297
2. 947
2.921
2.898
3'733
3.686
3.646
2'878
3'610
2.861
3.579
4'073
4.0 x 5
3.965
3.922
3.883
2.086
2.528
2.845
2. 080
2'074
2'518
2'508
2.o69
2.064
2.500
2.492
2'831
2'819
2'807
3.552
3.527
3- 505
3.485
3'467
3.850
3.819
3-792
3.768
3'745
2. 060
2. 056
2.052
2'048
2-045
2.485
2.479
3'450
3'435
3.421
3'408
3.396
3.725
3.707
3.690
3'674
3.659
2'042
2'037
2.032
2. 028
2. 024
2.457
2.449
2441
2434
2429
2.750
2. 738
2'728
2'719
3'385
3. 365
3'348
3'333
3.319
3.646
3'551
3'496
3. 460
3'373
3.291
0.2571
0.2569
20
21
22
23
0'2567
0'2566
0'2564
0'2563
0'5329
0'5325
0'5321
0.5317
24
0.2562
0.5314
0.6853
0.6848
25
26
27
28
0. 2561
0. 2560
0' 2559
0.2558
0 ' 2557
0.5312
0.5309
0.5306
0.5304
0.5302
0'6844
0'8562
1. 058
1'316
0.6840
0.6837
0'6834
0.6830
0.8557
0' 8551
0.8546
0.8542
r 058
r 057
i 056
P315
1 '314
1.313
1.055
1.31
1.699
30
0- 2556
0.5300
0.6828
0.8538
r 055
1.310
32
0'2555
0'5297
0'6822
0'8530
0.2553
0.5294
0.68,8
0.8523
36
38
0'2552
0'2551
0'5291
0'5288
0'6814
0'6810
0'8517
0'8512
1.309
1.307
1'306
1'304
I '697
r 694
34
I'054
I'052
1'052
1'051
1.688
1.686
40
50
6o
0.2550
0- 2547
0.2545
0.5286
0.5278
0.5272
0.6807
0.6794
0.6786
2'403
2'390
2/04
2'678
2660
0. 6765
1.684
1676
P671
1658
2423
0'5258
1. 303
r 299
1.296
1.2.89
2'009
2'000
0'2539
r 050
r 047
1. 045
1-041
2.021
X20
0.8507
0 ' 8489
0.8477
0. 8446
P980
2.358
2.617
3-307
3.261
3.232
3.160
op
0.2533
0.5244
o6745
o8416
io36
1282
r645
1.960
2'326
2'576
3.090
45
1-69.
4.587
4'437
4.318
2. 602
2. 583
2. 567
2'552
2'539
0 ' 2573
29
5'041
4'781
3.055
3.012
2 '977
17
18
19
I.701
6.869
5'959
5'408
4'144
4'025
3'930
3.852
3.787
0- 5350
0 '5344
0.5338
0.5333
1'703
0'05
2'473
2'467
2.462
v 797
2.787
2/79
2. 771
2'763
2.756
2'71[2
4'221
4' 140
3.622
3.6ox
3.582
3.566
TABLE 11(a). 2.5 PER CENT POINTS OF BEHRENS' DISTRIBUTION

0
vz
17.36
8'344
7.123
6.771
6.636
6.577
15.56
6.34o
4.960
4'469
4.218
4'074
I I04
9'065
6'546
3'980
2'365
11.03
9.060
9.055
9.052
6.529
6.511
6-5o1
3'917
3.835
3.786
2.306
9046
6'485
3'685
2'228
2'179
2'064
9.040
6.473
3.615
1.960
4'563
3'645
3.312
3'145
3'045
2 '979
2 '933
2 '873
2 '835
2750
2.679
4'414
3.36o
2 '978
2.784
2.667
2.589
2 '534
2460
2 '414
4'303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
3.191
2.816
2.626
2.513
2.437
17.36
11.54
3
4
5
6
7
8
12/ 1
12'71
12'71
I229
12'28
1228
1 II x
12.71
12.28
12.28
12'71
12/1
12'71
12'71
12/1
12'71
= 2
4'303
4'303
4'303
4'303
4.303
4'303
4.303
I0
4.303
12
4.303
24
4.303
4'303
00
v, = 3
4
5
6
7
8
12'28
12.28
11'03
12'28
1228
12'28
11.03
I I03
I I03
4.190
3'882
4'187
4.186
4.184
3'867
3'857
3'846
3'840
3.828
3.818
4'624
3'903
3'653
3'535
3'468
3'427
3'400
3.366
3'346
3.306
3.276
3.225
3.088
3.026
3.244
3.012
2.897
3.225
2.913
2.756
4'414
4'240
4'205
4'194
4.182
4.180
4.178
4'563
4'100
3'964
3'909
go
12.71
4'303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2 '447
2'305
2206
2'365
2'306
2'228
2'179
2'064
I060
3.182
3.191
3'182
3'182
3.182
3.182
3.182
3.182
3.182
3.182
3.182
3'149
3.134
3.127
3.122
3'120
3.117
3.115
3.111
3.1o8
2'992
2'972
2'958
2'831
2'787
2'758
2'663
2'600
V556
2.942
2.933
2.913
2.898
2.719
v696
2.644
2.603
2.498
2.462
2.378
2304
2.312
2.267
2.162
2.067
2/76
2.776
2.776
2.772
2.754
2/46
2 '779
2.717
2.682
2.787
2.675
2.610
2.779
2.625
2532
2.772
2.582
2 '468
2/76
2.571
2 '447
2/76
2/76
2'741
2'738
24
2.776
2.776
2.776
2'365
2'306
2'228
CO
2'776
IO
12
24
00
v1 = 4
5
6
7
8
=4
Io6
11.04
1104
17.97
10.14
9.303
9.136
9.090
9.073
15.56
12.41
3
4
5
6
7
8
V2
75
1211
00
=3
6o
12.71
24
V2
45
IO
30
P1 = I
12
V2
150
IO
12
2'384
2'660
2'567
2471
2'392
2'734
2.732
2.727
2'646
2.628
2.617
2'594
2.428
2'371
2'335
2.252
2.339
2268
2723
2'576
2.537
2.498
2.475
2.421
2'377
If t1and t2 are two independent random variables distributed as t with v1, 1/2 degrees of freedom respectively, the
random variable d = t1sin 0 t2 cos 0 has Behrens' distribution with parameters VI, V2 and 0. The function tabulated
in Table II is dp = dP(vi, v2 0) such that
Pi
2'178
2'223
2'118
2024
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2'365
V306
2'228
2 '179
2 '064
1.960
2 '179
2 ' 064
1.96o
v2. When v1 < V2 use the result that
dp(vi , 1/2, 0) = dP(P2,
90 - 0)
Behrens' distribution is symmetric about zero, so

Pr (1d1 > dP) = zP/Ioo.
Pr (d > dp) = Phoo
Notice that in this table 0 is measured in degrees rather than

radians.
for P = 2.5 and o5 and a range of values of v1and v2 with
46
TABLE 11(a). 2.5 PER CENT POINTS OF BEHRENS' DISTRIBUTION

0
V2 =
v2 = 8
V2 = 10
V2=12
1/2 = 24
1/2 = CO
75
90
2.564
2'562
2'565
2'562
2'564
2'571
2 '554
2.470
2.410
2.367
2310
2.274
2.449
2. 374
2.320
24
2.571
2.571
2.571
2.549
2 '546
2.541
2 '539
2.533
2'228
2'179
2'064
2'571
2'529
2.191
2'118
2'248
2'203
2'098
00
2.500
2.458
2.428
2.390
2.366
y312
2.266
2.447
2-571
2.527
2.505
2.490
2 '471
2.460
2.436
2.416
2004
P960
2.435
2'413
2.398
2.379
2.367
2.436
2-394
2.364
2.325
2.301
2.435
2.375
2.331
2.274
2.239
2 '440
2'364
2'310
2'238
2'193
2 '447
2'365
2'306
2'228
2.179
2'342
2'322
2.247
2201
2.156
2088
P993
2.064
1.960
2'352
2'322
2'283
2'352
2'309
2'252
2'358
2.304
2'232
2'187
2'082
2'365
V306
2.228
2'179
2'064
P987
1.960
2. 300
2'228
2.183
2.306
2'228
2'179
2.077
1.982
2.064
P960
2'223
2'178
2'072
2179
1.977
1.960
2.571
2'365
2.306
v1 = 6
2 '447
2.440
7
8
2 '447
2 '434
2.447
xo
2 '447
12
24
2.447
2.447
00
2 '447
2.431
2.426
2.423
2.418
2 '413
7
8
2.365
2.358
2'352
2.365
2. 354
2.337
ICI
12
24
CO
2'365
2'365
2'365
2'365
2350
2'317
2. 347
2.306
2.259
2.216
2'341
2'336
2'280
2'259
2'205
2158
2133
2'060
1,1 = 8
I0
12
24
2'306
2'306
2306
2'306
2.300
2.295
2'292
2'286
2'294
2'274
2'262
2'236
2'292
2'254
2'230
2.175
2'294
2'237
2'201
2'118
00
2.306
2.281
2.215
2.128
2.044
V1 = 10
12
24
CO
2'228
2'228
2'228
V228
2'223
2.220
2'214
V209
2'217
2'205
2178
2'157
2'215
2'191
2'136
2'089
2'217
2'181
V098
2'024
= 12
2'179
2'175
2'169
2'167
2'179
y179
2.168
2.142
2.112
2.179
2.163
2'120
2'064
2'169
2'085
2.01 1
2'175
24
CO
2.069
1.973
2.064
1.960
V1 = 24
00
2'064
2'064
2'062
2056
2058
2'035
2'056
V058
2'062
2'064
y009
1.983
P966
196o
vl = 00
1.960
196o
1.960
1'960
1.96o
1.96o
i.96o
V1
2'064
Pi
Pi
j.
V, v2
2'228
0 = tan-1 ( s -- - i
s 2 )'
0 being
07
4
measured in degrees. Define r = I - + s2 and d =
2.082
If d > dp the confidence level associated with

it
2 is less
than P per cent, and if d <
dp the confidence level associated with
ft
2 is less than P per cent. (See H. Cramer,
Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton University
Press (1946), Princeton, N.J., pp. 520-523.) Also, the values
of Pi -#2 such that 1(Yi - - (#1-P2)1 < rdp provide a
Ioo 2P per cent Bayesian credibility interval for
#2.
This distribution arises in investigating the difference

between the means #1, P2 of two normal distributions without
assuming, as does the t-statistic, that the variances are equal.
Let o i, p72 be the means and 4., 4 the variances of two independent samples of sizes n1, n2 from normal distributions,
let v1= n1-1, v2 = n2 - 1 and
6o
45
2.571
5
6
7
8
12
v2
30
2 '571
v1 =
xo
v2 = 6
15.
I. -072
.
47
pi
TABLE 11(b). 0-5 PER CENT POINTS OF BEHRENS' DISTRIBUTION

v2 = I
vl = I
3
4
5
6
7
8
io
12
24
c0
V2 = 2
V1 = 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
24
V2
=3
P2 = 4
x5
3o
450
6o
75.
go
63.66
63.66
63.66
63'66
63.66
63.66
63.66
63.66
63.66
63.66
63.66
63.66
77.96
61.61
61 '49
61'49
61 '49
61'49
61 '49
61 '49
61 '49
61 '49
61'49
61'49
86.96
55.62
55'15
55'14
55'14
55'14
55'13
55'13
55'13
55'13
55'13
55'13
90.02
46.18
45' 08
45'04
45.03
45.03
45.03
45.03
45'03
45.03
45.02
45.02
86.96
34'18
32.04
31.89
31.87
31.86
31.86
31.86
31.86
31.86
31.85
31.85
7796
21'11
17'28
16'70
16'59
16'57
16.56
16.55
16.55
16.54
16'54
16.53
63.66
9.925
5 .841
4'604
4. 032
3.707
3'499
3'355
3.169
3.055
2.797
2 '576
10'01
10'14
8'905
8.717
8.676
8.663
8.657
8.653
8.649
8. 647
8. 642
8.638
10'19
7'937
7'428
7'270
7'210
7'183
7'169
7155
7.148
7'134
7'124
10'14
6.966
6.082
5.716
5'535
5'434
5'373
5.308
5'275
5.223
5'194
10'0!
9'640
9'609
9'604
9'602
9.601
9'600
9.600
9'599
9'598
9'597
6.187
5 .049
4'5 28
4'235
4'049
3'921
3'759
3.660
3'446
3.276
9.925
5'841
4'604
4'032
3.707
3'499
3'355
3.169
3-055
2.797
2.576
5'841
5'841
5'754
5'694
5'640
5'349
5.841
5.681
5.256
5.841
5'841
5.676
5'673
5.218
5'199
5'640
4'720
4'316
4'095
3'958
3.866
3'753
3.686
3'548
3'449
5'754
4'601
4'076
3.782
3'595,
3'467
3'302
3'201
2 '977
2.789
5'841
4.604
4'032
3.707
3'499
3'355
3.169
3.055
2.797
2.576
4'400
3'983
3'755
3.613
3'517
3'395
3'323
3.167
3'045
4'525
4'604
4'032
3.707
3'499
3'355
3.169
3.055
2.797
2.576
9.925
9'925
9'925
9'925
9.925
9.925
9.925
9.925
9'925
9'925
9'925
Pi = 3
4
5
6
7
8
xo
5.841
5.671
5.189
5.841
1205
g.
5 'E1
1
5'669
5.668
5.666
5 .664
5'177
5.171
5.159
5.150
5'598
4'986
4'739
4'617
4'548
4'506
4'459
4'434
4'389
4'361
v1 = 4
4'604
4'604
4'604
4'604
4'525
4:505
4'497
4'493
4'490
4.487
4'486
4'482
4'479
4'400
4.283
4.229
4'201
4'184
4.165
4'155
4'135
4'i2i
4'350
4'084
3'945
3.862
3.809
3'745
3.709
3.
64
3'592
5
6
7
8
I0
12
24
4. 604
4.604
4.604
4'604
4'604
If t1and t2 are two independent random variables distributed as t with v1, v2 degrees of freedom respectively, the
random variable d = t1sin 0- t2 cos 0 has Behrens' distribution with parameters V1, V2 and 0. The function tabulated
in Table it is dp = dP(vi, v2, 0) such that
Pr (d
Pi
3'993
3-694
3'504
3'373
3.206
3'104
2.876
2685
P2. When v, < V2 use the result that
0).
dp(Vi, v2, 0) = dp(v2, V1, 90 Behrens' distribution is symmetric about zero, so
Pr (1d1
> dp) = P/ioo
> dp) = 213 1 ioo.
Notice that in this table 0 is measured in degrees rather than

radians.
for P = 2.5 and 0.5 and a range of values of vi and v2 with
48
TABLE 11(b). 0.5 PER CENT POINTS OF BEHRENS' DISTRIBUTION

0
V2 = 5
vl
= 5
6
7
8
10
12
24
00
=6
7
8
10
12
v2 = 6
24
00
V2 =7
v, = 7
8
xo
12
24
c0
v2 = 8
v1 = 8
10
12
24
00
xs
30
450
6o
750
900
4.032
4.032
4'032
4.032
4.032
4.032
4.032
4'032
3'968
3'957
3'952
3'949
3'945
3'943
3.938
3'934
3.856
3'794
3'760
3'739
3'715
3 '702
3'677
3'658
3.809
3.663
3'575
3'518
3'447
3'407
3'325
3'266
3.856
3'622
3'476
3'378
3'253
3. I 78
3'016
2.886
3.968
3.666
3'474
3'342
3.173
3.069
2.840
2.646
4.032
3.707
3'499
3'355
3.169
3.055
2'797
2.576
3'707
3'707
3'707
3.707
3.707
3.707
3'707
3'654
3'648
3'644
3'639
3'637
3'631
3'627
3'556
3'519
3'496
3'468
3'453
3.424
3.402
3'514
3'423
3'363
3.289
3'246
3'158
3.093
3'556
3'408
3'308
3.180
3'104
2.938
2'804
3'654
3-461
3'328
3.158
3'053
2.822
2.627
3'707
3'499
3'355
3.169
3'055
2.797
v576
3'499
3'499
3'499
3'499
3'499
3'499
3'454
3'450
3'445
3'442
3'436
3'431
3'369
3'344
3'314
3'298
3.265
3'241
3'331
3'269
3'193
3'149
3.056
2'987
3'369
3.267
3'138
3'060
2.892
2'755
3'454
3.321
3.149
3'045
2.812
2616
3'499
3'355
3.169
3'055
2.797
2.576
3'355
3.355
3.355
3'355
3.355
3'316
3.310
3.307
3'301
3.295
3'241
3.210
3.192
3.158
3.132
3.206
3.129
3.083
2.988
2.916
3.241
3.110
3-032
2.862
2.723
3.316
4
13
49
3 :0
3'355
3'169
3'138
3.169
3.169
3.169
3.135
3'127
3.121
3.078
3.059
3'021
2.993
3.049
3'002
00
3.055
3.055
3.055
3'029
3.021
3.015
2'978
2.939
2.909
V2 = 24 VI = 24
00
2'797
2.797
2'784
2.777
P2 = CO V1 = 00
2 '576
2.576
V2 = 10
V1 = 10
12
24
00
V2= 12
vl = 12
24
3.078
3.138
3'033
2'904
2'998
2'825
2.828
2.684
2'798
2.600
3.169
3-055
2'797
2.576
2'954
2'853
2.775
2'978
2.803
2.661
3'029
2.794
2.595
3'055
2'797
2.576
2'759
2726
2 '747
2.664
2'759
2'784
2'797
2'613
2'584
2'576
2.576
2.576
2'576
2'576
2'576
If d > dp the confidence level associated with illt-C. /12 is less

than P per cent, and if d <
dp the confidence level associated with 121 11
2 is less than P per cent. (See H. Cramer,
Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton University
Press (2946), Princeton, N.J., pp. 520-523.) Also, the values
of -#2 such that I(x1- x2) - (01-#2)1 5 rdp provide a
200-2P per cent Bayesian credibility interval for it, -#2.
This distribution arises in investigating the difference

between the means ltil #2 of two normal distributions without
assuming, as does the t-statistic, that the variances are equal.
Let oil, x2 be the means and 4, 4 the variances of two independent samples of sizes n1, n2 from normal distributions,
/ S2
let = - V2 = 712 -1 and 0 =
(071 N/V2)
S2 S
2
measured in degrees. Define r = ji- +1and d

vi V2
2.806
2.608
3'169
3.055
2.797
2.576
U being
-X2
r
49
TABLE 12(a). 10 PER CENT POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION

The function tabulated is F(P) = F(Plv,, v2) defined by the
equation
P
zoo
rco
ITO
JTI)
Fip.-
r(i-v2) vl v2b2 F(p)(v2 +P,FP( P'+"')c1F'
for P = io, 5, 2.5, I, 0.5 and 01. The lower percentage

points, that is the values F'(P) = F'(PIP1, P2) such that the
probability that F < F'(P) is equal to Pim, may be found
by the formula
F'(P IPi,
VI =
P2) = I/F(Plv2,
(This shape applies only when vl > 3. When v1< 3 the mode is
at the origin.)
xo
12
24
CO
58.91
9'349
5.266
3'979
59.44
9'367
5.252
3'955
60.19
9.392
5.230
3'920
60.71
9.408
5.216
3.896
62.00
9.450
5.176
3.831
63'33
9.491
5'134
3.761
39.86
8.526
5'538
4'545
49.50
9.000
5'462
4'325
53'59
9.162
5'391
4.191
55'83
9.243
5'343
4.107
57.24
9'293
5'309
4.051
58.20
9'326
5'285
4.010
4'060
3.776
3'589
3.458
3.78o
3.463
3'257
3.113
3.619
3.289
3.074
3.520
3.181
2.961
3'453
3.108
2.883
2'924
2'806
2.726
3'006
2.813
693
2.611
3'368
3'014
2.785
2.624
2.505
3'339
2'983
2.752
2.589
2.469
3'297
2.937
2.703
2.538
2.416
3.268
2.905
2.668
2.5o2
2'379
3.191
2.818
2.575
2.404
2'277
3.105
2.722
2.471
2'293
3'360
3'405
3.055
2.827
2668
2.551
3.285
3.225
3.177
3.136
3.102
2.924
2728
2.66o
2414
2'377
2.304
2.323
2.248
2.284
2'245
2560
2.522
2.195
2'188
2'138
2'209
2'147
2'097
2'178
2'100
2'036
1.983
2 '055
2'451
2'394
v347
2.307
2'461
2'389
2.763
2.726
2.605
2536
2.480
2.434
2.395
2 '154
2.095
2.0 54
P938
P904
1.846
P797
3'073
3.048
3'026
3.007
2'490
V361
2'273
2'208
2'158
2'119
2'059
2'017
2.462
2'437
2.416
2.397
2.333
2.308
2.286
2.244
2.218
2.178
2.152
2.128
2.102
2'990
2 '695
2.668
2.645
2.624
2.606
2'266
2'196
2'176
2'130
2'109
2.058
2.088
2.061
2.038
2.017
2.028
voox
1.977
P956
P985
P958
P933
I912
P899
P866
P836
P810
1.787
P755
P718
P686
P657
P631
2.589
2.575
2.561
2'549
2.380
v365
2'249
2'158
2'091
2'040
2.233
2'142
2'075
2'351
2'219
2'128
2'060
23
2.975
2.961
2.949
2.937
2'339
2.207
2.115
2.047
24
2'927
2'538
2'327
V195
2'103
2'035
2.023
2.008
P995
P983
P999
P982
1.967
P953
1.941
P937
P920
P904
1.890
1.877
1.892
P875
P859
1.845
P832
P767
1.748
1.731
1.716
P702
P607
P586
P567
P549
1'533
25
26
27
28
29
2.918
2.528
2'317
2'184
2'092
2'024
2'909
2'901
2'519
2'511
2.307
2.174
vo82.
2.014
2'073
2'005
P952
2.503
2.495
2'299
2'291
2'165
v894
2.887
V I 57
2.283
2'149
2'064
2.057
P996
P988
P943
P935
1.929
P919
P909
p900
x.892
P866
P855
1.845
P836
P827
1820
p809
P799
P790
1.781
P689
P677
1666
1.656
P647
1.518
P504
1.491
P478
P467
30
2'881
P980
P967
P819
P773
1.638
P913
P870
1'805
P758
P622
34
36
38
2'859
2.850
2'466
2'252
V049
2'036
2'024
1.884
2.263
2.456
2.243
2'142
2'129
2'118
2'108
P927
v869
2.489
2.477
2'276
32
v014
P6o8
P595
2'234
2'099
2'005
1.858
P847
1.838
P745
P734
2'448
P901
P891
1881
P793
1.781
2'842
P955
P945
P935
P772
P724
P584
1.456
P437
P419
1404
1.390
40
60
2.835
2/91
2'440
V393
2'226
2'347
P722
1'652
p574
1.511
1.447
P377
P291
1 '193
V303
1.873
P819
P767
1.717
P715
P657
I .601
2/06
P927
P875
1.824
P774
P763
1.707
2.748
P997
P946
1.896
1.847
1.829
p775
120
00
2.091
2.041
1.992
1.945
p670
P599
P546
P383
P000
P2 = I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2'86o
2'807
2'606
v177
2' I 3o
2.084
2'522
2.331
2.283
2.243
50
2'342
2'283
2.234
2 ' 193
2'079
P971
P961
2 '159
P972
TABLE 12(b). 5 PER CENT POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION
--1/-?X
If F = X
112
, where X1and X2 are independent random
variables distributed as X2 with v1and v2 degrees of freedom

respectively, then the probabilities that F F(P) and that
F F'(P) are both equal to Pilot). Linear interpolation in
v1and v2 will generally be sufficiently accurate except when
either v1> 1z or v2 > 40, when harmonic interpolation
should be used.
0
F(P)
(This shape applies only when v1>. 3. When v, < 3 the mode is
at the origin.)
I
xo
12
24
CO
V2 = I
161 4
199.5
215.7
224.6
230.2
2340
18'51
10'13
19'00
19.16
19.25
19-30
19.33
9.277
6.591
9.117
6.388
9.013
6256
8'941
24P9
19.40
8.786
5.964
249'1
19.45
8.639
19.50
8.526
6.163
238.9
19'37
8.845
6.041
243'9
19'41
9'552
6.944
236.8
19'35
8.887
6.094
5'774
5.628
4'365
3.669
3.230
2.928
2.707
Ili =
3
4
7'709
8.745
5'912
254'3
6.6o8
5.786
5'409
5'192
5.050
4'950
4.876
4.818
4'735
4'678
4'527
6
7
8
9
5.987
5'591
5.318
5'143
4'757
4'534
4'387
4'284
4.207
4'147
4.06o
4.000
3.841
5.117
4'737
4'459
4'25 6
4'347
4.066
3.863
4'120
3.838
3.633
3'972
3.687
3'482
3.866
3.581
3'374
3.787
3.500
3.293
3.726
3'438
3.230
3.637
3'347
3.137
3'575
3.284
3.073
3.410
3.115
2.900
4.965
4.844
4'747
4.667
4.600
4.103
3.982
3.885
3.806
3'739
3.708
3.587
3'490
3.411
3'344
3'478
3'357
3.259
3.179
3.112
3.326
3.204
3.106
3.025
2.958
3.217
3.095
2.996
2.915
2.848
3.135
3.012
2.913
2.832
2.764
3.072
2.948
2.849
2.767
2.699
2.978
2.854
2.753
2.671
2.602
2.913
2.788
2.687
2.604
2.534
2 '737
2.609
2.505
2.42o
2.349
2.538
4'543
4'494
4'451
4'414
4.381
3.682
3.634
3'592
3'555
3.522
3.287
3'239
3.197
3.160
3.127
3.056
3.007
2.965
2.928
2.895
2.901
2.852
2.810
2.773
2.740
2.790
2'741
2.699
2.661
2.628
2.707
2.657
2.614
2.577
2.544
2.641
2.591
2.548
2.510
2'477
2.544
2.475
2.425
2.381
2.288
2.235
2.066
4.351
4'325
4'301
4'279
3'493
3'467
3'443
3.422
2'711
2.685
2.661
2.64o
2.621
2.514
2.488
2.420
3'403
2.866
2.84o
2817
2.796
2/76
2.599
2.573
2.549
4.26o
3.098
3.072
3.049
3.028
3.009
4'242
4.225
2.991
2.975
2.96o
2.947
2.934
2/59
2 '743
2'728
2 '572
2 '459
2.714
4.183
3.385
3.369
3'354
3'340
3.328
2.558
2.545
30
4.171
3.316
2'922
32
34
4'149
3.295
2.901
2.690
2.668
4'130
4.113
4.098
3'276
2'883
2'650
2.534
2.512
2'494
2'399
2.380
3'259
3.245
v866
2.852
2.634
2.619
2463
2.364
2'349
3.232
3.I50
3.072
2.996
2.839
2/58
2.68o
2.605
2.606
2.525
2'449
2'336
2.249
2.18o
2368
2'447
2'290
2. 254
2'175
2'372
2.214
2.099
2'167
2'087
2'010
2'097
2'016
P938
I0
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
36
38
4'210
4.196
40
4o85
6o
4.001
3.920
3.841
120
00
2/01
2 '494
2.45o
2.412
2-378
2 '404
2.296
2.2o6
2'131
2'010
1.960
2 '342
2'190
2.150
2.308
2.114
2.278
2.250
2.226
2.204
1'843
P917
p878
2'397
2'528
2'464
2 '442
2. 375
2'348
2.321
2'297
2.275
2.508
2.423
2.355
2'255
2'183
2082
v054
2.028
2.005
P984
2'603
2'490
2'474
2.405
2.388
2.373
2.337
2.321
2.305
2.236
2.587
2220
2'165
2'148
P964
1946
171 I
1'691
2.204
2.132
1.930
1.672
2'445
2.432
2 '359
2.291
2.346
2.278
2'190
2'177
2'118
2.104
1.915
P901
1.654
1'638
2.421
2.334
2313
2'165
2'142
2'123
2'106
2'091
2'092
2.070
2'050
2.033
2'017
I .887
1.864
P843
P824
1'808
2.077
I '993
2'003
P910
1'831'
P834
P752
P793
x.700
I .608
P509
P389
1.254
1.517
1000
2 '477
51
2.447
2.266
2. 294
2'244
2'225
2.277
2.209
2'262
2'194
I917
1 .812
P783
P757
P733
1'622
1.594
P569
1'547
I .527
TABLE 12(c). 2.5 PER CENT POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION

