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Cac Phuong Phap Gia Cong Dac Biet
Cac Phuong Phap Gia Cong Dac Biet
LI NOI AU
PHNG PHAP GIA CONG AC BIET la mon khoa
hoc chuyen nganh c kh che tao may.
Phng phap nay ra i nham thay the giai quyet cho cac
phng phap gia cong co ien nh : Tien, Phay, Bao, Khoan,
Khoet, Doa, Mai, Xoc, Chuot, . . . V gia cong co ien gia cong
khong c hoac gia cong khong at hieu qua kinh te ky
thuat oi vi vat lieu mi, do vat lieu mi co ac iem : o
cng va o ben cao, Kha nang chu va chong mai mon cao,
chu ng tot trong moi trng hoa chat, . . .
PHNG PHAP GIA CONG AC BIET co kha nang
gia cong tat ca vat lieu mi vi bat ky c tnh nao, gia cong
hau hau het cac chi tiet phc tap, tiet kiem c nguyen vat
lieu, at o chnh xac cao va hoan toan c kh hoa, t ong
hoa.
PHNG PHAP GIA CONG AC BIET c xay
dng tng minh ve c s ly thuyet, nguyen ly lam viec, kha
nang cong nghe, ac iem ky thuat, kha nang ng dung, . . .
cua cac phng phap gia cong mi, tao ieu kien thuan li cho
oc gia quy hoach thc tien san xuat.
Quyen sach PHNG PHAP GIA CONG AC BIET
c hoan thanh sau nhieu nam tham khao, nghien cu va
giang day ai hoc Cong Nghiep TP.HCM. Ngoai chc
nang giao khoa cho cac he ai hoc, quyen sach con la tai lieu
nghien cu cho cac Ky s, hoc vien Cao hoc va can bo ky
thuat trong nganh che tao may.
Trang
-1-
Trang
-2-
MU C LU C
Chng 1 :
TONG QUAN VE CAC PHNG PHAP
GIA CONG AC BIET
I. Nhu cau ve cac phng phap gia cong ac biet ............... 07
II. Phan loai cac phng phap gia cong ac biet ................. 09
III. ac trng cua cac phng phap gia cong ac biet ........ 10
IV. Tnh u viet cua phng phap gia cong ac biet ........... 13
Chng 2 :
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG C
A . Gia cong sieu am
I. Khai niem ......................................................................... 14
II. Nguyen ly gia cong ......................................................... 14
III. C s ly thuyet cua gia cong sieu am ............................ 18
IV. Thiet b va dung cu ........................................................ 26
V. Cac thong so cong nghe .................................................. 30
VI. Mot so cong nghe gia cong bang sieu am
1) Khoan - Khoet - Doa bang sieu am ............................. 37
2) Mai - Cat - Xe ranh bang sieu am ............................... 42
VII. ac em - pham vi ng dung ....................................... 46
-3-
Chng 3 :
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG HOA
I. Nguyen ly gia cong ........................................................ 102
II. Cac phng phap cong nghe
va kha nang cong nghe ....................... 102
III. Cac phng phap gia cong hoa
1) Phay hoa .................................................................... 106
2) Tao phoi hoa .............................................................. 107
3) Khac hoa ................................................................... 109
4) Gia cong quang hoa ................................................... 109
Chng 4 :
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG IEN HOA
I. Khai niem ....................................................................... 111
II. Nguyen ly gia cong ....................................................... 111
III. C s ly thuyet ............................................................. 113
IV. May va dung cu gia cong ............................................ 114
V. Cac thong so cong nghe ................................................ 116
VI. Pham vi ng dung ........................................................ 121
VII. Cac phng phap gia cong ien hoa
1) Mai ien hoa ............................................................. 122
2) anh bong ien hoa .................................................. 128
3) Gia cong lo ien hoa ................................................. 134
4) Lam sach bavia bang ien hoa .................................. 136
Trang
-4-
Chng 5 :
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG NHIET
A. Phng phap gia cong tia la ien
I. Khai niem ....................................................................... 138
II. C s ly thuyet .............................................................. 138
III. Nguyen ly gia cong ...................................................... 142
IV. Dung cu va thiet b ...................................................... 144
V. Cac thong so cong nghe ................................................ 167
VI. Phong chay va phong ho lao ong
trong gia cong tia la ien ...................... 188
VII. Cac ng dung cua gia cong tia la ien ..................... 188
VIII. ac iem va pham vi ng dung ................................ 195
-5-
Trang
-6-
Chng 1
TONG QUAN VE CAC PHNG PHAP
GIA CONG AC BIET
Muc tieu : Sau khi hoc nghien cu xong chng nay, ngi
nghien cu co kha nang sau
- Hieu nhu cau ve phng phap gia cong ac biet.
- Phan loai cac phng phap gia cong.
- Biet c ac trng cac phng phap gia cong ac biet.
- Hieu biet tnh u viet cua phng phap gia cong ac
biet.
Trang
-7-
Trang
-8-
1. Thep 45
2. Thep 2Cr13
3. Thep Cr18Ni9Ti
4. Thep EI 395
5. Thep 4Cr12Ni8
6. Thep EI 376
7. Thep EI 827
8. Hp kim EI 867
9. Thep Jsi 6-Co
a)
b)
Hnh 1.1 :
Moi quan he tng ho gia cac tnh chat c-ly cua vat lieu
ben nong (a) va co o ben cao (b) vi kha nang gia cong
bang cat
II. Phan loai cac phng phap gia cong ac biet :
Cac phng phap gia cong ac biet c phan loai da tren
nang lng chu yeu a vao vung gia cong. Do o c chia
lam 4 nhom chnh : C - IEN - NHIET - HOA.
1. Nhom c :
Nang lng c ay co dang khac vi tac ong cua mot
dung cu cat thong thng c s dung trong cac phng phap
gia cong truyen thong. S mai mon vat lieu cua chi tiet gia
cong bang dong hat mai hay dong lu chat (hoac ket hp ca
hai) chuyen ong vi van toc cao la mot dang tac ong c ien
hnh cua phng phap gia cong nay.
Trang
-9-
2. Nhom ien :
Nhng phng phap thuoc nhom nay s dung nang lng
ien hoa e tach boc vat lieu, c che ngc lai vi qua trnh
ma ien.
3. Nhom nhiet :
Phng phap nay dung nang lng nhiet tac dung vao
nhng be mat lam viec vi dien tch tiep xuc nho lam cho lp
vat lieu nay b tach ra bang cach nong chay hoac bay hi.
4. Nhom hoa :
Hau het cac vat lieu (ac biet la kim loai) eu de b tac
ong hoa hoc bi mot vai chat axt hoac chat an mon nao o.
Trong gia cong hoa, ngi ta s dung s an mon o e boc
tach lp vat lieu mot vung nho tren be mat chi tiet, trong khi
nhng be mat khac khong gia cong th c bao ve.
III. ac trng cua cac phng phap gia cong ac
biet :
- Bang di ay neu len mot so tom tat cua cac phng
phap gia cong ac biet. Khi khao sat nhng bang nay ta can
nhac lai thong so cua phng phap tien truyen thong : o
nham be mat at t 0,816,1 m, toc o boc vat lieu t
2,731,6 m3/s, toc o vong t 1001000 vong/phut, o chnh
xac co the at c t 0,050,08 mm.
- ac trng cua phng phap gia cong ac biet la co nang
suat boc kim loai thap so vi gia cong cat got, co cong suat
rieng rat cao, at o chnh xac gia cong cao nhng toc o gia
cong thap, va thng th t lam hong be mat vat lieu hn so vi
phng phap gia cong truyen thong.
Trang
- 10 -
Bang 1.1 : Phng phap gia cong ac biet bang phng phap
c.
Cong Van toc gia
o
Nang suat
o nham
suat
cong hay
chnh
boc kim
rieng
van toc
Phng phap be mat
xac
loai
(:m)
(HP/cm3. tham nhap
3
(mm)
(dm /ph)
ph)
(mm/ph)
Gia cong dong
0,025
0,767,6
Thap
Thap
0,1524
hat mai
Gia cong bang
Phu thuoc
0,41,8 Rat thap
0,0127
tia nc
vat lieu
Gia cong tia
152540
0,12
1,251,9 1,6 . 103
nc co hat mai
Gia cong bang
0,41,6
0,8 . 103
12,2
0,53,8
sieu am
Bang 1.2 : Phng phap gia cong ac biet bang phng phap
ien hoa.
Cong Van toc gia
o
suat
cong hay
Nang suat
nham
o chnh
Phng
rieng
van toc
boc kim loai
be mat
xac (mm)
phap
(dm3/ph)
(HP/cm3. tham nhap
(:m)
ph)
(mm/ph)
0,001 (W,Mo)
Gia cong
0,0026 (Cl)
0,0254
0,41,8
500
2,5412,7
ien hoa
0,1254
0,002(thep,Al)
0,01 (Cu)
0,00016 (Cl)
Gia cong
0,002 (Al)
0,0127
mai ien 0,20,8
1,53,05
0,1524
0,0042 (Cu)
hoa
0,0021 (Fe,Ti)
Lam sach
0,0254 hay
bavia bang 0,41,6
1,53,05 5% ng
ien hoa
knh lo
Trang
- 11 -
Bang 1.3 : Phng phap gia cong ac biet bang phng phap
nhiet.
Phng
phap
Gia cong
bang tia la
ien
Gia cong cat
day tia la
ien
Gia cong
bang chum
ien t
Gia cong
bang tia
Laser
Gia cong
bang dong ho
quang
Plasma
2,5
12,7
0,0040,05
0,12
0,81,6
(0,160,5)
10-2
2,5
100254
0,0025
0,005
0,86,3
0,8.103
609
152
0,005
0,025
0,86,3
0,5.103
3658
2,54101
0,0127
0,013
0,612,5
0,16
1,25
2,54304
0,53,4
Bang 1.4 : Phng phap gia cong ac biet bang phng phap
hoa.
o
Van toc gia
Nang
Cong suat
o chnh
bong suat boc
Phng
cong hay van
xac
rieng
be mat kim loai
toc tham nhap
phap
3
(HP/cm .ph)
(mm)
(:m) (dm3/ph)
(mm/ph)
Gia cong
0,025
Nang lng
1,66,3
0,5
0,0250,05
hoa
0,15
hoa
537)2150
Gia cong
1,6
0,025
0,5
0,010,05
2
(A/m ) cong
quang hoa 6,35
0,05
suat 1 chieu
Trang
- 12 -
Trang
- 13 -
Chng 2
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG C
A - PHNG PHAP GIA CONG BANG
SIEU AM :
( Ultralsonic Machining - USM )
Muc tieu : Sau khi hoc nghien cu xong chng nay, ngi
nghien cu co kha nang sau
- Hieu khai niem gia cong bang sieu am.
- Hieu, biet nguyen ly gia cong bang sieu am.
- Tng minh ve c s ly thuyet gia cong bang sieu am.
- Biet tng tan cac thong so cong nghe.
- Tng minh mot so cong nghe gia cong bang sieu am.
I. Khai niem :
- Gia cong bang sieu am la truyen dao ong vao vung cat
di tan so sieu am. Dao ong nay va ap vao hat mai, hat
mai va ap vao vung cat tao nen be mat can gia cong.
- Sieu am la song an hoi co tan so t 20 kHz 1 GHz,
nhng dung e gia cong ch vi tan so t 1530 kHz. May sieu
am dung e gia cong cac chi tiet che tao t vat lieu cng va
don nh thuy tinh, gom s, a, germani, hp kim cng, kim
cng .v.v.
II. Nguyen ly gia cong :
- Gia cong bang sieu am cac vat the ran chu yeu la ng
dung tan sac cua sieu am.
Trang
- 14 -
- Gia cong bang sieu am cac vat the ran thc chat la ng
dung s co sat c hoc cua moi trng hai pha e tao nen tac
dung gia cong.
- Gia thiet trong mot moi trng chat long ton tai chat ran
co si xop. Di tac dung cua song sieu am co tan so trung
bnh, cac phan t cua chat long chuyen ong theo ung chuyen
ong cua am trng, con phan t chat si th ng yen. Sau o
do tac dung co sat cua chat long, co nhng phan t nho ri
rung t cac si vat the ran. Ngi ta co the tang cng tac
dung o bang cach rac them vao bot thach anh mn nh la mot
pha th ba. Cac bot thach anh cng, sac canh, l lng se
chuyen ong theo am trng, va chat long vi mc o chuyen
ong nhieu hay t tng ng vi kch thc cua chung. Trong
qua trnh chuyen ong, chung got giua vat the ran.
Hnh 2.1 :
Nguyen ly gia cong
- 15 -
ong c hoc, co cung tan so, con bien o dao ong trong
khoang 510 m, e co the nhan c bien o dao ong can
thiet cho viec gia cong 3080 m can phai co thanh truyen (4)
at sau bo bien t (5).
. Dung cu (3) co hnh dang theo yeu cau gia cong uc
lap vao au cua thanh truyen (4). Dung dch hat mai (7) c
a vao vung gia cong pha au dung cu. Tong hp chuyen
ong (2) c ga at tren ban may (1) ban may co the chuyen
ong theo hai phng thang ng do au may thc hien.
. Khi chi tiet gia cong co nh th co the gia cong c lo
thong hoac lo khong thong, lo nh hnh hoac cong, cat ranh,
cat t . . . neu cung cap cho phoi hoac dung dch them mot
chuyen ong phu th co the thc hien c cac nguyen cong
phay, mai, tien, cat t, cat rieng.
- e gia cong bang sieu am, can phai co may phat sieu am.
Sieu am c dan vao au bien t e tao nen cac dao ong c
hoc co bien o can thiet. Thiet b nay lam viec tren c s s
thay oi chieu dai cua mot so kim loai (hien tng co ngan
nhiem t) nh sat, nikel, cobal va cac hp kim cua chung,
di tac ong cua ien trng hoac t trng. Hien tng nay
c goi la t giao va au bien t la thanh phan chnh yeu
trong may gia cong bang sieu am.
- Nguyen ly lam viec cua au bien t c trnh bay nh
hnh 2.2.
Dong ien co tan so cao cua may phat sieu am c a
vao cuon day kch thch 2 tao nen t trng thay oi co cung
tan so tac ong vao loi 1 cua bo rung ong. Loi 1 c che tao
t cac tam kim loai co tnh t giao. e s dung ac tnh t
giao tot hn, ta tao them mot t trng khong oi bang hai
cuon day t hoa 4 lap tren loi t 3. Dao ong doc xuat hien do
t giao trong bo rung ong co bien o t 510 m c truyen
qua thanh truyen 6. Thanh nay c lap gia hai vong kep 5,
Trang
- 16 -
Hnh 2.2 :
S o au bien t
Trang
- 17 -
Hnh 2.3 :
Cac vung am thanh
Trang
- 18 -
- 19 -
Lmax
Lo
Hnh 2.4 :
S o nguyen ly cua hien tng t giao.
