UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS FINAL EXAMINATION JANUARY 2015 SEMESTER COURSE : — VBB2063/VCB3053/VDB3043-HYDROLOGY DATE $ 29 APRIL 2015 (WEDNESDAY) TIME 7 2.30 PM — 5.30 PM (3 hours) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Begin EACH answer on a new page. Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate ALL assumptions. Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any. Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed. There are TWELVE (12) pages in this Question Booklet including the cover page and APPENDICES. GRAPH PAPER AND SEMILOG PAPER will be provided ogi PETRONASVCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 State hydrologic system and water budget equation? [2 marks] Discuss THREE (3) causes of precipitation [6 marks] FIGURE Q1 shows @'set’of rain gauge stations with the respective rainfall depths (mm) in.a catchment area. The catchment is flat and the orographic influences are negligible. FIGURE Q1VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 The average rainfall depth over the catchment area can be estimated by Arithmetic method, Thiessen method and Isohyetal method. Which method do you think that provides the best estimate for the average rainfall depth? Why? [3 marks] Estimate the average rainfall depth of the catchitient area using Arithmetic method [3 marks] For a 5% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, evaluate if the number of stations within the catchment is adequate. [6 marks]VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 Discuss THREE (3) strategies to conserve water through reduction of evaporation. [6 marks] Differentiate between the following: i. Field capacity and permanent wilting point ii. Potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration [4 marks] A lake in a district Larut Matang has a surface area of 500 hectares. The average values of climatic parameters during a-month of February 2012, ate as following, Water temperature = 22.5 °C, Relative humidity. = 60%, Wind velocity at 2.0 m above ground surface = 16 km/h. Estimate the average evaporation during the entire month from the lake by using Meyer's formula [10 marks]VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 State area velocity method of discharge measurement. What criteria should be adopted while selecting a gauging site? [4 marks] Calculate the discharge at the sections shown in FIGURE Q3 using mean section method. Average velocity and width of the segments are shown in TABLE Q3b-1 and TABLE Q3b:2 respectively (6 marks] ° a FIGURE Q3\VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 TABLE Q3b-1 Yeas Depth (t) meraae seem 0 0 0 1 4 24 2 5 23° 3 72 27 4 74 28 5 74 25 6 a7 22 7 0 0 TABLE Q3b-2 Horizontal segment | Segment width (ff) oF 42 12 33 23 48 34 52 45 37 56 a4 67 59\VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 With the help of typical hydrograph, describe the salient features of perennial, intermittent and ephemeral streams. [6 marks] Describe a stepwise procedure for deriving the ordinates of unit hydrograph from a flood hydrograph. [4 marks] Rainfall of magnitude 3.5 cm and 2.5 cm occurred on two consecutive 4-hr duration on @ catchment area of 30 km?. TABLE Q4 shows the hydrograph at th itlet of the catchment. Assuming a base flow of 5 m/s, estimate the rainfall excess and ©-index. [10 marks] TABLE Q4 Time (hr) 0 | 6 | 12] 18] 24 | 30] 36 | 42] 48] 54] 60 Flow (m/s) 5 |13/26|21}/46|12)9]7/5|5]5 |VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 a. Discuss FOUR (4) structural measures of flood control. [8 marks] b. The observed annual flood discharge of a stream for a period of 10 years from the year 2001 to 2010 is given in TABLE QS. Estimate the flood discharge with a return period (recurrence interval) of 100 and 500:yeats using Gumbel's extreme value distribution. [12 marks] TABLE Q5 Year | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 [2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | oe” | 422 282 | 990 | 705 | 528 | 520 | 436 | 697 62a | 496\VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 Explain ‘salt water intrusion’ and how it contaminates an aquifer. [4 marks] ‘A 45 cm diameter well completely penetrates an unconfined aquifer of thickness 30 m. Under a steady pumping rate of 2100 Lpm, the drawdown at two observation wells 15 and 30 m from the well are 5 and’ 4 m, respectively. What is the drawdown at the pumping well? [6 marks] END OF PAPERVCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 APPENDIX I Uo. EL = Ky(@y — ea) 6 E, =2.54K| EAT 100 = Ch"? °F= (2ec}+20 =". ttt, - ~b) (Tat + PA) — (Gat + BA) = AS 2\VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 W\VCB3053/VBB2063/VDB3043 APPENDIX Il Table 7.3 Reduced mean Jq in Gumbel's Extreme Value Distribution o 2 3 4 3 6 7 a 04995 0055 03070 0307 0S19B -USIS7 OTe 03200, 0525205266 032803298 0.5308 0.5320 053820583 5371 8390 OSBRR 08396 .5402-- O.S4ID 9.5418 0.5404 40 SHR —O8442—«OSHAK OSHS SAK OSSD USHER © | 0.SK73—OSATT 50 OSHS OSD 054930547 0.5501 ossie” © asst 5 60 0382) 0.8824 05527 ssi0 08533, 03538 05540 0.5543 TD —OSs4k 05550-05552 —SS5S. 555705559 OSGI «SSH 5565, 800556905570 05572 55740557 ~—«OSSTR_ SSRN SSB]. —05K 90 US5%6 © OS5R7 05589 S50} 05592 «05553 SSS 5596 O55HR wo) 5600 Table7.4 Reduced Standard Deviation S, in Gumbel’s Extreme Value Distribution N= sample sive N ° r 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 > to 09i%e 0967 OWEN —OBeTT——_i00os 1206 AGH LONT “aOR OSS 20 1.062% 1.0696 L784 OBI. .ON6_— ODS 1.0961 1.1004 1.1087 1.1086 300126159093 LSS 28S B98 400 M13 EKG LASIK 1.1499 ISIS ASST 1.1574 4.1590 501.1607 14623. NOK LUGS 1.1667 HGRL_ 1.8666 ATOR 172.34 6 iva som 729A Igo Tle eed LIM Lee 70 VRS MRSS LURK IRD L188 11905 L195 18231980 SO TUSK AVS IYSS NYS] I67 1.1973 L980 1887 2001 91200742013 2030— 1202613082 42038 2120491208 .2060 10012065 12