The function tabulated is F(P) =
the equation
r(iPi+ i-v2)
100
F( v1)r(iv2)
V2iv2
v2) defined by
F(p)(P2+
viflttpx+vo dF,
for P = 1o, 5, 2.5, I, 0.5 and oI. The lower percentage

points, that is the values F'(P) = FTP1v1, v,) such that the
probability that F t F'(P) is equal to P/Ioo, may be found
by the formula
F'(Plvi, v2) = IF(PIP2, PO.
v1=
F(P)
(This shape applies only when v1> 3. When v1 < 3 the mode is
at the origin.)
ro
12
24
00
921'8
937'1
39'33
14'73
9.197
948.2
39'36
14.62
9'074
956.7
39'37
14'54
8.98o
968.6
39'40
14'42
8.844
976.7
39'41
14'34
8.751
997'2
39'46
14.12
8.511
1018
39'50
13'90
8'257
6.978
5.820
6.757
5.6o0
4'899
4'433
6.619
6'525
5.461
5'366
4'102
4'761
4'295
3'964
4'666
4' 200
3.868
6.278
5.117
4'415
3'947
3'614
6.015
4'849
4'142
3.670
3'333
3.365
3.173
3.019
2.893
2.789
3.080
2.883
2'701
2'625
2'560
2'503
2'452
v395
2.316
2.247
2.187
2-133
2'602
2'570
2'541
2'408
2'368
2'331
2'299
2'269
2'085
2'042
2'003
2.515
2'491
2'469
2'448
2'430
2 '242
2.217
2.195
2'174
2'154
I'906
1.878
2.412
2.38,
2.353
2.329
2.307
2'136
2'103
2'075
2'049
2'027
1.787
1.750
1.717
1.687
1.661
2.288
2'007
1'882
1'760
I'640
1'637
1'482
1'310
1'000
864.2
39.17
15.44
9'979
899.6
39'25
15'10
9'605
39'30
14' 88
9'364
V2 = i
2
647'8
38'51
3
4
12'22
799'5
39.0o
16.04
1065
5
6
7
8
9
8.813
8.073
7'571
7.209
8'434
7.260
6'542
6.059
5.715
7'764
6.599
5.890
5'416
5.078
7.388
6.227
5.523
5.053
4'718
7.146
5.988
5-285
4'817
4'484
4'652
4'320
6.853
5.695
4'995
4'529
4'197
5'456
5.256
5.096
4'96 5
4'857
4'826
4'630
4'474
4'347
4'242
4%168
4'275
4'121
3'996
3.892
4'236
4'044
3.891
3-767
3.663
4'072
3.881
3.728
3 . 604
3.501
3'950
3'759
3.607
3'483
3.38o
3'855
3.664
3'512
3.388
3.285
3'717
3.526
3'374
3.250
3'147
3'621
13
14
6.937
6.724
6'554
6'414
6.298
Is
6'200
6.115
6'042
5.978
5.922
3.804
3'729
3.665
3.608
3'559
3'576
3.5oz
3'438
3.382
3'333
3'415
36 341
3.277
x8
4'153
4'077
4' 0 II
3'954
3.903
3.293
3.219
3.156
3.100
3.051
3'199
3.125
3.061
3.005
2.956
3.060
2.986
17
4'765
4'687
4'619
4'5 6o
4'508
2'963
z6
2'817
2'769
2'720
4%161
4'420
4'383
4'349
4'319
3'859
3.819
3.783
3'750
3.721
3.515
3'475
3'440
3'408
3'379
3.289
3.128
3.090
3.055
3.023
2.995
3.007
2 '969
2'934
2'913
2 '774
2 '735
2-637
2'902
2'874
2.874
2.839
2.808
2.779
3.129
3.105
3.083
3:063
3'044
2.753
2.729
2.613
2'923
2'903
2'884
2'802
2'782
2/63
2'707
2'687
2.568
2 '547
4'201
3'353
3.329
3'307
3.286
3.267
2'848
2.824
5.588
3'694
3.670
3'647
3.62,6
3.607
2.969
2 '945
5'610
4'291
4.265
4'242
4.221
2.669
2'529
4'182
4'149
4'1zo
4'094
4'071
3.589
3'557
3'529
3.505
3'483
3'250
3.026
2'995
2.968
2'944
2.867
2.836
2.808
2.785
2.763
2/46
2.715
2.651
2.620
2.593
2.569
v548
2'511
2'480
34
36
38
5.568
5.531
5'499
5'471
5.446
2.453
40
6o
5'424
5.286
3'463
3'343
120
co
5'152
5'024
4'05I
3'925
3.805
3.689
2'529
2'412
2'299
2'192
v388
2.27o
2 'I57
2.048
zo
zz
12
zo
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
17'44
5.871
5'827
5.786
5-750
5'717
5.686
5.659
5'633
3'227
3'116
3'218
3'191
3.167
3'145
3.126
3.008
2. 894
v786
3'250
3'215
3.183
3'155
2'923
2. 904
2.786
v674
2.567
5'119
3'221
3'172
2.688
2.664
v643
2 '744
2.624
2.627
2.515
2.408
2.507
2.395
2.288
52
2'922
2.866
2'700
2.668
264o
2'590
2%429
2 407
3'430
3.277
3'153
3.050
2.889
2.825
2'676
2'169
2'055
1.945
2'725
2.595
2.487
r968
1'935
1.853
1'829
1'807
TABLE 12(d). 1 PER CENT POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION

--2, where X1and X2 are independent random
Xpi11X
F=V2
If
variables distributed as X2 with v1and v2 degrees of freedom

F < F'(P) are both equal to Nioo. Linear interpolation in
vi or v2 will generally be sufficiently accurate except when
either v1 > 12 or v2 > 4o, when harmonic interpolation
should be used.
0
F(P)
(This shape applies only when v1

at the origin.)
vl =
v2 = I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
xo
II
12
3. When v1< 3 the mode is
to
12
24
00
5928
99'36
27.67
14.98
5981
99'37
27.49
14'80
6056
99'40
27.23
14'55
6,o6
99'42
27.05
4'37
6235
99'46
26.6o
13'93
6366
99'50
26.13
13'46
9'020
6.88o
4052
98'50
34- 12
21.20
4999
99'00
30.82
18.00
5403
99'17
29.46
16.69
5625
99'25
28.71
15.98
5764
99'30
28.24
15'52
16.26
13.75
13.27
10.92
12.06
9.780
I139
9.148
10.97
10.67
10.46
1029
8.746
8.466
8.26o
8.102
10.05
7'874
9.888
7718
9.466
7313
12.25
11.26
9'547
8'649
8'451
7.591
7'847
7.006
7'460
6.632
7.191
6.371
6.993
6.178
6.840
6.029
6.620
5'814
6.469
5'667
6.074
5'279
10.56
8'022
6'992
6'422
6'057
5'802
5.613
5 .467
5'257
5'111
4.729
4'859
4.31 1
10'04
9.646
6'552
6.217
5'953
5'739
5 .564
5'994
5 .668
5'412
5'205
5'035
5'636
5.386
5.200
5.316
5.064
4'862
4'695
5.069
4.821
4'620
4'456
4.886
4'640
4'441
4'278
5.057
4'744
4'499
4'302
4'140
4'849
4'539
4'296
4'100
3'939
4'706
4'397
4'155
3 .960
3'800
4'327
4'021
3'780
3'587
3.909
3.602
3.361
3 .165
3'427
3'004
3'434
3'666
3'553
3'455
3.371
3'297
3'294
3'181
3'084
2.999
2'925
2.868
2.753
2 '653
2.566
2.489
5859
99'33
27.91
15.21
5.650
13
9'074
7'559
7.206
6'927
6'701
14
8.862
6.515
15
16
17
18
19
8.683
6'359
5'417
4'893
4'556
4'318
4'142
4'004
3805
8.531
8.400
8.285
8.185
6.226
4'773
4'669
4'579
4.500
4'437
4'336
4'248
4'171
4'202
4'102
3'939
4.026
3'927
3-841
3'765
3.890
3'791
3.705
3'631
3'691
3'593
6.013
5.926
5'292
5'185
5'092
5010
20
8.096
8.017
7'945
7.881
7.823
5'849
5'780
5'719
5.664
5.614
4'938
4'874
4'817
4'765
4.718
4'431
4'369
4'313
4'264
4.218
4.103
4'042
3'988
3'939
3.895
3.871
3.812
3'758
3'710
3'667
3'699
3.640
3'587
3'539
3'496
3.564
3.506
3'453
3'406
3'363
3.368
3'310
3'258
3.211
3.231
3'173
3.121
3.074
2.859
2.8o1
2.749
2.702
2.421
2.360
2.305
2.256
3'168
3.032
2.659
2.211
7'770
7'721
7.677
7.636
7'598
5'568
5'526
5.488
5'453
5'420
4'675
4'637
4'601
4'568
4.538
4'177
4'140
4'106
4'074
4'045
3'855
3.818
3'785
3'754
3'725
3'627
3'591
3'558
3'528
3'499
3'457
3'421
3.388
3'358
3'330
3'324
3.288
3.256
3.226
3.198
3'129
3.094
3062
3.032
3.005
2'993
2.958
2.926
2.896
2-868
2.62o
2.585
2.552
2'522
2.495
2.169
2.131
2 '097
2 ' 064
2 '034
5.390
5'336
5'289
5'248
5'211
4'510
4.018
3'699
4'459
4'416
4'377
4'343
3'969
3'927
3'890
3'858
3'652
3'611
3'574
3'542
3'473
3'427
3 .386
3'351
3'319
3'304
3.258
3.218
3.183
3.152
3'173
3.127
3.087
3'052
3.021
2'979
2.934
2.894
2.859
2.828
2'843
2.798
2'758
2.723
2.692
2.469
2.423
2.383
2'347
2.316
2.006
34
36
38
7.562
7'499
7'444
7.396
7'353
1.911
1.872
1'837
40
6o
7'314
7077
5'179
4'977
4'787
4.605
4'313
4'126
3'949
3.782
3'828
3'649
3'480
3.319
3'514
3'339
3'174
3.017
3.291
3'119
2.956
2.802
3.124
2'953
2.792
2.639
2'993
2.823
2.663
2.511
2.801
2.632
2.472
2.321
2.665
2.496
2.336
2.185
2.288
2.115
1950
1.791
1.8o5
1.601
1.381
1.000
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
32
9.330
120
6'851
00
6.635
4.015
53
3.508
1'956
TABLE 12(e). 0.5 PER CENT POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION

The function tabulated is F(P) = F(Plv,, v2) defined by the
equation
ravi+ -PO v
Ioo r(iv,) ra v2) 1
v iv2
_ co
z
fF(p) (12+ viF)1(P.+92) dF,
for P = 1o, 5, 2.5, I, 05 and oi. The lower percentage

points, that is the values F'(P) = F'(Plvi, v2) such that the
probability that F < F'(P) is equal to P/Ioo, may be found
by the formula
F'(Plvi, v2) = i/F(Plv2, v1)
Vi. =
1/2 = I
20000
199'0
21615
22500
16211
198.5
199'2
199'2
3
4
55'55
3133
49'80
26.28
47'47
24.26
46'19
23.15
5
6
7
8
9
22.78
16.24
14.69
13.61
18.31
14.54
12.40
11'04
IO II
16.53
12'92
1088
9'596
8.7i7
12.83
12.23
I r 75
1 P 37
iio6
9.427
8.912
8.510
8.186
7.922
15
i6
17
18
19
1080
1o58
1038
20
(This shape applies only when vl

at the origin.)
7
zo
12
24
(X)
23715
199'4
44'43
2 I .62
24224
43'69
20'97
24426
199'4
43'39
20.70
24940
199'5
42'62
20.03
25464
22'46
23437
199'3
44'84
2 1 97
23925
199'4
44'13
2r35
15'56
12.03
1oo5
8.805
7956
14'94
11.46
9'522
8.3oz
7'471
14'51
11.07
9'155
7952
7134
14'20
10.79
8.885
7694
6.885
13.96
/0'57
8.678
7496
6.693
13.62
10.25
8.38o
7.211
6.417
13.38
10'03
8.176
7.015
6.227
12.78
9'474
7-645
6'503
5/29
12 '14
8'879
8.081
7.600
7226
6.926
6.68o
7'343
6.88
6.521
6.233
5'998
6'872
6.422
6.071
5'791
5'562
6'545
6.102
5'757
5'482
5'257
6.3o2
5.865
5'525
5'253
5'031
6.116
5.682
5'345
5'076
4'857
5.847
5.418
5'085
4'820
4'603
5.661
5.236
4'906
4'643
4'428
5.173
4-756
4'431
4'173
3.961
3'904
3'647
3.436
7701
7.514
7354
6 '476
6.303
6'156
5'803
5.638
5'497
10'22
7215
6'028
5'375
10.07
7'093
5'916
5.268
5'372
5.212
5'075
4'956
4'853
5'071
4'913
4'779
4'663
4'561
4'847
4'692
4'559
4'445
4'345
4'674
4'521
4'389
4'276
4'177
4'424
4'272
4'142
4.030
3'933
4'250
4'099
3'971
3.860
3'763
3/86
3.638
3.5
3'402
3'306
3.260
3112
2 '984
2'873
2.776
6.986
6.891
6.806
6/30
6.661
5.818
5.730
5.652
5'582
5.519
5'174
5.091
5.017
4'950
4.890
4'762
4.681
4.609
4'544
4'486
4'472
4'393
4.322
4'259
4'202
4.257
4'179
4'109
4'047
3.991
4.090
4'013
3'944
3'882
3.826
3.847
3'771
3'703
3'642
3.587
3.678
3.602
3'535
3'475
3.420
3.222
3.147
3'081
3'021
2.967
2'690
23
24
9.944
9.830
9.727
9.635
9'551
2.428
25
9.475
26
27
9.406
5.462
5'409
5.361
5.317
4'835
4/85
4.740
4.698
4-659
4'433
4'384
4.340
4.300
4.262
4'150
4'103
4.059
4.020
3'983
3'939
3'893
3.850
3.811
3'775
3'776
3'730
3.687
3.649
3'613
3'537
3'492
3'450
3'412
3'377
3'370
3'325
3.284
3'246
3.211
2.918
2'873
v832
2.377
2'330
2.287
2 '794
2.247
2.759
2.210
4'228
4'166
3'949
3'889
3'742
3'682
4'112
3'836
3'630
4'065
4'023
3'790
3'749
3'585
3'545
3'580
3.521
3.470
3.425
3'385
3'344
3.286
3.235
3.191
3.152
3'179
3.121
3.071
3.027
2.988
2.727
2.670
2.620
2.576
2.537
2.176
2'114
2.060
2013
1.970
3'986
3/60
3'548
3'350
3'713
3.492
3'285
3'091
3'509
3.291
3'087
2.897
3'350
3.134
2 '933
2.744
3.117
2 '904
2 '705
2.519
2'953
2'742
2 '544
2.502
1.932
r689
1.431
I000
io
II
12
13
1
4
2/
22
18.63
z8
9'342
9.284
6'598
6'541
6'489
644o
29
9'230
6'396
5'276
30
9.180
6 '355
5'239
32
9'090
6'281
5'171
34
36
38
0.012
8.943
8.882
6.217
6.161
6
5.113
5.062
5o16
4'623
4'559
4'504
4'455
4.412
8'828
6.066
5'795
5'539
5.298
4'976
4'729
4'497
4.279
4'374
4'140
3'921
3'715
40
6o
120
00
8'495
8'179
7.879
,5
23056
199'3
45'39
3. When v1< 3 the mode is
54
199'4
2'358
2'290
2.089
1.898
199'5
41-83
19.32
7.076
5-951
5.188
4'639
4'226
2.614
v545
2 '484
TABLE 12(f). 0.1 PER CENT POINTS OF THE F-DISTRIBUTION

If
IX ,
F= X
v, V2
-2
where X1and .7C2 are independent random
variables distributed as X' with v1and v2 degrees of freedom

F < F'(P) are both equal to Piro. Linear interpolation in
v1or v2 will generally be sufficiently accurate except when
either vl > 12 or v2 > 4o, when harmonic interpolation
should be used.
(This shape applies only when V1
at the origin.)
vl =
v2 = I *
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4053
998'5
1670
74'14
5000
999'0
148.5
61.25
5404
999'2
141.1
56.18
47'18
35.51
37'12
27.00
33.2o
23.70
5625
999'2
137.1
53'44
5764
999'3
134.6
51'71
6
5859
999'3
132.8
50'53
3. When v, < 3 the mode is
I0
12
24
a)
5929
999'4
1316
49'66
5981
999'4
130.6
49'00
6056
999'4
129.2
48'05
6107
999'4
128.3
47'41
6235
999'5
125.9
45'77
6366
999'5
123'5
44.05
26.92
18.41
26.42
17.99
13.71
1119
9'570
25.13
16.90
12.73
10.30
8.724
23'79
15'75
11.70
9'334
7-813
8'445
7638
6.847
6 .249
5'781
5'407
6.762
5'998
5'420
4'967
4'604
5'101
31.09
29.75
28.83
28.16
27.65
2080
16'21
20'03
15'52
19'46
15'02
19'03
29'25
21'69
18'77
21'92
17'20
14'63
14'08
25.41
22.86
18'49
16.39
15'83
13.90
14'39
12.56
13.48
11.71
12.86
11.13
12.40
10.70
12.05
10.37
11.54
9'894
21.04
19.69
18.64
17.82
17.14
14.91
13.81
12.97
12.31
11.78
12.55
1r56
io8o
10.21
9.729
1128
10.35
9.633
9'073
8.622
1048
9.578
8.892
8'354
7.922
9.926
9'047
8.379
7.856
7'436
9.517
8.655
8ooi
7'489
7.077
9.204
8-355
7.710
7.206
6.8o2
8.754
7922
7292
6-799
6. 404
7626
7.005
6-519
6.130
11'34
10'97
9'335
1066
10.39
1016
8.727
8.487
8.280
8.253
7944
7.683
7'459
7.265
7022
18
19
16-59
16.x2
15.72
15.38
15.08
6.808
6.622
6081
5.812
5'584
5'390
5'222
5.812
5'547
5'324
5.132
4'967
4'631
4'447
4' 288
4'307
4'059
3.85o
3.670
3'514
20
2x
14'82
14'59
9'953
9'772
22
23
24
14'38
9'612
14'20
14'03
9'469
9'339
8098
7'938
7'796
7669
7'554
7.096
6'947
6.814
6.696
6.589
6'461
6.318
6.191
6078
5'977
13.88
13'74
13.61
13.5o
13.39
9.223
9'116
9.019
8.931
8'849
7'451
7'357
7.272
7.193
7.121
6'493
6.406
6.326
6.253
6.186
5.885
5.802
5.726
5.656
5'593
13.29
13.12
8.773
8.639
6.125
6014
5.919
5.836
5.763
5.698
5.307
4'947
4.617
4'757
4'416
4'103
10
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
25
26
27
28
29
9'006
34
36
38
12'97
8'522
I283
8.420
8.331
7.054
6.936
6.833
6.744
6.665
40
6o
12.6i
11.97
120
11 . 38
00
1o83
8.251
7.768
7321
6.908
6.595
6.171
5.781
5.422
3o
32
1211
7'567
7092
6.741
6.471
7.272
6.805
6.460
6.195
6'562
6'223
6.355
6.175
6.021
5'845
5.962
5.763
5'590
6019
5.881
5'758
5'649
5'550
5.692
5'557
5'438
5'331
5-235
5.308
5.190
5.085
4'991
5.075
4'946
4'832
4'730
4'638
4'823
4'696
4'583
4'483
4'393
4'149
4'027
3.919
3.822
3'735
3'378
3.257
3.151
3.055
2.969
5'462
5.381
5.308
5'241
5.179
5'148
5.070
4'998
4'933
4'873
4'906
4'829
4'759
4'695
4'636
4'555
4480
4'412
4'349
4'292
4'312
4.2 38
4'171
4'109
4'053
3.657
3.586
3.521
3'462
3'407
2'890
2'819
5'534
5'429
5'339
5.26o
5.190
5.122
5.021
4'934
4'857
4'790
4.817
4'719
4'633
4'559
4'494
4.581
4'485
4'401
4'328
4-264
4'239
4'145
4.063
3'992
3'930
4.001
3.908
3.828
3'758
3.697
3'357
3.268
3.191
3.123
3'064
2.589
2498
2 '419
2'349
2.288
5128
4'731
4'372
4'044
3'743
4'436
4' 086
3-767
3'475
4'207
3.865
3'552
3.266
3'874
3'541
3'237
2.959
3.642
3.315
3'011
2'694
2'402
2'132
v233
5.44o
* Entries in the row v2 = I must be multiplied by ioo.
55
3'016
2'742
4.846
2'754
2.695
2'640
I .890
1.543
I000
TABLE 13. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE CORRELATION

COEFFICIENT r WHEN p = 0
The function tabulated is r(P) = r(P1v) defined by the
equation
2 1)
\ITT
rp)fr(P)
(1 - r2) 2 dr = P
Let r be a partial correlation coefficient, after s variables have

been eliminated, in a sample of size n from a multivariate
normal population with corresponding true partial correlation
coefficient p = o, and let v = n - s. This table gives upper
P per cent points of r; the corresponding lower P per cent
points are given by - r(P), and the tabulated values are also
upper 2P per cent points of For s = o we have v = n and
r is the ordinary correlation coefficient. When v > 130 use
the results that r is approximately normally distributed with
-1
6
7
8
9
xo
II
12
13
14
2'5
0'5
0.9877
'9000
0.9969
9500
0 '9995
0 '9999
9800
.9900
Tables of the distribution of r for various values of p are

given by, for example, F. N. David, Tables of the Ordinates
and Probability Integral of the Distribution of the Correlation