- o la hien tng ma mot thanh hoac mot ong bang vat
lieu t at trong t trng song song vi truc doc cua no, th
chieu dai cua no b bien oi. Co the xac nh c s bien oi
kch thc cua vat sat t do tac dung cua t giao bang cac bieu
thc quan he vi tnh chat c hoc va t tnh.
- Xuat phat t 2 bieu thc ve vat lieu t di ay :
= ( , ) ; = ( , )
Trong o :
( : ng suat an hoi do t trng gay ra.
( : Bien oi hnh dang do t trng gay ra.
H : Cng o t trng.
ao ham toan phan r va H co :
d r =
dH =
r
r
. dB +
. d r
B
r
H
H
. dB +
. d r
B
r
Trang
- 20 -
Ky hieu :
r
= y : Goi la hieu so hieu ng t giao.
B
H
= : Goi la hieu ng ngc cua hieu ng t giao.
r
r
= E : Goi la moduyn an hoi.
r
H 1
= : Goi la he so nghch ao cua t tham.
B
= 4 y
- 21 -
H = 4 r = 4 r
neu dB = 0
= B
l0
E
Vi : =
E
Trong o :
l : o bien oi kch thc
l0 : Chieu dai cua thanh vat lieu sat t
Phng trnh bien dang an hoi co the c viet nh
sau :
l = l 0 B
E
- 22 -
Hnh 2.5 :
Bien oi chieu dai tng oi va cng o t trng
vi nhng vat lieu co t tnh khac nhau.
1 : 70% Co + 50% Fe
100
L/L
80
60
3 : 50%Ni + 50% Fe
20
5 : Fe
- 40
4 : Co uc
40
-20
6 : Co
5
7
7 : Ni - Zn - Ferrit
- 23 -
- 24 -
the thay lan lon nhng phan t nho lan nhng phan t ln.
Nhng phan t nho chuyen ong giong nh trng hp trc,
nhng phan t ln hn th khong theo ung hoan toan s
chuyen ong cua trng. Co duy nhat mot phan t co khoi
lng ln khong chuyen ong, ieu o the hien tren hnh chup
te vi mot cham tron hoan toan.
(b)
(a)
Hnh 2.6 :
Am trng va s chuyen ong cua nhng phan t nho l
lng trong am trng.
(a) Nhng phan t nho chuyen ong theo am trng.
(b) Nhng phan t ln hn chuyen ong cham hn.
- Hien tng nay luon luon co trong nhng he thong hai
pha. S chuyen ong tng oi gia cac phan t cung xay ra
ca khi nhng phan t l lng do quan tnh ln khong hoan toan
theo kp s chuyen ong cua moi trng. Trong trng hp
nay cac phan t cung chuyen ong i lai do quan tnh cua
chung va trong qua trnh o chung gay nen co xat.
- Tuy theo tnh chat, ma sat trong hai moi trng, kch c
cua cac phan t nho, s ong nhat ve kch thc cua cac phan
t nho, .v.v., ma se co mot nhom cac hien tng khac nhau,
Trang
- 25 -
Hnh 2.7 :
S o cau tao thiet b
gia cong bang sieu
am.
1) Dung cu
2) au noi
3) Thanh truyen song
4) au t giao
5) Vo may
Trang
- 26 -
- 27 -
be mat tiep xuc e co the truyen het dao ong. Trong mang
m se sinh ra ng suat keo va con gay ra hien tng xam thc,
ben canh o, phai ep chat bo phan noi dai (thanh truyen song)
va chau bat dung cu co ren noi vao thanh truyen song, co
ng sinh dang hnh non ma chop cua no pha au lap dung
cu. Cong viec nh vay co y ngha lam cho am lng tang ve
pha au dung cu va ta co the khuech ai dao ong cua t giao
len en 100 lan. iem ac biet ay la bien o dao ong
hai au thiet b rat chenh lech va o la nguyen nhan sinh ra
ng suat c hoc ln.
- Mot thiet b hoan chnh la sau khi th vi nhng dung cu
khac nhau, se co dao ong c hoc ung vi tan so cong hng.
* May sieu am van nang 4770 :
- May sieu am 4770 dung e gia cong cac dang lo tron,
nh hnh, cac hoc, khac, cat t . . . nhng vat lieu cng va
don. Khi gia cong, dung cu dao ong vi tan so sieu am theo
hng tien giao. Cung luc bm ly tam a dung dch mai vao
mat au dung cu.
- ac tnh ky thuat cua may :
+ ng knh lo gia cong : 0,510 mm
+ Chieu sau lo gia cong : (25)d
+ Lng di ong doc cua ban may : 80 mm
+ Lng di ong cua au bien t : 110 mm
+ o nhay cua c cau chay giao : (686980)10-3 N
+ Tan so lam viec : (1819) kHz
+ Cong suat may phat : N = 0,25 kW
- S o ong c the hien hnh 2.8.
- Bo phan c ban cua may la au bien t 3 c lap tren
ban trt 5 pha trc. Ban may 2 di ong doc va ngang tren
song trt uoi en vi tay quay co cung chia o 0,02 mm. Di
ong ban trt 5 mang au bien t (3) c thc hien t ong
c ien 8, qua cap banh rang Z3 / Z4 en banh rang-thanh rang.
Trang
- 28 -
Hnh 2.8 :
S o ong may sieu am van nang 4770
Trang
- 29 -
1) Toc o cat :
- Toc o cat trong gia cong sieu am c xac nh bi
cong thc sau :
v = 5,9 f (s/H)R.0,5.y.0,5
Trong o :
f : Tan so dao dao ong (Hz)
H : o cng be mat (HBN)
s : ng suat dung cu (kg/mm2)
R : Ban knh hat (mm)
y : Bien o rung ong (mm)
2) Bc tien gia cong :
- Qua trnh gia cong bang sieu am la tach tng hat vat
lieu ra khoi chi tiet gia cong. e thc hien c qua trnh o,
dung cu gia cong can phai co mot bc tien hanh la S nao o.
ai lung S lai phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh cng o sieu
am, tan so va bien o dao ong am, vat lieu co kch thc Dh
tch tr nang lng lien ket elk .
Trang
- 30 -
4) Nang suat :
- Nang suat gia cong sieu am co the c xac nh bi
thong so sau :
. e : Toc o tien dung cu (mm/phut)
. Vd : Khoi lng vat lieu lay i trong 1 n v thi gian.
. v: La mot thong so c xac nh tren c s the tch
phoi trung bnh.
- Nang suat gia cong con phu thuoc vao o sau gia cong
va mat cat ngang cua dung cu. V vay ngoai thong so Vd va e
e anh gia chnh xac nang suat con phai neu ro nang suat o
at c vi o sau gia cong bao nhieu va dung cu co pro-phin
mat cat g.
- Trng hp gia cong lo co ay khong sau, toc o tien
dao trung bnh (khong ke en viec nang dung cu len) la :
l
e1 = 1
t1
Trong o :
l1 : Chieu sau cua lo co ay (mm).
t1 : Thi gian gia cong (phut).
- Trng hp gia cong lo sau co ay, toc o tien dao trung
bnh (co ke en viec nang dung cu len) la :
n + l1
e2 =
t t + nt 2
Trong o :
n : So lan nang dung cu.
t2 : Thi gian 1 lan nang dung cu (phut)
- The tch vat lieu c lay i trong n v thi gian
trng hp dung dung cu ac biet la :
Vd = e . Asz
Vi : Asz - Dien tch lam viec cua dung cu (mm2).
- Trng hp gia cong lo thong, vi dung cu hnh xuyen,
thong so nang suat ac trng la toc o tien dao e.
Trang
- 32 -
VD mm 3
mm
=
A sz ph.mm 2
ph
- 33 -
Trang
- 34 -
nhieu, nen giam o nham mat ben cua dung cu va che tao
dung cu bang vat lieu chong mon.
- 35 -
Trang
- 36 -
Trang
Hnh 2.9 :
Nguyen ly khoan bang
sieu am
a) au t giao dao ong
b) Cau noi
c) Dung cu
d) Bo lam mat
e) Chat long lam mat
f) Vat gia cong
g) Nhu tng co hat mai
anh bong.
- 37 -
Hnh 2 .10 :
Khoan sieu am vi cac dung cu khac nhau.
a) Phoi khong b hut i.
b) Phoi b hut i.
Hnh 2.11 :
S o nguyen ly khoan sieu am trong mot so trng hp
cu the
a) Khoan lo hnh tru co ay
b) Khoan xuyen lo tru bang dung cu co dang vanh
khan.
c) Khoan lo ay khong phai hnh tru.
d) Khoan lo xuyen khong phai hnh tru.
- Hnh 2.12 la au sieu am cua may khoan dung e tao
dao ong doc khi khoan, khoet lo. No co bo bien t 1 at ben
Trang
- 38 -
Hnh 2.12 :
au sieu am cua may khoan.
- 39 -
Hnh 2.13 :
au sieu am dao ong xoan
Trang
- 40 -
Bang 2.2 :
Cong suat khoan trong cac trng hp
Mc o
hao mon
(*)
1
1
3
3
1
2, 5
5
6
6
20
10
60
40
50
120
200
2000
- 41 -
- 42 -
Hnh 2.14 :
Nguyen ly mai phang bang sieu am
- e co the chon toc o mot cach toi u tren vat gia cong
(e) th nen phan tch moi quan he VD = F(e) tren hnh 2.15
- T hnh 2.15 ta co the rut ra mot so ket luan sau :
+ Tren giai oan 1 cua cac ng cong nang suat ln,
nhng dung cu mau hong v coi nh a gia cong xong. Tang e
th nang suat giam en toi thieu.
+ au giai oan 2 nang suat rat nho sau o tien len
vi e va at tr so nang suat khi e = 0, o la nang suat khoan
bang sieu am. S d nang suat giam toi thieu v vi tr so gii
han e nao o hoac gan vi tr so o trong khoang thi gian
Trang
- 43 -
nhat nh, dung cu dch chuyen do tac ong cong hng theo
hng ngc vi hng chuyen ong cua vat gia cong. S
chuyen ong ngc nay thc te nhat quan vi s giam be mat
lam viec cua dung cu.
+ Giai oan 3 toc o tiep tuc tang th khong con lam
tang nang suat na.
Hnh 2.15 :
Bien oi cua phoi lay i vi van toc tien cua vat gia cong.
e (mm/ph)
Vd (mm3/ph)
- Can thiet phai lu y rang, khi noi nhng ieu kien tren
chung ta a so sanh cac thong so nang suat trung bnh, chung
ta khong chu y en cac ieu kien mai got khac nhau nhng
giai oan khac nhau cua dung cu.
- Toc o tien phai sao cho trong khi dung cu tiep xuc vi
vat gia cong mot thi iem th o an dao (f) khong vt qua
gii han (bk) ma kch thc hat mai quyet nh, ieu o bieu
th bang bieu thc sau ay :
Trang
e.f.lm
<e
bk
- 44 -
Hnh 2.16 :
T le o sau va kch thc hat mai
1. Dung cu
2. Hat mai
3. Vat gia cong
- Phu tai tnh cung la mot thanh phan trong xung lc trc
tiep tao ra s phan tan vat lieu. Phu tai tnh toi u chu yeu do
be rong cua be mat lam viec cua dung cu quyet nh. Trong
trng hp chung quanh he nay theo ham mu e. Vi hat mai
quan he nay la : Popt = 2am0,45
- Co the thay the bang ham parabol, o am la be rong
cua be mat lam viec cua dung cu.
- Khi mai bang sieu am chat lng be mat khong nhng
phu thuoc vao cac tnh chat giong nh khoan ma con phu thuoc
nhieu vao toc o dao ong va o tien cua dung cu.
- Co the mai bang sieu am mat phang nam, ma ca mat
phang ng va mat phang hnh hoc nao o :
Trang
- 45 -
Hnh 2.17 :
S o nguyen ly gia cong bang sieu am cac mat phang hnh
hoc co dang a cho (a-b) va mat phang ben (c)
VII. ac iem va pham vi ng dung :
1) ac iem :
* u iem :
- Cho phep gia cong c nhng vat lieu vo cung cng,
ran, gion.
- Cho phep gia cong c nhng vat lieu phi kim loai.
- Khong gay ra hien tng nt te vi be mat.
- Khong gay ra tai nan lao ong.
* Nhc iem :
- o ln cua be mat gia cong : Khi be mat gia cong
nho, thao tac thc hien kha phc tap, kho khan. Cac may
khoan sieu am co the thc hien tren be mat toi a 750-1000
mm2, vi mot nang suat co the chap nhan c. Co the tang
tiet dien gia cong bang cach tang nang suat ra va tiet dien be
mat phat song cua au t giao. Cong viec nay oi hoi phai giai
quyet nhng van e ve am hoc rat phc tap.
- o sau co the gia cong c : Ch co the gia cong lo
va ranh khong sau lam. Tang o sau th giam nang suat, do
lam tang qua trnh mai phu, va gay kho khan cho viec a bot
Trang
- 46 -
mai vao vung lam viec cung nh lay i vat lieu b mai mon
cua dung cu. Lo sau ch co the khoan theo kieu bac thang, khi
o nang suat se b giam.
- Nhu cau nang lng : Nhu cau nang lng bieu hien
bang t so gia cong suat au vao hoac cong suat phat ra cua
may phat sieu am va lng phoi trung bnh trong mot gi.
Qki = Nki / VD (kWh/cm2)
- Nang suat : Nang suat thap khi gia cong vat lieu t
hp kim cng va thep a toi, bang 1/20-1/50 nang suat khi gia
cong thuy tinh, thach anh, .v.v. Ben canh o dung cu mon
nhieu hn.
Khi s dung sieu am e bo sung cho cac cong nghe
truyen thong e gia cong vat lieu cng va kho gia cong, th
can phai chu y en nhng nhc iem cua cong nghe gia cong
sieu am a neu tren. Ngoai ra lam viec vi nhng thiet b
gia cong bang sieu am tan so tng oi thap (<16 kHz). Ngi
cong nhan chong met moi.
2) Pham vi ng dung :
Chung ta co the chia thanh cac ng dung nh sau :
- Gia cong ch bang phng phap sieu am : khoan, mai gia
cong ren, lam sach bavia, gia cong ranh.
- Gia cong bang sieu am phoi hp phng phap gia cong
khac : khoan , phay, xoi lo, mai, mai tinh, mai bang a, mai
bong bang ma sat.
