UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI TH PETRONAS FINAL EXAMINATION JANUARY 2014 SEMESTER COURSE : — VBB2063/VCB3053-HYDROLOGY DATE : 27 APRIL 2014 (SUNDAY) TIME : 2:30 PM - 5:30 PM (3 hours) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1, Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. 2, Begin EACH answer on a new page. 3. Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any. 4. Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate ALL assumptions, if any. 5. Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed Note |. There are ELEVEN (11) pages in this Question Booklet including the cover page and Appendices. ii. Graph paper and Semilog paper will be provided Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS UOVBB2063/VCB3053 a. TABLE Qta shows the rainfall records for a natural siphon-type rain gauge. Estimate the total rainfall, the duration and the maximum intensity. (4 marks] TABLE Qta Duration (hours) 0 12 24 | Ta | ; | | | Rainfall (mm) onaoad Recording from a natural syphon-type rain gauge (schematic) b. FIGURE Q1b shows a number of rain gauges within and in the proximity of a catchment. Calculate the average rainfall of the catchment using both Arithmetic-Mean and Isohyetal methods. Criticize your findings. Note: Show the catchment isohyets in a graph paper and submit the findings together with the answer script. [12 marks]\VBB2063/VCB3053 20 The dots indicate the locations of the rain gauge. The rainfall amount (mm) is shown adjacent to each gauge. FIGURE Q1b A one-day rainfall of 15 cm at a place X was found to have a return period of 100 years. Calculate the probability that one-day rainfall of this or larger magnitude: i. will not occur in the next 50 years, and ii, will occur in the next year. [4 marks]\VBB2063/VCB3053 Discuss THREE (3) strategies to conserve water through reduction of evaporation [6 marks] TABLE Q2 presents the mean monthly temperatures of a place X (08° 00’ N, 116° 04’ E). Estimate the seasonal consumptive use of water for the rice crop from June 1 to Oct 31 by using the Blaney-Criddle formula. [10 marks} TABLE Q2 Month Jun | Jul Aug Temperature CC) [31.5 | 324 | 33.4 How to ensure that the selected sites are suitable for river gauging operation? [4 marks}VBB2063/VCB3053 3. Horton infiltration equation can be mathematically expressed as: ff he-fye™ where f = infiltration rate at any time ¢ t = time from the beginning from rainfall Je = the value of infitration rate after it reaches a constant value Je = initial infitration rate Kos a decay constant a. Derive the following formula: [2 marks] b. Using the infiltration capacity of an area at different intervals of time in TABLE Q3, derive the Horton infiltration equation. TABLE Q3 Time (hr) Infitration 0 [0.25 | 0.50 [0.75 | 4.00 | 1.25 | 1.50 | 1.75 | 2.00 capacity (om/hr) | 12.4 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 34 | 3.0 | 3.0 Note: Enclose the graph together with the answer booklet. [8 marks]VBB2063/VCB3053 Discuss virgin flow in a catchment area. Write a general expression to calculate virgin flow volume for any catchment. [4 marks] Describe THREE (3) physiographic factors affecting flood hydrograph. [6 marks] The rainfall-tunoff relationship for a 650 km? drainage basin under dry soil condition is given in TABLE Q4 c1 TABLE Q4 ct Rainfall (om) | 1.5 50 | 75 10.0 125 | Runoff (cm) 0.0 2.0 4. 