Coefficient in Small Samples, Cambridge University Press
(1954), and R. E. Odeh, ' Critical values of the sample
product-moment correlation coefficient in the bivariate
normal distribution', Commun. Statist. - Simula Computa.
II (I) (1982), pp. x-26. The z-transformation may also be
used (cf. Tables 16 and 17).
0 '9343
0 '9587
0 '9859
8822
'8329
7887
7498
9172
. 8745
. 8343
'7977
'9633
'9350
'9049
-8751
0'5494
5214
'4973
'4762
'4575
0.6319
6021
'5760
'5529
'5324
0.7155
6851
-6581
'6339
6120
0.7646
'7348
-7079
'6835
6614
0.8467
0'4409
0'5140
'4259
'4124
'4000
3887
'4973
'4821
'4683
'4555
20
21
22
23
0.3783
.3687
3598
'3515
'3438
0.4438
'4329
'422 7
'4132
'4044
'
0.641 I
6226
6055
'5897
'5751
0.7301
'7114
'6940
'6777
6624
0 '5155
0.5614
'5487
5368
5256
5151
0.6481
'6346
62,19
'6099
.5986
'5034
'4921
'4815
'4716
0 '3365
'3297
3233
3172
3115
0.3961
3882
3809
'3739
.3673
0.4622
'4534
'4451
'4372
'4297
30
31
32
33
34
0.3061
3009
-2960
'2913
2869
0.3610
'3550
3494
'3440
3388
04226
'4158
'4093
'4032
'3972
0.5052
'4958
'4869
'4785
'4705
0-5879
'5776
'5679
'5587
'5499
0.4629
'4556
'4487
'4421
'4357
0 '5415
0.2826
0'3338
0'3916
0 '4296
785
'3862
3810
'4238
'2709
3291
3246
3202
' 2673
'3160
' 2
'2746
'8199
'7950
-7717
7501
0.5923
'5742
'5577
'5425
'5285
25
26
27
28
29
35
36
37
38
39
'9980
0.8783
8114
'7545
.7067
6664
15
16
17
18
24
0 '999995
o.8054
'7293
6694
6215
.5822
'3760
'3712
'4182
'4128
'4076
U-shaped.)
zero mean and variance -- (cf. Tables 16 and 17).

v-3
r(P)
(This shape applies for v > 5 only. When v = 4 the distribution

is uniform and when v = 3 the probability density function is
zero mean and variance--, or (more accurately) that

v -1
z = tanh-1r is approximately normally distributed with
v --- 3
4
5
P
v = 40
2'5
0'2638
0'3120
0'3665
42
'2573
'3044
44
46
48
'2512
'2455
'2403
-2973
' 2907
- 2845
'3578
3496
5c1
52
54
56
58
0'2353
'2306
'2262
'2221
218I
0'2787
6o
62
64
66
68
0'2144
2I08
' 2075
'2042
'2012
0'2542
70
72
74
76
78
0.1982
1954
1927
.1901
1876
0.2352
'2319
2287
'2257
80
0.1852
'1829
'1807
1786
'1765
0'2199
'2172
90
92
94
96
98
0 '1745
1726
1707
-1689
1671
100
105
II0
115
120
125
130
0'1478
'1449
82
84
86
88
'5334
'5257
'5184
-5113
0'5045
'4979
'4916
'4856
'4797
56
0%5
OI
0 '4741
'3420
'3348
0.3281
3218
'3158
3102
3048
0.4026
'3932
'3843
3761
3683
0.3610
3542
'3477
'3415
'3357
0.4267
'4188
'4114
'4043
'3976
0.2997
'2948
0.3301
3248
0'3912
'2902
'3198
.2858
2816
.3150
3104
3850
'3792
'3736
3683
0.2776
'2737
'2700
2664
2630
0.3060
3017
'2977
'2938
2900
0.3632
3583
'3536
'3490
'3447
0 '2597
0.2864
2830
'2796
.2764
'2732
0'3405
2565
'2535
.2505
'2477
0.2072
2050
2028
2006
.1986
0.2449
0'2 702
0' 3215
'2422
'2396
'2371
' 2 347
' 2673
- 2645
'3181
'3148
2617
'2591
3116
3085
0. 1 654
0.1966
'1918
1576
. 1874
. 1541
1832
'1793
0.2324
-2268
-2216
2167
0.2565
'2504
2446
'2393
0- 3054
- 1614
2I22
'2343
0'2079
-2039
0.2296
1509
'2732
2681
'2632
2586
'2500
' 2461
'2423
'2387
'2227
' 2146
'2120
'2096
0.1757
1723
'2252
'4633
'4533
'4439
'4351
'3364
'3325
3287
'3251
'2983
'2915
'2853
'2794
0.2738
2686
TABLE 14. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF SPEARMAN'S S

TABLE 15. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF KENDALL'S K
Spearman's S and Kendall's K are both used to measure the
degree of association between two rankings of n objects. Let
di (1 5 i n) be the difference in the ranks of the ith object;
-51-02(n+ 1)2(n I) for S and ,72,1-n(n t)(2n + 5) for K, and

when n > 4o both statistics are approximately normally distributed; more accurately, the distribution function of X =
[S n)]I[]n(n +1)'
.17---1]
-- is approximately equal to
Spearman's S is defined as E 4. To define Kendall's K, re-
(130 (x)
order the pairs of ranks so that the first set is in natural

order from left to right, and let mi (1 5 i
n) be the number
of ranks greater than i in the second ranking which are to the
241/27T
SPEARMAN'S S
2'5
KENDALL'S K
0'5
0I
5
6
7
8
9
6
16
3o
48
0
2
12
22
14
36
26
IO
20
4
Io
58
84
118
160
42
64
92
128
170
34
54
78
108
146
20
165
zo
34
52
76
104
220
II
286
364
455
222
194
140
616
284
354
436
53o
248
312
388
474
184
236
298
370
72
102
2'5
n=4
I0
i(n3
II
o.c:14(ign2+ 5n-36)
*(n3n)
and 110(x) is the normal distribution function (see Table 4).

A test of the null hypothesis of independent rankings is
provided by rejecting at the P per cent level if S x(P), or
K x(P), when the alternative is contrary rankings. The
other points are similarly used when the alternative is
similar rankings. To cover both alternatives reject at the 2P
per cent level if S, or K, lies in either tail. Spearman's rank
correlation coefficient rsis defined as 1 6S/(n3 n), and has
upper and lower P per cent points I 6x(P)/(n3 n) and
[1 6x(P)/(n3 n)] respectively. Kendall's rank correlation
coefficient ric is defined as 4K I[n(n
1, and has upper
and lower P per cent points 4x(P)/[n(n 1)] r and
I} respectively.
{4x(P)I[n(n
right of rank i. Kendall's K is defined as E mi.

i =1
For Table 14 the tabulated value x(P) is the lower percentage point, i.e. the largest value x such that, in independent
rankings, Pr(S < x) P/ loo; in Table 15, K replaces S and
the upper percentage point is given. A dash indicates that
there is no value with the required property. The distributions are symmetric about means (n3 n) for S and in(n-1)
for K, with maxima equal to twice the means; hence the
upper percentage points of S are -i(n3 n) x(P) and the lower
percentage points of K are in(n-1) x(P). The variances are
(x3 3x), where y =
I0
n=4
20
5
6
7
8
9
0'5
I0
10
14
14
15
22
19
24
3o
20
25
27
18
23
28
12
13
14
33
39
46
53
62
34
41
48
56
64
56o
68o
816
969
1140
15
16
17
18
19
7o
79
89
99
II0
73
83
93
103
114
1330
121
133
146
126
138
151
159
164
172
178
144
157
171
185
216
232
248
266
120
31
26
33
7'5
I0.5
14
18
36
43
51
59
67
37
44
52
61
69
40
47
55
64
73
22.5
27.5
33
39
45.5
77
86
97
1(38
79
89
I00
83
94
105
117
129
6o
68
76-5
142
156
170
184
200
95
zos
xxs.s
126.5
138
238
254
272
216
232
249
267
285
150
162.5
175'5
189
203
303
323
342
363
384
217.5
232.5
248
264
280.5
297.5
315
333
351'5
370.s
390
2I
I2
142
13
14
188
244
xs
x6
17
18
19
388
478
58o
694
20
21
22
23
24
824
970
1132
1310
1508
736
868
to18
1182
1364
636
756
890
1040
1206
572
684
8o8
452
544
65o
1771
948
1102
768
2024
900
2300
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
1724
1566
1272
1460
1664
1888
2132
1584
1796
260o
2925
3276
3654
4060
25
26
27
28
29
186
201
216
232
2794
1784
2022
2282
2564
1388
1588
1806
2044
2304
It:48
1958
248
193
208
223
239
256
3o
31
32
33
34
3118
3466
3840
4240
4666
2866
3194
3544
3920
4322
2584
2884
3210
3558
3930
2396
2682
2988
3318
3672
2028
2280
2552
2844
316o
4495
496o
5456
5984
6545
3o
31
32
33
34
265
282
300
318
337
273
291
309
328
347
283
301
320
340
359
290
308
328
347
368
35
36
37
38
39
512o
5604
6118
666z
7238
4750
5206
5692
6206
675o
4330
4754
5206
5686
6196
4050
4454
4884
5342
5826
3498
3858
4244
4656
35
36
37
38
39
356
376
397
418
440
367
388
409
430
452
380
401
410
5092
7140
7770
8436
9139
988o
444
467
432
454
477
405
428
450
473
497
40
7846
7326
6736
6342
5556
10660
40
462
475
490
501
522
310
2214
2492
210
268
338
418
512
1210
1388
1540
57
n(n I)
3
13
35
56
84
0I
119
131
200
422
III
123
135
148
161
176
190
205
221
388
52.5
85.5
TABLE 16. THE z-TRANSFORMATION OF THE

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
coefficient p, and let v = n-s. Then z is approximately

normally distributed with mean tanh-1p+plz(v I) (or, less
accurately, tanh-1p) and variance - 3). If s = o we have
v = n and r is the ordinary correlation coefficient. For p = o
the exact percentage points are given in Table 13.
z = tanh-1 r = loge (I
. If
r < o use the negative of the value of z for -r. Let r be a
partial correlation coefficient, after s variables have been
eliminated, in a sample of size n from a multivariate normal
population with the corresponding true partial correlation
0'00
OI
02
'03
0'0000
'0 I 00
'0200
0.500
.5o5
po
'515
52o
0.5493
.556o
5627
5695
5763
0'750
0.9730
0 '9845
0.9962
zoo82
1.0203
09I0
912
'9,4
916
.918
1.5275
'5393
'5513
5636
.5762
0.9700
9705
9710
'9715
9720
2.0923
xoo8
1o95
1183
.1273
09950
'995x
'9952
'9953
'9954
'755
760
.765
.770
z
2 '9945
3.0046
3'0149
3'0255
'04
0300
0400
0.05
o6
07
o8
09
0.0500
o6oi
0701
-o8o2
0902
0'525
0'5832
0'775
.5901
'5971
6042
-611 2
78o
.785
'790
'795
1.0327
.0454
.0583
0714
. o849
0'920
'922
'924
'926
'928
1.5890
-6022
.6157
-6296
'6438
0.9725
.9730
'9735
'9740
'9745
2.1364
'1457
1552
1649
'1747
0'9955
530
'535
'540
'545
0'I0
II
I2
0'1003
II04
1206
0'550
'93,
'932
'933
'934
1.6584
-6658
.6734
681x
6888
0.9750
'9755
'9760
.9765
'9770
2'1847
I950
- 2054
2I6o
1409
-56o
.565
.57o
1.0986
1127
127o
1417
1568
0'9960
1 307
o.800
.8o5
810
.815
820
0'930
.13
'14
0.6184
6256
6328
64ox
.6475
0.15
x6
'17
18
19
0'1511
'1614
1717
1820
'1923
0.575
.58o
.585
'590
'595
0. 6550
0'825
'830
'835
1'1723
0'935
.936
'937
.938
'939
1.6967
'7047
-7129
-7211
.7295
0'9775
2.2380
'2494
-2610
.2729
0.9965
9966
'9967
285I
9969
'2027
218I
'2340
0'20
2I
'22
'23
'24
0'2027
2I32
2237
o.600
6os
.6 zo
.615
62o
0.6931
70I0
'7089
7169
7250
o. 85o
.852
'854
.856
-858
12562
0.940
'94x
'942
'943
'944
1.738o
'7467
'7555
.7645
'7736
0.9800
9805
98,o
9815
9820
2'2976
0.9970
'9971
'9972
'9973
'9974
3.2504
.2674
. 2849
3031
-3220
0'25
'26
'27
0 '2554
0625
'630
'635
-640
0.7332
'7414
'7498
-7582
7667
o 86o
862
'864
866
868
1-2933
3011
3089
3169
'3249
0'945
r7828
'7923
8019
8117
-8216
0.9825
-983o
.9835
9840
- 9845
2.3650
'3796
'3946
'4101
'4261
0'9975
'946
'947
'948
'949
'9976
'9977
'9978
'9979
3'3417
3621
'3834
'4057
-4290
0870
'872
0.950
'95x
.952
'953
'954
1.8318
8421
8527
-8635
- 8745
0.9850
.9855
9860
9865
9870
2'4427
876
.878
r333r
'3414
'3498
3583
3670
'4597
'4774
'4957
'5147
0.9980
9981
9982
'9983
'9984
3'4534
'4790
5061
'5347
5650
2'5345
'5550
'5764
.5987
6221
0.9985
-9986
9987
'9988
.9989
3'5973
-6319
-6689
7090
.7525
0.9990
'9991
'9992
'9993
'9994
3.8002
3'8529
3.9118
3.9786
4'0557
4'1469
.2585
'4024
6o51
'9517
28
.29
'2342
.2448
2661
2769
2877
-2986
'555
'645
6625
-6700
6777
.6854
840
'845
1881
'2044
2212
2384
2634
2707
2782
.2857
9780
.9785
'9790
'9795
-2269
31o3
-3235
.3369
3507
0.30
'31
.32
'33
'34
0 '3095
o.65o
-655
-66o
665
67o
0'7753
3205
-3316
'3428
'3541
0.35
36
'37
38
'39
0. 3654
3769
3884
'4001
'4118
0.675
68o
.685
690
.695
0.8199
8291
-8385
-8480
-8576
o.88o
882
.884
886
888
13758
3847
'3938
'4030
'4124
0'955
.956
.957
.958
'959
1.8857
-8972
9090
.9210
'9333
0.9875
9880
040
0.4236
'4356
'4477
'4599
0'700
0.890
.892
1.4219
'4316
1'9459
720
.9588
9721
'9857
'9996
0.9900
'9905
9910
'9915
9920
2'6467
- 6724
'6996
'7283
'4722
0.8673
-8772
8872
'8973
9076
0.4847
'4973
510I
523o
-5361
0'725
0.9181
46
'47
'48
'49
'730
'735
'740
'745
0.50
0'5493
0'750
'41
'42
'43
'44
0'45
'
705
.7 zo
'7,5
'7840
.7928
-8017
-81o7
'874
'9885
-9890
9895
'9956
'9957
'9958
'9959
'9961
9962
'9963
'9964
'9968
'894
'441 5
'896
.898
'4516
4618
0.960
'961
962
'963
'964
0'900
902
'9395
.9505
9616
'904
'906
'908
1.4722
'4828
'4937
'5047
.5 x 6o
0.965
966
'967
968
'969
2.0139
-0287
.0439
.0595
.0756
0.9925
'9930
'9935
9940
'9945
v7911
-8257
-8629
9031
'9467
0'9995
'9287
0.9730
0'910
1.5275
0.970
2'0923
0.9950
2'9945
I'0000
58
7587
'9996
'9997
.9998
'9999
3'0363
3.0473
.0585
0701
-0819
'0939
3.1063
-I190
132o
1454
.1591
3'1732
1877
00
TABLE 17. THE INVERSE OF THE z-TRANSFORMATION

The function tabulated is r = tanh z =
e22 -
. If z < o, use the negative of the value of r for -z.
0'00
'01
02
0'0000
'0100
0'50
52
'53
'54
0.7616
7658
-7699
'7739
'7779
0.905!
9069
9087
9104
-9121
2'00
02
'04
0.9640
.9654
9667
-9680
.9693
3'00
02
'0200
0300
'0400
1'00
OI
'02
03
'04
x.50
'51
'03
04
0.4621
'4699
'4777
'4854
'4930
0.9951
'9952
'9954
'9956
'9958
0'05
0'0500
.0599
1.05
-06
-07
-08
.09
0.7818
-7857
7895
'7932
-7969
x-55
56
57
0.9138
'9154
2I0
I2
'9170
-14
- 58
9186
'59
- 9201
x6
-18
0.9705
-9716
-9727
'9737
'9748
3'10
I2
.0798
o898
0.55
-56
'57
58
'59
0.5005
o6
07
08
09
010
0.0997
*14
x.60
6x
-62
-63
- 64
0.9217
-9232
'9246
-9261
.9275
3'20
'22
'1293
I39I
0.8005
8041
-8076
8110
- 8144
2'20
- 22
'I3
0.5370
'5441
5511
5581
. 5649
0.9757
1096
'1194
o6o
61
62
-63
- 64
PIO
II
I2
- 24
'26
'28
'9776
-9785
'9793
.28
0'15
0'1489
o65
66
-67
68
-69
0.5717
'5784
585o
5915
5980
II5
I65
0.9289
'9302
2'30
- 32
'67
.9316
'9329
'9341
-36
38
0.9801
-9809
-9816
-9823
983o
3.3o
32
- 34
36
38
0 '9973
-66
17
-x8
x9
0.8178
-8210
8243
-8275
8306
0.70
'71
-72
. 73
'74
0.6044
6107
-6169
6231
6291
I'20
2I
'22
23
'24
0.8337
8367
-8397
- 8426
- 8455
1.70
'71
'72
'73
'74
0 '9354
2.40
- 42
'44
'46
48
0.9837
.9843
.9849
.9855
9861
3'40
- 42
.44
- 46
48
0.9978
'9979
'9979
-9980
'9981
0.75
76
'77
78
'79
0.6351
- 6411
- 6469
.6527
- 6584
1'25
0.8483
8511
-8538
.8565
-8591
1'75
0 '9414
- 9425
2'50
'9436
'9447
'9458
52
'54
-56
58
0.9866
9871
9876
-9881
9886
3-50
'55
-60
-65
70
0.9982
'9984
-9985
-9986
-9988
0.6640
-6696
6751
68o5
-6858
1'30
x.8o
32
'33
'34
0.8617
- 8643
8668
8692
-8717
-82
-83
-84
0.9468
'9478
'9488
'9498
-9508
2.60
-62
- 64
66
-68
0.9890
-9895
-9899
.9903
9906
3.75
8o
.85
90
'95
0.9989
- 9990
'9991
'9992
'9993
4.00
05
xo
.x5
0 '9993
- 20
'9994
'9995
'9995
'9996
r7
-x8
I9
0'20
2I
'22
o699
1586
1684
'1781
'1877
0'1974
'2070
.2165
23
2260
'24
'2355
0.25
0 '2449
-26
27
28
'2543
'2636
'29
282I
0'30
0.2913
3004
'2729
-5080
'5154
.52,27
.5299
II
'12
- 13
-26
27
-28
29
'52
'53
'54
-68
-69
76
'77
78
'79
-9366
'9379
'9391
'9402
-06
08
- 34
9767
'04
-06
08
'14
x6
x8
'24
'26
0 '9959
.9961
9963
'9964
-9965
0.9967
-9968
9969
'9971
'9972
'9974
'9975
'9976
'9977
'32
3095
'33
'34
3185
'3275
o80
81
-82
.83
-84
0.35
36
- 37
38
'39
0.3364
3452
'3540
3627
'3714
0.85
-86
.87
88
-89
0.6911
-6963
7014
'7064
7114
1-35
0'8741
36
- 37
38
'39
-8764
-8787
.8810
-8832
1-85
-86
-87
-88
.89
0.9517
'9527
'9536
'9545
'9554
2'70
'72
'74
76
78
0.9910
'9914
.9917
-9920
'9923
0'40
0.3799
.3885
3969
'4053
4136
0.90
'9I
.92
.93
'94
0.7163
-7211
'7259
7306
'7352
1 40
0.8854
8875
-8896
8917
.8937
x90
'9,
.92
'93
'94
0.9562
'9571
'9579
-9587
'9595
2.80
82
'84
-86
88
0.9926
-9929
'9932
'9935
'9937
4'25
.30
'35
. 40
'45
0.9996
'9996
'9997
'9997
'9997
0.45
'46
'47
'48
'49
0'4219
0.95
96
'97
98
'99
0.7398
'7443
'7487
'7531
'7574
1'45
1'95
96
'97
-98
'99
0.9603
-9611
9618
-9626
-9633
0 '9940
46
'47
48
- 49
0.8957
.8977
-8996
9015
.9033
2'90
'4301
.4382
'4462
'4542
92
'94
-96
.98
'9942
'9944
'9946
'9949
4'50
- 55
60
.65
-7o
0.9998
'9998
'9998
'9998
'9998
0'50
0'4621
1'00
0.7616
I50
0905I
2'00
0'9640
3'00
0.9951
4'75
0'9999
'31
'41
'42
'43
'44
.31
'42
'43
'44
59
TABLE 18. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF

THE NUMBER OF RUNS
with the required property. When n, and n2 are large, R is
Suppose that th A's and n2 B's (n1 n

2) are arranged at
random in a row, and let R be the number of runs (that is,
sets of one or more consecutive letters all of the same kind
immediately preceded and succeeded by the other letter or
the beginning or end of the row). The upper P per cent point
x(P) of R is the smallest x such that Pr {R x} 5 P/ioo, and
the lower P per cent point x'(P) of R is the largest x such that
Pr IR P/ioo. A dash indicates that there is no value
approximately normally distributed with mean
zni n2
+ and
ni+ n2
2n022(2n1n2 n2)
. Formulae for the calculation

(ni +n2)2 (ni +n2 I)
of this distribution are given by M. G. Kendall and A. Stuart,
The Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 2 (3rd edition, 1973),
Griffin, London, Exercise 30.8.
variance
UPPER PERCENTAGE POINTS
=3
4
112
=4
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
9
7
5
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
xo
6
7
8
9
xo
ox
n1 = 8 n2 = 17
18
19
20
9
9
II
I0
II
12
13
II
14
9
I0
I0
I0
II
II
II
II
12
12
9
12
12
13
13
13
II
12
13
12
13
13
13
14
13
12
13
14
8
9
13
14
13
15
15
9
xo
15
16
I7
18
19
20
TO
II
12
13
10
II
13
14
14
15
15
15
10
14
15
16
17
i8
10
19
14
15
15
II
20
II
15
15
15
II
18
19
8
9
13
14
14
15
16
16
xo
II
12
13
14
15
15
15
17
17
14
16
15
16
16
17
17
15
,6
16
16
17
17
12
14
13
14
14
15
16
17
II
12
12
16
16
16
17
14
17
17
17
18
18
17
18
18
19
19
19
18
16
16
17
17
19
17
18
18
19
17
19
19
20
20
20
19
18
19
zo
16
16
16
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
13
17
14
14
18
19
20
14
15
16
17
I2
13
19
19
20
20
21
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
2I
21
2I
21
22
22
22
23
19
20
12
13
14
20
20
18
18
19
22
22
19
20
21
23
23
21
22
22
15
19
21
23
ox
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
23
19
20
20
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
23
21
22
22
20
21
23
24
24
22
23
25
25
26
21
22
22
23
23
23
25
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
24
24
25
24
24
25
26
26
27
21
22
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
19
24
23
23
24
24
26
24
25
26
26
28
z6
27
28
28
16
20
25
26
29
17
17
18
24
24
26
26
19
25
27
28
29
20
25
27
29
18
19
20
25
25
26
27
27
28
29
30
30
18
19
20
15
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
24
18
19
20
20
20
2I
21
21
13
14
15
x6
13
19
19
17
17
18
6o
n2 =
n1 =
16
17
17
18
18
15
15
0I
15
20
16
16
17
x8
x8
19
20
28
19
26
28
20
27
29
30
31
20
27
29
31

THE NUMBER OF RUNS
LOWER PERCENTAGE POINTS
n2
8
9
n1 =
n2 = 19
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
4
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
7
7
7
8
8
5
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
5
8
8
8
9
6
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
8
8
8
5
6
6
6
7
4
4
4
5
5
8
9
9
9
7
7
7
8
8
5
5
6
6
6
4
5
5
5
5
12
13
12
14
15
x6
17
18
19
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
5
3
4
4
4
4
2
3
3
3
I0
3
4
4
4
4
10
12
12
13
14
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
'3
15
16
z7
18
19
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
xo
20
5
3
3
4
4
II
14
10
6
4
4
5
5
15
6
6
6
7
7
II
12
13
Ls
15
5
6
6
6
6
4
4
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
II
16
17
18
x9
9
9
io
xo
xo
7
8
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
7
16
17
18
19
6
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
12
8
9
9
9
io
7
7
7
8
8
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
6
6
6
4
4
4
5
5
12
3
3
3
3
x8
19
lo
io
zo
6
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
13
14
2
2
=5
2
2
20
5
6
2
2
7
8
9
2
2
10
3
3
12
17
x8
19
5
6
7
8
9
3
3
3
3
zo
5
6
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
6
7
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
14
3
3
3
2
2
15
16
4
4
3
3
12
13
20
6
7
8
9
zo
II
3
3
4
4
4
II
n2= I
II
18
19
20
3
3
3
3
4
5
ox
II
16
I0
15
3
3
3
3
3
13
14
0' I
4
4
4
4
II
2
2
15
x6
17
2
7
8
9
20
17
8
9
xo
18
19
4
4
3
3
II
12
20
4
3
3
3
3
5
6
7
8
9
x6
17
6
7
7
7
7
x8
13
14
15
61
20
2
2
I0
II
2
3
3
3
12
13
14
15
x6
9
17
x8
19
20
I0
II
15
16
17
x8
19
20
II
12
2
2
20
12
13
14
xs
16
7
8
8
20
II
13
13
8
8
9
9
7
4
4
4
4
4
13
14
15
x6
17
x8
9
io
io
Jo
ix
8
8
8
9
9
6
6
6
7
7
13
19
II
/7

THE NUMBER OF RUNS
LOWER PERCENTAGE POINTS
nI= 13
722 = 20
14
15
16
17
14
18
15
19
20
15
0I
II
10
I0
II
II
10
8
8
9
9
8
6
7
7
7
II
I2
12
9
10
10
9
9
7
8
8
7
7
II
16
II
15
ox
II
I0
I0
8
8
8
8
8
th = /7
18
19
20
I2
12
I2
IO
16
16
II
10
16
17
18
I2
12
13
13
12
o
To
19
20
17
17
II
nI = 17
II
II
I0
19
n2 =
18
18
8
8
9
9
8
19
20
0I
13
II
13
II
9
9
9
9
9
20
13
II
18
19
13
II
14
I2
20
19
20
20
14
14
14
15
12
12
12
13
I0
IO
10
II
TABLE 19. UPPER PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE TWO-SAMPLE

KOLMOGOROV-SMIRNOV DISTRIBUTION
.. d(P). When
rejecting at the P per cent level if nin2 D(ni, n,)?.
This table gives percentage points of
D(ni, n2) = sup I Fi(x) F2(x)I,

where F1(x) and F2(x) are the empirical distribution functions
of two independent random samples of sizes n, and n2
respectively, nI < n2 < 20 and n, = n2 loo, from the same
population with a continuous distribution function; the
function tabulated d(P) is the smallest d such that Pr
{nin2 D(ni, n2) d} Phoo. A dash indicates that there is
no value with the required property. A test of the hypothesis
that two random samples of sizes n, and n2 respectively have
the same continuous distribution function is provided by
D(ni, n2) are

n1and n2are large, percentage points of 4/n1n2
ni+ n2
"2 =
6
7
8
9
2
I0
II
12
13
14
2
16
17
x8
19
2
20
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
xo
14
16
18
ox
ni.
16
18
24
26
24
26
24
26
28
26
28
3o
z8
3o
32
34
36
3o
32
34
36
38
38
38
40
40
32
32
34
9
12
15
15
18
2I
21
12
13
27
30
14
33
33
36
=3
I0
2'5
0I
36
39
42
42
16
42
45
45
48
16
45
48
51
51
48
51
54
57
16
18
21
20
20
24
20
24
28
24
27
28
28
28
32
32
36
14
28
29
36
35
38
3o
33
36
39
42
36
36
40
44
44
15
16
17
18
19
40
44
44
46
49
44
48
48
5o
53
45
52
20
52
6o
64
5
6
7
8
20
25
25
24
25
27
24
28
3o
3o
35
35
36
40
35
40
39
43
45
n2 = 17
18
19
20
18
20
22
24
II
16
10
12
24
27
15
2'5
approximately given by those in Table 23 with n = co.

