| y, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI PETRONAS a CNIS Te) x) MAY 2014 SEMESTER COURSE : — VBB2063/VCB3053-HYDROLOGY DATE : 29 AUGUST 2014 (FRIDAY) TIME : 03.00 PM-06.00 PM (3 hours) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1 Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. 2. Begin EACH answer on a new page. 3. Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any. 4, Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate ALL assumptions, if any. 5. Donotopen this Question Booklet until instructed, Note i There are THIRTEEN (13) pages in this Question Booklet including the cover page and Appendices. ii, Graph paper will be provided. versiti Teknologi PETRONASVCB3053/VBB2063 Explain why infiltration does not occur explicitly in the water budget equation? [2 marks] State FOUR (4) factors considered when installing a rain gauge. [4 marks} Taiping lake had a water surface elevation of 103.2 m above datum at the beginning of a certain month. In that month the lake received an average inflow (Ri) of 6.0 m/s from surface runoff sources. In the same period the outflow (Ro) from the lake had an average value of 6.5 m°/s. Further, in that month, the lake received a rainfall (P) of 145 mm and the evaporation (E) from the lake surface was estimated as 6.10 cm. The average lake surface area is 5000 ha. Assume that there is no contribution to or from the groundwater storage. Formulate the water budget equation for the lake. [1 mark] ii, Calculate the water surface elevation of the lake at the end of the month [3 marks]VCB3053/VBB2063 d. — Pangkor Laut catchment has six rain gauge stations. In a year, the annual rainfall recorded by the gauges is shown in TABLE Q1d. For a 10% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, calculate the optimum number of stations in the catchment. TABLE Qid Station A B Cc D E F Rainfall 82.6 | 102.9 | 180.3 | 110.3 | 98.8 | 136.7 (om) [6 marks] e. TABLE Qe shows rainfall data at 10 stations of Lata Kinjang catchment. The area of the sub-catchments calculated using Thiessen's method is given in the table. Calculate the mean precipitation over the catchment. [4 marks] TABLE Qte Gauge Stations Catchment (km?) Rainfall (mm) 1 40 , 62 2 150 7 3 190 67 4 80 104 5 60 85 6 50 38 7 30 99 8 110 60 9 40 105 10 200 72a. b. VCB3053/VBB2063 Describe THREE (3) factors affecting interception. [3 marks] FIGURE Q2 shows two types of evaporation pan, ie. Pan A and Pan B. k}———~ 1203 em ——_— verte, ttn __y iS measuring device s. YF ak sory ok PanA PanB FIGURE Q2 i. Name both types of the evaporation pan. [2 marks} ii, Differentiate between both types of the evaporation pan. (2 marks] iii, List TWO (2) common drawbacks of these evaporation pans. [2 marks]\VCB3053/VBB2063 TABLE Q2e presents the mean monthly temperatures of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (06° 00' N, 116° 04" E). TABLE Q2ce Month Jun Jul ‘Aug Sep Oct Temperature (°C) | 315 324 33.4 328 | 320 Estimate the potential evapotranspiration (PET) of the city for June to October in which rice is grown by using the Blaney-Criddle formula. [8 marks] Horton infitration equation can be mathematically expressed as: where fF fo = f=f* h-fe™ infiltration rate at any time 1 time from the beginning of the rainfall the value of infiltration rate after it reaches a constant value infitration rate at the beginning of the rainfall a decay constant Prove the following: Faaaboewts— sok 10 & 1 1 Klogge 98° ~Je)| [3 marks]b. wo 