- Gia cong khong cat got : Han, lam sach kim loai, lap
ghep bang ep, phan tch vat lieu co phan t ln, lam phat sinh
va xuc tien nhanh cac qua trnh gia cong hoa va ien hoa.
- ng dung trong viec lap ghep chi tiet :
Trang
- 47 -
10
6
1
4
2
- 48 -
Trang
- 49 -
I. Khai niem :
- Gia cong tia nc : La phng phap gia cong mi, dung
tia nc cong nghiep tac ong vao vung chi tiet can gia cong,
qua trnh c tien hanh lien tuc va dan dan tao thanh chi tiet gia
cong.
- Gia ong tia nc co hat mai : Co cau tao gan nh tng
t cau truc gia cong bang tia nc. Phng phap nay dung tia
nc c them vao cac phan t hat mai e cho qua trnh gia
cong manh hn, co hieu qua hn, nham tao kha nang cat cac
vat lieu cng hn nh : thep, thuy tinh, betong hay vat lieu
composite . . . Dong tia nc gia cong nay se khong gay ra
nhng hau qua do ap suat hoac nhiet len cac vat ma chung ta
ang gia cong.
Trang
- 50 -
- 51 -
Hnh 2.19:
S o nguyen ly gia cong bang tia nc
Trang
- 52 -
Nc toc
o cao
Trang
- 53 -
Nc ap lc cao
Khuon
ai oc
Nut chan
Than ong
Voi phun
Hat mai
ai oc ham
Ong tap
trung
Hat mai
Ong tap
trung
Voi phun
Dong tia nc
Goc ngheng
Ong tap trung
Hnh 2.21 :
Qua trnh tron hat mai vao tia nc
Trang
- 54 -
Lu
lng
kh
thoi
vao
(l/mm)
Lu lng khoi
lng hat mai
a vao (g/s)
Hnh 2.22 :
Quan he gia ng knh ong tap trung va ap suat bm
(Focus diameter and pump pressure)
Lu
lng
kh
thoi
vao
(l/mm)
Ap suat bm MPa
ng knh ong
tap trung (mm)
Hnh 2.23 :
Quan he gia lu lng khoi lng hat mai va
hnh dang hnh hoc ong tap trung
Trang
- 55 -
Ap suat
(mbar)
Lu lng
kh thoi vao
(l/mm)
Hnh 2.24 :
Moi quan he ga lu lng the tch khong kh, lu lng
khoi lng hat mai va s thay oi ap suat
Toc o va cham ti
han (m/s)
(a)
(b)
Kha
nang
gay
nc
v
(%)
- 56 -
Hnh 2.26 :
Anh hng cac thong so len s phan huy phan t hat mai
He so phan huy
He so phan huy
Granat
Thong so tng
t hnh (a)
Ap suat bm (Mpa)
(a)
(b)
ng knh ong xa
hat mai (m)
Thong so tng t
hnh (a)
Thong so tng t
hnh (a)
He
so
phan
huy
Quy nh
Toi u
Ap suat bm (Mpa)
(c)
(d)
Trang
- 57 -
He so phan
huy
He so phan
huy
(e)
(f)
Hnh 2.27 :
He thong cua mot may gia cong tia nc
Bo tr nc
Bo tao ap suat
Trang
- 58 -
He thong au cat
va dch chuyen
Hnh 2.28 :
S o cua he thong bm va cung cap nc
Van tran
Be ong c
May
cha
bm
oi tng
Mui cat
Voi phun
1) Bo tang ap :
- Bo tang ap hoat ong nh mot bo khuech ai, no bien
oi nang lng t dong chat long co ap suat thap thanh dong
co ap suat rat cao. He thong thuy lc cung cap nang lng chat
long en mot piston chuyen ong qua lai trong mot oan trung
tam cua may tang cng. Mot cong tac gii han at cuoi
hanh trnh cua piston, bao hieu dong ien ieu khien oi chieu
van ao chieu va thay oi chieu chuyen ong cua piston.
- Viec lap rap bo tang ap vi mot bm piston hai ben
cua piston, se tao ra ap suat ca hai pha. Khi mot pha cua bo
tang ap ang th hut, th pha oi dien ang tao ra mot ap
suat cao ngo ra. Trong khi ngo vao cua bm hut nc a
c loc i vao xylanh cao ap thong qua van mot chieu. Sau
khi bm piston ao chieu th nc se c nen va thoat ra di
dang nc chu ap suat cao.
- Bo phan ieu ap lam eu s thay oi ap suat t may nen
cung cap mot dong nc co ap suat rat cao eu an en dung
cu cat hoac lam sach.
- Sau ay la mot so bo tang ap c dung trong may cat
tia nc, cung nh cat tia nc co tron lan hat mai.
Trang
- 59 -
Nc i ra khi
pittong di chuyen
Dau i vao
qua phai
chuan b cho
hanh trnh tiep
theo
Van
xa
Dau i vao ay
pittong
Dau i ra chuan
b cho hanh trnh
tiep theo
Van
nap
Nc i vao khi
pittong di chuyen
qua trai
Buong ap suat
Bo phan pittong
Hnh 2.29 :
Ket cau mot bo tang ap n gian (Bo tang ap n)
Xa
Hnh 2.30 :
S dung bo tch luy vi bo tang ap tac ong kep
Trang
- 60 -
Hnh 2.31 :
C che hoat ong cua mot bo tang ap tac ong kep :
Nc c
nap vao
Nc c
nap vao
Ngo dau ra
1) Bm A bat au
co vao e hut nc,
B phun nc
Dau thuy lc
co ap lc ln
c a vao
2) Piston A bat au di
chuyen len, nen nc
trong khi B tiep tuc phun
nc a gia ap.
3) Piston A bat au
phun, trong khi B
ngng va co khuynh
hng co lai.
Trang
- 61 -
2) Dung cu :
- Voi phun co ng knh 0,1-0,4 mm. e tia nc co u
nang lng cho qua trnh cat can cung cap mot ap suat len en
400 MPa va van toc phun ra len en 900 m/s. Lu chat c
tao ap lc ti mc can thiet nh mot bm thuy lc. au phun
gom co vong kep va voi phun. Vong kep c lam bang thep
khong r, va voi phun c lam bang ngoc bch, hong ngoc hay
kim cng. Dung kim cng th keo dai tuoi tho nhng gia
thanh cao. He thong loc phai c s dung e ngan phoi phat
sinh trong qua trnh gia cong. Nhng lu chat c dung rong
rai trong gia cong bang tia nc la cac dung dch polymer, v
chung co xu hng tao thanh mot dong ket dnh.
Hnh 2.32 :
Hnh dang mot voi phun
trong thc te
- 62 -
Hnh 2.33 :
C cau phun
1) Than chnh
2,5) Than di
3) Than sau
4,9) ai oc
5) Ong phun
6) Vong em trung
gian
7) Ong
8) Voi phun kh nen
10, 13) ai oc moc
11,14) Mieng em
12.15) Ong noi
Trang
- 63 -
1. Than
4. Bac
Hnh 2.34:
C cau phun e gia cong lo
2. Nut dan hng
3. Ong phun
5. Vong em
6. Buong tron.
Trang
- 64 -
Hnh 2.35 :
Bo tao tia
2-5 lan ng knh
130
Chieu
dai tia
Goc lo voi
Hnh 2.36 :
Anh hng chieu dai tia va goc co lo
Trang
- 65 -
Chieu
dai tia
Hnh 2.37 :
Anh hng chieu dai tia so vi chieu dai
co bo tao tia
Goc nhon
Hnh 2.38 :
Anh hng cua hnh dang goc vao voi len ap
suat voi cac chieu dai tia khac nhau
Trang
- 66 -
Hat mai
Voi gia
cong a
tron lan tia
nc va hat
mai
(a)
Hnh 2.39 :
Qua trnh tron hat
mai vao nc a
gia ap
Hat mai
Nc ap
lc cao
Nc ap
lc cao
(b)
Trang
- 67 -
Nc ap
lc cao
Hat mai
Nhieu tia nc co the la
song song hoac hoi tu vao
co ngong cua voi phun.
Than
nhieu
lo voi
Buong tron
Voi phun
Hat mai va
kh c
a vao
Nc ap
lc cao
Hnh 2.40 :
C che cap hat da
vao trong lng.
Hat mai va
kh c
a vao
Voi tia
nc
Buong tron
Voi phun
Hnh 2.41 :
C che cap hat cng
bc bang kh
Trang
- 68 -
4) Thiet b :
a) May tia nc n thuan :
- ay, nc c a vao bm cao ap tao nen ap suat
rat ln, t p = (14)103 bar, co may dung p = (49)103 bar.
Nc co ap suat cao c a en voi phun che tao bang ngoc
bch hoac kim cng, co ng knh 0,10,4 mm. Voi phun
at trong au cat a nc en ong hoi tu, tao nen tia nc co
nang lng pha huy ln tac dung vao be mat vat gia cong thc
hien qua trnh gia cong. Toc o cat phu thuoc vao vat lieu va
chieu day vat cat. Chieu day thng khong qua 15 mm e am
bao mat cat khong co bavia. Lu lng nc thng dung Q =
35 lt/phut va van toc tia nc co the at en v = 900 m/s
(gan 3 lan van toc am). Nc can loc vi bo loc te vi e am
bao hat ban khong qua 510 m.
Hnh 2.42 :
Mot may gia
cong tia nc
n thuan
- 69 -
hn loai tia nc n thuan. Loai nay co the gia cong tren mat
at va o sau tren 1000m. May tia nc co hat mai cung
phan thanh hai loai :
+ Loai thung hat mai khong co ap suat : Thanh phan
tia cat ch co nc va hat mai vi lng khong kh rat ln, nen
ch co the cat o sau khong qua 20m.
+ Loai thung hat mai co ap suat : neu thung hat mai
c ong kn va dan khong kh kho t bm cao ap, hoac dung
kh CO2, nit, heli co ap suat t 215 bar. Loai nay co the cat
o sau tren 1000m. hat mai thng dung la Al2O3 va SiO2 co
ng knh tot nhat la 0,070,08 mm. Ap suat gia cong co
the en p = 2000 bar. May thng dung e cat cac vat lieu phi
kim loai cng va giong nh thuy tinh CaF2, gom s SiO2, hay
silicon, mica, hoac dung e lam sach, anh bong .v.v.
- Thiet b dung trong gia cong bang tia hat mai c
phan loai theo phng phap cap dung dch hat mai ti c cau
phun va ti be mat gia cong. Nh vay, theo nguyen tac nay
thiet b c chia ra thanh 6 s o sau :
* S o 1 : Cap dung dch hat mai len cao va ti be
mat gia cong bang c cau phun nh kh nen (hnh 2.43). Thiet
b gom be cha 1 co c cau nh hng gom ong dan trung tam
5 va cac mang dan 6. Khi c cau khuay 2 quay, dung dch da
theo cac mang dan 6 chay len tren va xuong di, nh vay no
c tron eu (hat mai vi chat long). Tiep o dung dch theo
ong dan 7 c cap cho c cau phun 8 roi ti chi tiet gia cong
10 nh kh nen trong ong phun 9 ra khoi be mat gia cong, dung
dch chay xuong phan di cua thung cha 11 roi tr ve be
cha 1. Thiet b tren ay c dung khi can nang cao nang
suat gia cong.
Trang
- 70 -
Hnh 2.43 :
Thiet b cap hat mai
theo s o 1.
1. Be cha
2. C cau khuay
3. ong c ien
4. Bo truyen
5. Ong dan trung tam
6. Cac mang dan
7. Ong dan
8. C cau phun
9. Ong phun
10. Chi tiet gia cong
11. Thung cha
Trang
- 71 -
Hnh 2.44 :
Thiet b cap hat mai theo s
o 2 :
1. Bm
2. Ong dan dung dch vao be
cha
3. Be cha
4. Buong cong tac
5. C cau phun
6. Ong phun kh nen
7. Ong dan dung dch hat mai
xuong buong cong tac
8. Ban cong tac.
Trang
- 72 -
Hnh 2.45 :
Thiet b cap hat
mai theo s o 3.
1. Be cha
2. Bo giam ap
3. Ong dan dung
dch ti c cau
phun
4. C cau phun
5. Chi tiet gia
cong
6. Ong dan kh
nen
7. Buong cong tac
8. C cau khuay.
Trang
- 73 -
Hnh 2.46 :
Thiet b cung cap hat
mai theo s o 4.
1. Be cha
2. Bo phan ap
3. Ap ke
4. C cau khuay
5. Ong dan
6. Voi phun
7. Chi tiet gia cong
8. Buong cong tac.
Trang
- 74 -
Hnh 2.47 :
Thiet b cung cap hat mai
theo s o 5.
1. Be cha
2. May bm
3. Ong dan dung dch
4. C cau phun
5. Ong dan kh nen
6. Chi tiet gia cong
7. Buong cong tac
8. C cau khuay.
* S o 6 : Thiet b cap dung dch hat mai nh
may bm va roto (hnh 2.48). Thiet b nay khong dung kh nen,
do o co the tiet kiem c chi ph gia cong. Dung dch hat
mai c cap ti be mat cua chi tiet gia cong nh may bm ly
tam 1, ong dan 2 va roto 3. Dung dch sau khi gia cong chay
xuong phan di cua buong cong tac 5 va theo ong dan 6 ti
may bm ly tam 1. Lng dung dch qua may bm nay chay
xuong buong cong tac di mot ap lc nao o, cho nen no luon
luon c khuay eu. ng knh cua roto phu thuoc vao toc
o cua dung dch hat mai can at va thng nam trong khoang
300500 mm. Cac ranh cua roto co be rong 50 mm, cac mep
ngoai cua chung c ve tron va c bao ve bang cac man
chan cao su e tang thi gian s dung. So vong quay cua roto
khoang 25008000 vong trong mot phut. Cong suat cua ong
c ien 510 kW. Roto c ay bang cac a kim loai. Khi
quay roto hat dung dch hat mai, tao thanh chum tia co goc
Trang
- 75 -
nh 70 120o. Toc o cua cac hat mai trong thiet b nay cao
hn trong cac thiet b co dung kh nen. Vi toc o cao nh vay
co the s dung hat mai co kch thc nho hn e nang cao o
bong be mat trong khi van am bao c nang suat gia cong.
Hnh 2.48 :
Thiet b cung cap hat
mai theo s o 6.