Formulae for the calculation of this table are given by
P. J. Kim and R. I. Jennrich, ' Tables of the exact sampling
distribution of the two-sample KolmogorovSmirnov
criterion D,, m < n', Selected Tables in Mathematical
Statistics, Vol. 1 (1973), American Mathematical Society,
Providence, R.I.
20
22
5
6
7
8
9
xo
II
12
13
15
18
18
21
21
24
27
30
2I
24
27
30
30
27
3o
33
3o
33
36
36
39
33
36
39
39
42
36
39
42
42
45
4
5
9
to
II
12
13
6z
24
28
36
40
44
48
48
52
56
52
56
6o
6o
64
6o
64
68
72
76
76
3o
3o
32
68
25
3o
35
35
36
40
44
45
47
40
45
45
5o
52
45
5o
55
6o
65
52
54
57

P
nI
=5
n2 = 1 4
15
x6
17
x8
42
46
51
56
70
50
52
55
54
55
6o
55
59
6o
65
6o
64
68
70
70
75
8o
85
19
56
6o
61
65
66
75
30
28
30
36
30
30
34
35
36
71
8o
36
36
40
85
90
48
39
40
43
48
13
46
52
44
48
54
54
45
48
54
6o
6o
54
6o
66
66
72
10
12
33
36
38
48
14
48
51
54
56
66
54
57
6o
6z
72
58
63
64
67
78
64
69
72
73
84
78
84
84
85
96
10
x5
x6
17
x8
II
20
6
7
8
9
I0
Ix
6
7
9
9
n1 =
xs
17
9
76
83
96
34
36
40
42
41
45
88
42
48
49
Ioo
49
56
63
xo
40
46
49
53
63
II
12
44
46
50
56
48
53
56
63
52
56
58
70
59
6o
65
77
7o
72
78
84
56
59
61
62
68
68
73
77
75
77
84
90
96
98
65
69
72
76
So
84
87
91
107
93
56
55
6o
64
112
64
64
7o
77
x3
13
64
72
79
8
9
40
48
40
44
48
46
48
53
86
48
48
54
58
5z
54
58
6o
6o
62
64
67
64
65
70
74
68
72
76
81
8o
72
8o
8o
88
104
x7
18
19
68
77
8o
88
72
8o
86
94
III
112
74
8z
90
98
117
20
8o
54
88
54
96
63
104
63
124
72
To
50
II
52
57
53
59
6o
63
63
70
8o
81
63
69
75
87
12
72
76
81
85
90
tx
78
84
90
94
99
91
98
105
no
117
90
99
io8
126
98
Ioo
70
68
107
III
8o
77
126
133
90
89
6o
64
68
75
66
70
74
8o
72
77
82
90
8o
84
90
Ioo
96
Ioo
io6
115
76
84
go
Ioo
x18
18
19
79
8z
85
89
92
94
96
xoo
103
io6
108
113
126
132
133
20
I00
II0
120
130
150
ix
66
77
77
88
99
xo
12
17
12
64
72
13
14
15
16
67
75
82
84
76
84
87
94
86
91
96
99
1 08
115
102
120
89
96
io6
127
132
140
73
76
8o
92
102
III
122
12
20
12
96
72
107
84
116
96
127
96
146
154
120
12
13
71
95
117
78
81
86
84
14
94
104
120
15
16
17
84
93
99
io8
129
88
go
96
100
104
io8
116
119
136
141
x8
x9
96
99
io8
1o8
20
104
116
13
14
91
78
91
89
15
x6
87
91
101
17
iz
88
90
97
85
93
102
II0
88
97
107
118
96
Ito
126
15o
120
124
104
130
140
117
156
Ioo
104
164
130
129
104
III
115
121
137
143
114
127
152
131
138
156
164
18
19
96
99
105
110
104
114
120
126
13
20
108
14
x4
15
x6
17
98
120
112
130
II2
143
126
154
140
14
18
19
20
63
65
70
75
78
82
17
x8
x9
Ica
20
12
Ix
59
63
69
69
74
2'5
89
93
70
6o
15
16
78
42
81
x3
14
xx
lo
8o
84
6o
57
II
70
x5
16
17
18
x9
x8
x9
20
xo
72
42
7
8
9
n2 = 13
14
16
64
13
14
x5
x6
8
42
OI
66
35
I0
II
50
19
14
7
8
48
2'5
20
13
Jo
169
92
98
no
123
96
Ioo
106
III
116
126
152
122
134
159
104
116
126
140
166
II0
114
121
126
133
138
148
152
176
180

P
ni = 15 n2 = 15
16
17
18
19
110
2'5
0'1
105
POI
120
114
135
133
165
162
105
III
116
123
135
119
129
135
142
165
147
114
127
141
152
xo
2.5
128
140
136
133
156
153
148
168
200
170
164
204
187
141
166
174
n j. = 16 n2 = 20
17
17
18
19
136
118
126
180
20
130
146
151
160
175
200
209
18
18
144
162
162
18o
216
19
133
20
136
152
142
152
171
159
166
190
176
182
190
212
214
228
144
16o
169
187
225
840
854
868
882
896
900
1020
1080
1320
915
992
ioo8
1024
1037
1054
1071
io88
1098
1178
1197
1216
1342
1364
1386
1408
910
1040
1495
1056
1072
1105
1122
1235
990
1005
4206
112273
54
1088
1104
1224
1242
1292
1380
1564
1587
1190
1207
1224
1260
1278
1296
1400
1420
1440
1610
1704
1728
15
20
125
135
150
160
195
x6
16
17
18
19
zi2
109
116
128
124
128
144
136
140
16o
143
154
176
174
186
19
120
133
145
160
190
20
ni = n2 = 20
160
168
198
180
189
198
230
200
210
220
230
264
220
231
242
253
288
260
21
22
23
24
273
286
299
336
ni = n2 = 6o
6z
62
63
64
275
z86
300
350
65
312
364
324
364
377
405
420
435
66
67
68
69
1020
1035
450
496
70
71
1050
1065
1080
207
216
240
25
26
27
28
29
225
234
2 90
308
319
297
336
348
30
300
310
330
341
360
372
390
403
31
243
280
250
260
270
ox
19
;54
518
1
32
320
352
384
416
512
72
33
34
330
374
396
408
396
442
462
476
528
544
73
74
1095
1241
1314
1460
1752
II I0
1258
1332
1480
1776
1125
1216
1232
1248
1800
35
385
420
455
490
595
75
36
396
432
468
504
612
76
37
38
39
407
418
429
444
456
468
481
494
546
518
570
585
629
646
702
77
78
79
560
574
588
6oz
616
600
615
630
688
704
720
738
756
774
836
8o
8i
1280
1440
1296
1458
82
1312
1476
83
84
1328
1344
1264
1275
1425
1500
1292
1444
1596
1824
1309
1326
1422
1463
1482
1501
1617
1638
1925
1659
1975
1520
1680
2000
1539
1701
2025
1558
1722
2050
1494
1512
1660
1680
1743
1848
2075
2184
1700
1720
1870
1892
1740
1760
1780
1914
1936
1958
2210
2236
2262
1729
1748
1767
1786
1800
1820
1932
1953
1974
1980
2002
2416
2139
2162
2484
2511
2538
1995
2016
2037
2058
2185
2208
2231
2254
2565
2592
2716
2744
40
440
520
41
42
43
44
492
504
516
528
533
546
559
572
45
46
47
48
49
540
585
675
720
855
85
1360
1530
552
564
576
637
644
690
705
736
752
874
893
720
768
912
735
833
980
86
87
88
89
1462
1479
1496
1513
1548
1566
1672
1691
90
91
92
1530
:5
546.4
7
93
94
1581
1598
658
672
686
50
650
700
750
51
663
676
689
714
728
742
765
832
848
850
867
884
901
1020
1040
1060
702
810
864
918
1134
55
715
56
57
728
798
825
84o
855
88o
896
912
990
1008
1026
1155
1176
1197
95
96
1615
1632
52
53
54
1000
1710
1950
2288
2 314
2430
2457
58
812
870
928
1044
1218
1764
59
8z6
885
1003
1062
1298
9
99
1805
1824
1843
1960
1782
1980
2079
2277
2772
6o
84o
900
1020
1080
1320
I00
I 800
2000
2100
2300
2800
64
TABLE 20. PERCENTAGE POINTS OF WILCOXON'S

SIGNED-RANK DISTRIBUTION
cent level if W+
x(P); a similar test against u > o is provided by rejecting at the P per cent level if W- 5x(P), and,
against # o, one rejects at the 2/:' per cent level if W, the
smaller of W+ and W-, is less than or equal to x(P). When
n > 85, W-F is approximately normally distributed.
Formulae for the calculation of this table are given by
F. Wilcoxon, S. K. Katti and R. A. Wilcox, ' Critical values
and probability levels for the Wilcoxon rank sum test and
the Wilcoxon signed rank test', Selected Tables in Mathematical Statistics, Vol. I (1973), American Mathematical
Society, Providence, R.I.
This table gives lower percentage points of W+, the sum of the
ranks of the positive observations in a ranking in order of increasing absolute magnitude of a random sample of size n from
a continuous distribution, symmetric about zero. The function tabulated x(P) is the largest x such that Pr {W+ < x}
P/Ioo. A dash indicates that there is no value with the required property. W-, the sum of the ranks of the negative
observations, has the same distribution as W+, with mean
ln(n+ 1) and variance -Nn(n + 1) (n + ). A test of the hypothesis that a random sample of size n has arisen from a continuous distribution symmetric about p = o against the
alternative that j < o is provided by rejecting at the P per
P
n= 5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
zs
5
0
2
3
5
8
10
13
17
2I
25
2'5
0
2
3
5
8
10
17
21
0'5
5
7
9
3
5
7
9
n = 45
371
46
47
48
49
389
407
426
446
343
361
378
396
415
312
328
345
362
379
322
339
355
249
263
277
292
307
so
51
52
53
54
466
486
507
529
550
434
453
473
494
514
397
416
434
454
473
373
390
408
427
445
323
339
355
372
389
12
15
12
573
595
618
642
666
536
557
579
602
625
493
514
535
556
578
465
484
504
525
546
407
425
443
462
482
4
6
19
23
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
6o
67
75
83
91
25
loo
26
27
110
119
107
92
83
64
28
130
116
IoI
91
29
140
126
I TO
100
71
79
120
130
140
151
162
109
118
128
138
148
159
171
182
0'5
291
307
0.1
32
37
15
19
23
27
32
8
I
14
18
21
55
56
57
58
59
52
58
65
73
8,
43
49
55
62
69
37
42
48
54
61
26
30
35
40
45
6o
61
62
63
64
690
715
741
767
793
648
672
697
721
747
600
623
646
669
693
567
589
61i
634
657
501
521
542
563
584
89
98
76
84
68
75
51
58
65
66
67
68
69
8zo
847
875
903
931
772
879
718
742
768
793
819
681
705
729
754
779
6o6
628
651
674
697
86
94
103
70
960
990
1020
907
936
846
873
805
831
964
112
121
73
74
1050
994
901
928
io81
1023
957
884
912
721
745
770
795
821
131
75
1112
141
76
1144
151
162
173
77
78
79
1209
1053
1084
1115
1147
"79
986
1015
1044
1075
1105
940
968
997
'026
1056
847
873
900
927
955
185
1276
1310
1345
1380
1415
1211
1244
1277
1311
1136
Io86
1116
"47
1345
1168
1200
1232
1265
1178
1210
983
MI
1040
1070
1099
1451
1380
1298
1242
1130
27
151
137
163
147
175
187
200
159
35
36
37
38
39
213
227
195
208
221
235
249
173
40
264
279
294
238
252
43
44
286
302
319
336
353
310
327
45
371
343
41
42
2'5
25
29
34
40
46
241
256
271
30
35
41
47
53
3o
31
32
33
34
O'I
170
182
185
198
211
224
194
207
71
72
266
281
296
220
233
247
261
276
209
222
235
8o
81
8z
83
84
312
291
249
85
197
65
1176
1242
798
825
852
858

MANN-WHITNEY DISTRIBUTION
x(P), and a similar test against
level P per cent if UB
/LA < ,I.tB is provided by rejecting at the P per cent level if
UA x(P). For a test against both alternatives one rejects
at the 2P per cent level if U, the smaller of UA and UB, is less
than or equal to x(P). If n1and n2 are large UA is approximately normally distributed. Note also that UA +UB = n1n2.
Consider two independent random samples of sizes n1and n2

respectively (n1 < n2) from two continuous populations, A
and B. Let all n, + n2 observations be ranked in increasing
order and let RA and RB denote the sums of the ranks of the
observations in samples A and B respectively. This table gives
lower percentage points of UA = RA -ini(ni+ 1); the
function tabulated x(P) is the largest x such that, on the
assumption that populations A and B are identical,
Pr {UA
x} < P/too. A dash indicates that there is no
value with the required property. On the same assumption,
UB = RB in2(n2+ t) has the same distribution as UA, with
mean ini n2 and variance 12-n1n2(n1+ n2 + 1). A test of the
hypothesis that the two populations are identical, and in
particular that their respective means /tit, itB are equal,
against the alternative itA > AB is provided by rejecting at
P
=
2'5
0'5
Formulae for the calculation of this distribution (which is

also referred to as the Wilcoxon ranksum or Wilcoxon/
MannWhitney distribution) are given by F. Wilcoxon,
S. K. Katti and R. A. Wilcox, ' Critical values and probability levels for the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the
Wilcoxon signed rank test', Selected Tables in Mathematical
Statistics, Vol. I (1973), American Mathematical Society,
Providence, R.I.
0'1
12
13
14
I0
15
16
I7
x8
19
O
I
15
16
17
18
19
2
2
0
I
20
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
To
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
I9
20
4
5
6
7
8
9
4
5
4
4
5
6
7
8
9
7
8
9
to
II
II
=4
n2 = ro
2.5
6
7
8
9
12
n2 = 5
II
12
I0
14
II
0.5
5
5
6
3
3
4
7
7
8
9
9
5
5
6
6
7
15
II
16
12
17
13
20
5
6
7
8
18
4
14
2
to
5
6
8
3
5
6
2
3
4
I
2
9
ro
II
9
II
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
3
4
5
6
7
12
12
13
15
12
16
18
13
I0
15
14
II
II
19
15
12
3
3
20
17
13
7
8
9
to
22
18
14
II
5
6
7
7
8
4
4
5
5
6
3
3
15
i6
3
4
6
9
9
4
4
4
5
3
3
II
6
7
7
8
IO
18
5
6
3
4
4
6
7
8
9
ro
II
12
13
3
4
5
6
19
20
66
14
15
16
17
18
23
19
25
7
8
to
20
12
14
IO
i6
17
19
13
14
16
5
6
8
II
21
17
23
19
25
21
26
22
28
24
I
I
I
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
0x
I2
13
0
I
I
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
6
7
7
3
4
7
8
9
II
5
6
7
9
12
I0
2
3
4
4
5
15
16
8
19
12
II
13
15
16
6
7
8
9
to

MANN-WHITNEY DISTRIBUTION
P
n1 = 6
2'5
0'5
n2 = 19
30
25
20
17
II
20
32
II
27
22
18
I2
8
10
14
15
50
12
4
6
7
15
6
7
9
13
x6
17
19
14
16
17
13
21
24
14
z6
18
20
22
15
28
16
30
17
7
8
9
10
II
12
x8
19
7
8
20
8
9
I0
II
II
12
14
16
10
12
OI
n1 = II
2'5
0'5
38
42
46
54
33
37
40
44
47
28
31
34
37
41
24
27
30
33
36
57
61
65
69
42
51
55
58
62
37
44
47
50
53
31
39
42
45
48
27
29
32
34
37
47
51
55
6o
64
41
45
49
53
57
35
38
42
46
49
31
34
37
41
44
23
25
28
31
34
18
19
68
61
53
47
37
72
65
56
51
40
20
13
77
51
14
56
69
45
50
6o
39
43
54
34
38
42
z6
29
i5
61
65
70
75
8o
54
59
63
67
72
47
51
55
59
63
42
45
49
53
57
32
35
38
42
45
84
61
66
71
77
76
55
59
64
69
67
47
51
56
6o
6o
42
46
50
54
48
32
36
39
43
20
82
87
92
74
78
83
65
69
73
15
16
72
64
56
77
70
61
58
63
67
51
55
46
50
54
40
43
18
19
83
88
94
75
8o
85
90
75
66
70
75
8o
66
6o
64
69
73
6o
47
51
55
59
48
81
86
92
98
87
71
76
8z
87
77
65
70
74
79
70
52
56
6o
65
57
93
99
105
99
io6
82
88
93
88
94
75
81
86
81
87
61
66
70
66
71
112
113
119
127
I00
101
92
76
107
93
99
114
105
77
82
88
n2 = I2
13
II
17
13
15
5
6
7
8
9
12
12
24
19
16
zo
12
13
26
21
18
II
14
33
35
37
28
30
3z
23
19
13
15
24
21
22
14
x6
15
17
39
15
18
34
13
15
17
z8
9
II
13
24
16
19
15
7
9
II
13
4
5
6
8
22
17
20
22
20
23
z6
18
19
20
12
13
15
9
II
16
12
17
24
26
17
18
20
22
14
15
19
34
36
38
41
28
3o
32
34
24
z6
28
30
17
18
20
21
15
21
17
14
II
17
24
27
20
23
13
16
8
10
26
28
14
36
31
26
18
20
22
12
13
30
33
16
18
21
15
x6
17
x8
19
39
42
45
48
51
34
37
39
42
45
28
31
33
36
38
24
27
29
31
33
23
25
20
54
10
I0
27
40
19
36
16
26
10
II
22
24
18
21
12
29
13
31
34
37
48
23
26
33
27
24
17
17
14
41
30
33
36
38
41
26
29
31
34
37
17
44
48
51
55
36
39
42
45
48
19
15
23
25
27
44
47
39
42
29
32
25
21
15
26
z8
31
33
36
24
26
29
31
20
39
41
44
47
9
xo
12
13
14
15
16
8
17
18
19
9
9
II
12
12
xo
16
17
18
10
XX
19
58
52
20
6z
34
55
30
II
23
13
18
13
20
14
14
x6
14
x8
19
15
14
15
15
17
19
21
17
20
I00
i6
16
83
x6
17
z8
19
89
95
101
20
I07
17
96
14
21
18
18
102
19
109
20
115
x8
109
116
19
18
20
19
19
20
67
20
123
123
130
20
138
0I
17
20
22
24
27
20
TABLE 22A. EXPECTED VALUES OF NORMAL

ORDER STATISTICS (NORMAL SCORES)
The values E(n, r) are often referred to as normal scores;
they have a number of applications in statistics. In carrying
out calculations for some of these applications the sums of
squares of normal scores are often required: they are provided in Table 22 B.
Suppose that n independent observations, normally distributed with zero mean and unit variance, are arranged in
decreasing order, and let the rth value in this ordering be
denoted by Z(r). This table gives expected values E(n, r) of
Z(r) for r 5 En+ r); when r > En+ I) use
E(n, r) = - E(n, n+ 1- r).

n=
r= I
0'0000
0.5642
0.8463
1. 0294
1.163o
12672
3522
0000
0'2970
0'4950
0.6418
02015
0 '7574
0.0000
3
4
0.3527
0.0000
xo
1 4136
0'8522
0%4728
0'1525
1 '4850
0'9323
0*5720
02745
1.5388
P0014
0'6561
0*3758
0'0000
0'1227
n=
II
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1'8445
1.8675
P4076
ply's,
0.9210
Y = I
1'5864
1'6292
1.6680
1.7034
P7359
P7660
0619
11157
P1641
P2079
P2479
3
4
0.7288
0.7928
0.5368
0.8498
0.6029
0.9011
06618
0 '9477
0.4620
0.7149
1.2847
0.9903
0.7632
P7939
1.3,88
1.0295
0.8074
1.8200
13504
1.0657
0.8481
P3799
P0995
0.8859
5
6
0'2249
-0000
0'3122
1026
0'3883
1905
0000
04556
.2673
0882
0'5157
0'5700
0'6195
3962
'4513
'2338
0773
'2952
0.6648
5016
3508
2077
o688
0.7066
'5477
.4016
2637
1307
0 '7454
'3353
1653
0000
0.0000
0.0620
7
8
1460
0000
9
I0
n=
5903
4483
3149
1870
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1.8892
1.9097
1.4582
P9292
1'9477
5034
P9653
.5243
P9822
'5442
P9983
.5633
2'0285
.4814
2'0428
1'6156
1.1582
r=x
2
1'4336
3
4
i16o5
1.1882
21414
'2392
2628
'2851
'3064
2'0137
1.5815
1 '3267
0.9538
0.9846
0136
0409
0668
.0914
1147
1.1370
5
6
0.7815
0.8153
0'8470
7
8
'491 5
3620
2384
0.9570
82o2
6973
5841
.4780
P0261
7012
.5690
.4461
0.9317
'7929
6679
.5527
'4444
10041
6667
.5316
0.9050
7641
6369
'5193
4086
0'9812
.6298
8462
.7251
-6138
5098
0.8708
0.7515
0.6420
0.5398
0.894.4
0.7767
0.6689
0.5683
04110
3160
2239
-1336
0444
0.4430
3501
26o2
.1724
0859
0 '4733
0'0000
0'0415
9
10
II
12
13
'4056
2858
3297
0.8768
'7335
6040
'4839
3705
01184
0.1700
0.2175
0.2616
0.3027
0.3410
0.3771
0000
'0564
1081
'1558
0518
'2001
0995
2413
2798
1439
0478
1852
0922
'0000
0000
0000
14
15
68
1.5989
1'3462
13648
1.1786
3824
2945
2088
1247
TABLE 22A. EXPECTED VALUES OF NORMAL