1 VCB3053/VBB2063 Name THREE (3) methods of stage measurement. [3 marks] Calculate the discharge at the sections shown in FIGURE Q3b using mean section method. FIGURE Q3b Average velocity and width of the segments are shown in TABLE Q3b-1 and TABLE Q3b-2 respectively. (7 marks]TABLE Q3b-1 velosiy Depth (ft) ‘Average woocty 0 0 0 1 4 24 2 5 23 3 72 27 4 74 28 5 zl 25 6 a7 22 7 0 0 TABLE Q3b-2 Horizontal segment | Segment width (ff) oF 42 12 33 2-3 48 34 52 45 37 5-6 34 6-7 _ 5.9 VCB3053/VBB2063VCB3053/VBB2063 Compare the runoff characteristics of perennial, intermittent and ephemeral streams. [6 marks] TABLE Q4b presents the ordinates of a storm hydrograph of a river draining a catchment area of 5 km? due to a 1-h isolated storm. Generate the ordinate of a 1-h unit hydrograph for the catchment. [14 marks] TABLE Q4b Time (h) Discharge (m/s) 1 2.80 2 2.78 3 6.32 4 14.50 | 5 16.75 6 13.03 7 9.35 8 5.95 9 4.25 10 2.97 1 2.12 12 1.70 13 1.53 14 1.53VCB3053/VBB2063 Discuss THREE (3) methods used to control floods. [6 marks] A teach of Kinta River had an outflow discharge of 2.55 m*/s during a flood. The inflow hydrograph of the given reach is presented in TABLE Q5b. The values of K and X in the Muskingum method have been determined as 2.3 days and 0.15, respectively. Produce the inflow and outflow hydrographs in a single plot, and determine the lag and attenuation: [14 marks] TABLE Q5b Time (h) "Discharge (m/s) 2.70 6.24 13.26 20.70 18.27 16.02 11.78 7.94 6.05 5.00: ©COYTFHRYEN OH 3VCB3053/VBB2063 Differentiate between confined and unconfined aquifers. [4 marks] Derive the equilibrium equation for steady-state radial flow into a well in an unconfined aquifer. [6 marks] END OF PAPER 10VCB3053/VBB2063 APPENDIX | Mo EL = Ky(€y — eg)(L + 16 PL, E, = 2.54K| — x 100 ‘r-(2c) +39 5 Vis $Y) fad 2 (ZAt + PA) — (Qat + EA) = Q 6,-1.4) q= K(1—X)+0.5At + O.SAt-KX ~ K(-X)+0.5A0APPENDIX I VCB3053/VBB2063 Monthly daytime hours percentage Monthly daytime hours percentages P, (hours) in north latitude for use in Blaney-Criddlle formula bait van | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun [ Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec 0 | 850 [765 | ea9 [821 | aso | 822 | aso | 849 | eat [8.50822 | 8.50 to_| 813 [7.47 | 845 | 637 | eat | 860 | ase | 8.71 | 8.25 [8347.91 8.10 15 | 7.94 [7.36 | 843 | 644 | 898 | 880 | 905 | 8.83 | 8.28 | 8.26 | 7.75 | 7.88 20 (| 7.74 [7.25 | 841 | 852 | 9.15 | 9.00 | 9.25 | e96 [830/818 | 7.58 | 7.66 25 | 7.53 | 7.14 | 839 | a61 | 933 | 9.23 | 9.45 | 9.09 | 8.32 | 8.09 | 7.40 | 7.42 30 | 7.30 [7.03 | 836 | 872 | 963 | 949 | 967 | 922 | 6.33 |7.99 | 7.191 7.15 35 | 7.05 | 668 | 835 | ees | 976 | 9.77 | 9.93 | 9.37 | 8.36 [7.87 | 697 | 6.86 40_[ 676 | 6.72 | 8.33 | 8.95 | 10.02 | 10.08 | 10.22 | 9.64 | 899 [7.75 | 672 | 652 Values of & for selected crops for use in Blaney-Criddle formula K-values for selected crops Crop. Value of k | Range of monthly values Rice 110 0.85-1.30 Wheat 065 0.50-0.75 Maize 0.65 ~_0.50-0.80 ‘Sugarcane 0.90 0.75-1.00 Cotton oss | 050-080 Potatoes 070 0.65-0.75 Naturalvegetaton | Very dense 1.30 Dense 1.20 | Medium | 100 | Light oso | 12VCB3053/VBB2063 APPENDIX III ‘Saturation vapor pressure of water Temperature (°C) Saturation vapor pressure «, (mm of Ho) ‘A (mmaey ° 458 030 50 654 048, 78 178 084 100 921 060 128 1087 on 180 1279 080 7s 15.00 095 200 17.54 1.05 228 20.44 124 250 2376 1.40 28 2784 181 200 3182 1.85 28 3668 207 350 4281 238 375 48.6 262 400 55.22 295 459 71.20 388 13