1. May bm li tam
2. Ong dan dung dch
t roto
3. Roto
4. Chi tiet gia cong
5. Buong cong tac
6. Ong dan dung dch
ti may bm
- 76 -
Voi phun
Hnh 2.49 :
Gia cong tia nc dang tay may
V. Cac thong so cong nghe :
- 77 -
Trang
- 78 -
- 79 -
o nham thap hn. Neu kch thc cua cac hat mai qua ln th
chung khong the xam nhap xuong cac ay nhap nho c, do
o chung ch co kha nang san phang cac phan tren cua nhap
nho (hnh 2.50h ben phai). Hnh 2.50h ( gia) la s o kch
thc hat mai hp ly nhat.
- Lng hat mai trong dung dch tang cho phep nang
cao nang suat gia cong.
- Tuy nhien, neu lng hat mai trong dung dch qua ln
se lam cho chung va ap vi nhau qua nhieu, do o hieu qua
cat lai giam. Do o, lng hat mai trong dung dch (mat o hat
mai) phai c chon toi u.
- Tia hat mai va ap vao kim loai cng vi toc o toi a
V (m/s), se xam nhap vao kim loai cng o vi toc o U (m/s),
tao ra ap lc cat P (tan/m2).
P=
(V U)
2g
ay : - trong lng rieng cua vat lieu dong tia (tan/m2)
g - gia toc trong trng (m/s)
Ap lc cat nay co the at 280.000 Kg/cm2
- Bang 2.3 la bang toc o cat cua mot so vat lieu cho
trc (mm/phut). May co ap suat 3800 bar dung 4,2 lt/phut,
mieng voi co ng knh 0,38 mm; voi dai 1,14mm; s dung
hat mai : 680 gram/phut.
b) Cac yeu to anh hng en nang suat gia cong
va o nham be mat :
- Nang suat gia cong bang tia hat mai la ham so cua
nhieu yeu to va no phu thuoc vao muc ch gia cong be mat.
V du : Khi gia cong be mat nham tang o bong (giam o
nham) th can phai boc t kim loai, ngc lai khi gia cong be
mat nham at kch thc th lng kim loai c bong tach
trong mot n v thi gian phai at gia tr ln nhat.
Trang
- 80 -
Hnh 2.50 :
Ho s gia cong tia nc hat mai.
a) Gia cong bang tia va ap; b) gia cong bang tia trt;
c)Gia cong bang tia cheo; d) mang dung dch bam vao
be mat gia cong; e) S phan xa cua tia hat mai; g) tia
hat mai pha v nh nhap nho;
1.Be mat gia cong; 2. Tia hat mai; 3. Ong phun; 4. Mang
dung dch; F. ng knh cua chum tia; F1. ng knh
ln cua vet hnh elip cua tia tren be mat gia cong; a.
chieu day cua mang dung dch
Trang
- 81 -
Bang 2.3 :
Bang toc o cat mot so vat lieu cho trc
Vat lieu
ong
304SS
Nhom
Thep t
Cacbon
Titanium
Granite
Inconel
718
Chieu
day
(mm)
12,7
38,1
76,2
12,7
38,1
76,2
12,7
38,1
76,2
12,7
38,1
76,2
12,7
38,1
76,2
12,7
38,1
76,2
12,7
38,1
76,2
Cat bnh
thng
(mm/phut)
475
132
58
330
91
41
1021
284
127
366
142
64
511
254
114
912
254
114
292
81
36
- Cac thong so cong nghe cua qua trnh gia cong bang
tia hat mai phu thuoc vao muc ch cua nguyen cong, o cng
va o dai cua vat lieu gia cong va trang thai cua be mat trc
khi gia cong.
Trang
- 82 -
- 83 -
Hnh 2.51 :
Anh hng cua thi gian gia cong bang tia hat mai khoi
lng kim loai c boc tach
a) Che o gia cong; L = 70 mm; Pc = 2 kG/cm2; o hat cua
hat mai 150; Ko= 14; = 400; Pe = 6 kG/cm2;
1. thep 40 cha nhiet luyen;
2. thep 20 cha nhiet luyen;
3. nhom.
b) Che o gia cong; L = 100 mm; o hat cua hat mai 60;
Ko= 900; Pe = 4 kG/cm2
1. thep 40X nhiet luyen
2. thep 45 cha nhiet luyen
Trang
- 84 -
Hnh 2.52 :
Anh hng cua thi gian gia cong bang tia hat mai
en o nham be mat.
1. thep 40X nhiet luyen; 2. thep 45 cha nhiet luyen.
* Anh hng cua mat o hat mai : Th nghiem c tien
hanh nh sau
- Gia cong thep 20 vi cac ap suat Pc = Pc = 5,5 kG/cm2,
mat o cua hat mai la 36; L = 80 mm va = 40o, dc = 4 mm.
- Gia cong thep 40X vi cac ap suat Pc = Pc = 4,5
2
kG/cm , mat o cua hat mai la 270; L = 100 mm va = 45o,
dc= 4 mm.
- Ket qua cua ca hai th nghiem tren ay cho thay : khi
tang mat o cua hat mai trong dung dch khoi lng kim loai
c boc tach tang len.
- Ket qua tng t cung nhan thay c khi gia cong
thep 45 va uara (hnh 2.53). Trong trng hp nay khoi lng
Trang
- 85 -
Trang
- 86 -
Hnh 2.54 :
Anh hng cua mat o hat mai en o nham be mat.
1 - o nham cua be mat trc khi gia cong
2 - o nham cua be mat sau khi gia cong
L = 100 mm; o hat la 270; Pc=Pe = 3,5 kg/cm2; = 450;
thi gian gia cong 80 giay.
- 87 -
goc phun = 30o 45o s thay oi cua lng kim loai c boc
tach khong ang ke.
- V vay, khi gia cong co the bo qua s bien ong chut
t cua goc phun toi u.
- ieu nay co y ngha quan trong oi vi trng hp gia
cong cac be mat cong phc tap.
(a)
Khoi
kim
loai b
boc
tach
Goc phun
Khoi
kim
loai b
boc
tach
(b)
Goc phun
Hnh 2.55 :
Anh hng cua goc phun en lng kim
loai c boc tach
Trang
- 88 -
(b)
Hnh 2.56 :
Anh hng cua khoang cach phun en lng kim loai
c boc tach.
a-gia cong thep Y9 bang cac hat mai co o hat khac nhau
b-gia cong thep 20.
Trang
- 89 -
Bang 2.4 :
Quan he gia khoang cach phun va o nham
Khoang cach phun L (mm)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Trang
- 90 -
(b)
(a)
Hnh 2.57 :
Anh hng cua ap lc kh nen en lng kim loai c
boc tach.
a) vi K0 = 1:4; o hat 100 ; L = 90mm; = 370
b) vi L = 100 mm; = 450; K = 1:5; thi gian gia cong la
80 giay
* Anh hng cua kch thc hat mai :
- Th nghiem c tien hanh vi cac hat mai co o hat
36, 100, 120 va 325; Ko = 1:4 va Pc = Pe = 7kG/cm2. Ket qua
thc nghiem cho thay khi tang kch thc hat mai (t 325 en
36) th lng kim loai c boc tach tang. Vi ap lc Pc=Pe=7
kG/cm2 va mat o hat 36, lng kim loai c boc tach ln
hn 4 lan so vi trng hp gia cong bang hat mai co o hat
325. Anh hng cua o hat en lng kim loai c boc tach
c the hien ro khi tang o hat en gia tr 100, neu trc tiep
tang o hat na th anh hng cua chung en lng kim loai
c boc tach yeu dan. V du tang o hat t 100 en 36 th
lng kim loai c boc tach ch tang 1012%.
Trang
- 91 -
Ten hat
mai
Thach anh
a nham
Cacbit silic
Kim cng
khong ket
tinh
Kim cng
ket tinh
Trong
lng
Thanh
o
Vat lieu gia cong
phan
cng rieng
(G/cm3)
SiO2
7
2.65
Knh, thep, a, go
Al2O3 va
8
3.7
Kim loai, knh, go
Fe2O3
SiC
9
3.2
Gang,
nhom,
ong, knh
C
10
3.5
10
3.5
Oxit Crom
Cr2O3
Oxit sat
Oxit Magie
Fe2O3
MgO
4.5
5.2
5.8 +
6.9
Oxit Kem
ZnO
Oxit thiec
SnO2
Cacbrit bo
B4C
10
Cac loai thep
Ghi chu:
o cng cua hat c xac nh theo 10 cap t 1 en 10,
trong o cap 10 co o cng cao nhat va cap 1 co o cng
thap nhat.
Trang
- 92 -
Trang
- 93 -
- Gia cong bang tia hat mai cung tao ra c chat lng
be mat vi cac mc o khac nhau.
+ o nham be mat : o nham be mat khi gia cong
bang tia hat mai nho hn nhieu so vi o nham be mat khi gia
cong bang cac phng phap cat phoi hoac phun hat mai
trang thai kho khac. Be mat sau khi gia cong bang tia hat mai
khong nhng co o bong cao (o nham thap) ma con co cac
ho cc nho e cha dau. ieu nay rat co li cho cac be mat
an khp vi nhau.
+ Bien cng be mat va o ben moi : Gia cong bang
tia hat mai cung c s dung e nang cao o ben cua chi tiet.
Sau khi gia cong tren lp be mat cua chi tiet co kha nang xuat
hien ng suat d keo. ng suat d nay co the giam gii han
chay chut t nhng no lai lam tang o ben moi cua chi tiet.
Chieu sau ng bien cua lp be mat khi gia cong bang tia hat
mai co the at t 2050 m (phu thuoc vao ap suat khi nen).
Mc o bien cng co the tang 2025% (so vi kim loai ben
trong). ng suat d nen tren lp be mat co gia tr trong khoang
4050 kG/mm2. Gia tr ng suat d nen nay u e gay anh
hng tot en tuoi tho cua chi tiet. Vi che o gia cong thap,
ng suat d nen ch tap trung lp be mat co chieu sau 48
m (ke t mat ngoai cua chi tiet) co ngha la trong vung xuat
hien ng suat ln nhat trong qua trnh lam viec cua chi tiet. V
vay, o ben moi cua chi tiet sau khi gia cong bang phng
phap phun hat mai kho (ng suat nam o sau ln hn). V du
o ben moi cua chi tiet sau khi gia cong bang phng phap
phun hat mai kho tang len 23% (so vi phng phap anh
bong c kh) th sau khi gia cong bang tia hat mai no tang len
36%.
+ Tnh chong mon va tnh chong an mon hoa hoc :
Nhieu thc nghiem cho thay sau khi gia cong bang tia hat mai
th tnh chong mon cua lp be mat co the tang len 50100% so
Trang
- 94 -
- 95 -
Trang
- 96 -
xuong cap cua cac chi tiet c kh. Khong phai tra chi ph cho
cac dung cu hay khuon mau kem theo.
- Cat bang tia nc la mot qua trnh gia cong lanh va sach
nen loai bo hoan toan cac vung anh hng nhiet, khoi oc,
phan lp khi uc, ng suat nhiet, lp bien cng be mat, s
bien dang cua kim loai...
- Chat lng vet cat rat cao. Vet cat co the bat au bat
ky cho nao ma khong can khoan moi trc va co the cat c
cac vat lieu can mong.
- Co the c dung e cat hoac tao hnh cac bo phan
bang thep, nhom, thuy tinh, cao su, vat lieu tong hp va cac
loai vat lieu khac.
- Co kha nang t ong hoa va ngi may hoa rat cao.
- Di ay la mot so tnh nang ac biet cua phng phap
gia cong bang tia nc :
+ Tnh hieu qua : Qua trnh s dung CAD/CAM va vet
cat rat nho khi gia cong bang tia nc cho phep chung ta s
dung cac vat lieu mac tien mot cach hieu qua nh : Titan, vat
lieu tong hp va cac loai thuy tinh quang hoc. Vet cat hep cho
phep thu c li nhuan toi u do s lap rap co dung sai rat
chnh xac 2,54 mm (0,1 inch) tuy theo loai vat lieu.
+ Tnh linh hoat va nhanh chong xac nh ng bien
cua chi tiet can gia cong : Cac au dung cu cat bang nc t
ong hoa co the cat theo bat ky hng nao, bao am cac hnh
dang phc tap luon luon c cat vi o chnh xac cao.
+ Tnh kinh te : Gia cong tia nc gia cong rat tot vi
nhng vat lieu de gay nh thuy tinh. Vi vat lieu nay khi gia
cong bang nhng phng phap thong thng t le that bai rat
cao. Khong co be mat chu anh hng nhiet hoac b bien dang
thng gap cac phng phap cat got khac. Cac nguyen cong
ke tiep nh la x ly nhiet, mai hoac gia cong lai la khong can
thiet. Hnh dang, kch thc sau cung at c ch sau mot lan
Trang
- 97 -
gia cong. Qua trnh gia cong bang tia nc co the san xuat
hang loat do kha nang lap lai cua cac phan mem CAD/CAM.
+ Giam thieu h hong : oi vi cac phng phap gia
cong truyen thong do co ton tai ng suat d cua qua trnh cat
nen cac goc khong the cat c. Nhng vi phng phap nay
cac goc co the cat c tren cac vat lieu de v ma khong lam
v, nt chi tiet. Cat bang tia nc cac vat lieu nh a, gom va
s th hieu qua va sach se hn. Bat ky vat nao ma c ve
tren vi tnh eu co the gia cong bang tia nc. Nhieu vat lieu
nh a, s va thep khong r khong the gia cong thanh cac vat
the phc tap mot cach kinh te bat ky cach gia cong nao
khac.
+ Tan dung toi a : Dong nc dung e cat rat hep
giam thieu be rong cua ng cat, lam tang phan s dung cua
vat lieu. ieu nay co anh hng ac biet en gia thanh khi cat
cac vat lieu at tien nh titan, ong thiec, kevlar, teflon .v.v.
+ Bao ve moi trng : Dung cu cat, nc, cac chat
mai mon vo c co trong t nhien khong lam o nhiem moi
trng trai ngc vi viec s dung laser, plasma, . . . Gia cong
bang tia nc la mot giai phap mang tnh chat moi trng nhat
neu so vi cac giai phap gia cong phc tap khac. Qua trnh gia
cong sach se, khong thai ra cac hat mai, bui bam hoac o
nhiem khong kh bang hoa chat. Phng phap nay mang theo
cac vat lieu an mon, loai bo bui bam, khong gay o nhiem va
xa khoi nh cac phng phap gia cong khac. Dau va nhu tng
boi trn dung cho qua trnh cat khac th khong can thiet cho
phng phap nay.
2) Nhc iem :
Nhc iem chnh cua phng phap gia cong bang tia
nc la kho kiem soat o chnh xac ve kch thc (khi gia
cong cac loai chi tiet) va gia thanh thiet b con cao.
