alin ‘i UNIVERSIT] TEKNOLOGI RONAS FINAL EXAMINATION MAY 2015 SEMESTER COURSE : — VCB3053-HYDROLOGY DATE : 5SEPTEMBER 2015 (SATURDAY) TIME z 9.00 AM — 12.00 NOON (3 HOURS) INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. Answer ALL FOUR (4) questions in the Answer Booklet. 2, Begin EACH answer on a new page 3. Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate ALL assumptions, if any. Indicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any. Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed. Note i, There are TEN (10) pages in this Question Booklet Including the cover page and APPENDICES. i. GRAPH PAPER and SEMILOG PAPER will be provided. Universiti Teknologi PETRONASa b, VCB3053 Explain why infiltration does not occur explicitly in the water budget equation. [2 marks] FIGURE Q1 shows the rainfall records for a natural siphon-type rain gauge. Estimate the total rainfall, the duration and the maximum intensity. [4 marks} Duration (hours) 0 12 24 Rainfall (mm) Recording from a natural syphon-type rain gauge (schematic) FIGURE Q1 State FOUR (4) factors considered when installing a rain gauge. [4 marks] Pangkor Laut catchment has six rain gauge stations. In a year, the annual rainfall recorded by the gauges is shown in TABLE Qt. For a 10% error in the estimation of the mean rainfall, calculate the optimum number of stations in the catchment. [4 marks] TABLE Qt Station A B c D E F Rainfall (cm) | 82.6 | 102.9 | 180.3 | 110.3 | 98.8 | 136.7VCB3053 Analysis of data on maximum one-day rainfall depth at a catchment indicated that a depth of 280 mm had a return period of 50 years. Determine the probability of a one-day rainfall depth equal to or greater than 280 mm at the catchment occurring, i ‘once in 20 successive years, ii. two times in 15 successive years, and ii, at least once in 20 successive years. [6 marks]a. VCB3053 FIGURE Q2 shows two types of evaporation pans, /.e. Pan A and Pan B tama Fata vaertent, Kram __y measuring vies. FIGURE Q2 Name the types of both evaporation pans [2 marks} ii, Differentiate both types of evaporation pans. [2 marks] iii, List TWO (2) limitations of these evaporation pans. [2 marks] TABLE Q2 presents the mean monthly temperatures of Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (Latitude = 12° N). TABLE Q2 Month June | July ‘Aug Sep Oct Temperature°C) | 315 | 310 | 300 29.0 | 28.0 Estimate the seasonal consumptive use of water for the rice crop from June 16 to October 15, by using the Blaney-Criddle formula [8 marks] Describe THREE (3) types of interception and THREE (3) factors affecting the interception losses [6 marks)VCB3053 Describe the area velocity method of discharge measurement. What criteria should be adopted while selecting a gauging site? [4 marks] Given the infiltration capacity of an area at different intervals of time as présented in TABLE Q3, construct the Horton infiltration equation. {6 marks} TABLE Q3 Time (hr) 0 | 0.25 | 0.50] 0.75 | 1.00] 1.25] 1.50 | 1.75] 2.00 Infiltration capacity 12.4) 7.6 | 5.2 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 (emir) Note: Enclose the graph together with the answer booklet.c. VCB3053 Relate Effective Rainfall Hyetographs (ERH) with Direct Runoff Hydrograph (DRH), [3 marks] TABLE @4 shows the ordinates of a 4-hr unit hydrograph of a catchment. A Storm had two successive 4-hr intervals of rainfall magnitude of 4.0 and 3.0 cm, respectively. Assuming ©-index'of 0.25%cm/hr.and base flow of 10 mils, produce the ordinates of the resulting flood hydrograph. (7 marks] TABLE Q4 Time (hr) 0] 2] 4] 6 | 8 [10] 12] 14] 16) 18) 20 ‘Ordinate (mis) | 0 | 25 | 60 61 | 45/32 /22/14/ 8 | 4] 0 Discuss FIVE (5) structural methods of flood control. [10 marks]VCB3053 Describe a step-wise procedure of flood estimation by the unit hydrograph method. [4 marks] The maximum length of travel of water in a 550-ha catchment area is 2400 m and the elevation difference between the highest and the outlet point is 20 m. The weighted equivalent runoff coefficient is 0.18. The maximum intensity duration frequency relationship of the catchment area is given by 63 ro (D + 0.50 )°** return period in year and where, i = rainfall intensity in cm/h, D = duration of storm in hour. Estimate the 25-year peak runoff (Q,) from the catchment area. [4 marks] TABLE Q5 shows the inflow hydrograph of a river reach. At the start of the inflow, the outflow discharge is 42 m°/s. For the river reach, K = 12 hr and x = 0.278. Route the flood using the Muskingum method, and generate the inflow and outflow hydrographs in a single plot. Identify the lag and attenuation of the flood. [12 marks] TABLE Q5 Time (hr) [0] 8 | 16 | 24 | 32 | 40 [48/56 inflow (meis) | 42 | 116 | 194 | 192 | 150 | 106 | 74 | 546. VCB3053 Develop the equilibrium equation for steady-state radial flow into a well in an unconfined aquifer. Show the notations in a sketch of pumping well in an unconfined aquifer. [10 marks} -END OF PAPER-VCB3053 APPENDIX | E, =2.54K| EAT 100 S=f40,-fe {rae stotr-so fae soa, ~S, } q-—“_ K(1-X)+0.5At OSM KX_ K(1-X)+0.5AtVCB3053 APPENDIX II Monthly daytime hours percentage ‘Monthly daytime hours percentages P, (hours)in north latitude for use in Blaney-Cridale formula an | Feb | Mar Apr | May [ Jun] vol | Aug | Sep | Oct ] Nov | Dec North! Lat, 0 | 850 | 7.66 | 849 | a21 | aso | 8.22 | 850 | 84g | 8.21 | 850 | 8.22 | 8.50 10 | 813 | 7.47 | 845 | 8.37 | 261 | e60 | age | 271 | 8.25 | 6.34 | 7.91 15 | 7.94 | 7.36 | 843 | 8.44 | 8.08 | 8.80 | 9105 | 8.83 | 6.28 | 8.26 | 7.75 | 7.88 20 | 7.74 | 7.25 | 841 | 862 | 9.15 | 0.00 | 925 | 8.96 | 8.30 | 8.18 | 7.58 | 7.66 25 | 7.53 | 7.14 | 830 | 861 | 9.33 | 9.23 | 9.45 | 9.09 | 8.32 | 8.09 | 7.40 | 7.42 30 | 7.30 | 7.03 | ase [672 | 953 | 949 | 967 | 922 | 0.33 | 799 | 7.19 | 7.15 35 | 7.05 | 6.88 | 8.35 | 883 | 9.76 | 9.77 | 9.93 | 9.37 | 6.36 | 7.87 | 6.97 | 6.86 40 | 676 | 6.72 | 833 | 8.95 | 10.02 | 10.08 | 10.22 | 9.54 | 6.30 | 7.75 | 6.72 | 6.52 values for selected crops Values of K for selected crops for use in Blaney-Criddle formula Value of & | Range ef monthly values 1.40 0.85-1.30 065 0.50-0.75 0.65 0.50-0,80 ‘Sugarcane 0.90 0751.00 Cotton 0.65 050-090 Potatoes 070 065-075 | Naturalvegetation | Very dense 1.80 Dense 1.20 Medium 1.00 Light 0.80 10