ORDER STATISTICS (NORMAL SCORES)
=
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
T = I
2.0565
2.0697
2'0824
2'0947
2'1066
2'1181
2. 1293
2'401
2'1506
1'6317
1 647 I
1.6620
P6764
1.6902
1.7036
1.7166
P7291
P7413
z 1608
1.7531
3
4
13827
1'3998
1 '4323
1 '4476
1'1980
1.2167
1.4164
1.2347
12520
12686
1.4624
1.2847
1.4768
1.3002
1.4906
1.3151
1'5040
1.3296
1 '3437
5
6
7
8
9
1.0471
0.9169
0.8007
x.o865
0.9590
1.1051
0.9789
p1230
1'1402
0 '9384
0 '9979
1.0162
1.1568
r0339
0.8455
0.7420
0.6460
0.8666
0.7643
0.6695
0.8868
0.7857
0.6921
0.9063
0'9250
1.1883
1.0674
0.9604
1.2033
1.0833
0'9772
0.8063
0.7138
0r8261
0.7346
0.8451
0.8634
0'5955
0.8236
0.7187
0.6213
1.1728
x.0509
0.9430
0'7547
0'7740
0.881
0.7926
10
0.5021
0.5294
0 '5555
0'6271
0.6490
0'6701
0.6904
0'7099
'4129
'3269
*44 I 8
'4694
13
14
'2432
.1613
'3575
'2757
1957
3867
3065
.2283
0.5804
'4957
'4144
'3358
2592
0.6043
II
12
5208
4409
3637
2886
'5449
4662
3903
3166
.5679
'4904
'4158
'3434
5900
5136
.4401
.3689
6113
'5359
4635
'3934
-6318
'5574
'4859
'4169
15
0.0804
0000
0.1169
0389
0.1515
.0755
0000
0.1841
xi0r
-0366
0.2151
1428
-0712
-0000
0'2446
0'2727
0 '2995
1739
2034
2316
0.3252
2585
0.3498
2842
1040
0346
1 351
'0674
'0000
'1647
'0985
0328
'1929
'1282
0640
2199
0'0000
0'0312
x6
17
18
0.6944
1.0672
19
20
n=
15170
1564
0936
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
r=I
2.1707
2'1803
2'1897
2.2077
2.2164
2'2249
2'2331
I .7646
15296
1'7757
1.7865
1.8073
p8173
827,
1.8366
2'2412
1'8458
2'2491
2.1988
P7971
1.5419
13705
1.5538
13833
1.5653
1. 5875
1. 6187
14196
1.5982
1.4311
1.6086
P3957
1'5766
I.4078
1'4422
1'4531
1.6286
1. 4637
1.2456
11281
10245
0.9308
0.8447
1.2588
P1421
p0392
0.9463
1.2717
1.1558
1.0536
0.9614
1.2842
1.1690
1.0675
0.9760
1.2964
p1819
1.0810
0.9902
1.3083
1.1944
1'0942
I.0040
0.8610
0.8767
0.8920
0.9068
0'9213
1.3198
1.2066
1.107o
1.0174
0 '9353
1'3311
1'2185
P1195
I'0304
0.9489
0.7645
6889
6171
'5483
4820
0.7815
7067
-6356
-5676
-5022
0'7979
0.8139
'7405
-6709
-6044
'5405
0.8294
.7566
.6877
6219
'5586
0.8444
-7723
'7040
6388
'5763
0.8590
-7875
.7198
6552
'5933
0.8732
-8023
.7351
-6712
'6099
0.4389
'3772
3170
0'4591
0.4787
'4187
-3602
3029
2465
0.4976
'4383
3806
'3241
2686
0 '5159
0 '5336
'4573
'4003
'3446
2899
'4757
'4194
'3644
3105
0.5508
'4935
'4379
3836
'3304
0. 1910
1360
0'2140
1599
0'2361
0'2575
0'2781
0814
1064
'1830
'1303
2051
'1534
2265
'1756
'0271
'0531
*0781
1020
'1251
0000
0260
-0509
'0749
0.0000
0'0250
3
4
1 '3573
1.2178
10987
0 '9935
8
9
0.81 06
1.2319
1.1136
1.0092
0.9148
0.8279
10
II
12
0.7287
0 '7469
6515
-5780
'6705
13
14
5075
'4394
5283
4611
15
16
1.7
18
19
0'3734
3089
.2457
1835
1219
0.3960
3326
'2704
-2093
'1490
0.4178
'3553
' 2942
'2341
'2579
1749
1997
20
21
22
23
24
0'0608
0.0892
01163
O'1422
'0000
'0297
'0580
'085,
'0000
'0283
5
6
0.8982
'5979
.7238
.6535
5863
5217
3983
'3390
2808
2236
0.1671
IIII
'0555
'0000
25
69
1 '8549
TABLE 22B. SUMS OF SQUARES OF NORMAL SCORES

This table gives values of S(n) = E [E(n, r)]2.
r=1
S(n)
S(n)
3
4
o0000
06366
1.432
2'296
xo
xx
12
13
14
7.914
8.879
9.848
1o82o
11.795
5
6
7
8
9
3'195
4.117
5'053
5'999
6.954
15
16
17
10
7.9x 4
S(n)
S(n)
S(n)
43
44
37479
38'473
39-466
40.460
41'454
20
17'678
30
27'558
40
2x
18.663
3x
32
33
34
28'549
29'540
30'531
3P523
41
32'515
33'507
34'500
35'493
36'486
45
46
47
48
49
42.448
43'443
44'437
45'432
46.427
37'479
50
47'422
22
19.649
23
24
20'635
21.623
12.771
I3.750
14'730
25
26
18
15-711
28
22.610
23'599
24'588
25'577
19
16 '694
29
26'567
35
36
37
38
39
20
17.678
30
27'558
40
27
42
TABLE 23. UPPER PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE ONE-SAMPLE

n'D(n) d(P). The distribution of n1D(n) tends to a limit
as n tends to infinity and the percentage points of this
distribution are given under n = co. This table was calculated
using formulae given by J. Durbin, Distribution Theory for
Tests Based on the Sample Distribution Function (1973), Society
for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, Pa.,
Section 2.4.
If F(x) is the empirical distribution function of a random

sample of size n from a population with continuous distribution function F(x), the table gives percentage points of
D(n) = sup IFn(X)-F(X)1;the function tabulated is d(P)
such that the probability that niD(n) exceeds d(P) is P/Ioo.
A test of the hypothesis that the sample has arisen from
F(x) is provided by rejecting at the P per cent level if
10
2'5
0I
10
2.5
ox
0.950
r098
0.975
1'191
0.9875
P256
0.995
P314
n = 20
P184
3
4
1'102
1' 130
1226
1'248
1330
1'348
1436
1468
0.9995
P383
1. 595
21
22
23
185
186
187
24
188
P315
316
'317
318
'319
1.434
'435
'436
'438
'439
1.576
578
'579
58o
-582
1.882
.884
.887
889
890
P139
P260
P370
382
391
399
'404
1'495
'510
523
.532
'540
P747
'775
'797
.813
825
25
26
27
1188
189
190
P320
28
190
29
1 9 1
'322
323
323
P440
'440
'441
'442
'443
P583
584
'585
586
'587
1.892
*894
*895
897
.898
1 '546
1 '835
'551
556
'559
.563
'844
*851
-856
.862
30
P192
.196
P324
329
332
.335
337
1444
'449
'453
'456
'458
P588
'594
.598
-601
604
P899
.908
'914
918
921
r565
568
.570
.572
'574
1866
87o
'874
.877
.88o
P338
'339
340
'346
'358
1'459
'461
'462
'467
'480
x605
6o7
6o8
'614
'628
1.923
925
927
'935
'949
P
n=I
2
146
-272
154
'279
285
290
59
162
xo
1. x 66
I/
12
169
171
13
14
174
176
303
3 05
P409
'41 3
'417
'420
'423
15
P177
179
180
182
183
P308
309
311
313
.314
P425
'427
'429
'431
'432
x6
17
18
19
P294
'298
301
1'701
40
50
1 99
6o
20I
70
203
8o
P205
90
100
200
'206
'207
00
20
1'184
p315
p434
p576
P882
70
'212
224
321
TABLE 24. UPPER PERCENTAGE POINTS OF FRIEDMAN'S

DISTRIBUTION
Consider nk observations, one for each combination of n
blocks and k treatments, and set out the observations in an
n x k table, the columns relating to treatments and the rows to
blocks. Let the observations in each row be ranked from I to
k, and let Ri (j = I, 2,
k) denote the sum of the ranks in
the jth column. This table gives percentage points of
Friedman's statistic
12
3n(k + 1)
nk( + 1) =
on the assumption of no difference between the treatments;

the function tabulated x(P) is the smallest value x such that,
on this assumption, Pr {M x} < Pima. A dash indicates
that there is no value with the required property. A test of
the hypothesis of no difference between the treatments is
provided by rejecting at the P per cent level if M x(P).
The limiting distribution of M as n tends to infinity is the
X'-distribution with k - I degrees of freedom (see Table 8)
and the percentage points are given under n =
k=3
P
lo
n=3
6000
6000
6000
6.50o
8.000
8000
5.200
5'333
5'429
5.25o
5'556
6.400
7.000
7'143
6.25o
6.222
7.600
8.333
7'714
7'750
8.000
8.400
9.000
8.857
9000
9'556
10'00
12'00
12'29
12'25
12'67
5-000
5.091
5.167
4'769
5'143
6.2oo
7.800
7.818
8.000
7'538
7'429
9.600
12.6o
13.27
12.67
I0
II
12
12'46
13'29
13
14
4
5
6
7
8
9
I0
II
12
13
14
6'545
6.500
6.615
6.143
2.5
6.400
6.5oo
6.118
6.333
6.421
7.600
4'900
4'95 2
4'727
4'957
5.083
6'300
6095
6'091
7'500
7'524
7'364
7.913
25
z6
27
z8
29
4'88o
6.080
6.077
6000
6.5oo
6.276
7'440
7'462
7'407
7'71 4
7.517
3o
31
32
33
34
4'867
4'839
4'750
4'788
416 5
6zoo
6.000
6063
6061
6059
7400
7548
7.563
7.515
4'605
5.991
4'933
17
20
21
22
23
24
4'875
5.059
4'778
5.053
4'846
4'741
4'571
5. 034
6'348
6'250
7.625
7'41 2
7'444
7.684
7'750
9'455
9'500
9.385
9'143
o.z
5
n =3
4
6-600
6.3oo
740o
7.800
8.2oo
8.400
9o00
9.60o
5
6
6.36o
6.400
6.429
6.3oo
6zoo
7.800
7.600
7.800
7.650
8.76o
8.800
9.000
cr000
7.667
8.867
9'960
10'20
10'54
10'50
10'73
1 3'46
13'80
14'07
6.36o
6.273
6.300
6.138
7.680
7.691
7.700
7.800
1068
14'52
7'714
1075
1080
10'85
10'89
1 4.80
6. 343
9.000
9.000
9.100
9.092
9.086
7.720
7.800
7.800
7'733
7.863
9.160
9.150
9.212
9.200
9-253
10'92
10'95
11'05
1093
11'02
7.800
7'815
9.240
9'348
I 1'10
15'36
11'34
16-27
7
8
8.933
9'375
9. 294
9.000
9'579
12.93
13.50
13.06
13.00
1 3'37
18
19
6.280
6.300
6.318
6-333
6'347
9.300
13.3o
20
6.240
9.238
13. 24
CO
6'251
9.091
9'391
9.250
13.13
13.08
8.960
9.308
1. 10
1260
12'80
1 4'56
14'91
15.09
15.08
15.15
15.28
15.27
1 5'44
1 3'45
5
n=3
4
13'52
13'23
9'407
13'41
9'172
13'50
13.52
9. 214
k= 4
2.5
5
6
7
7467
7.600
8.533
8.800
7680
8.96o
9.067
9'143
9'200
k=5
2.5
9.600
9.800
43x
i013
11.20
13'20
'0.40
10'51
10'60
11'68
11'87
12'11
12'30
14'40
15.2o
15.66
16oo
10'24
I I .47
13'40
13'42
13.69
7733
9'244
10.67
12'44
16.36
1 3'52
13'41
00
7'779
9.488
11.14
I3.28
18.47
7'471
9.267
9.290
9.25o
9.152
9.176
7'733
7'771
7.700
7'378
9.210
13.82
k=6
c1:4
71
zo
n= 3
4
8.714
9.000
9.857
10.29
io.81
11.43
11.76
i2-71
13.29
15.29
5
6
900o
9.048
10.49
1(3.57
11'74
16'43
00
9'236
11'07
13'23
13'62
15'09
2.5
12'00
12'83
OI
1705
20'52
TABLE 25. UPPER PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS

DISTRIBUTION
Consider k random samples of sizes n,, n2, ..., nk respectively,
n1 n
2 ... nk, and let N = n1+ n2 + ... nk. Let all the
N observations be ranked in increasing order of size, and let
R, (j = I, 2, ..., k) denote the sum of the ranks of the observations belonging to the jth sample. This table gives percentage points of the Kruskal-Wallis statistic
k
12
N(N+ r)j
tinuous population; the function tabulated, x(P), is the smallest

x such that, on this assumption, Pr {H P/ioo. A dash
indicates that there is no value with the required property.
The limiting distribution of H as N tends to infinity and each
ratio n;IN tends to a ppsitive number is the x2-distribution
with k I degrees of freedom (see Table 8), and the percentk). A test of
age points are given under n;= oo (j = 1, 2,
the hypothesis that all k samples are from the same continuous population is provided by rejecting at the P per cent
level if H x(P).
-
R2
3(N+ I)
on the assumption that all k samples are from the same con-
k
n1, n2, ns
2,
re.
=3
5
cvx
ni, n2,
123
6, 5,
6, 6,
540
4:007
5:7
92
459
4
6,
6, 6
6, 4
3
2
4'438
4'558
4'548
5.410
5.625
5'724
6, 5
6, 6
I,
44
4...2L47
32
7
5:8o65i
2,
4'200
2, 2
4'526
4'571
4'556
5'143
5'361
5.556
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3, 3
4'622
4'500
4'458
4'056
4'511
5.600
5.956
5'333
5.208
5'444
5.500
5'833
6.000
6.444
6,
6,
7,
7,
7,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4'709
4'167
4'555
4'545
4'654
5'791
4.967
5'455
5'598
5.692
6 '155
6.167
6.327
6 '394
6.6i5
6 '745
6. 667
7.036
7'144
7.654
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
5, 2,
4.200
4'373
4'018
6.000
6.044
6-004
6. 533
4'533
5.000
5.160
4.960
5.251
5.648
4'985
5.273
5.656
5.657
5.127
5'858
6.068
6.410
6 '673
6000
6 '955
6.346
6.549
6760
6.740
5.600
5'745
5'945
6.136
6.436
5-856
5,
3, I
3, 2
3
4
2, 2
5, 3, I
3, 2
5, 3, 3
5,
4.714
4'65 1
4,
4,
4,
4,
3
4
5, 5,
3'987
4'541
4'549
4'668
4'109
5,
5,
5,
5,
6,
5,
5,
5,
5,
2
3
4
5
4'623
4'545
4'523
4'560
2,
4'200
5'338
5'705
5.666
5.780
4.822
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
2
I
2
4'545
3'909
4'682
4'500
4'038
5'345
4'855
5.348
5'615
4'947
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
4,
4,
4,
5,
5,
4'494
4'604
4'595
4'128
4'596
5.340
5.610
5.681
4'990
5.338
4'535
5.602
4'522
566 1
5,
5,
5,
5,
3
I
2
3
4
z
2
6, 5, 3
6, 5, 4
7.200
8.909
9-269
=3
5
3, I
3, 2
P=
Ic
4'571
4
5 6
42080
2, I
2, 2
.o.
2'5
2
I
2
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
4.706
5'143
3, 3
4, I
4, 2
6.848
6.889
5'727
5.818
5-758
6.201
6.449
0.1
8.028
7.121
7.467
7.725
8000
10.29
9.692
9.752
10.15
10'34
8.124
10'52
8'222
10-89
7.000
7.030
6.184
6.839
7.228
6.986
7.321
8. 654
9.262
9.198
5 .'6520
3
6:7
5078
7
7
7:5
14
0
4:0
415
5 :0
39
634
1
:9
2:3
06510
7:4
3, I
3,
2'5
6.788
5-923
6.2to
6.725
6.812
7
4
5'3952
3
4.'5
1 2
4'603
4'121
4'549
4'986
5191
5'376
4:55 6
2 27
5.620
4, 3
4, 4
5, I
8-727
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
5, 3
4'535
5'607
6.627
7.697
9. 67o
9'841
9.178
9.640
9.874
7.205
7'445
7'760
7.309
8.591
8'795
9.168
-
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
5,
5,
6,
6,
6,
4
5
I
4'542
4'571
4'033
6'738
6.835
6.067
6'223
6.694
7.931
8.108
7'254
7- 490
7.756
io16
10'45
9'747
10.06
to.26
7.338
7'578
7.823
8000
-
8.938
9'284
9.606
9.920
-
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
6,
6,
6,
7,
7,
6.970
7.410
7.106
8.692
-
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
6.667
5.951
6.196
7.340
7.500
7'795
7.182
7.376
8.827
9.170
9.681
9.189
6.667
6.750
7'590
7.936
9.669
9.961
6'315
6.186
6%538
6-909
7.079
6'655
6 '873
5, 2
4'500
4'550
5'733
5-708
5.067
5'357
5.680
4
5
6
4'562
4'560
4'530
3'986
4'491
5.706
5170
5'730
4.986
5-398
6.787
6 '857
6.897
6.057
6.328
8.039
8'157
8.257
7.157
7.491
10.46
10'75
11.00
9.871
10 '24
3
4
5
6
7
4'613
4'563
4'546
5.688
5.766
5.746
5'793
5.818
6.708
6.788
6.886
6.927
6.954
7.810
8.142
8.257
8-345
8.378
10 '45
10.69
10.92
11.13
11.32
8, x, I
4'418
4.011
4.010
4'451
4.909
5.356
4.881
5.316
5.420
5:0
86
14
7
6
6.195
4...050
31
5(D364
9134
7
6.588
g.189
835
8,
2,
8, 2, 2
8, 3, x
8, 3, 2
4'568
4'594
4.587
8, 3, 3
8, 4, 1
8, 4, 2
72
6
6..8
60
64
3
7.022
8.791
6
7...3
3
97
50
3
89%940
921
36
TABLE 25. UPPER PERCENTAGE POINTS OF THE KRUSKAL-WALLIS

DISTRIBUTION
k=3
P = to
nb n2, n5
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
k =4
-
2.5
0 I
ni, n2, n3, n4
9'742
icror
9'579
9.781
4, 4, I,
4, 4, 2, I
P=
3
4
I
2
3
4'529
4'561
3.967
4'466
4'514
5.623
5'779
4'869
5'415
5.614
6.562
6750
5.864
6.260
6. 614
7'585
7853
7.110
7'440
7.706
8, 5, 4
5
8, 6,
8, 6, 2
8, 6, 3
4'549
4'555
4'015
4'463
4'575
5.718
5.769
5.015
5'404
5.678
6.782
6. 843
5'933
6. 294
6658
7'992
8.146
7.256
7'522
7'796
10. 29
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
6, 4
6, 5
6, 6
7,
7, 2
4.563
4'550
4. 599
4'045
4'451
5'743
5.750
5'770
5'041
5'403
6'795
6.867
6.932
6'047
6 '339
8-045
8.226
8.313
7.308
7. 571
10.63
10.89
11.10
10.03
10.36
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
3
4
5
6
7
4'556
4'548
4'551
4'553
4'585
5.698
5'759
5.782
5.781
5.802
6.671
6.837
6. 884
6.917
6.98o
7.827
8.1,8
8. 242
8.333
8.363
1054
10.84
11.03
44.28
11.42
2,
2,
2,
2,
I,
2,
I,
I,
I
I
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
I
2
3,
2,
X,
X,
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
8,
8, 2
8, 3
8, 4
8, 5
4'044
4'509
4'555
4'579
4'573
5-039
5.408
5.734
5'743
5761
6'oo5
io16
10.46
10.69
10.97
1.18
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
I,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
6.920
7'314
7.654
7889
8.468
8.297
8, 8, 6
8, 8, 7
8, 8, 8
4'572
4'571
4'595
4.582
5'779
5'791
5.805
5.845
6.953
6.98o
6995
7'041
8'3 67
8.41 9
8.465
8.564
11.37
44.55
4,
4,
5,
5,
5,
8, 5,
9, 9, 9
4' 60 5
00, 00, OD
5'991
6.351
6.682
6.886
7'378
9. 210
10'04
10.64
9'840
io.n
I0 '37
n4
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
I,
I
2
I
3,
3,
2, 2,
2, 2,
2,
3, 3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
I,
3, 2, I
3, 2, 2
3, 3,
3, 3, 2
3, 3, 3, 3
4, 2, I,
4,
2,
2,
4, 2, 2, 2
4, 3, I, I
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2, I
2,
3, I
3, 2
3, 3
P=
5'357
5.667
5.143
5.556
5'644
25
5'679
6.467
6.667
6.667
5.833
6.333
6.250
6.978
6 '333
6. 244
6 '527
6 .600
6.727
6'333
6.689
7'055
7.036
7.515
7.200
7.636
7.400
8.015
6.026
7'ooO
7.667
8.538
5.250
5'533
5'755
5.067
5.833
6.133
6'545
6.178
6.533
7'064
6.741
7.000
7'391
7.067
5'591
5'750
5.689
5.872
6016
6-309
6'955
6.621
6.545
6.795
6. 984
7.326
7.326
7'455
7.871
7'758
8.333
8.659
7'564
7'775
2.5
0I
5'945
6.386
6.731
6.635
6'874
6'955
7.159
7.538
7.500
7'747
7.909
7.909
8.346
8.23,
8.621
8.909
9'462
9.327
9'945
8876
8.588
8.874
9'075
9.287
10'47
9.758
10.43
10'93
1I-36
4: 4,3 2:
3,
4, 4, 3,
2
I
2
5.182
5.568
5.808
5.692
5'901
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3
I
2
3
4
6.019
5.654
5'914
6.042
6088
7.038
6.725
6 '957
7.142
7.235
7.929
7.648
7'914
8'079
8.228
oo, 00, oo, oo
6.251
7'815
9'348
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
n4, n2, n3, n4, n5
3, 3,
41.95
5.786
6.250
6.600
11.34
6'982
6'139
6.511
6.709
6955
6.311
6.6o0
I,
2'5
6.750
7.333
7.964
7.533
8.291
6'583
--
--
6.800
7'309
7.200
7'745
7'600
7.682
8.182
7.1n
7.200
7.467
7.618
8.538
8-06 z
8'449
8.8,3
8.703
9.o38
9'233
2,
I
2
6.788
7.026
6.788
2,
6'910
2,
7'121
7'591
7'910
7'576
7'769
8.044
3, 3, 3, 3, I
3, 3, 3, 3, 2
3, 3, 3, 3, 3
7.077
7.210
7'333
8.0o0
8.2oo
8.333
CO, 00, 2), CO, 00
7'779
9'488
3, 2,
3, 2,
3, 3,
3, 3,
3, 3,
6.750
7.133
7.418
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
11'70
2,
P = zo
I,
3, 3, I,
16.27
0'I
8.12,
--
8'127
8.682
8.073
9'364
-
8.576
9.115
8'424
9.051
9.505
9.303
10403
9'455
9'974
9'451
9.876
10'59
10-64
13'82
0.1
k=
P=
2-5
7.600
8348
8'455
7.800
8.345
8.864
8'455
2,
8.154
8.846
9.385
I,
7'467
7'945
8.348
8'731
9'033
7.667
8.236
8.727
9.248
9.648
7.909
8.303
8'564
I,
2,
I,
I,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
I,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
I,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
I
I
I
Io
17
10'20
11'67
13.28
18'47
I,
2,
11.14
6.833
7.267
7.527
7.909
/42,
7'133
5'333
5.689
5'745
5.655
5.879
k=5
k=4
nb nz, n3,
70
0. I
8.648
9'227
9'846
9'773
I 0'54
8.509
9.136
9.692
9.682
I0'38
9'o30
3, 2,
3, 2,
3, 2,
3, 2,
3, 2,
9.513
-
2,
I,
2,
I
I
7.133
7418
7.727
7.987
2,
2,
8'198
I,
I,
2,
2,
I, I, I
2,
2,
2,
3, I, I, I, I moo
3, 2, I, I, I 7.697
3, 2, 2, I, I 7'872
3, 2, 2, 2, I 8.077
3, 3,2, 2, 2, 2 8.305
3,
3,
3,
3,
8.909
9.482
9'455
8.667
10'22
11'11
8'564
9'045
8'615
9.128
8'923
9'549
10-15
n -oi
9.190
9.914
10-61
11'68
15.09
20*52
9.628
10.31
10'02
CO, 00, 00 , 00, CO, 00
73
9.236
11.07
12.83