3) Pham vi ng dung :
Trang
- 98 -
Trang
- 99 -
I. Khai niem :
Gia cong dong hat mai la phng phap boc vat lieu khi dong
kh mang hat mai vi van toc cao tac ong len chi tiet.
II. Nguyen ly gia cong :
- Khong c nham lan phng phap gia cong tia nc co
hat mai la gia cong dong hat mai mac du no cung co mot vai
net tng t gia cong tia nc co hat mai. Kh s dung thng
kho co ap suat t 1,42MPa va i qua voi phun co ng knh
t 0,0751 mm at van toc 2,55 m/s. Kh bao gom nhieu loai
nh khong kh, CO2, nit, heli . . .
- Qua trnh thng c ieu khien bi mot ngi, ma ngi
nay trc tiep ieu khien voi phun tai ni lam viec. Khoang
cach ac trng t mieng voi phun va be mat gia cong khoang
t 3,2 en 25,4 mm.
Trang
- 100 -
Hnh 2.58:
Nguyen ly gia cong dong hat mai
Hop hp kh
va hat mai
Van
He thong hut
Trang
- 101 -
Chng 3
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG HOA
Muc tieu : Sau khi hoc nghien cu xong chng nay, ngi
1) Lam sach :
Bc au tien la nguyen cong lam sach chi tiet e am
bao cho vat lieu c boc i ong eu t mat gia cong.
Trang
- 102 -
2) Tao lp bao ve :
Mot lp phu bao ve c ap len 1 so be mat nao o
cua chi tiet. Lp bao ve nay c lam bang vat lieu co kha
nang chong lai tac dung an mon cua chat khac axit. V vay no
se c phu len nhng be mat khongcan gia cong. Nhng vat
lieu cua lp bao ve la Neoprene, Polivinil Chloride va cac
Polyme khac. Lp bao ve co the c thc hien bang nhieu
cach nh : Cat va boc, Khang quang, Khang dung li.
a/ Cat va boc : Trong phng phap nay, lp bao ve
c phu len be mat chi tiet bang cach ap, sn hay phun
sng vi chieu day khoang 0,025 - 0,125 mm. Sau khi lp bao
ve ong cng lai, ngi ta dung dao cat va boc i lp bao ve
tai nhng vung cua chi tiet can c gia cong. Nguyen cong
cat lp bao ve c thc hien bang tay, dan hng dao bang
mot tam dng mau. Phng phap cat va boc c ap dung
cho nhng chi tiet ln, so lng san pham t vi o chnh xac
khong cao. Phng phap nay khong the am bao sai so nho
hn 0,125.
b/ Khang quang : Phng phap khang quang s dung
cac ky thuat chup anh e thc hien lp bao ve. Cac vat lieu
cua lp bao ve nay co cha nhng hoa chat cam quang. Chung
c phu len be mat chi tiet va tiep nhan anh sang qua 1 am
ban cua cac vung can c khac hoa. Sau o ngi ta dung ky
thuat ra anh e boc i cac vung nay cua lp bao ve. Qua
trnh nay se e lai lp bao ve tren nhng be mat chi tiet can
c bao ve. Thng c s dung e san xuat nhng chi tiet
nho so lng ln vi dung sai khac khe, co the nho hn
0,0125mm.
c/ Khang khung li : Lp bao ve c sn len be
mat chi tiet gia cong qua mot tam li bang lua hoac mot tam
thep khong r. Gan vi tam li nay la mot khung to,nham
tranh cho nhng vung can khac hoa khong b sn. V vay lp
Trang
- 103 -
3) Khac hoa :
- ay la bc boc vat lieu. Khi chi tiet c nhung
chm trong dung dch khac hoa, nhng phan cua chi tiet khong
co lp bao ve se b tac ong hoa hoc. Phng phap an mon
thng dung la bien vat lieu gia cong (v du nh kim loai)
thanh muoi hoa tan trong dung dch khac hoa, va do o vat
lieu c boc ra khoi be mat. Sau khi mot lng vat lieu mong
muon c boc i, chi tiet c lay ra khoi dung dch khac hoa
va c ra sach.
- S la chon chat khac hoa phu thuoc vao vat lieu cua
chi tiet gia cong, chieu sau mong muon va toc o boc vat lieu,
cac yeu cau ve o nham be mat. Cac chat khac hoa cung phai
phu hp vi loai chat bao ve e am bao rang vat lieu cua lp
bao ve khong tac ong hoa hoc bi chat khac hoa. Bang 3.1
liet ke mot so vat lieu c gia cong hoa bang cac chat khac
hoa thng dung. Trong bang cung bao gom toc o tham va he
so khac. Nhng thong so nay se c giai thch phan sau.
4) Loai lp bao ve :
Lp bao ve c tach ra khoi be mat chi tiet.
* Hai bc trong gia cong hoa co anh hng ang ke ve mat
phng phap, vat lieu, cac thong so gia cong la bc tao lp
bao ve (2) va khac hoa (3).
* Toc o boc vat lieu trong giac ong hoa thng c bieu
th bang toc o tham mm/phut. La toc o tac ong hoa hoc vao
vat lieu cua chi tiet gia cong, bi chat khac c hng thang
vao be mat. Toc o tham khong b anh hng bi dien tch be
mat. Cac toc o tham c liet ke trong bang 3.1 la cac gia tr
ien hnh cho vat lieu gia cong va chat khac a cho.
Trang
- 104 -
Bang 3.1 :
Cac chat khac hoa tng ng vi vat lieu gia cong trong gia
cong hoa
Chat khac
axit
FeCl3
NaOH
FeCl3
H2SO4
HNO3.HF.H20
HCl.HNO3
HF
HNO3.HF
Toc o
tham
mm/phut
0,02
0,025
0,05
0,038
He so
khac
axit
1,75
1,75
2,75
1,0
0,025
0,025
0,025
0,025
2,2
2,0
1,0
1,0
* Chieu sau cat trong gia cong hoa co the en 12,5mm cho
nhng tam chi tiet bang kim loai cua may bay. Tuy nhien trong
nhieu trng hp ng dung gia cong hoa, chieu sau yeu cau
ch vai phan nghn mm hay tham ch t hn. Cung vi tac ong
tham vao chi tiet, qua trnh khac hoa cung co the xay ra pha
di mat ben cua lp bao ve. Hieu ng nay goi la hien tng
cat lem va phai c tnh en khi thiet ke lp bao ve e phan
cat phat sinh co kch thuc xac nh c. oi vi 1 loai vat
lieu gia cong cho trc, lng cat lem co lien he trc tiep vi
chieu sau cat. Hang so t le oi vi vat lieu nay goi la he so
khac va c xac nh nh sau :
Fe = U/d
Trong o : Fe _ la he so khac. U _ o dai cat di
(mm), d _ chieu sau cat (mm). Cac kch thc U va d c xac
nh trong hnh ben di
Trang
- 105 -
Hnh 3.1 :
Hien tng cat lem trong gia cong hoa.
Trang
- 106 -
- Phay hoa tao nen o nham be mat thay oi theo cac vat
lieu gia cong khac nhau. o nham be mat phu thuoc vao chieu
sau tham. Khi chieu sau tham tang th o nham tr nan toi hn
va gan vi gia tr ln hn cua pham vi cho trong bang 3.2
Bang 3.2 :
o nham be mat gia cong trong gia cong hoa
Vat lieu gia cong
Nhom va hp kim nhom
Magnesium
Thep trung bnh
Titan va hp kim Titan
Hnh 3.2 :
Trnh t cac bc trong phng phap phay hoa
(1) Lam sach chi tiet. (2) Tao lp bao ve, (3) Cat va boc
lp bao ve tai vung can c khac, (4) khac hoa, (5) boc
lp vo bao ve va lam sach be mat san pham.
2) Tao phoi hoa (Chemical Blanking) :
- Phng phap tao phoi hoa ap dung hien tng an mon
hoa hoc e tien hanh cat nhng chi tiet kim loai dang tam
mong co o day nho en 0,025 mm hay cat nhng mau phc
tap khac. Trong ca hai trng hp va nhng trng hp ca biet
khac, phng phap dap va ot truyen thong khong lam viec
Trang
- 107 -
Hnh 3.3 :
Trnh t cac bc trong tao phoi hoa
(1) lam sach chi tiet, (2) tao lp bao ve bang cach sn
qua khung li, (3) khac 1 phan, (4) khac toan bo, (5)
boc lp bao ve va lam sach san pham.
Trang
- 108 -
- 109 -
trong cong nghiep ien t. e san xuat nhng mach phc tap
tren nhng san pham ban dan. Chnh cong nghe nay a tao
nen nhng mach tch hp qui mo ln (VLSI) trong vi ien t.
Co nhieu cach phi sang hnh anh mong muon. Hnh ve the
hien am ban tiep xuc vi be mat lp bao ve trong qua trnh
chieu sang, o la phng phap in tiep xuc. Cac phng phap in
anh khac cung co the thc hien thong qua mot he thong thau
knh e phong to hay thu nho kch thc cua mau in tren be
mat cua lp bao ve. Nhng vat lieu khang quang thong dung
th nhay vi anh sang cc tm, nhng khong phan ng vi anh
sang co nhng bc sang khac. V vay, neu chieu sang trong
x nghiep at yeu cau th khong can thiet phai thc hien nhng
bc gia cong trong 1 moi trng nh phong toi. Sau khi
hoan thanh gia cong tao lp phu th cac bc con lai giong vi
cac phng phap gia cong hoa khac.
Trang
- 110 -
Chng 4
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG
IEN HOA
Muc tieu : Sau khi hoc nghien cu xong chng nay, ngi
nghien cu co kha nang sau
- Hieu khai niem gia cong bang ien hoa
- Hieu, biet nguyen ly gia cong bang ien hoa.
- Tng minh ve c s ly thuyet gia cong bang ien hoa.
- Tng minh ve may va dung cu gia cong
- Hieu pham vi ng dung cua gia cong bang ien hoa
- Biet tng tan cac thong so cong nghe.
- Tng minh cac phng phap gia cong ien hoa.
I. Khai niem :
ay la phng phap gia cong ac trng e gia cong nhng
be mat co hnh dang nhat nh bang phng phap an mon ien
hoa. Dung trong khoan lo ien hoa hay con goi la gia cong
ien hoa, mai ien hoa, lam sach bavia bang ien hoa (hay
anh bong ien hoa). Ban chat cua phng phap gia cong nay
la khong co s tac ong c kh cua dung cu ti be mat gia
cong.
II. Nguyen ly gia cong :
- Phng phap gia cong ien hoa da tren c s nh luat
ien phan cua Faraday. Trong qua trnh gia cong, chi tiet c
noi vi cc dng con dung cu c noi vi cc am cua nguon.
Hai ien cc ieu c at vao trong be ng dung dch ien
phan. Khi ong mach ien va cac ieu kien ien phan hp ly,
Trang
- 111 -
dong ien i qua be co tac dung lam hoa tan kim loai anod
vi 1 lng c xac nh theo nh luat Faraday. Lng chat
ket tua hoac hoa tan do ien phan ty le vi lng ien chay
qua.
- Lng cac hoat chat ket tua hoac hoa tan bang lng ien
tng ng, ty le vi thanh phan hoa tr cua chung (vi hp
kim co nhieu thanh phan nguyen to khac nhau).
- Neu ong thi vi s hoa tan anod, ma lay i lp be mat
co ket cau khong con chat che, th o la qua trnh mai ien
hoa. phng phap anh bong ien hoa th chung ta ch tan
dung tac dung ien hoa. Chung ta khong muon lam thay oi
hnh dang be mat, ma chung ta ch gia cong lam mat i nhng
gho ghe li ti tren be mat o ma thoi. phng phap gia cong
ien hoa, tnh chat vat ly cua nguyen lieu lam anod (vat gia
cong) khong anh hng en nang xuat lay phoi, v vay phng
phap nay thng dung e gia cong nhng vat lieu kho cat got.
Trang
- 112 -
Hnh 4.1 :
S o nguyen ly gia cong ien hoa
III. C s ly thuyet :
1) nh luat 1 Faraday :
m = KIt/F
- Trong o : m - Lng kim loai hoa tan (g); I - Cng o
dong ien (ampe); t - thi gian (gi); F - hang so Faraday, va
la ien lng can thiet e hoa tan 1 ng lng gam cua kim
loai F = 96496 colomb ; K - ng lng ien hoa tc khoi
lng cua chat (tnh bang mg) c giai phong khi co 1 ien
lng colomb i qua dd ien phan.
2) nh luat 2 Faraday :
- Cac ng lng ien hoa t le vi ng lng gam cua
cac chat c giai phong trong qua trnh ien phan. ng
lng gam bang t so gia trong lng nguyen t A va hoa tr
Trang
- 113 -
- 114 -
vay s ton tai cua cac ion hoac cac nhom ion trong dd ien
phan phu thuoc vao cac tnh chat cua no.
Bang 4.1
Cac thong so cua mot so vat lieu dung lam ien cc
Vat lieu
dung cu
ong
thau
Thep
khong r
Nha Polyuretan
Cao su Tectolit
Ebonit
Men s
Hp kim
Titan,
hp kim
chu
nhiet.
Keo Epoxy
Nhu tng
Teflon
Polyclovinyl
Chieu day
lp phu
ng dung
(mm)
0,15 0,2 Gia cong lo,
mat nh hnh
0,3 0,35 Tay bavia, gia
0,1 0,3 cong cac mat
0,2 0,5 nh hnh va cac
lo co ng
knh ln
0,1 0,2 Tay bavia, gia
cong cac be mat
0,5 5
co kch thc
0,5 5
ln
M rong cac lo,
ranh hep, lo
0,03 0,08
nh hnh va lo
sau
0,1 0,4 M rong lo sau
0,02 0,05
0,08 0,2 M rong lo
0,08 0,2 ng knh nho
- 115 -
qua trnh hoa tan cac anod. Tren catod khong nen co s ket tua
cac ion kim loai co tren dung dch ien phan v nh vay se lam
thay oi hnh dang cua catod va gay ra sai so hnh dang chi
tiet.
- Do o cac cation cua dung dch ien phan khong c la
kim loai v chung se tao s ket tua tren dung cu (lam bang vat
lieu la thep hoac ong . . .) thong thng cac cation la hidro,
kiem nh natri, kali, . . .
V. Cac thong so cong nghe :
- 116 -
Hnh 4.2 :
Toc o tien cua Catod e va mat o dong S
Hnh 4.3 :
Moi quan he gia khe h gia cong, toc o tien
va mat o dong ien
- Trong thc te quan he o thay oi theo o th hnh 4.4.