85 88 A storm of 3 hr effective duration occurred over this basin at a time when the soil was dry. The resulting hydrograph is given in TABLE Q4 c2 TABLE Q4 c2 Time (hr) | 0 | 3 | 6 9 q2_ | 15 18 Flow (ms) | 0 | 300 | 500 | 400 | 250 | 75 0 Calculate the runoff from this basin due to the storm. Assume zero base flow. What is the average coefficient of runoff during the storm? [10 marks]\VBB2063/VCB3053 Discuss FOUR (4) methods of flood control. {8 marks} The observed annual flood discharge of a stream for a period of 10 years from the year 2001 to 2010 is given in TABLE Q8. Estimate the flood discharge with a return period (recurrence interval) of 100 and 500 years by using Gumbel’s extreme value distribution. [12 marks] TABLE Q5 Year [2004 | 2002 [2003 | 2004 [ 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 pieenage | 422 282 | 990 | 705 | 528 520 | 436 | 697 | 624 | 496VBB2063/VCB3053 With the help of sketch, differentiate between confined and unconfined aquifers. [3 marks] Sketch a pumping well for an unconfined aquifer showing the required notations and derive the equilibrium equation for steady-state radial flow into a well for an unconfined aquifer. [7 marks] END OF PAPERVBB2063/VCB3053 APPENDIX rar, E, =2.54K) —*L " ( 100 }VBB2063/VCB3053 Monthly daytime hours percentage Monthly daytime hours percentages P, (hours) in north latitude for use in Blaney-Criddle formula Noth [Jen [Feb [Mar [Ape [Way [Jun | Jul] Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov [Dec [ 0 | 250 | 7.66 | 849 | a21 | 850 | 622 | 660 | 849 | e21 | 8.80 | 622 | 8.50 to | 213 | 7.47 [e45 | 837 | sat | 860 | 686 | 671 | 825 | 34] 7.91 | 8.10 | 15 | 7.94 |7.96 | @a3 | 44 | 898 [880 | 9.05 | 883 | 620 | 0.26] 7.76 | 7.06 20 «| 7.74 | 7.25 [841 | 852 | 918 | 900 | O25 [8.96 | 830 | 8.18 | 7.58 | 7.66 25 | 7.53 | 7.14 | 839 | 861 | 9.93 | 923 | 9.45 | 9.09 | 8.32 | 8.09 | 7.40 30_| 7.30 | 7.03 | 8.38 | 872 | 963 | 949 | 967 | 9.22 | 833 [7.99 | 7.19 | | 35 [7.05 | eee | 835 | 883 | 976 | 877 | 0.93 | 9.37 | 8.36 | 7.87 | 607 | 606 40 [6.76 | 672 | 833 | 895 | 10.02 | 10.08 | 10.22 | 9.64 | 830 | 7.75 | 6.72 | 652 K-values for selected crops Values of & for selected crops for use in Blaney-Criddle formula Very dense Crop. Value of x | Range of monthly values Rice 1.10 0.85-1.30 Wheat 06s | 050-075 Maize 050-080 Sugarcane 0.75-1.00 [Cotton 0.50-0.90 ‘| Potatoes | «O70 0.65-0.75 Natural vegetation - a 4.30 10VBB2063/VCB3053. Table7.3. Reduced mesn J, in Gumbel's Exteme Vale Distribution N= sample size ¥ 7 2 3 7 é 7 ® 7 77 ‘4006 050350307 OSIa) SIRE OS1ST OSIM 0502 03200, 20 522 0526805053) SH) «USO Os? OSD S383 0 OSs] 05380 O53K8 05H as? OSHID OSHS OsEI 030 40 OSH2 USK OSHS OSHS 4563 OSHS 5ATI SIT OHS 0 S489 084803497 GSU OSS —SSIR SIT. SSIS. OSSIR 0 OS87) 05524 O87 OSSD SSH OSSIS OSS OSE OSH OSHS HO USSR USSU SSS——«OSSSS_—UESS? SSS) USSHI S83 wR USE 0 O58) 93570 UST2 OSTA S57 —«OSSTR. SKY. OARL SERN. RS DOSS 5587 OSHS O559T 08505595559 OSS OSSHR 9.5599 too asa Table 74 Reduced Standard Deviation 5, in Gumbel's Extreme Value Distribution = samplesize y v T 2 3 7 5 é 7 9 To 08a Oae7e—aaRSS— TY Lowes Tome TNT Tass 2 1062X 1.069.074 ORI ovens Lage 004 1.10%6 300 FRE HIS S26 SSS LBB Ly Lasse 30 UNIS 36S FRO 149519138 E887 11390 501460723 NGR 16881667 L6KL 1696 LITO Lise Orns yam LTRs tae hss LARS L863 LISTS LIBBY L890 IK 1906181811923 930 BOIS has 1989671978 L919 F199 12001 0 1200712013100 1302620522120 1208812060 tou 12065 41