TABLE 26. HYPERGEOMETRIC PROBABILITIES
Suppose that of N objects, R are of type A and N R of
type B, with R NR. Suppose that n of the objects,
n < Nn, are selected at random without replacement and
X are found to be of type A. Then X follows a hypergeometric distribution with the probability that X = r given by
Here the rows correspond to types A and B and the columns

to ' selected' and not selected' respectively, and the marginal
totals are given.
Fisher's exact test of no association between rows and
columns, or of homogeneity of types A and B, is provided by
rejecting the null hypothesis at the P per cent level if the sum
of the probabilities for all tables with at least as extreme
values of X as that observed is less than or equal to Pj roo.
More extreme' means having smaller probability than the
observed value r of X, given the same marginal totals. This
test may be either one- or two-sided, as shown below.
p(rjN, R, n) =
(':)(Nn T(Nn)
This table gives these probabilities for N < 57 and n < R
(if not, use the result that p(rIN, R, n) = p(rIN, n, R)). For
N > 57 these probabilities may be calculated by using
binomial coefficients (Table 3) or logarithms of factorials
(Table 6). When N is large and RI N < cr, X is approximately binomially distributed with index R and parameter
p = n/N (see Table r); similarly, if N is large and n/N < o1,
X is approximately binomially distributed with index n and
parameter p = R/N. If N is large and neither R/N nor n/N
Example.
I 5
4 4
5 9
(X+.', nR I N)I[R(N R) n(N n)I Nz(N 1)11

is approximately normally distributed with zero mean and
unit variance; a continuity correction of 2 , as with the binomial distribution, has been used.
A representation of the data in the form of a 2 x z contingency table is useful:
R r
R
nr NRn+r N R
n
Nn
N
N
2 I I
= 0 0'5000
I
'5000
5
=
I
2
Rn
2 2
0'7500
6000
.r000
.1429
2500
0.8333
1667
O
I
O 06667
4
O
I
2
0'5000
5000
2 2
01667
6667
'1667
N R n
2 I
= 0
6 2 x
I
0-8571
4 I I
0'7500
'2500
I I
= 0
6 x
O
N R n
0'3000
O 06667
I
'3333
N R n
2 I
2 2
O
I
01143
2857
O
I
0.5357
-0357
2 2
4286
2 2
0.0714
'4286
'4286
8 3
*4762
06250
0476
3750
3
4
0'4000
'5333
0667
7 3
8 3
03571
'5357
'1071
001 43
2286
'5143
2286
0143
028 57
6 3
. 571 4
O
I
1429
5 x
O cr8000
I
.2000
-6000
'2000
0'2000
5 2 I
6 3 3
O o.6000
I
4000
O
I
0 0500
'4500
*4500
0500
8 3 3
o1786
7 3 3
6 3
9 I z
O 0.8889
I
'III'
o5000
-5000
O 0.1543
I
'5143
2
'3429
o2.86
O 0.8750
125o
I
'5357
2679
0179
8 4
O o.s000
I
-5000
8 4 2
O 0. 2143
I
'5714
2
74
'2 1 43
0.4167
5000
'0833
2 I
O 0.7778
I
'2222
0'2381
'5357
' 2143
'0119
9 4 I
O
I
2 2
O
I
0.5833
'3889
'oz78
0.5556
'4444
2
O
I
0'2778
*5556
'1667
9 4 3
I
9 3 I
O 06667
'3333
O o 8000
'2000
I
I0 2 2
O
I
0'6222
'0222
'3556
zo 3 I
I
'3000
xo 3
O 04667
'4667
'0667
0'1190
. 4762
3571
'0476
9 4 4
I0 I
= 0 0'9000
I
' 100
O 0.7000
9 4
N R n
I0 2 I
.0714
8 4 4
I
O
I
9 3
r=
9 3 3
O 04762
7 3 I
O 0. 5714
I
4286
N R n
8 4 3
r=
'3333
14
From the tables p(1114, 6, 5) = 2098. A more extreme onesided value is r = o, giving a total probability of 2378, not
significant evidence of association or of inhomogeneity. If a
two-sided test is required, r = 4 and r = 5 have probabilities
0599 and 003o respectively, less than 2098; the total is
now .3007.
When N > 17 and nR/N is not too small, a (two-sided)
test of the hypothesis of no association, or of homogeneity, is
provided by rejecting at the P per cent level approximately
if x2 = N[rN nR] 21[R(N R) n(N n)] exceeds A(P) (see
Table 8). (Cf. H. Cramer, Mathematical Methods of Statistics
(1946), Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., Sections
30.5 and 30.6.)
is less than o1,
N R n
6
8
013397
'3175
2
'4762
i587
3
0079
4
xo 3 3
O
I
0'2917
5250
-175o
0083
3
I0
0
I
o.6000
'4000

N R n
10 4
r=
N R n
II 3
N R n
12 I I
0.3333
1' = 0
0.5091
Y= 0
'5333
.1333
.4364
*0545
0.9167
.0833
12 2
10 4 3
O
I
0.1667
- 5000
- 3000
3
I0
'0333
4 4
0.0714
xi 3 3
0 0.3394
I
5091
z
3
1455
006I
Ix 4 1
I
'1143
0048
xx
io 5 x
O
I
0.5000
-5000
0.8333
1667
12 2 2
0.6818
I
2
'3030
'0152
0 0.6364
I
'3810
2 -4286
3
4
0
I
3636
4 2
0 0.3818
5091
x
2
'1091
II 4 3
12
3 i
o
I
0'7500
*2500
12
0
0.5455
.4091
-0455
o 0'2121
22
3 3
12
- 5091
I
0'2222
2
2545
0 0.3818
N R n
N R n
N R n
N R n
12
13
13 5 5
14 3
5 4
Y= 0
I
2
0'0707
3
4
' 1414
oioi
'3535
'4242
.5556
0242
2 '2222
10
5 3
ix 4 4
0 01061
0.0833
I
2
'4167
I
2
4167
0833
'4242
3818
0848
0030
.4909
*1227
.0045
12 4
0.6667
'3333
12 4 2
I0
5 4
0'0238
2381
.4762
- 2381
'0238
3
4
xo 5 5
0
0'0040
-0992.
3968
3
4
5
-3968
.0992
.0040
II I I
O
0'0091
'0909
II 2 I
O
1
0.8182
1818
II 2 2
0. 6545
.3273
'0182
II
3
O 0.7273
I
2727
II 5 I
0
I
II
0. 5455
4545
5 2
0'2727
I
2
O
I
2
0'4242
4848
'0909
5 5
12
.5455
O
x
0. 2545
5091
'1818
'2182
.0182
II 5 3
O
0.1212
-2210
'441 9
'2652
' 044 2
0013
'4545
0 0. 1414
*3636
.0606
I
2
*3394
3
4
.0646
.0020
II 5 4
4525
0.0455
3030
12
5 I
0
I
0.5833
*4545
1818
'0152
12
6 x
12
0
I
0.5000
5000
12
Ix
5 5
O
I
2
0'0130
-1623
'4329
3
4
5
.3247
-0649
0022
O
I
2
0.3182
.5303
.1515
0
I
0 2273
.
'5455
' 2273
12
0 0'0909
.4091
409 1
.0909
12
0'0303
I
2
3
2424
.4545
. 2424
0303
0
I
2
0'0076
1136
-3788
3788
.1136
.0076
3
4
5
12 6 6
0
I
2
0'0011
0390
3
4
5
6
'4329
'2435
.0390
.00 1 1
'2435
13 I I
O
I
0- 9231
-0769
5 3
0.8462
0'1591
'1538
'4773
3182.
.0455
r = 0
2704
4335 51
I
.2.720
3
13 3 I
I
'2308
13 3
0 0. 5769
'3846
I
'0385
2
0 0.4196
-47zo
'1049
.0035
13 4 I
0
0'6923
3077
13 4
0
I
2
0 . 4615
4615
'0769
13 4 3
13 2 I
12
- 0128
'4167
2821
x3 3 3
12 4 4
0 0-0265
12
12 4 3
7 = 0 0'7051
4
5
2176
3 01 51
00
0 0.7692
xo 5
O
2 2
75
13 6 I
O
I
0'5385
O
I
2
0'2692
'1923
x3 6
O
I
2
0'1224
*4406
'3671
-0699
13
O
I
2
3
4
6 4
0.0490
.2937
.4406
-1958
0210
x3 6
- 1632
2 '4079
-4699
2 '3021
3
4
13
O
I
.0503
.00i4
5 i
0.6154
3846
13 5
0
I
2
3
4
13
O
I
2
6 6
0'0041
'0734
- 3059
'4079
'1836
0245
6 0006
3
4
5
'0714
'3916
'1119
'0070
0. 7143
- 2857
14
O
I
2
4
0'4945
.4396
0659
14 4 3
0
I
0.3297
'4945
'1648
0110
14 4 4
O
I
2
0'2098
.4795
- 2697
3 0400
4
0010
14 5 I
x
0.9286
0
I
.3571
5 0047
0.0979
.3916
-0907
0027
0 0.6429
O
I
0816
14
13 5 4
0'4533
'4533
5128
'1282
2 '2797
.0350
3
O
I
.3263
13 5 3
0 0.1958
-4895
I
14 3 3
0.3590
'0330
.5385
0.0163
0 0- 1762
3626
14 4 I
13 6
13 4 4
I
2
'4615
0 0'2937
-5035
I
1888
2
0140
r = 0 0. 6044
14 2 I
O
I
0.8571
1429
14 2 2
O
I
2
0/253
'2637
'0110
14 3
O 0.7857
'2143
I
14 5 2
O
I
0.3956
'1099
'4945
14 5 3
O
0'2308
I
2
3
*4945
'2473
-0275
14 5 4
O
I
2
0.1259
4196
3
4
.0899
'3596
'0050
14 5 5
0'0629
'3 147
'4196
3
4
'0225
.1798
0005

N
R n
14
N
14
R n
7
N
15
R n
R n
R n
R n
15
x6
16
16
r= 0
0'5714
7' = 0
0'0105
r= 0
0.3626
-4286
1224
. 4835
'3671
3
4
5
3671
1224
1451
0088
0105
15
14
o
6 2
0.3077
5275
.1648
14
14
0
1510
14
7 7
0.0003
'3357
4196
3
4
1598
0143
0150
'1285
'2098
'4196
3
4
5
'2797
'0599
14
0030
0'0093
'1119
IS
1285
0143
;0003
-0667
2
0.8667
'1333
3497
3
4
'3730
'1399
'0160
15
*0003
0.7429
'2476
'0095
14
0'5000
5000
14
0
2
15
0.8000
2000
0.2308
-5385
15
'2308
0.6286
'3429
0286
14
0.0962,
'4038
'4038
-0962
14
15
0
-0022
0'0350
' 2448
15
' 4406
' 2448
' 0350
0
j
15
0.6667
'3333
15
0
0 .4286
4762
'0952
15
0'2637
'4945
'2198
'0220
15
0'1538
'4396
'3297
3
4
. 0037
15
0
'0733
0-0839
'3497
'3996
3
4
'1499
0167
'0003
15
0
I
15
0
0.6000
' 4000
0-3429
5143
' 1429
0'4835
'4352
3
4
I
2
0.9333
15
3569
'3569
15
16
'3776
'3357
'4079
. 2448
'0490
0023
0.0280
3
4
5
6
'3297
' 0549
'0020
'0007
0
I
0322
'0490
'2448
14
o
15
16
3
4
3
4
5
6
7
3
4
5
'4835
00699
-4196
'2398
'0450
'2418
4615
r= 0
I
0.1538
0'0420
*2517
14
0
0
1
0'0023
0'2418
r=
'0791
0.7333
'2667
15
0
1
0.1846
*2 967
3
x5
0.0168
3
4
5
6
15
'1079
0108
0002
7
0 '5333
-4667
15
0.2667
'2000
0'0923
.3692
0'5238
4190
'3956
'0571
3
4
0110
'1319
0'8750
'1250
06500
' 3 2 50
'0250
05107
. 4179
o696
.00'8
.0769
07500
.2500
2872
4308
'2051
3
4
15
0256
7 5
00186
1632
3916
3263
3
4
'0932
'0070
5
x5
0
I
0.0056
'0783
-2937
-3916
. 1958
3
4
5
6
.0336
0014
7
0'5500
-4000
'0500
4 3
0.3929
'4714
1286
0071
4
3231
'4154
0002
6
16
'3750
3
4
5
'0721
x6
01750
5000
'1250
16
0'2143
x
2
'4821
2679
'0357
16
16
Ixoi
'3304
3
4
5
6
.3671
x6
0
I
.0514
* 2313
.1099
3
4
' 2570
3
4
16
0082
0.0577
2885
'4121
3
4
5
.2060
0343
0014
6
6
7
16
'3125
16
-1828
16
'1964
'0002
'01 79
0
1
'0843
.0075
0001
0- 2946
49 11
5000
16
0
0.2333
'5333
'2333
0'1000
I
2
'4000
'4000
1000
05625
x6
'4375
'0001
16
0664
0055
05000
16
3
4
5
6
3855
'3934
'2997
.3807
-3046
.0914
0087
-3709
0833
0'0031
3956
0005
'4583
0009
I
2
0264
'0236
0- 1154
'1573
'0305
0'0012
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
- 0048
0'0105
1888
-2885
00262
.20'9
'4038
0.4583
0.0288
0
x
'2176
'0192
'0126
'4835
.1731
06875
0'0692
0
I
x6
'4500
0.6250
16
0.1500
02720
76
x6
16
15
x6
x6
z6
16
3
4
0625
'3777
' 1259
i fs
'1875
x6
0604
0027
3
4
5
3
4
'2333
' 4308
'3692
'3375
'0083
0'0513
0. 123I
'4533
3022
'3777
01058
15
0.1813
R n
r= 0
I
0'8125
16
r=
0.7583
0 '9375
'0625
x6
'5333
'4747
'0 440
x6
0
x
15
0'3000
.525o
* 1750
0'0385
2462
'4308
3
4
2462
. 0385

N R n
x6 8 5
r= o o.0128
I
'1282
'3590
'3590
I282
oiz8
3
4
5
16 8 6
O
0.0035
.0559
'2448
3
4
-3916
'2448
' 0559
'0035
x6 8 7
O
0'0007
0196
.1371
'3427
'3427
' 1371
.0196
0007
3
4
5
6
7
16 8 8
O
I
0'0001
'0050
'0609
'2437
'3807
'2437
'0609
3
4
5
6
7
8
'0050
'0001
N R n
17 3 3
r = 0 0'5353
I
0'9412
0588
17
'0618
'0015
17 4 2
0 0. 5735
I
3824
2
'0441
17
4 3
O 0.4206
1
'4588
2
' 1147
'0059
17 4 4
o 0-3004
x
-48o7
.1966
2
3
.0218
'0004
4
17
0'7059
2941
x7 5
O 04853
I
'4412
2
'0735
5 3
O 0.3235
'4853
I
2
3
'1765
0147
17
5 4
O 0.2080
I
'4622
2 2
'2773
0'7721
'2206
3
4
'0504
'0021
17
2 '0074
17
17
3
O 0.8235
x
-1765
17 3
O 0.6691
I
'3088
2
'0221
.4853
'1103
17 6 3
17 4 1
o 0.7647
.2353
I
2 I
O 0.8824
I
1176
17 6
r = 0 04044
'4015
17
17 I I
N R n
5 5
O
I
0'1280
'4000
'3555
.1o67
'0097
3
4
5
'0002
17 6 I
o
I
6
0._47r
3529
o 0.2426
i
'4853
2
N R n
N R n
17 7 6
x7 8 7
r = 0 0'0170
I
2
3
4
5
6
'1425
.3563
'3394
' 1273
'0170
0006
'2426
.0294
17 6 4
17 7 7
0 ooo62
.0756
I
= 0 0'0019
I
'0346
'1814
3
3628
4
'3023
1037
5
'0130
6
7 0004
17 8 8
0 0'0004
'0118
0 0.1387
'2721
'4160
'3466
'3779
.2160
0486
.0036
000i
2 '0968
3
4
5
6
7
3
'0924
4 0063
17 6 5
0
0.0747
I
2
'3200
'4000
3
4
5
' 1 778
-oz67
'0010
17 6 6
O
0'0373
'2240
'4000
2666
3
4
o667
5
'0053
6 000l
17 8 x
0
I
0'5294
'4706
x7 8
0
I
0.2647
5294
2 '2059
x7 8 3
0 O'1235
*4235
'3706
o824
17 8 4
17
O
I
7 I
0'5882
'4118
17 7 2
O
0'3309
'5147
2 '1544
17
7 3
O o.1765
4632
I
'3088
2
.0515
3
17
7 4
O 0.0882
I
'3529
2
'3971
3
4
.14.71
'0147
3
4
0 0.0204
I
'1629
2 '3801
3
4
5
3
4
5
'3258
.1o18
'0090
17 8 6
o
x
o-oo68
.0814
.2851
2
'3801
3
'2036
4
5 '0407
6
'0023
7 5
O 0.0407
I
'4235
.2118
'0294
x7 8 5
17
0'0529
'2824
'2376
'4072
'2545
0566
'0034
77
3
.2.903
3628
4
'1935
5
6
'041 5
'0030
7
8 0000
TABLE 27. RANDOM SAMPLING NUMBERS

Each digit is an independent sample from a population in which the digits o to 9 are equally likely,
that is, each has a probability of-116.
84
28
64
49
o6
75
09
73
49
64
93
39
89
77
86
95
53
03
65
76
31
97
97
o8
4!
70
44
z6
87
57
37
49
24
65
97
52
46
33
59
68
75
09
93
64
33
12
83
76
z6
29
51
45
70
14
OI
14
04
49
59
50
32
73
8z
98
27
74
00
78
6o
36
88
8o
79
98
77
12
39
04
40
71
92
23
92
z6
69
o8
73
19
16
79
86
16
99
36
17
74
41
05
o8
82
42
72
92
41
6o
25
35
05
44
8o
31
79
46
65
8z
31
96
40
50
44
68
36
78
65
96
81
75
74
o6
96
37
69
17
61
97
01
97
89
13
24
34
8o
31
81
o6
64
6z
77
58
33
57
36
65
92
02
65
63
22
50
4z
87
41
46
56
35
81
69
6o
05
88
34
29
75
98
56
77
39
73
69
96
89
II
8o
49
36
ii
19
03
51
77
22
09
30
77
03
46
65
68
93
61
54
z8
61
68
12
21
76
13
39
73
85
59
68
53
66
04
60
30
10
44
89
55
67
57
21
63
38
8o
13
77
42
76
97
95
85
98
17
46
99
85
50
92
69
51
27
44
40
92
20
40
19
72
89
73
52
12
84
74
69
25
03
59
91
02
30
76
81
6z
49
07
48
46
6z
68
12
16
98
04
61
64
27
86
93
25
00
20
29
96
75
68
48
82
20
14
20
10
73
62
73
19
92
18
85
76
06
52
68
91
86
46
70
67
68
00 76
64 85
26 32
71 57
99 51
81 14
35 II
15 17
24 78
76 49
97 56
11 76
04 47
18 85
z6 04
92 27
28 47
61 o8
89 81
zi
o6
69
53
91
87
22
19
99
97
63
55
38
31
97
56
43
15
4
6o
52
5
2
17 5
09
14
61
09
91
93
19
58
85
24
35
54
14
65
59
28
19
77
12
z8
zi
09
57
74
70
76
46
II
99
85
6o
39
22
8z
72
58
83
54
z6
21
64
40
56
72
0!
90
49
85
88
19
37
37
04
79
64
II
83
4
94
64
67
54
io
88
16
96
27
94
42
16
53
z8
78
36
92
52
12
83
97 II
s
15
3 1 -1
28
94 54
6o
39 16
16 33
33
46
6 3 37
15 89
94
15 97
16
54 32
76
86 21
25
i8 6o
48
64
6i 48
63 10
76
58 38 98
R
17
32 2 3
33
23 89
45 08
44
6o
15
84
(D
7II 44
39
98 68
io
66 69
87
95 87
65
70
5
85
83
12 33
43 24
96 56
97 63
97 17
83 00
6o 65
09 44
77 96
43 40
11 36
44 33
05 40
43 42
91 65
62 83
53 05
20 53
70 52
51 62
2 3 74
76 96
88 83
69 o8
24 6z
95 47
58 6z
35 22
35 72
22 73
91 58
76 56
87 00
6z io
22 06
84 03
83 87
00 87
76 6z
31 65
91 30
71 56
08
3
03
74 8
o
77
40
59 16
0 7 72
96 25
59 35
69 71
3! 20
66
86
09
37
07
97
91
18
92
47
2
02
20
24
22 86
73 49
00 42
27 44
23
83
37
35
37
96
25
34
88
84
00
33
35
30
61
34
35
1
61
9
70
84
83
87
67
67
22
03
17
24
14
6o
8o
42
08
57
24
58
44
33
75
83
17
29
54
05
33
89
43
12
15
78
69
78
10
02
43
10
6o
76
06
64
41
91
14
26
98
34
65
28
37
6o
92
8o
30
9z
91
30
17
41
57
41
46
II
68
77
90
69
93
73
95
32
72
64
87
68
52
52
oit
78
77
63
29
21
26
90
55
27
74
48
41
02
o6
42
87
66
09
87
o8
8
92
67
o8
93
19
72
47
89
29
02
62
99
81
21
17
68
03
12
8z
82
o6
67
40
53
19
8z
41
93
94
16
61
65
33
63
48
52
68
66
89
14
94
45
o6
21
04
07
6o
38
88
73
22
21
40
22
6z
64
03
95
45
of
34
76
52
42
63
8
67
72
79
10
36
33
04
21
o6
14
63
04
97
99
94
13
30
95
II
49
90
86
51
55
90
19
39
67
88
9
98
4
67
39
76
53
38
70
56
90
07
47
04
48
83
90
36
97
56
02
74
55
67
43
72
63
40
03
07
47
02
62
20
19
45
23
8o
99
16
89
52
85
91
00
z8
86
39
33
73
48
14
91
z6
75
58
30
54
52
of
68
33
95
70
02
00
20
41
30
44
70
72
49
7
29
33
48
47
52
88
7
46
5
36
47
21
86
6i
0
8:
89
22
85
47
95
Jo
22
76
01
23
44
65
92
15
17
55
09
83
z6
o8
62
78
39
54
55
19
57
02
z6
44
58
40
o6
59
12
04
17
69
65
31
65
58
01
85
90
74
TABLE 28. RANDOM NORMAL DEVIATES

Each number in this table is an independent sample from the normal distribution with zero mean and unit variance.
0.7691
-0.5256
0.9614
0.3003
11853
1.0861
P5109
0-3639
1.7218
-1.7850
0'2411
0'2614
1'0204
1'0167
PI2I1
-02628
0'3413
0.8185
-0-1489
0.4711
0.2836
- P7888
-0. 4654
0.7887
0.9046
-0.9189
-0.2884
0.9222
0.0989
-0.8744
-0'1051
-0'2588
-0'7164
01110
-0'3172
-0'7442
P9225
0.8966
-0'2911
- P4II9
- p2664
-0'4255
-0'2201
1'5256
06820
0 '4547
0.0213
0.8897
0.4814
-0.4014
-0.9607
P258o
1.8266
0.8452
- p4908
0.2071
-0 ' 40 70
-0'5601
-0'2685
-0'3797
-0.9013
1.6169
-0.6995
-0.0617
1.2541
P4531
-0.8250
0.8620
24288
0.0450
0.2532
-0.9363
-0.8698
0.4890
-0.1291
0.1939
0.2668
-0.1144
-0.0339
-0.1236
01285
-0.7122
0.5823
0.7836
0.1600
1.0383
01671
0.1137
0.4104
-0.3707
-0.4590
-1.1334
0.2755
0.3674
2'1522
0'2133
0'3379
0. 34-44
-0-3912
-0-5941
-0.0768
- V06 37
-0 ' 0948
0. 4198
-18812
0. 0778
0.8105
23696
-0.3968
1.1401
-0.1992
0.7894
-0.5056
-0.5669
0.7913
0- 9914
1.7055
-1.9071
-0-3260
0.4862
-0.8312
-1-9095
0.7738
-I-3150
P2719
II404
0'1964
-0'2309
0'9651
- P1403
P 6399
0.7164
1.9058
-0'5440
-1'3378
1'5939
0.7378
p4320
0.5276
-2.1245
P6638
-0.0429
-0'1320
-0'2098
-0'1563
-0'8492
-1'8692
-0'5447
0.6299
-0.1507
- P1798
1.3921
I1049
P2474
P1397
P9211
0 '4393
-0'4597
0'7258
I.4880
-0.4037
-1.1855
-0.0251
-0.4311
PI002
0'1176
-0'6501
1'7248
-1'0621
0'9133
-0.456o
0.8729
0.3646
0.1885
-0-9633
0.6117
1.0033
2.1098
0.8366
P2725
1.0492
-1.1969
0.2146
-0'3594
P2193
0'2024
0'4722
-0'2230
-0'4389
- P5498
-I5027
-16761
0. 1433
0 '7375
-0.5608
-2'6278
0.7064
-0.5104
-0.6110
0'2239
-0. 6841
0'2177
05802
0.0556
2'0196
-18613
0.8646
- V0438
0.2533
-0. 4953
0'8258
0.6571
0.0679
0.9970
0.6705
-0.1985
-0'0917
09517
0'7272
-0'2223
0.5697
0.4869
-1.3296
-0.1765
-0.2777
-0.7707
0.3990
0. 9649
-1'5953
-0.0382
-0.2558
- P5290
-0.7695
0.0153
-2.6190
-0.3052
- P2785
-0.3767
o193
- P6919
-0.1825
0.2461
0.8169
0.0790
0.7225
0.9014
-0'4089
0.3838
0.5219
0 '3779
-1'9919
-0.1679
-0.004I
-0.3111
0.7127
0.1428
-0'3749
0.0722
-o-7849
-0'6237
1.5668
0.45 21
0.1263
0.1663
-0.2830
1.2061
-1.4135
P0313
1'8116
- P9062
2'2544
-0'6327
0. 5464
-1.4139
0.1833
-1.6417
-0'4379
-0'3937
-0.0851
-0.2088
0.2889
-0. 1720
0.3946
-0. 0909
0'7673
- P9853
p6459
0.8910
P1387
0.6764
0. 2794
0'8007
-0/296
-0.5887
0.2325
- P0242
- P4929
-0'1122
1.2370
0'7125
P1813
-0'8344
-0'8015
0.6259
-1.4433
-0'3211
-1.2630
07890
- P2187
-2.6399
-0'7494
-0.9592
- 1.1750
-1.2106
-0-7991
1.0306
-0'6252
0'4124
-1.5349
0 '3377
-0'7473
0.4011
-0.2193
-0'5749
-0.4263
-0.1614
0.5114
-0'3337
-0. 5094
0.2414
-0.5231
1.8868
0. 6994
0'2013
P3071
- P2255
-06109
-0'7522
0.4899
0.9586
-1' 2 947
0.5067
0.5021
1.3002
0'4787
-11240
- 2'0142
-0/707
0'1095
-0'0994
1'0811
P5762
0/726
-0'8558
1'3333
-0.1512
-0-0416
P1621
-o.2743
v7767
- p8o3I
2.1364
0.1295
0. 2454
1.8961
0.3863
-0.0943
-0.7132
0.248,
V1558
-0-0814
-0'7431
P4721
0.5274
-0'3755
-0-3730
0.1049
-0.1819
I.2704
0.6109
-0.8716
0.36o2
1'3133
0.4986
-12309
0.2453
-i1675
01115
0.6226
-0'2521
-05518
-11584
79
-0.6933
-1.1761
-0.5156
-0.5671
P2094
1'0500
0'6314
P5742
0.6715
-0'7459
0. 1543
-0.1108
0.5970
0.0842
- P5805
-0. 2542
-0-4762
0.9149
-0.8178
-0.5567
0. 0945
0.7350
- P6734
-1.8237
-1'0210
P6674
-0.8427
0.0398
0.5787
1'5481
0.2236
-0.8393
-0.2523
1.4846
0.8527
0 '5541
- 0 7841
-0'9212
-2'4283
0'0046
-0.3490
-0.6525
-10642
-i.o6o6
0 '4431
0 '9379
3'4347
0.7703
-0.6135
P3934
P0013
0'8129
-0.4194
-0.0173
0.5664
-0.7216
-0'3349
0.8688
I.41 I0
-
P40II
0'6272
P2943
P4732
2'1097
0'5529
-0'1047
0.6484
0.9714
0.0982
-0.6845
P6357
P2928
0.1785
-0.2936
-1.1208
0.7254
-11351
P4302
0.6226
0.6017
1.1673
-0.0962
-11846
- P4375
po786
0 '5354
0.6161
0.6177
-0.4680
0.5638
0.3650
-0.1867
1.0176
-0.6125
-0.0772
0.9166
p4564
-0.2898
1.0821
1.1889
p5315
-0.7601
-0.2105
-0.6962
0 '4598
- P7724
0.5089
P3761
TABLE 29. BAYESIAN CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR A BINOMIAL