- Co the thay rang o th khong phai la ng thang do
anh hng cua nhng yeu to khac nhau (nh dong chay). Co
the rut ra ket luan rang, bang cach nang toc o tien ien cc
th co the giam sai so cua khe h, tc la giam sai so gia cong,
tham ch co the nang ien ap len th se lam khe h tr nen
khong oi.
- Dong ien khong nhng ch i qua khe h mat au, ma
ca khe h gia thanh trong cua lo vi mat bao quanh ien
Trang
- 117 -
cc. khe h nay th tac dung ien hoa cua dong ien xay ra
cham hn. Toc o hoa tan t le nghch vi khoang cach gia
cac be mat cua ien cc. Do o trng hp gia cong lo bang
ien cc hnh tru th ng sinh cua lo co dang parabol.
Hnh 4.4 :
Quan he gia ien ap va khoang cach mat au ( h ) cua
ien cc vi toc o tien ien cc (e) khac nhau
( Nguyen vat
lieu gia cong :
thep C45 K=2,2
mm3/A. min)
Hnh 4.5 :
Hnh dang cua lo gia
cong bang ien hoa.
e: Toc o tien cc.
: Khe h ien cc.
h: Khe h mat au.
Trang
- 118 -
Hnh 4.6 :
Quan he gia khe h ( ) vi o sau cua lo (h) vi
cac toc o tien ien cc (e) khac nhau.
- ay cung nhan thay rang neu tang toc o tien cc th
co the lam giam sai so hnh dang. Sai so hnh dang co the han
che bang cach tao hnh ien cc mot cach phu hp. Neu boc
cach ien chung quanh cho en canh cua mat au th co the
ngan chan s hoa tan mat ben, lo se co ng sinh song
song. Hnh dang ien cc pho bien nh tren hnh 4.7, o,
ng knh ngoai cua ong nha cach ien phai nho e khong
ngan can s lu thong cua dung dch. Ban knh ve tron chu vi
ngoai cua mat au ch la 0,13 - 0,18 mm
- Mat ay cua lo khong bao gi bang phang, ma co u noi
len, neu ta muon lam nhan th can co mot bc gia cong rieng.
Trang
- 119 -
Hnh 4.7 :
Hnh dang cua lo c gia cong dien hoa bang ien
cc boc cach ien mat bao quanh.
a: Vat gia cong
b: Dung dch dien phan
c: ien cc
d: Lp cach ien
e: Hng tien ien cc
- Trng hp gia cong lo co tiet dien thay oi, th khong
dung c ien cc co vo cach ien. ay khoang cach ien
cc phu thuoc rat nhieu vao thong so hnh hoc va cac thong so
khac, do o trong thc te khong the chuan b trc mot ien
cc c tao hnh theo ung kch thc va hnh dang cua lo
can gia cong. Bang thc nghiem ngi ta tao hnh ien cc
phu hp. Phng phap nay kha ton kem, do o ch co trong san
xuat hang loat th mi co hieu qua kinh te. ien cc khong
mon, co the dung e gia cong nhieu lan, o chnh xac cua lo
co the am bao c 0,02 mm.
- Muon bao am at o chnh xac kch thc cao ngi ta
thng loc sach dung dch trong qua trnh gia cong.
Trang
- 120 -
- 121 -
- 122 -
Hnh 4.8 :
Nguyen ly gia cong
mai ien hoa
Trang
- 123 -
Hnh 4.9 :
S o mai ien hoa bang a mai
trung tnh.
1 - a mai khong dan ien
2 - Chi tiet gia cong (cc dng)
3 - Ong cc am
Trang
- 124 -
Trang
- 125 -
Hnh 4.10 :
ac tnh dong ien ien
ap cua qua trnh mai bang
ien phan
R
Hnh 4.11 :
S o may phat dung cho mai ien phan
T : May bien the; E : Chnh lu; R : Bo phan ieu
chnh;
S : Cac phan t lam bang phang song nhap nho.
Trang
- 126 -
- ac iem chung :
+ Nang suat cao.
+ Cac thong so ve chat lng cua be mat c mai :
o bong be mat khi mai bang ien phan rat tot. o nham co
the at ti Ra = 0,04 m. Hien tng ien hoa ong vai tro
chnh yeu. Do o tren be mat gia cong khong co nhng ng
gan nam theo hng tien cua ien cc gia cong. Cac hat tren
be mat van con nguyen. o bong rat t phu thuoc vao o ln
cua hat mai.
+ Cac thong so khac cua lp be mat giong nh trng
hp gia cong ien hoa. ay khong co ton hao nhiet nhieu,
cung khong co bien oi trong cau truc te vi va cung khong
thay co hien tng hoa cng be mat cung nh khong co ng
suat d ben trong. Do khong co ng suat d, nen ieu nay rat
thuan li cho viec gia cong hp kim cng, co the tranh c
hien tng ran nt khi mai.
+ a mon tng oi nhieu, trung bnh khoang 1015 %
the tch kim loai b tach ra khoi vat gia cong.
+ Mat o dong ien tren mat gia cong thap va do
khong co s tiep xuc cua kim loai vi nhau nen t b ot nong
va ot chay.
+ ien ap thap.
+ o chnh xac ve hnh dang hoan toan phu thuoc vao
o chnh xac cua a mai. Thong thng ngi ta ap chat vat
gia cong vao mat au cua a, nh co ban toa o ma co the
lam chuyen ong vat gia cong, va bao am o chnh xac gia
cong la 0,01 mm.
- Pham vi ng dung va tnh kinh te :
+ Phng phap mai bang ien phan chu yeu ng dung
mai sac cac dung cu bang hp kim cng, thnh thoang chung ta
thay ng dung trong mai mat au, mat phang hoac mat bao
quanh co vat lieu bang vat lieu kho cat got. Gan ay ngi ta
Trang
- 127 -
ang th nghiem thanh cong viec mai khuon mat tru trong
bang mai ien phan.
+ Nang suat mai bang ien phan hp kim cng cao hn
nhieu lan so vi mai thong thng. Hnh sau so sanh gia mai
thong thng mai kim cng va mai ien phan ve o bong be
mat va nang suat lay phoi.
Dung cu
a mai SiC
a mai kim
cng
anh bong
(mai bang ien hoa)
Hnh 4.12 :
u the ro ret cua mai bang ien phan the hien tren ca
hai phng dien : o bong va nang suat
+ No cung co nhc iem la thiet b at tien hn, tuy
nhien nhn tong hp th u iem van troi hn. ay la phng
phap tien tien hang au e mai sac dung cu t hp kim cng
re nhat va chat lng cao nhat.
+ S dung trong phng phap mai khon ien hoa, mact
du gia thanh thiet b cao nhng phng phap gia cong nay
nhanh gap 5 lan phng phap mai khon truyen thong, va c
s dung chu yeu trong gia cong hoan tat be mat trong cua
xilanh.
- 128 -
2
1
Hnh 4.13 :
Qua trnh tr nen bong nhan trong phng phap anh bong
bang ien phan.
a, b, c, d : cac pha tuan t trong qua trnh tr nen nhan bong
Trang
- 129 -
Hnh 4.14 :
S o anh bong ien hoa.
1)
Chat ien phan
2)
Chi tiet gia cong
3)
ien cc dung cu
4,6) nh nhap nho tren be mat phoi
5)
Nguon ien.
- Ba thong so anh hng en qua trnh o la :
+ Mat o dong ien tren be mat c anh bong.
+ Nhiet o cua dung dch ien phan gan phan vat gia
cong.
+ Thi gian anh bong.
- Ngoai cac yeu to tren, con co nhng yeu to khac cung
anh hng en qua trnh gia cong nh : vat lieu cua vat can
Trang
- 130 -
anh bong, thanh phan dung dch ien phan, ien ap gia
catod va anod.
- Vi phng phap anh bong bang phng phap ien
hoa, co the anh bong cac vat lieu bang thep cacbon, thep hp
kim, ong, ong thau, thiec, nhom, niken .v.v. Tat nhien vi
cac dung dch ien phan khac nhau. e anh bong thep th
dung dch 65% acid photphoric, 15% acid nitric, 6% carbid
crom, va 14% nc. Thong thng dung dung dch co nong o
am. Sau khi a thanh thao, hieu k cac tnh chat cua dung
dch, th hay dung dung dch o. Khi dung th dung dch th
cho dan qua dung dch mot dong ien 12 A.gi/lt. Nhiet o toi
u cua dung dch la 700C e anh bong 1 dm2 th dung mot lt
dung dch qua 6 gi, sau o bo sung e phuc hoi dung dch.
- anh bong ien hoa khong ng dung e sa cha cac
be mat qua gho ghe. o gho ghe c giam nhieu lam cung
ch c 3-4 cap. anh bong ien hoa be mat tho du co tien
hanh trong thi gian dai cung khong lam mat i nhng vet ran
nho li ti va nhng nhap nho tren o.
- Neu sau khi anh bong bang phng phap thong thng
ma tien hanh anh bong bang ien phan, th be mat co kha
nang chu an mon tot va co ng suat chu moi tot, he so ma sat
giam ma khong gay tac hai nao tren be mat. Co the dung
phng phap quang hoc (phan chieu va giao thoa) e kiem tra
o bong.
- e co the gia cong anh bong bang ien phan, be mat
phai that sach, khong co dau m, va ch nh vay mi gia cong
c. Phng phap anh bong ien hoa tien hanh theo qui
trnh nh sau :
+ Lam sach m tren mat gia cong.
+ Lam kho.
+ Phu bang nha perclorvinil tren cac be mat khong
anh bong.
Trang
- 131 -
A
V
Hnh 4.15 :
Cach at ien cc khi anh bong mat phang
B: catod.
C: Vat gia cong
Trang
- 132 -
- Co the gia cong hang loat nhng vat nho, toc o cua
bang chuyen co the ieu chnh sao cho thi gian a qua dung
dch phu hp vi thi gian gia cong.
Hnh 4.16 :
Gia cong chi tiet nho tren bang chuyen.
a) Be dung dch; b)Bang chuyen; c) Vat gia cong; d)
Dung dch ien phan; e) Mam cap chi tiet gia cong
- Ngoai ra con co the anh bong mat trong cua lo cung
nh mat ngoai va trong mat tru.
- u iem cung nh tnh chat cua phng phap anh bong
ien hoa :
+ Nang suat anh bong bang 3-4 lan so vi anh bong
bnh thng
+ o bong be mat rat tot.
+ Co the anh bong be mat trong va be mat ngoai co
bat k hnh dang nao.
+ Nang suat gia cong tang ma khong oi hoi nhieu lao
ong bang tay.
+ Thiet b gia cong re va n gian.
+ Chat lng be mat c cai thien hn.
+ Co kha nang anh bong nhng be mat cng.
+ Khong co bien dang va thay oi cau truc lp be mat.
+ Co kha nang t ong hoa c qua trnh gia cong.
Trang
- 133 -
Trang
- 134 -
Hnh 11.7 :
S o khoan bang ien hoa.
1- Chi tiet gia cong
2- Ong ong
3- Lo xo.
- 135 -
Trang
- 136 -
Hnh 4.18 :
S o lam sach bavia
A : Tay bavia tren rang
B: Tay bavia tren be mat rang
1. Dung cu tay bavia
2. Banh rang
3. em
4. Dong ien phan
Trang
- 137 -
Chng 5
CAC PHNG PHAP GIA CONG
NHIET
A - PHNG PHAP GIA CONG TIA LA IEN
( Electric Discharge Machining - EDM )
Muc tieu : Sau khi hoc nghien cu xong chng nay, ngi
I. Khai niem :
Phng phap gia cong tia la ien la phng phap phong
cac tia la ien len be mat vat lieu gia cong, lam cho lp vat
lieu can ht i b nong chay hoac boc hi bi mot qua trnh
ien nhiet.
II. C s ly thyet :
- at gan nhau hai ien cc trong moi trng cach ien, noi
hai ien cc vi ien ap mot chieu, th gia chung co ien
trng. Khi ien ap c tang len, th t be mat am cc co
ien t phong ra, tiep tuc tang ien ap th khoang cach gia
Trang
- 138 -
- 139 -
i2
u
i1
Hnh 5.1 :
Mo ta qua trnh xa va
nap tu
u1
u2
i /ph/
T1
T2
Trang
- 140 -
va cac tnh chat vat ly cua ien cc va cua chat cach ien anh
hng ln en tac dung nay.
- Bang ly thuyet ien - nhiet, do Zolotch phat trien, chung
ta co the giai thch hien tng tren, ma noi dung c ban co the
tom tat nh sau :
Tia la ien co the phan chia thanh 6 pha :
a) Do tac dung cua ien trng gia hai ien cc, ien t
phat ra t catod va gia toc, chay ve anod.
b) Do dung dch b ion hoa, vang quang ien t hnh
thanh, chung quanh no co nhng bot kh vi ien tch dng
bao boc.
c) am bot kh do co cha ien tch dng nen lam thu
hep dong chay cua ien t.
d) Tia ien t tap trung i en be mat anod.
e) Tu ien xa ien. ien tr cua kenh dan rat nho do o
ma cng o cua dong ien len en hang chuc ngan ampe (tr
so nh), ton tai trong thi gian rat ngan. Dong ien xung lam
nong chay anod trong pham vi be mat c gii han, va lc
ien ong lam ban nhng giot kim loai vao bot kh, o do
nhiet cao ma chung no ra.
f) ien ap cua tu can bang. Bot kh nguoi i, bien thanh
giot dung dch, s tai sinh ien tch c xay ra. ong thi vi
qua trnh tren, nhng ion mang ien tch dng vi nang lng
nho hn nhieu chay ve pha catod, va chung cung an mon ien
cc vi mc o t hn. (Xem tren hnh 5.2 tr so am cua U0 va
i2)
- Ngoai nhng tac dung neu tren, nhieu tac dung khac cung
tac ong en qua trnh an mon cua tia la ien, v du nh lc
ien tnh, dong ien, qua trnh hoa hoc do nhiet, lc t, s
phong ien t do nhiet.
Trang
- 141 -
- 142 -
A/cm2. e co tia la ien lien tuc th sau mot thi gian ngan
khi dong ien chay qua, phai ngng cung cap nang lng. Yeu
cau nay c thc hien nh mot may phat xung RC n gian.
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua no nh sau : ien ap cung cap Uo
qua ien tr R nap cho tu C. Khi ien ap cua tu tich len en Uo
bang ien ap moi tia la th qua trnh phong ien bat au va
duy tr cho en luc Uo giam xuong tr so ien ap tat. Sau o
tiep dien lai qua trnh nap ien cho tu va lap lai nh trc.