PARAMETER
If r is an observation from a binomial distribution
(Table 1) of known index n and unknown parameter p,
then, for an assigned probability C per cent, the pair of
entries gives a C per cent Bayesian confidence interval
for p. That is, there is C per cent probability that p lies
between the values given. The intervals are the shortest
possible, compatible with the requirement on probability.
The tabulation is restricted to r < Zn. If r > Zn replace r
by n - r and take 1 minus the tabulated entries, in reverse
order.
Example 1. r = 7,n = 12. Use n = 12 and r = 5 in the
Table, which at a confidence level of 95 per cent gives
0.1856 and 06768, yielding the interval 0.3232 to 0-8144.
The intervals have been calculated using the reference
prior which is uniform over the entire range (0,1) of p.
The entries can be used for any beta prior with density
proportional to pa(1-p)b , where a and b are non-negative
integers, by replacing r with r + a and n with n + a + b.
If r + a is outside the tabulated range, replace r + a with
n - r + b and n with n + a+ b, and take 1 minus the entries,
in reverse order.
Example 2. r = 7, n = 12. If the prior has a = 2, b = 1,
then r +a = 9, n+ a + b = 15 and n - r + b = 6. Use n = 15
posterior
probability
density
of p
(This shape applies only when 0 < r < n. When r = 0 or
r = n, the intervals are one-sided.)

and r = 6 in the Table, which at a confidence level of
95 per cent gives 0.1909 and 0.6381, yielding the interval
0.3619 to 0.8091.
When n exceeds 30, C per cent limits for p are given
approximately by
x(P)[i(1 - P)/n]1
where /5 = r/n, P = 1(100 C) and x(P) is the P percentage point of the normal distribution (Table 5).
-
CONFIDENCE LEVEL PER CENT
90
n =1
r=0
95
99
99'9
0.0000
0.6838
0.0000
0.7764
0.0000
0.9000
0.0000
09684
0'0000
0'5358
0'0000
0'6316
0. 0000
0'7846
00000
0'9000
'1354
.8646
.0943
.9057
-0414
'9586
0130
9870
0.0000
0'4377
7122
0.0000
-0438
0.5271
7723
0.0000
.0159
06838
8668
0.0000
-0037
0'8222
'0679
r=0
0. 0000
0. 4507
0.0000
0. 6019
00000
0. 7488
0425
1893
03690
6048
0.0000
0260
6701
0083
7820
0016
'8788
8107
1466
'8534
0828
9172
-0375
.9625
0.0000
0. 3187
0.0000
0. 3930
0'0000
0302
5253
-0178
5906
0052
05358
7083
0.0000
.0009
06838
8186
I380
I 048
7613
*0567
'8441
0242
.9133
=2
r =0
=3
=
n=
4
2
'9377
=5
=0
8o

PARAMETER
90
r=0
99
95
n=6
'4641
0.0000
'0133
22 53
6317
'7747
0805
'1841
5273
-6846
8159
r= 0
00000
0'2505
0.0000
0'3123
00000
0 '4377
0185
0105
065o
1488
'4759
6210
'7459
0028
.0331
.0934
.5913
7174
.8227
0.0000
0004
0129
.0495
0.5783
7113
8115
'8912
0. 0000
n=
'02 31
'1076
0.2803
99'9
0'3482
0'0000
0'4821
0'0000
o'6272
0037
0421
1177
6452
7769
8823
-0006
0171
0639
7625
8616
9361
7
2
0878
1839
'4155
5677
7008
r= 0
0'0000
0'2257
0'0000
0'2831
0'0000
0'4005
0.0000
0'5358
0154
-0739
'1549
3761
'5152
.6388
0086
'0542
1245
'4334
5676
6854
.0022
-0271
0769
'5451
'2514
'7486
'2120
'7880
1461
6651
7679
'8539
0003
-0103
0400
.0884
6651
'7645
8463
9116
r=0
0.0000
0'2057
0.0000
0.2589
0.0000
03690
'01 32
0638
'1337
'3435
'4714
5863
'0073
0464
io68
'3978
5224
'6332
0018
0229
'0652
5053
6192
'7184
'2165
6901
1816
'7316
'1237
'8039
0.0000
0003
0085
'0333
'0739
0.4988
'62 37
7212
8032
8714
0'1889
00000
0'2384
0.0000
3
4
'1175
1899
0063
0406
.0934
1586
3675
'4837
5880
6818
0016
'0197
0564
.1071
0'0000
'0002
0'4663
3160
'4344
'5416
.6393
03421
'4706
0'0000
'0115
0560
'5788
-6741
'7578
0072
0284
0632
-5866
6817
7627
8320
0'2712
0'7288
0.2338
0'7662
0'1693
0'8307
0'1100
0'8900
r=0
0'0000
0102
0.1746
2926
0'0000
I
2
'0499
3
4
1047
1691
0'2411
=8
3
4
n
=9
2
3
4
= Io
r=0
I
n=
II
0'2209
0'0000
01187
0.0000
.4027
.5030
'5951
-0055
'0360
0829
'1407
'3415
'4502
'5485
'6377
.0013
0173
'0497
.0943
'4402
'5431
'6344
'7156
0002
0062
.0248
'0551
0'4377
'5534
-6456
7252
'7943
0.6803
0'2070
0'7191
0'1488
0'7878
0'0958
0'8539
See page 8o for explanation of the use of this table.
81

PARAMETER
90
99
95
99'9
rt = 12
r
=0
00000
0091
'0449
3
4
'0944
1524
5564
5
6
0.2169
2870
0.1623
2724
0.0000
0049
0.2058
3188
0.0000
0012
'3753
'4695
0323
'0745
1263
4210
'5138
5987
0154
'0443
0841
0'6374
'7130
0.1856
.2513
06768
'7487
0.0000
0082
0.1517
2548
0.0000
0044
-0409
3
4
1386
'3514
'4400
5223
2604
0.0000
0.2983
0.0000
0.4122
'4134
5113
'5987
6773
0002
0055
.0219
0488
5234
6128
6905
'7588
0.1326
1887
0 '7479
8113
0.0848
1290
0.8188
8710
0.1926
2990
0.0000
. 001 I
0.2803
'3896
0.0000
0001
0.3895
0293
0676
'1146
'3953
4832
'5639
0139
0400
'0759
4829
5666
'6424
-0049
0196
'0437
0'5994
6717
0-1682
0.6388
0.1195
7082
1698
0.7112
'7738
0.0759
'11 54
0'7855
2274
n = 13
r
=0
5
6
n = 14
r=0
I
.o859
0.1971
'4963
5828
'6585
'7257
'8384
0'1423
0'0000
0.1810
0.0000
0.2644
0.0000
0.3691
0075
'2394
.0375
0788
.3303
'4140
.0040
-0267
0619
1271
.4921
'1048
2814
-3726
'4559
'5329
.0009
-0126
'0364
0691
3684
'4574
'5376
6106
-0001
'0044
0177
'0396
4718
'5554
6290
'6948
oi8o6
0-1537
'2075
2659
0.6045
'6715
'7341
0.1087
'1542
'20 51
0.6775
7388
'7949
0.0687
1043
'1457
0 '7539
-3000
05654
'6346
7000
r=0
0'0000
0'1340
0.0000
0009
0.3506
2257
0.1708
2658
0.0000
0069
0.0000
'0037
0.2505
i
2
-0346
-3116
3
4
0728
'3909
'1173
'4650
0246
-0570
'0966
'3522
'4315
'5049
'0115
.0334
'0634
'3493
'4344
.5113
5817
0001
'0040
0162
0361
'4495
'5303
6017
6660
0.1666
0'5349
6012
6641
0.1415
0'5736
6381
0'0997
.1413
0.6465
0.0627
. 1909
7063
.0951
'2442
6988
1876
-7615
1327
0.7242
'7770
8246
3
4
5
6
7
'2383
8070
'8543
n = 15
5
6
7
2197
2762
82

PARAMETER
90
99
95
99'9
n = 16
=
0.0000
0.1267
0.0000
0.1616
0.0000
0.2373
oo64
2135
0321
2949
3
4
0676
.1090
.3703
0034
0228
0528
'4408
o895
2518
'3340
.4095
'4797
0008
oio6
0308
'0585
3320
'4135
'4874
'5552
0.0000
0001
.0037
0148
.0332
0'3339
5
6
7
8
0.1546
0.5075
0.1311
-2037
'2558
3108
'5710
0'5455
6076
6314
6892
1767
2258
2781
7219
oo920
1303
1728
-2193
o618o
6762
.7304
7807
0.0576
0873
1217
i6o6
06964
7486
7962
'8394
It = 17
r= 0
0.0000
0.1201
0.0000
006o
-0032
0492
.0834
01533
.2393
.3175
3897
'4568
o0000
0007
'0099
0286
'0544
0.2257
3164
'3945
'4656
.5310
o0000
0001
.0034
'01 37
.0307
0.3187
4105
4860
'5533
'61 44
0.5200
'5798
6366
6905
0.0854
1209
i6oi
2030
0.5917
6483
.7013
'7508
0.0533
0807
1124
1481
0.6703
7217
-7690
-8124
0.2152
3021
0.0000
0001
0.3048
-0031
0128
0286
.3934
'4665
.5317
'5912
0300
3
4
0631
1017
2025
.2799
3516
'4189
5
6
7
8
0.1442
0.4827
0.1221
'5435
0213
6664
'4292
.5073
.5766
.6393
1899
2383
2893
6o17
'6574
1644
-2099
-2583
0.1141
1926
2663
0.0000
0030
. 0199
0.1459
0.0000
0.0000
0056
0281
2279
'3026
0007
0092
3
4
'0592
'0953
'3348
'3991
.0461
0781
'3716
-4360
-0267
0508
'3771
*4455
5086
5
6
7
8
9
0.1351
0.4602
0.1142
0.4967
0 '0797
0'5674
1778
.2230
-2705
3201
5185
'5745
-1537
1962
6282
2412
6799
2886
'5543
6092
-6615
. 7114
1127
'1492
1889
2316
6224
'6741
7228
7684
0.0496
'0750
.1044
'1374
1738
0.6459
'6964
'7432
-7864
8262
r= 0
0.0000
0 I087
0'0000
0'1391
-0052
1836
0028
2175
0264
'2540
0187
2890
'3551
4170
00000
0006
0086
'0251
.0476
0.2057
2891
3612
4271
4880
o.0000
0001
0029
-0119
0267
0.2920
'3776
'4484
5117
-5696
0'4754
0.0747
.1056
'1397
0'5449
'5984
6488
0.0463
0701
'0974
o6231
6726
'7187
6964
1281
7615
'7413
-1619
-8013
n = 18
r=0
I
n = 19
3
4
'0557
-0897
'3194
3810
.0433
.0734
5
6
7
8
9
01271
1672
2096
2540
.3004
0.4396
. 4957
'5495
6014
6514
0.1073
.1444
'1841
'5309
5839
'2261
6346
1766
2704
6832
2164
83

PARAMETER
90
95
99
99'9
n = 20
r=0
0.0000
0. 1039
0.0000
0.1329
0.0000
0'1969
0'0000
0.2803
0049
'1 754
0026
'0249
0526
2428
'3055
0176
'3645
.0409
'0692
0006
oo8i
0236
'0448
2771
3466
4101
'4690
000i
0027
0112
0251
-3630
'4315
-o847
2080
2766
3401
'3995
'5494
5
6
7
8
9
0'1200
04208
0'1012
0 '4557
I578
.1 977
2395
-2828
'4747
5266
.5767
.6253
.1361
1734
2129
'2544
'5093
5606
6097
6569
0.0703
'0993
1312
1659
'2030
0.5241
.576o
6253
6717
7158
0.0435
0657
.0913
1199
.1514
0.6016
6501
'6955
'7379
'7775
io
0'3281
0.6719
0'2978
07022
0.2425
0'7575
0.1856
08144
0.0000
0.0994
0.0000
0.1273
-0047
0025
0167
'1994
'2652
0.0000
0006
-3262
'3834
0223
'0423
0.1889
-2661
'3331
'3944
'4514
0.0000
0001
0026
'0105
0236
0.2695
'3494
. 4159
'4757
5306
0.0664
'0937
1238
1563
'1912
0.5048
'5552
6030
6485
'6917
0.0409
0619
0859
1128
.1423
0.5815
-6290
'6735
7153
'7546
3
4
'4931
n = 21
r=
n=
0236
1679
'2325
3
4
0498
0802
2926
'3494
0387
.0655
5
6
7
8
9
0.1136
' 1493
' 1870
0.4035
'4554
0.0957
'1287
'1639
I0
0076
2265
'5055
'5539
2675
6007
2402
0.4376
'4894
'5389
5866
6324
0.3099
0.6461
0.2809
06766
0.2281
0.7328
0.1742
0.7914
0.0000
0044
0'0000
'0005
0224
'0473
0762
2809
'3354
0621
'2547
'3134
-3686
-0072
3
4
0'0000
'0023
0158
0367
0'1221
'1914
0'0953
1611
'2231
0.1815
'2557
3206
'3798
'4350
0-0000
0001
0024
.0099
0223
0.2594
'3369
4014
'4594
5129
5
6
7
8
9
0.1079
0.3875
0.0908
0.4209
0.0628
-1418
1 775
'4376
'4859
'4709
.5189
5651
6096
0887
1171
'1478
1807
0.4868
'5358
-5823
-6267
-6690
0.0387
0584
0811
1064
-1341
0.5626
6091
-6528
'6939
7328
I0
0.7094
'7479
0-1641
'1963
0.7693
8037
2011
22
r=
ii
'0211
-0401
2148
'5327
-2536
-5781
-1220
1554
'1905
-2274
0.2937
'3351
0.6221
0.2659
0'6526
0.2154
'6649
'3059
'6941
'2521
84

PARAMETER
90
II =
95
99
99'9
23
r=0
0.0000
0042
0214
0.0915
. 1547
2144
0.0000
0022
.0150
0.1173
1840
2450
3
4
.0451
-0726
2700
.0349
3016
0.0000
0005
0069
0200
0.1746
2465
3089
3663
. 3225
.0591
'3548
.0380
*4197
0.0000
0001
0023
0094
0211
5
6
7
8
9
0.1027
0 '3728
0.0864
0.4053
0.0597
0.4700
0.0367
0'5448
-1349
-1689
2043
'4211
*4678
1160
1475
'4537
5005
5131
1810
.5450
'2411
'5570
2160
5883
'0842
-II 11
1402
1712
.5176
5629
6062
6476
.0554
0768
1007
1269
5903
6331
.6736
.7119
I0
0.6872
7251
0.1551
1854
0.7481
0.2791
0.5998
0.2524
0.6302
0.2041
ii
'3183
6413
2902
6707
2386
/1 = 24
r=0
0'woo
00880
0.0000
0.1129
0.0000
0040
0021
0143
1772
0005
0.1682
'2377
0.0000
0001
li
0.2505
3252
3878
*4442
'4963
7824
0204
1489
2063
2360
0065
2981
0022
3
4
'0430
0692
'2599
3106
.0333
2906
0191
'0090
0564
3420
0362
'3537
'4055
0.2414
3142
'3753
'4300
0201
4807
5
6
7
8
9
0.0980
0.3591
0.0824
0'3909
'4377
0.0568
'0799
0.5280
'5725
'6145
'6543
6920
I()
II
4828
1057
'5447
'5374
'1724
'2056
.5263
5684
'1333
1627
'5869
6274
0'0348
0526
'0729
'0956
1203
0.2659
0.5789
0.2402
12
3031
'3414
-6193
6586
2760
3131
0.6092
6487
-6869
0.1938
-2265
2607
06662
'7035
'7393
0.1471
'1756
2060
0.7279
7618
'7940
= 25
r=0
0'0000
0'0848
0.0000
0'1088
0'0000
0' I 623
0.0000
0'2333
'1435
0020
1708
0004
'0195
'1988
2276
0062
0411
2505
0318
2804
0182
-0662
'2995
'0539
'3301
' 0346
0001
0021
oo85
'0191
3040
0137
'2295
2880
'3419
'3921
5
6
7
8
9
0'0937
0'3464
0.0787
0 '3775
0'0542
0'4395
0.0332
4228
0764
4846
0501
ioo8
1271
'1551
5276
-5688
-6084
0694
0910
-1145
0.5122
'5557
'5969
6360
6731
01846
2156
2480
0.6464
6830
7182
0.1398
1668
'1955
0.7085
7421
'7741
3
4
1287
1610
'1 948
'2297
'0038
4058
4510
'4948
1106
1407
-1230
'1 539
-1861
'3916
1056
'4353
'4778
'1344
'1646
2194
5191
1962
'4665
5088
'5497
I0
0.2538
0.5594
II
.2893
12
'3257
'5986
.6369
0.2291
2632
2983
0.5894
6279
6654
0'4543
'5011
85
3631
4166
4660

PARAMETER
90
= 26
r=
99
95
99.9
0'0000
0.0817
0.0000
0.1050
o0000
0.1568
-0037
1384
0019
1649
'0004
'2219
00005
'2944
0187
3
4
.0394
0634
1919
2418
2892
.0131
0305
0516
-2198
2709
'3190
0059
.0174
.0331
2786
3308
'3796
0020
008,
0183
.3519
'4040
4522
5
6
7
8
9
oo898
'1179
"474
0'3345
0.0753
1011
1286
0 '4973
'1575
'1877
'4696
5115
.5517
2100
'4618
'5019
oo518
'0731
0963
.1214
0'0317
'1781
03649
4089
4513
'4924
0'4257
3783
4206
'5322
1481
'5904
'0478
o663
0868
1091
'5399
5802
-6185
-6551
10
02429
0'5411
0'2190
0'5708
01762
o'6276
0.1332
II
'2767
12
-3114
'3470
'5793
6166
'6530
'2515
2850
3195
6084
6450
6805
2057
2365
-2686
6635
6981
7314
-1589
-1861
2148
0.6899
7232
'7549
7852
o0000
oo18
0126
'0292
'0495
0.1015
'1594
-2125
2620
3086
o0000
0004
0057
0167
0317
0.1517
2148
2698
3205
'3679
o0000
00005
0019
'0078
'0175
0.2186
'2854
*3414
'3921
'4391
0'3531
0'0496
0'4127
0.0303
0'4832
-0700
'0922
'1162
.1417
'4554
'4963
'5355
'5733
'0457
0634
0829
'1043
'5248
'5643
6019
'6379
13
0.0000
0.2257
I 1 = 27
r=0
2
0035
0179
3
4
'0378
0609
0.0789
'1337
1854
'2337
.2796
5
6
7
8
9
0.0861
0.3235
'1131
'1414
1708
'3658
4069
0'0723
*0970
' 12 33
-2014
'4469
'4859
'1509
1798
'3958
4370
'4770
'5157
10
0.2328
0.5239
0.2098
0'5534
0.1685
0.6098
o.1272
0.6722
2408
'5900
1966
'6450
'1516
'7051
-2260
-2565
6790
7118
'1775
2048
'7365
7665
o0000
0004
01468
.208 I
0.0000
0.2119
'2769
II
0.0000
2651
5611
12
'2983
'5974
13
3323
6330
2728
.3057
6257
6605
28
r=0
0.0000
0.0763
o0000
0.0981
0034
'1293
'1793
'0018
'1543
2057
ii =
0172
3
4
0364
5
6
7
8
9
0.0828
1087
-1358
1641
'1934
'o585
'00004
'0055
'2615
0018
.0475
'2537
'2989
o16o
'0304
3107
'3569
0075
0168
'3314
3809
4268
0'3131
0'0694
0'3421
0'0476
0'4005
0'0290
0'4698
'3542
'3941
'4329
'4708
'0931
1184
'1449
'1724
.3836
4236
4624
'5004
o672
o885
1114
1358
'4420
4819
5203
'5572
'0438
0607
'0794
'0998
51o6
'5493
5862
6215
.226 I
'2705
0121
0281
86

PARAMETER
90
95
99
99.9
n=28
I' = IO
0.2235
0.5078
0'2013
'2 545
2863
3188
'5439
'5794
'6140
.2310
'2615
-2930
'3520
'6480
'3253
r=0
0.0000
0'0739
1253
0'0000
'0017
"737
0116
3
4
0032
0166
0350
0564
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
0'1615
0'5929
0.1217
0.6553
.5727
6075
.6415
.6747
-1884
2164
.2455
2757
-6274
6608
6931
'7243
'1450
1697
'1957
.2229
.6877
7188
'7486
'7771
0'0950
0'0000
0.1423
0'0000
0.2057
1494
1993
0004
'0052
2018
'2 537
0.5369
n=29
2
II
00004
0017
-0072
-016i
2689
3220
'3703
'4151
'2190
0270
2458
'0154
'3016
2621
-0458
2898
0292
'3465
0.0797
1046
1307
.1579
186o
0.3034
0.0668
'0896
0.3317
3720
0.0458
0645
0.3890
'4295
0.0279
'0421
1138
4110
'0850
'4684
'0582
'5349
'4197
4566
.1393
.1659
'4488
'4855
1070
.1304
-5058
'5419
'0762
'0957
'5711
.6058
0'2150
0.4926
'5278
0.1935
0-5213
o-155o
0.5769
0.1167
0.6391
'5562
1807
'6107
'1390
'6710
'5623
'2219
'2512
'5903
'6435
'6752
7060
1626
'1873
2133
7017
'7312
'7595
0'0000
0.1997
'3433
'3820
0'4572
'4970
12
'2 447
'2752
13
14
3063
'3382
5962
'6293
2814
'3123
'6236
6560
2075
'2 354
2642
0'0000
0.1380
0004
-0050
.1958
2463
00004
-0017
0338
'0543
0'0000
'0016
'0112
'0260
'1449
3
4
0'0716
'1213
'1683
2123
0'0921
0.0000
0031
0160
2385
'0148
'2929
0069
3602
'2541
'0441
2812
0281
-3366
-0155
4040
5
6
7
8
9
0.0768
-ioo8
1260
0.2942
'3330
0.3219
3612
'3991
'4359
'4717
0.0441
0621
0818
1030
'1254
0'3780
4176
'4555
'4921
'5274
0.0268
-0404
'o56o
0732
'0919
0'4452
n= 3o
r=0
'1933
2613
3131
.1522
'3707
'4073
'1792
'4432
0.0644
0863
'1097
.1342
'1597
10
0.2071
0'4782
0'1862
0.5066
0'1490
'2 357
12
'2649
13
14
'2949
3254
'5126
'5462
'5793
-6116
'2136
'2 417
2706
-3002
'5407
'5740
-6065
'6383
'1737
-1994
2261
'2536
0.5616
'5948
6270
6582
6885
0.1120
'1334
156o
1797
'2045
06236
II
15
0'3566
06434
0.3306
06694
0.2821
0.7179
0.2304
0.7696
87
4842
-5213
-5568
'5909
-6551
6854
7146
'7426
TABLE 30. BAYESIAN CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR A POISSON MEAN