- Do thi gian phong ien ngan (khoang 10-4 en 10-8 giay)
nen nhiet truyen ti chi tiet gia cong t va khong sau chu yeu
tap trung tren be mat vi nhiet o rat cao lam chay va boc hi
kim loai trong vung nay. Phoi cua qua trnh gia cong la cac got
kim loai b tach khoi cac ien cc va ong ac lai thanh nhng
hat nho dang hnh cau. Khi cac hat b ay ra khoi vung gia
cong, khe h gia hai ien cc ln len va s phong ien khong
con na. e tiep tuc gia cong can ieu chnh hai ien cc lai
gan nhau va qua trnh tren c lap lai lien tuc.
- Trong qua trnh gia cong co s an mon ca hai ien cc
(chi tiet gia cong va dung cu) nhng s an mon nay khong oi
xng. Bang cach la chon cac thong so nh : o phan cc, tnh
dan nhiet, nhiet o nong chay cua vat lieu, thi gian keo dai
cng o xung ien mot cach thch hp ta co the at c o
mon 99,5% cho ien cc chi tiet va 0,5% cho ien cc dung
cu.
Hnh 5.3 :
S o nguyen ly gia
cong tia la ien.
Trang
- 143 -
1) Thiet b :
* May gia cong tia la ien thang ng (Vertical EDM
Machine) la may gia cong co ien cc chuyen ong. Khe h
gia chi tiet va dung cu c ieu chnh nh ong c servo sao
cho khe h gia dung cu va chi tiet luon khoang 0,010,02
mm. Hnh dang cua chi tiet c quyet nh bi hnh dang cua
dung cu. Loai may nay thch hp gia cong cac be mat nh
hnh, khoan lo thong va khong thong, gia cong cac loai khuon
mau.
- May tia la ien lam viec tren c s s dung nang lng
cua tia la ien c phong ra trong thi gian rat ngan
(24)10-4 s e gia cong cac lo co nhieu hnh dang khac nhau.
Nguyen ly lam viec cua no c trnh bay tren hnh 5.4. e
gia cong lo tren chi tiet 1, no can nhung vao thung dung dch
cach ien 2 va noi vao ien cc dng cua nguon ien mot
chieu F (hnh 5.4a) lam chc nang cc anod. Dung cu cat 3 la
cc catod c noi vao cc am va lap vao can trt 4 co the di
ong len xuong. Neu can 4 a dung cu cat 3 cham vao chi
tiet 1, th se co dong ien chay t cc am cua may phat F sang
cc dng qua bien tr R uo lam thanh cuon t day kim loai
mong. Thay oi gia tr ien tr R se ieu chnh c cng o
dong ien va co the kiem tra bang ampe ke A. e tao c
cac xung ien ke tiep nhau, gia ien cc 3 va chi tiet 1 ta lap
song song mot tu ien C. Neu cong tac Ct ong lai khi hai ien
cc tach ri ra, th trong thi iem au dong ien c ch ra
ampe ke A giam nhanh xuong bang 0. Trai lai volt-ke V ch
ien ap tang dan en gia tr do may phat tao ra la U 0 (hnh
Trang
- 144 -
Hnh 5.4 :
Nguyen ly lam viec cua
may tia la ien
Trang
- 145 -
- Khi ien cc 3 cham vao chi tiet 1, mach ien cua may
b ong lai va mot dong ien xuat hien ben trong mach. Khi
hai au cua ong day 5 co chenh lech ien ap, dong ien cung
xuat hien cuon day lam loi sat trong ong b nhiem t, keo
no vao ben trong ong va cung keo can trt 4 mang ien cc 3
i len pha tren. Khoang cach phong ien gia ien cc va chi
tiet c khoi phuc, dong ien trong mach ien cc bien mat
va dong ien trong mach ong day cung mat theo. Loi sat ben
trong ong day b kh t, khong b hut vao ong va t di ong
xuong, di tac dung cua trong lng rieng. Cung vi no can
trt 4 mang ien cc cat 3 cung di ong xuong di. Gia
ien cc va chi tiet gia cong lai xay ra phong ien. C the tiep
tuc cho en khi nao lo khoet c thc hien xong. Cuon day
ieu chnh 5 c tuan t t ong ha ien cc 3 cho en het
chieu sau can cat. Neu nh ien cc 3 c coi nh dung cu
cat, th cuon day 5 giong nh c cau chay dao.
- Tuy theo yeu cau, ien cc 3 c che tao co bien dang
giong nh lo can gia cong. Neu ng knh lo ln hn 6mm,
ien cc can lam rong. Vat lieu ien cc thng dung la ong
thau.
* May tia la ien van nang : May tia la ien van nang
thng co cau truc giong nh hnh 5.5. Cac c cau may c
at ben trong cua than 1. Tren song trt 2 cua than may lap
ban dao doc 5 va ban dao ngang 6 di ong tren song trt cua
ban dao doc. Ban may 3 lap chi tiet gia cong 9 c at trong
chau ng dung dch 4 co the di ong theo chieu thang ng
nh ong c ien Bo ieu chnh t ong lng chay dao 7
truyen chuyen ong thang ng cho ien cc 8. Khi gia cong
lo cong, ban dao 5 am bao cho ien cc 8 co the quay quanh
truc nam ngang A (hnh 5.5b). Trong trng hp nay ien cc
8 c hnh thanh theo dang cung tron, co ng knh bang vi
ng knh cung tron lap ien cc tren gia kep 10. Gia kep
Trang
- 146 -
Hnh 5.5 :
May gia cong tia la ien
2- ien tr
3- Tu ien
4- Bo ieu chnh lng chay dao
5- ien cc dung cu
7- Be cha dung dch va cho tiet gia cong
8- o ga
9- ong c ien
10,11- Cac au day.
Trang
- 147 -
Hnh 5.6 :
Hnh dang chung cua may tia la ien van nang
* ay chung ta khong co ieu kien vao chi tiet cac thiet b
gia cong tia la ien. Chung ta cung can noi them rang ngoai
thiet b ma chung ta lam c s e ban luan la loai may phat
xung kieu RC, th con co nhieu loai thiet b khac co the tao ra
tia la ien. Bang nhng nguyen ly khac nhau nhng thiet b
o tao ra xung dong ien. Chung ta phan lam hai loai : may
phat ieu chnh phu thuoc va may phat ieu chnh oc lap.
- May phat xung ieu chnh phu thuoc la loai may ma
dong ien va ien ap khong the ieu chnh oc lap vi nhau.
Hnh 5.7 trnh bay s o cau tao cua loai thiet b nay, ay Z
la khang tch ien, Zo la khang tch tr nang lng, Z1 la khang
phong ien, chung co the gom nhieu cuon cam hoac ien tr
to hp, tuy o ma tnh chat cua may phat khac nhau. Nguon
ien ap cung cap co the la mot chieu, hoac xoay chieu.
Trang
- 148 -
Hnh 5.7 :
S o nguyen ly chung cua may phat xung
ieu chnh oc lap.
Hnh 5.8 :
S o nguyen ly may phat xung
Hnh 5.9 :
S o nguyen ly may phat
xung ong c may phat
Trang
- 149 -
Hnh 5.10 :
S o nguyen ly may phat xung bang en ien t.
- may phat ieu chnh oc lap, th cac thong so ien co
the ieu chnh oc lap vi nhau. Co 3 kieu nh sau :
+ kieu bo oi noi (hnh 5.8) co may bien the xung
tao ra xung vuong, theo chu ky cat dong ien cua bo oi noi.
+ Kieu ong c may phat (hnh 5.9) th co ong c quay
may phat xung, cung tao ra xung vuong. Nang suat gia cong
rat tot.
+Kieu may phat phat bang en ien t (hnh 5.10)
dung trong gia cong chnh xac.
- Chau Au may phat loai ieu chnh phu thuoc c s
dung rong rai. Nhng tren the gii th ngay cang chiem lnh v
tr s dung la loai ieu chnh oc lap.
* Gia cong tia la ien con oi hoi cong nghe ac biet va
nhng thiet b ac biet khac. ay chung ta khong co ieu
kien i vao chi tiet. Nhng can noi mot ieu la e am bao o
chnh xac v tr cua lo can phai am bao o song song cua ien
cc va hng chuyen ong, am bao v tr ga lap cua vat gia
cong c chnh xac s chuyen dch vat gia cong chnh xac, va
v tr ga lap tng oi vi nhau gia dung cu gia cong va vat
gia cong. e giai quyet nhiem vu th nhat, ngi ta thng
Trang
- 150 -
cau tao mam cap cho thiet b khoan va gia cong bong nh tren
hnh 5.11. e ga lap vat gia cong th mot th du tren hnh 5.12
co the giai quyet c. Co the ieu chnh cua vat gia cong
bang cach dung ban toa o nh tren hnh 5.13.b Chau ng
dung dch co the thao lap c. e co the xac nh v tr cua
dung cu va vat gia cong th co the dung nhng phng phap
nh trong cat got c kh.
Hnh 5.11 :
Mam cap cho thiet b
khoan tia l ien
Hnh 5.12 :
o ga lap khi gia cong tia la ien.
Trang
- 151 -
Hnh 5.13 :
Ban toa o
2) Dung cu :
- Trong gia cong tia la ien, dung cu (ien cc) ong vai
tro cc ky quan trong v o chnh xac gia cong mot mat phu
thuoc vao o chnh xac cua ien cc. ien cc thng c
gia cong bang cac phng phap : cat got, uc (uc chnh xac),
ep, phun kim loai, ma ien phan . . . Vat lieu lam ien cc
phai am bao cac yeu cau :
+ Co tnh dan ien tot.
+ Nhiet lng rieng ln.
+ Co nhiet o nong chay cao.
+ Co tnh dan nhiet tot.
- Vat lieu lam ien cc thng la: ong o, ong thau,
bac hay kem.
- Khi gia cong bang tia la ien hnh dang va ien cc
c sao chep qua vat gia cong. ieu nay ch co the gan ung
v ien cc b hao mon, v vay mot phan viec quan trong nhat
khi thiet ke cong nghe la xac nh kch thc cua ien cc.
Di ay chung ta ch ban en ien cc khoan va khoan lo e
lap rap.
Trang
- 152 -
N3
600
600
200
-
N2
400
400
140
-
N1
200
200
70
-
S5
50
50
15
-
S4
5
50
S3
1
12
S2
2
7
S1
1
5
. lm
Chieu dai cua phan nhu ra khoi lo : lt = C. lm = a.
100
Trang
- 153 -
Hnh 5.14 :
Chieu dai cua mot thanh ien cc
Quan he ve kch thc : He so nhu ra cho ta biet cach tnh
c oan nhu ra bang phan may cua chieu dai cua vat gia
cong lm. He so nay phu thuoc vao o hao mon tng oi cua
ien cc, kch thc cua vat gia cong, cung nh hnh dang cua
no, c bieu hien bang he so hnh dang a. Tr so cua a bien
thien t 3 en 8, v du: ien cc tiet dien tron a = 3. Chieu
dai an toan l c chon khoang 10% - 20% cua lt. e thiet ke
can biet tr so . Neu khong co tr so nay, th co the dung theo
phng phap gan ung ma s dung co ket qua, phac hoa tren
hnh 37. ng dung trong trng hp lam nhan vet ien cc
ong hoac bang thep, trng hp gia cong tho vi ien cc
ong thau.
oan ien cc e ga lap co the viet : LSZ = lb + lc + lm l
Tuy theo cach ga lap, tr so lb c chon t 1530 mm.
Tr so lc ln hn chieu cao cua mieng chau 13mm.
Trang
- 154 -
Hnh 5.15 :
Mot so hnh dang cua ien
cc gia cong lo suot
- 155 -
Hnh 5.16 :
Gia cong lo cut bang nhieu ien cc lien tiep nhau
Hnh 5.17 :
Phan tch nhng bong phc tap thanh nhng khoi ch nhat
Da vao hnh sau ay, chung ta hay xet cac moi quan he :
Trang
- 156 -
Hnh 5.18 :
Moi lien he cua mot so kch thc lien quan en
ien cc
ay h la chieu sau ln nhat cho phep va t la dung sai
cua no. ien cc i tren oan ng h va gia cong c chieu
sau ml. o giam cua chieu dai :
l1 = h m1
Vi hao mon trung bnh () cua ien cc th :
c1 = . m1
o :
=
100
T o ta co the viet :
h = m1 (1+)
(1)
Tc la :
1
e1 = h
1+
oi vi ien cc th hai, chieu dai con lai cua hnh khoi
la :
1
e1 = h
1+
Nhng trong qua trnh gia cong ien cc cung b mon vay
ch gia cong c bong nho hn.
T (1) co the viet :
Trang
- 157 -
1
1
=h
1+
1+ 1+
Nhng oan c gia cong tiep nhau bang nhng ien cc
tao nen chuoi so hnh hoc :
1
1
m 1 + m 2 + ... = h
+h
+ ...
1+
1+ 1+
Thng cua day so la :
q=
1+
ieu nay co ngha la kch thc chnh xac ch co the gia
cong c bang vo so ien cc. Trong thc te th chung ta
muon gia cong kch thc h vi gii han cua dung sai t nh vay
so ien cc t hn va va u.
Tong cua chuoi so co n so hang la :
qn 1
S n = m1
(2)
q 1
Dung sai gia hn va Sn la t :
h t = Sn
(3)
Thay the cac so hang vao (2) va (3), sau khi sap xep co,
co :
m 2 = 11
=
h 1 +
log
log
t
h
1+
Viec tnh toan phc tap, thay vao o e n gian viec tnh
toan ngi ta dng nhng toan o.
Neu bong kn co mat sn la nhng canh song song, th
co the gia cong bang ien cc dai qua n bc, neu tng luc
chung ta sa ien cc co dang nh cu.
Trang
- 158 -
Hnh 5.19 :
Nang suat va o mon trung bnh cua ien cc
bang hp kim ong grafit trong trng hp
gia cong tho tren thep hp kim Cr-Ni-Mo-V
Trong trng hp gia cong hp kim cng th o mon se
ln hn, co the thay tren o th hnh 5.20.
Tren thc te, khong co vat lieu nao co the thoa man ay
u nhng yeu cau at ra cho vat lieu lam ien cc, do o can
phai co s nhan nhng khi chon. Thong thng khi gia cong
tho va gia cong tinh, ngi ta dung cac vat lieu ien cc khac
nhau. Khi gia cong tho, pho bien nhat la dung ien cc ong
Trang
- 159 -
Hnh 5.20 :
T le gia o mon va cac vat lieu lam ien cc
TINH
Dura
Grafi
k
Hop
thep
Bot
kim loai
BAN
TINH
Thep
HKC
Thep
HKC
Thep
HKC
Gang
THO
Vat lieu
cua vat
lam
Thep
LOAI
GIA
CONG
ong
Zama
x
ong
o
Bang 5.1 :
Vat lieu lam ien cc
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
0
0
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
Trang
0
+
+
+
+
+
- 160 -
+
+
0
0
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
0
0
0
- 161 -
lai. Co the dung hoa chat e sa cha kch thc theo yeu
cau.