If xi , x2,... ,
is a random sample of size n from a
Poisson distribution (Table 2) of unknown mean kt, and
r = xi, then, for an assigned probability C per cent,
the pair of entries when divided by n gives a C per cent
Bayesian confidence interval for lt. That is, there is C
per cent probability that /2 lies between the values given.
The intervals are the shortest possible, compatible with
the requirement on probability.
Example. r = 30, n = 10. With a confidence level of 95
per cent, the Table at r = 30 gives 19.66 and 40.91. On
division by n = 10, the required interval is 1.966 to 4-091.
The intervals have been calculated using the reference
prior with density proportional to 12-1, and the posterior
density is such that nit= 1A, (Table 8). The entries can
be used for any gamma prior with density
posterior
probability
density
of p
0
(This shape applies only when r > 2. When r 1, the
intervals are one-sided.)
When r exceeds 45, C per cent limits for it are given

approximately by
exp(-m)s-i ms /(s - 1)!,
r2
x(P)-
where m and s are non-negative integers, by replacing n

with m + n and r with r + s. No limits are available in the where P = z (100 - C) and x(P) is the P percentage point
of the normal distribution (Table 5).
extreme case r = 0.
90
99
95
99.9
r =1
0.000
2. 303
0.000
0.084
0'441
0.937
3'932
5'479
6.946
0-042
0.304
0.713
2.996
4'765
6.40i
7'948
0.000
0.009
0.132
0.393
4'605
6.638
8 '451
10.15
0.176
I'509
1207
1.758
2-350
2.974
3.623
9'430
1086
12.26
13-63
14'98
0.749
2-785
3'46 7
4'171
8.355
9.723
11.06
12.37
13.66
11.77
13.33
14-84
16.32
17.77
0.399
0691
1.040
1.433
I.862
19.83
21.39
13
14
4'893
5.629
6.378
7.138
7.908
4'94
16.20
1 7. 45
18.69
19.91
4'292
4'979
5-681
6.395
7.122
16.30
17.61
18.91
20.19
19.19
20.60
21.98
23-35
24.71
2.323
2-811
3.321
3.852
4.401
22.93
2 4'44
25.92
27.39
28.84
15
i6
17
i8
19
8.686
9'472
10.26
I1.06
1I.87
21'14
22.35
23.55
2 4'75
25-95
20
21
22
12.68
1 3'49
14.31
15.14
15.96
27.14
28.32
29.5o
30.68
31.85
11.66
12 '44
13.22
14.01
14.81
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
23
24
2.129
P172
1.646
2.158
2.702
3.272
0.000
0.001
0.042
6.908
9.233
1 P24
13 II
14.88
16.58
18.22
2146
3.864
4.476
5.104
5'746
7.858
22.73
6'402
26.05
8.603
9'355
10-12
10.89
23.98
25.23
27.69
7.069
7'747
8.434
9.131
27.38
28.7o
30.01
31.32
4'96 5
5'545
6.137
6'741
7'356
30.27
31.69
33.10
34'50
35-88
28.92
30.14
3135
32.56
33'77
9.835
10.55
1 P27
11.99
12.72
32.61
33'90
35-18
36 - 45
37'72
7.981
8.616
9-259
9910
10.57
37-25
38.62
39'97
4P32
42.66
26'46
88
TABLE 30. BAYESIAN CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR A POISSON MEAN

90
95
r = 25
16.8o
33.02
15.61
26
27
28
17-63
18 '47
19.31
29
20.15
34.18
35'35
36.50
37-66
16.41
17.22
1803
18.84
30
2P00
2P85
31
32
33
34
99
34'97
36.16
37'35
38'54
39'73
99.9
38.98
40'24
41'49
42'74
43'98
13'46
14.20
14'95
15.70
16'46
11 . 24
i1.91
12-59
13.27
13.96
44'00
45'32
46'64
47'96
49'27
38.81
19'66
40.91
17.22
45' 22
14.66
50.57
39'96
41. II
42.26
43'40
20. 48
22'13
22'96
42 .09
43'27
44'44
45' 61
17.98
18'75
1 9'52
20'30
46'45
47' 68
48'91
50.14
15.36
1606
16.78
1 7'49
51.87
53.16
54'45
55'74
26'13
44'54
45' 68
46'78
47'94
49' 11
50.27
51'43
2P08
2186
22.65
2 3'43
24'23
51.36
52'57
53'79
55.00
18.21
18-93
19.66
20.39
57.02
58.30
59'57
6o'84
56.21
21'12
6210
52'58
53'74
54'89
25'02
25'82
26.62
57'41
58.62
59.82
21.86
22.60
23.35
63'37
64.63
65.88
22.70
2 3'55
2 4'41
2131
35
36
37
38
39
26.99
46.82
27.86
28'72
47'95
49'09
23.79
24'63
25'46
26.30
2 7'14
50.22
51.35
52'48
27'98
28.83
29.68
2 5'27
40
29'59
41
42
30.46
31'33
43
44
32'20
5360
30'52
56'04
33.08
54'73
31-37
57.19
2 7'42
28.22
6102
62'21
24'09
2 4'84
68.38
45
33'95
55'85
32.23
58'34
29'03
63'41
25.59
69.63
67'13
TABLE 31. BAYESIAN CONFIDENCE LIMITS FOR THE SQUARE OF A

MULTIPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
For a normal distribution of (k + 1) quantities, let p2
be the square of the true multiple correlation coefficient
between the first quantity and the remaining k (sometimes called 'explanatory variables'). p2 is the proportion
of the variance of the first quantity that is accounted for
by the remaining k. If R2 denotes the square of the corresponding sample multiple correlation coefficient from a
random sample of size n (n > k + 1), then, for an assigned
probability C per cent, the pair of entries gives a C per
cent Bayesian confidence interval for p2. That is, there
is C per cent probability that p2 lies between the values
given. The entries have been calculated using a reference
prior which is uniform over the entire range (0, 1) of p2.
The intervals are the shortest possible, compatible with
the requirement on probability. When R2 = 1, both the
upper and lower limits may be taken to be 1.
Interpolation in n and R2 will often be needed. When
n is large, C per cent limits for p2are given approximately
by
R2 2x(P)(1 - R2)(R2I n) 1
posterior
probability
density
of p2
(In some cases this shape does not apply, and the intervals
are one-sided.)
where P = (100
C) and x(P) is the P percentage
point of the normal distribution (Table 5). More accurate
upper limits are found by harmonic interpolation (see
page 96) in the function f (n) = Vh(U (n)
R2), where
U (n) is the upper limit for sample size n. For the lower
limit, L(n), use the function f (n) =
L(n)); in each
case f (oo) = 2x(P)(1 - R2) f122.
89

90
95
n =3
R2 = ooo
0. 0000
I 0
'20
30
'0000
'0000
0000
'40
99
0.7764
7882
0.0000
0000
99'9
09000
9060
06838
6985
0.0000
0000
0.0000
0000
'0000
8004
'0000
'9122
0000
0000
8132
0000
0000
7140
'7305
'7482
'0000
8269
'0000
9186
9253
0000
0000
0.9683
-9704
9725
'9746
9768
0'50
0.0000
0.7676
0-0000
6o
-0000
'0000
'0000
0000
08416
8579
0.0000
0000
0.9325
-9402
'8764
'8987
0000
'0000
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
-0000
0'9793
9817
9845
-9878
-9919
70
'0000
8o
-0391
'7892
'8142
'8810
90
' 11 55
.9644
0512
9672
0000
'9592
9724
0-95
0.1525
0.9887
0.0767
0.9898
0.0118
0.9905
0.0000
0.9948
R2= woo
0.0000
0'3421
I0
'0000
0'0000
'0000
0'5671
'6621
0'0000
0000
0'7152
'7864
0000
'5938
0000
0000
'4481
'5202
'5809
0'4200
'5264
20
30
0'0000
'0000
'0000
'0000
'6491
'0000
'40
'0538
.6754
.0170
'7139
0000
-7163
7591
7968
0000
0000
0000
8238
8525
-8772
0.50
0.1167
6o
1950
'2959
'4328
07864
8466
8982
6357
'9413
'9756
0.8347
8877
9287
9608
'90
'3471
'5563
0.0029
0384
-0931
1867
.3781
'9847
0.0000
0000
-0124
-0531
'1720
0.8996
9206
'70
oo666
1310
2189
'8o
0.7518
-8183
'8770
'9275
'9690
0.95
0.7846
0.9860
0.7259
0.9892
0'5735
0'9936
0'3448
0'9964
n = 25
R2 = woo
0.0000
'9489
n = HI
'9491
'9744
'9909
0-1623
0.0000
0'2058
0'0000
0'2983
0'0000
0'4122
JO
'20
30
'0000
'3128
'moo
-366o
4665
0262
'0817
'4230
'4655
0000
0000
'5747
6512
'40
' 1 544
-5222
6106
0090
'0530
0000
0000
0'50
0.2439
0.6906
6o
/0
'3507
'4762
8o
'6232
*90
0.95
'5536
5622
'0129
'6339
'0000
'7116
1158
'6464
'0535
'7091
'0090
'7696
'7637
0.1980
3009
0.7215
-7890
o1166
2058
0.7746
-8320
0.0445
Io81
0.8248
8719
8306
4270
8500
3266
'8921
'5807
'9052
'4881
'8824
'9268
'7958
'9485
'7683
'9551
'7046
0'8935
0'9749
0'8778
0.9782
0.8403
'2101
'9121
'9659
3678
'6116
'9463
'9754
0.9836
0.7821
0.9883

90

k =2
90
95
n =4
122 = woo
o-0000
o6o19
0.0000
io
0000
6179
20
'0000
6352
30
'40
0000
0000
6541
6751
0000
0000
0000
0000
0'50
o'0000
0.6986
6o
0000
'7255
99
99'9
o8415
85o3
8595
-8694
8799
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.9369
'7434
7611
o'0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.7807
8028
8284
8597
9I00
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.8914
9040
'9184
'9353
'9572
o0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.9586
9636
.9695
9765
9848
0.6983
7123
7272
'9408
'9448
'9491
'9535
0000
'7573
8o
0000
7969
90
0614
-9055
o'0000
0000
0000
0000
oo85
0.95
o1189
0'9690
0'0540
0'9707
0.0000
0'9720
0'0000
0'9905
122 = woo
0'0000
0'0000
'0000
0'0000
0'5671
0.0000
0.7152
'0000
0'3421
'4101
0'4200
IO
'4904
'20
'4741
30
0000
'am
'40
0000
'5354
'5953
0000
0000
0000
5527
-6098
-6641
0000
0000
0000
0000
6331
6857
7313
7728
0000
0000
0000
0000
7665
8040
8352
8626
0'50
0'0363
0'6854
0.0000
0'7170
6o
1122
7800
-2107
-8o
'9656
'8779
'9321
'9728
0.8118
8493
9062
9523
9825
o'0000
0000
0000
0105
90
'3487
'5639
'8557
.9171
0.0000
0000
'0307
1014
-2688
08877
9112
'0557
' 1351
'2564
'4692
8073
'0774
'9887
0'95
0.7323
0.9848
0.6562
0.9883
0.4649
0.9929
0.2109
0 '9959
0'0000
0'1623
'2822
0'0000
'0000
0'2058
3364
0'0000
'0000
0'2983
4400
0'0000
'0000
0.4122
3783
0000
'0242
0849
'4329
'5334
6273
0000
0000
-0272
5321
-6079
-6907
0000
0000
0000
0.1667
'2708
4000
'5589
0.7079
0.0866
0'7628
0'0211
0'8134
8241
0786
' 1772
8653
9081
'3352
5866
'9442
'9746
0.9830
0'7664
0 '9879
it = 10
it = 25
R2 = woo
'10
20
'0000
'moo
30
'40
.0503
1225
0'50
0'2130
'3221
6o
'4938
. 5904
0'6758
8o
'4514
6040
'7530
8234
8878
90
'7845
'9465
'7550
'9535
'1742
'2958
4611
6865
0.95
0.8873
0 '9739
08705
0'9774
o'8298
io
'7794
'8436
-9015
'8774
-9240
-9647
91
'9338
9629
'5525
6341
6983
'7532

k =3
90
99
95
n =5
R2 = woo
o0000
05358
IO
0000
'5532
0.0000
0000
06316
6477
99'9
o0000
000o
0.7846
7962
o-0000
0000
20
0000
5721
'0000
'6652
'0000
8085
'0000
'30
000o
'40
0000
'5931
6166
0000
0000
6842
7053
0000
0000
8217
836o
0000
0000
0'50
0.0000
0.6433
0000
00000
0000
0.7289
6o
70
'0000
0000
'0000
'7874
'8262
0.0000
0000
0000
08517
-8691
8890
0.0000
000o
0000
0000
'9125
0900o
-9061
9126
9196
9266
0 '9344
8o
'0000
'6743
7114
'7582
'0000
9634
90
oun
8337
0000
8787
0000
-9426
0000
9770
0'95
0 '0951
0'9446
0.0362
09470
0.0000
09630
0.0000
0.9858
n = 15
R2 = woo
0.0000
0.0000
0000
0.3123
3892
O0000
0000
0 4377
5186
0.5784
0000
'0000
6522
20
0000
30
- 0000
0'2505
3204
3930
'4662
o0000
I0
'40
-0000
'5395
0000
-0000
0000
4630
'5340
6026
0000
-0000
-0000
5879
6498
707o
0000
0000
0000
'7093
'7576
8002
0'50
0.0648
0.6565
1562
'7522
'70
'2779
8o
'4409
'3635
-602!
0.7602
8230
8901
'9381
00000
-0000
.0045
0628
6656
06885
-7820
-8548
'9138
9620
0.0000
0153
-0823
'2093
90
8309
'8976
'9539
0.0231
'0973
2053
0.8388
6o
'4537
'9739
'2546
'9830
0'95
0'8139
0.9783
0.7720
0.9823
0.6638
0.9882
0.4879
0.9926
R2 = ooo
IO
0.0000
0.1623
0.0000
0.2058
o0000
0.2983
2580
'0000
3123
'0000
20
0000
3514
30
'0190
'40
0890
'4556
'5667
0000
-0000
'0533
'4075
'4941
6038
000o
0000
0033
'4175
5103
'5895
-6631
o0000
0000
-0000
0000
0000
0.4122
0000
0'50
0.1797
0'6592
0-1333
'2909
'7412
'2382
.70
'4242
0.7484
'8152
8719
0.0014
'0491
1421
'5827
'90
'7719
'9444
'3704
'5349
'7402
0.0562
'1407
-2623
'8o
.8155
'8830
0.6924
7688
-8367
0'7947
6o
'8974
'9517
'4314
6664
'9209
'9634
'2995
'5586
'9037
'9419
'9737
0.95
0.8804
0'9729
0.8621
0.9766
0.8179
0.9824
0'7484
0'9875
'7558
*9430
9529
'8745
9117
9561
n = 25
92
'5330
6166
-6841
.7421
'8572

k= 4
90
95
n =6
99
99'9
R2 = woo
o-0000
o. 482o
o0000
05751
0.0000
0.7317
10
5928
0000
-6121
0000
0000
'7458
'7609
30
0000
-0000
'7771
0000
6334
6571
0000
'40
5011
5203
5427
5681
- 0000
'20
'0000
0000
0000
7948
0000
0000
050
0.0000
0.5971
6312
0.0000
0000
0.8143
8360
0.0000
0000
0.9092
0000
0.0000
0000
06839
6o
70
'0000
0000
.9346
8o
0000
'6724
7249
90
'0000
0.95
0000
0.0000
0000
0000
o86io
8696
8786
888o
8982
9212
0000
7147
7512
8610
0000
'7993
-0000
-0000
7964
8581
0000
0000
8907
9287
0000
0000
'9499
9689
0.0731
0.9167
oo186
o9199
00000
0'9543
0-0000
0.9810
R2 = woo
0.0000
0'4377
'0000
30
0000
'4343
-000o
3732
4377
-5047
'40
0000
'5061
0000
'5731
0000
0000
0000
0000
5032
-5661
6264
6846
o-0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.5784
'20
0.0000
0000
0000
0.0000
0000
0.2505
3050
'3669
0.3123
10
0.50
6o
0-0110
0.5916
.7160
0.0000
06424
0.0000
0'7406
0.0000
o8258
.0959
'0442
'7438
0000
'2130
'8117
'1409
*8363
8o
'3792
2952
.9055
'0347
1384
90
'6200
8882
.9505
'7947
-8689
9306
'5463
'9592
'3770
'9719
0000
0000
0218
1662
-8641
-9001
-9461
9813
0.95
0.7850
0.9769
0'7345
0.9812
0.6035
0'9874
0'3957
0.9921
R2 = woo
o0000
0.1623
0.0000
0'2058
0'0000
0.2983
0.0000
0'4122
IO
'20
'0000
2399
3263
-2937
3835
30
'0000
'4148
0000
4709
'40
0552
5367
0229
5720
0000
0000
-0000
0000
'3993
4892
5702
6438
-0000
0000
0000
-0000
5170
0000
0000
0000
050
0.1441
0.0985
2030
0.0273
0.7289
0.0000
0.7838
2570
/0
'3942
0.640o
7282
8068
0.6741
-60
'7570
8290
8930
8049
8657
.9175
-9620
-0223
-1059
2606
5271
'8456
-8985
'9498
-1054
2259
3985
'6436
0 '9757
0.8043
0.9818
0.7278
0.9871
n = 15
6394
6927
7408
7849
n=25
8o
5591
'90
'7578
'8779
'9422
'3379
.5082
.7235
095
o'8726
0.9719
o'8527
93
'5993
6690
7297
'9393
'9727

k=5
90
n=7
R2 =o-oo
99
95
o0000
0 '4377
20
'0000
'0000
30
0000
'40
0000
'4563
'4771
'5011
5269
0'50
o-0000
0.5576
-6o
0000
'70
0000
-8o
0000
90
0.0000
0000
-0000
'0000
'0000
0.5271
99'9
'5459
5665
'5895
'6151
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
'0000
0.6838
6998
0000
o'6444
-6783
'7188
7695
8392
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0'7795
'5940
'6384
'6955
'7774
0.0000
0000
'0000
000o
0000
0-95
0.0509
08858
0.0000
08898
n = 20
R2 = woo
0.0000
0.1969
10
'0000
20
30
'0000
'2525
'3190
'40
0000
'3943
'4755
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0'50
0.0445
0'5933
-6o
' 1 433
70
2783
-8o
'4557
7074
-7986
'8758
90
'6874
095
0.0000
-0000
0000
0000
0000
0.8222
8327
8052
'8347
8700
9154
0.0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
08837
8991
9164
-9362
9606
0.0000
0.9460
0.0000
0.9761
0.2482
3115
3824
4584
5368
0.0000
'0000
'0000
-0000
0000
0.3550
'4276
'5011
0.0000
'0000
'0000
-0000
0000
0.4821
0.6230
'7791
'8620
'9199
0.0000
0000
0063
'0897
0.790o
-8374
8867
'8931
'9514
0-0000
0104
'0896
'2432
'5121
0.7072
'9427
0.0079
.0879
2101
'3864
6351
'9647
'3376
'9416
'9757
0.8310
0'9726
0'7986
0.9769
0.7165
0.9835
0.5824
0.9889
R2= woo
0'0000
'20
30
4
woo
0'1757
'2576
3486
'0000
0610
*5157
0'0000
'0000
0000
0000
'0291
0.0000
'0000
-0000
0000
0000
00000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.3596
0000
0'1381
'2092
2955
'3879
0.257o
-JO
0'50
0'1556
0.1115
.2230
3627
0'0391
'1288
-8o
*90
'7721
'9373
'5339
'7430
'8835
'9448
'2594
'4370
'6758
0'7098
'7876
'8520
'9079
'9570
0'0000
.0399
1424
'3124
'5785
0.7598
'2735
'4139
'5788
o6210
.7119
0. 6543
6o
0.95
0.8812
0.9694
0.8647
0'9731
0.8251
0.9792
0.7642
0.9847
IO
n=
'0000
'7378
'8236
'7174
7361
7567
'5718
6409
'8443
8566
8696
'5557
'6222
6830
7387
30
/0
'7939
8687
'4408
5503
'7399
.8155
'3543
'4481
'5354
-6154
94
'4649
'5540
6314
'6994
8310
-8858
.9304
9681

k= 6
90
99
95
n =8
99'9
R2= woo
0.0000
0'4005
0.0000
0'4861
0'0000
0'6406
0'0000
0'7845
'0000
20
0000
0000
0000
-5056
5271
0000
0000
6584
6776
'0000
'0000
'5511
5783
'0000
'6986
7972
8114
8258
0000
7216
0000
0000
0000
0000
0.6094
6457
6896
0 '7473
o0000
-0000
-0000
-0000
0000
08586
7763
81oo
8504
9027
30
'0000
'40
-0000
'4193
'4404
'4642
'4916
0'50
0'0000
0.5234
0.0000
6o
0000
0000
8o
-0000
'5614
'6083
'6692
'0000
'0000
'0000
90
0000
'7575
0000
82I7
o0000
0000
0000
0000
'0000
0095
0.0278
0'8520
0'0000
o'8778
0'0000
0'9381
0'0000
0'9713
n= 20
R2 = ooo
0-0000
o.1969
0'0000
0000
0.0000
0.4821
0000
0'2482
3018
03550
0'0000
0000
'4173
0000
-0000
-0000
0000
'4835
5517
6206
0000
0000
'0000
0000
5462
6o8o
6691
7238
0.7769
8269
'7449
'8415
'8774
8984
9227
9524
20
'0000
30
'0000
2436
30I3
3698
'40
-0000
'4477
0000
3644
'4350
5114
050
0.0034
'0947
0'5358
676o
0.0000
0451
0.5914
7045
o-0000
0000
06887
-6o
0
2257
7821
1568
8079
.0469
'8444
80
'4084
'8674
090
'6556
'9393
'3334
'5967
'8857
'9486
' 1834
'4584
'9137
.9627
0.0000
0000
0000
'0446
2671
0095
0'8123
0'9711
0'7748
0'9757
0.6797
0.9827
0'5243
0.9884
n = 30
R2 = ooo
o-0000
O.1381
'0000
'0000
0.1757
2459
3297
0.0000
-0000
0000
0.2570
3420
20
30
'1984
'2764
'3658
0'0000
0000
'0000
'0000
4200
'0000
'40
0327
'4839
0047
5151
0000
o0000
0000
-0000
0000
'0000
0.3596
050
0.0155
.0972
2269
4086
00000
0172
1094
0.7506
8183
8806
'2785
'5525
'9277
-9670
0'7481
0.9843
0000
0000
0.1239
0.6022
oo809
0.6357
6o
'2430
'6993
/0
'3872
8o
'5581
'7855
8637
90
'7600
'9350
' 1913
'3339
'5107
'7289
'7284
8080
'8791
.9428
0.95
0 '8747
0.9683
0-8569
0'9722
'7550
'4305
'5175
'5998
0.6881
'6569
'7773
'8459
9045
'9556
o8142
0.9786
95
'8737
'9341
'9742
'4531
'5389
6169
6871
A NOTE ON INTERPOLATION
Part of the tabulation of a function f(x) at intervals h of x is
in the form given in the first two columns of the figure :
For x = 0.034, p = (0.034-0.03)/0.01 = 0.4 and the linear

interpolate is
xo J
o
x, 4
x, f,
0 '9790 + 0.4
Ai
The additional term for the quadratic interpolate is
A",
A;1
0.25 x 0.4 x o6 x ( 0'0090 0'0087) = 0'001i
x, f,
where ft = f(x) and x, = x,H-h. Interpolation of f(x) at
values of x other than those tabulated uses the differences in
the last three columns, where each entry is the value in the
column immediately to the left and below minus the value to
the left and above : thus, Ail =f 2 fi and A; =
These are usually written in units of the last place of decimals
in f(x). Linear interpolation between x1 and x2 approximates
f(x) by
+PAil
with p = (xx1)/h. This simple rule uses only the values
within the lines of the figure and is often adequate. Quadratic
interpolation between x1and x2 approximates f(x) by
+pA',4 -1p(ip) (A';+
and is not negligible, the quadratic interpolate being 0-9709.

This is exact, as is expected since A;1 at 3 is well below 6o.
The quadratic method uses fo ana f, (needed for A; and
A;) and so fails if either is unavailable, for example at the
ends of the range of x or when the interval of tabulation h
changes. Modified quadratic forms between xl and x2 are
+pevil
20,
Example. The F-distribution, P = to, v1 = i (Table 2(a),

page 5o), interpolation in v2, now x.
0'9929
'03
'9790
F(P)
2'706
120
1/120
2748
6o 2/12 0
2.791
40 3/120
2.835
43
+3
8 7
316
' 05
'9245
CONSTANTS
e = 2.71828
18285
It = 3'141 59 26536
T1E
44
h--,0)/(th) =
90
-9561
I /v2
Notice that the values of v2 chosen for tabulation are such

that the intervals of i/v2 are constsnt, here
The differences show that linear interpolation will be adequate. For
5 and the linear interv2 = 8o, p = (
polate is 2.748 + o.5 x 0.043 = 277o with the possibility of
an error of I in the last place.
139
229
-04
v2
oo
42
r = 2 (Table t,
page 22), interpolation in p, now x.
(f, missing),
Ocassionally, harmonic interpolation is advisable. To do this

the argument x is replaced by i/x and then linear (or
quadratic) interpolation performed.
2.
Example. The binomial distribution, n =
p) A;
f1 +0,4-1p(i p) A; (fo missing).
This is generally adequate provided Ail is less than 6o in

units of the last place of decimals in the tabulation. Notice
that the quadratic interpolate consists of the addition of an
extra term to the linear one, so that a rough assessment of it
will indicate whether the linear form is adequate. The
maximum possible value of ip(t p) is when p =
002
x ( 0-0229) = 0-9698.
0-39894 22804
logio e = 043429 44819

loge Io = 2.30258 50930
10g,
2n = 0.91893 85332
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, no Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521484855
Cambridge University Press 1984
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1984
Eighth printing 1994
Second edition 1995
Thirteenth printing 2009
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-521-48485-5 paperback

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NEW CAMBRIDGE

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

0'10 0'7290 0'9720

The function tabulated is

F(r1n, p) = E (n) pt(i_p)n-t

Pr {X < r} = F(rIn, p).

The probability of exactly r occurrences, Pr {X = r}, is

1ln, p ) = (nr) Pr(I

Linear interpolation in p is satisfactory over much of the

F(n- iln, p) = 1 -p".

npand 0(s) is the normal distribution

function (see Table 4). The approximation can usually be

An alternative approximation for n > zo when p is

where u = n(i p).

found using the result

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE I. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 1. THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

See page 4 for explanation of the use of this table.

TABLE 2. THE POISSON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

for r = o, I, 2, ... and ft < 2o. If R is a random variable

Linear interpolation in is is satisfactory over much of

polation is necessary for high accuracy. Even quadratic

a direct calculation is to be preferred: F(olp) = e1 and

The probability of exactly r occurrences, Pr {R = r}, is

(s2 - I) (s5 -7s2 +6s)1

For certain values of r and > 20 use may be made of

where Fv(x) is the x2-distribution function (see Table 7).