Trng hp gia cong lo phc tap th dung loai ien cc
che tao bang cong nghe phun kim loai. Co the lam nhieu
khuon bang thach cao t mot ien cc mau. Bang phun kim
loai tren khuon thach cao chung ta co c ien cc. Can chu
y rang be sau cua lo khong c ln hn hai lan be rong. e
tranh hien tng phat nong qua mc, phai tien hanh phun kim
loai tng bc. Mc o chnh xac bang vi ien cc lam bang
phng phap ep. ien cc c phun kim loai co o xop, do
o neu dung vat lieu ac e che tao th ien cc co o mon t
hn.
Bang cong nghe ien phan, co the che tao ien cc co o
chnh xac 0. 01-0. 02mm. Nguyen ly cua phng phap nay la
ien phan, v du ong e lam ay khuon thach cao. Vat lieu
ien phan rat tinh, o la ieu co li. Khong phai au t nhieu
cong, bi v co the tien hanh ien phan qua nhieu ngay ma
khong can trong coi. nc chung ta th cong nghe nay t pho
bien.
* Chon ien cc theo phng phap khac :
Trong qua trnh gia cong tia la ien co nhieu kh sinh ra
vi so lng ln. Chat kh nay co the lam xau qua trnh gia
cong trong trng hp gia cong lo hoac bong sau. Do o phai
lam lo thoat kh tren ien cc, nh tren hnh 5.21.
Ngoai ra can phai lay i san pham b an mon ra khoi khe
h ien cc, bang cach lam luan chuyen dung dch gia cong,
goi la suc ra. Thng co bon cach suc ra nh sau :
+ Phun tia.
+ Lam chay bang dong ien mot chieu.
+ Lam chay bang dong ien ngc chieu.
+ Lam chay bang ap lc.
Trang
- 162 -
Hnh 5.21 :
Lo thoat kh tren ien cc
Phac hoa mo ta nhng phng phap nay vi phng phap
khoan lo bong trong ien cc :
Hnh 5.22 :
Cac phng phap suc ra.
a) Phun tia.
b) Lam chay bang dong ien
mot chieu.
c) Lam chay bang dong ien
ngc chieu.
d) Lam chay bang ap lc.
Trang
- 163 -
Hnh 5.23 :
Mot so au ien cc con
Co the gia cong mot lan nhieu lo song song bang ien cc
nhom ma van co the bao am v tr chnh xac . . . e am bao
tiep xuc tot, ngi ta han nhng tam ien cc tren mot cam
cap.
Trang
- 164 -
Hnh 5.24 :
Mam cap co gan nhieu tam ien cc.
Hnh 5.25 :
Gia cong nhieu lo
song song bang
ien cc nhom
- 165 -
thc hien tot nhiem vu nay, chat long phai co o long tot. Tom
lai chat long gia cong phai at cac yeu cau ky thuat sau :
+ o cach ien cao (nh o nang cao nang suat)
+ Dan nhiet tot (tren 30oC th nang suat giam nhieu)
+ Chat long phai trung tnh ve hoa hoc, khong pha huy
ien cc, chi tiet gia cong va cac chi tiet may.
+ Co o nht nho (e de lam ay khe h ien cc)
+ Khong c co mui kho chu, khong co kh oc, nhiet
o chay u cao e khong nguy hiem.
+ Co kha nang phuc hoi nhanh sau khi b anh thung v
tia la ien.
+ Chat long phai duy tr c tnh chat cua no cang lau
cang tot trong moi ieu kien gia cong.
+ De tm va gia thanh hp ly.
+ iem no cao va san pham do phan huy nhiet khong
gay ngo oc.
- Hien nay cac chat long thng dung lam dung dch gia
cong la Hydrocarbua, cac loai dau Silicon, pho bien la dung
dau hoa, v no cach ien tot va co o nht nho. Dung dau hoa
con co u iem cho viec mai nhan v cho phep tao hnh chnh
xac. Nhc iem cua dau hoa la de chay va mang theo phoi
kim loai. V vay, khi dung dau hoa phai co bo loc tot. Dau
bien the co o ben cach ien cao, co the dung trong gia cong
tho, u iem la de loc. Ngoai ra co the dung nc va nc cat
lam dung dch gia cong nhng ch dung trong gia cong phu, v
du e lay i cac manh dao b gay.
- nc ngoai co nhieu loai dung dch khac c s dung
rong rai, nhat la Kerosine, dau tho cat, dau co goc silic,
cacbontetra-chloride. Theo nghien cu mi nhat th oi vi
ien cc kim loai, dung dch ac biet phu hp la hon hp
triehyleneglycol - nc - monoethyl - ether. Nhng oi vi
ien cc grafit th khong co li.
Trang
- 166 -
Nang
lng xung
d tr (J)
0,55
0,050,5
0,0050,05
Trang
- 167 -
ien
dung cua
tu C (F)
> 100
10100
< 10
Bang 5.3 :
Cac ac tnh gan ung ve ien cac dang gia cong
Che o
gia cong
Cong
suat
(kVA)
Tho
30 3
Ban tinh
Tinh
o dai
xung
(s)
10000
100
5 0,3 500 200
<1
< 20
Tan so
lap lai
(s-1)
50
3000
1000
10000
> 3000
Lng
ht
kim loai
(mm3/ph)
30000
100
200 30
o
nhap
nho
(m)
1000
50
25 6
< 30
Trang
- 168 -
Hnh 5.26 :
Quan he gia ien
the U va khoang
cach gia 2 ien
cc khi phong ien.
Hnh 5.27 :
Tr so dong ien va hieu
ien the khoang cach
phong ien toi u
U c = U 0 1 e RC
T
RC
I t = I z .e
o : T _ Thi gian tch ien (s)
R _ ien tr trong mach tch ien (Ohm)
U
I z = 0 dong ien ngat mach (A)
R
- 169 -
U 0 .I z T
1 T
Ta co : N C = . U C .I t .dt =
. 1 e RC e RC dt
T 0
T 0
U
= c max = 1 e RC
Uc
Thay vao tch phan va sau khi tch phan ta co ket qua :
2
N c = U 0 .I z .
= U 0 .I z .a p
1
2. ln
1
o :
ap =
2
1
2. ln
1
Hnh 5.28 :
Quan he gia he so tch
va he so cong suat ap
trong gia cong tia la ien.
Trang
- 170 -
Hnh 5.29 :
Quan he gia nang suat va ien ap
- Quan he gia nang suat va ien ap co the thay tren
hnh: va tien gan en ien cc, gan ien ap t U0 en Usz, th
lng vat lieu c lay ra se tang dan, sau o lai giam xuong.
Tren c s o, ien ap toi u se la :
U opt
sz = 0 ,7 U 0
Cung co the thay tren o th, lng tieu hao cua ien cc
( ) ien ap o cung t nhat.
- Neu giam ien tr, th dong ien tch se tang len, con
nang suat gia cong th ban au tang theo t le, sau khi at en
tr so ln nhat se ot ngot giam xuong. Ly do tan so cung tang
vi dong ien, a tr nen qua cao en noi s dao ong ep
dung dch ra xa khoi ien cc, do o qua trnh phong ien dien
ra trong moi trng kh.
Trang
- 171 -
Hnh 5.30 :
Quan he gia cng o dong ien va nang suat
1. ien cc than tiet dien 412cm2
2. ien cc than tiet dien 206cm2.
3. ien cc ong 206 cm2
- Nguy c bien thanh ho quang cang tang hn. Co the
thay tren o th rang lng tieu hao nho nhat cua ien cc co
c vi dong ien nho, hn la vi cong suat ln nhat. Nen
dung gia tr nay e lam iem cong tac. Ga tr nay the hien
tren o th hnh 5.31, vi ien cc bang grafit, co dien tch 206
cm2. Co the chu y thay rang vi ien cc co vat lieu va dien
tch khac nhau, o th bien thien va cng o dong ien toi u
se khac nhau.
Hnh 5.31 :
Quan he lng
tieu hao ien cc
vi dong ien
Trang
- 172 -
Hnh 5.32 :
Quan he gia ien ap va ien dung
- Lng tieu hao ien cc lai tang len khong co ngha l g
neu gia cong vi ien dung nho hn ien dung ti han ck
- Tac dung cua be mat gia cong oi vi nang suat c
the hien tren hnh sau :
Hnh 5.33 :
Tac dung cua be mat
gia cong oi vi nang
suat
Trang
- 173 -
- Sau oan tang len gan tuyen tnh th en oan giam dan
xuong sau khi tr so ien tch at gia tr ti han Fkr. Co the giai
thch ieu nay rang v a vt qua dong ien ti han, khi o
viec lay vat lieu ien cc b tieu hao ra khoi khe h ien cc
tr nen kho khan hn.
- phan ln may gia cong tia la ien, ngi ta ieu
chnh dong ien va ien dung theo mot quan he nhat nh, vi
ch mot cong tac ong m tng cap.
Hnh 5.34 :
Quan he gia nang
suat, cap gia cong, va
be mat gia cong.
- 174 -
phan t vat lieu ln b ket trong khe, gay dong ngan mach va
qua trnh gia cong b nhieu loan.
- Vat lieu ien cc cung co anh hng en nang suat gia
cong. Cho en nay co c li giai thch hp ly hoac chng
minh mot cach nhat quan ieu ly thuyet cho rang kha nang
dan ien va dan nhiet la nhng yeu to quyet nh. Tnh chat
cua gia cong tinh va gia cong nh vat lieu cua chi tiet gia cong
cung co anh hng en nang suat trung bnh.
Hnh 5.35 :
Nang suat, lng tieu hao cua ien cc co the
at c trong trng hp gia cong kep K1
bang ien cc t cac vat lieu khac nhau
- Trong so tay ve nhng may gia cong tia la ien, ngi
ta ch dan may co the at cong suat phoi nh the nao vi
nhng mc o gia cong khac nhau. Trong bang di ay la
mot v du ve may cua Hungary, k hieu Erosimat 30C. Nhng
so lieu nay tat nhien mi co tnh chat nh hng, con tuy
thuoc rat nhieu vao ieu kien cu the.
- Nang suat cua thiet b gia cong tia la ien trong nhng
nam gan ay a c nang cao ang ke. Vi gia cong tinh,
nang suat la 0,1-50 mm3/ph, th gia cong tho nang suat at
en 800 mm3/ph khong phai la hiem co, tham ch co trng
hp ac biet co the at en 4000 mm3/ph.
Trang
- 175 -
Hnh 5.36 :
Quan he gia thi gian
gia cong va chieu sau
gia cong khoan lo
- 176 -
Hnh 5.37 :
Qua trnh hnh thanh lo trong gia cong khoan bang
tia la ien
- Quan he co tnh chat tuyen tnh, ien ap cang ln th
khoang cach ien cc cang ln.
Trang
- 177 -
Hnh 5.38 :
Quan he gia hieu ien the va khoang cach ien cc
- Anh hng cua nang suat gia cong cung rat quan trong.
Hnh 5.39 :
Tr so cua na goc con
tng ng vi khoang
cach ien cc
Trang
- 178 -
25-30
30-35
40-50
50-60 60-70
34-38
45-55
60-70 70-80
ien cc
Hnh 5.40 :
Hnh dang ien cc khi gia cong nhng lo sac canh
- Be mat ien cc co the phan thanh nhng phan nho,
va moi phan nho lay i t be mat oi dien cua vat gia cong
mot lng phoi, nhng goc th lng phoi phai lay i nhieu
hn nhieu lan va nh vay ien cc b mon i, canh tr nen
tron. S hnh thanh profil nay co the thay hnh 5.41a.
Trang
- 179 -
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.41 :
Hnh dang goc khi gia cong bang tia la ien
Bang 5.4 :
Ban knh ve tron canh trong khi gia cong lo bang tia la ien
CAP GIA
CONG
0, 3
0, 25
0, 05
0, 3
0, 2
0, 1
0, 4
0, 3
0, 1
Trang
0, 4
0, 3
0, 1
- 180 -
0, 3
0, 3
0, 05
0, 4
0, 4
0, 1
0, 35
0, 29
0, 07
Bang 5.5 :
Ban knh ve tron canh ngoai khi gia cong bang tia la ien
CAP GIA
CONG
Tho
15
0,2
Ban tinh
0,25
Tinh
0,25
Ban knh TB 0,23
90
1,1
1,0
1,0
1,07
Trang
- 181 -
Hnh 5.42 :
o nham be mat gia cong khi gia cong bang tia la ien
Hnh 5.43 :
Cau truc te vi cua be
mat khi gia cong
bang tia la ien.
- 182 -
Hnh 5.44 :
Quan he gia USZ, C va RMax
- o nham tang theo ien ap gia 2 ien cc, tc la tang
vi khoang cach ien cc. Hnh ve khong phai la o th khong
gian ma ch la nhng ng nghieng ve vi net manh, noi ket
nhng tr so cua khoang cach ien cc va o nham trong cung
mot cap gia cong.
Trang
- 183 -
Hnh 5.45 :
Quan he gia o nham va nang suat gia cong, khoang
cach ien cc va o nham trong tng cap gia cong
- Quan he gia o nham va nang suat gia cong trong tng
cap gia cong. o nham tang theo nang suat. o th cho thay
ieu nh the (do co cung dung sai nen o th co 2 ng gii
han mien dung sai).
- So lieu ve o nham khi th nghiem tren may Erosimat
30C vi vat lieu thep va hp kim cng. So lieu tren bang cho
thay rang vi vat lieu cang cng th o nham cang nho.
- Be mat gia cong tia la ien co the anh bong tot, tot
hn be mat c mai. Kinh nghiem cho thay rang be mat gia
cong tia la ien rat thuan li cho viec boi trn. Trong trng
hp ap lc ln cung khong the lam ban dau ra khoi lom cau,
do vay em dau gi c lau.
- Ngoai nhng yeu to tren con co nhng yeu to khac cung
co anh hng en o nham - o la vat lieu ien cc, chat
Trang
- 184 -
lng cua dung dch ien moi, .v.v. nhng viec la chon chung
th phu thuoc vao nang suat, v the chung ta khong ban ay.
Bang 5.6 :
o nham khi gia cong tren may Erosimat 30C
Cap
gia
cong
1
2
3
4
5
o
nham
Rz
(mm)
0,003
0,013
0,053
0,5
3
Vat lieu
Thep
Vb
(mm3/ph)
0,1
0,25
1
6
8
Hq (mm)
0,7 0,8
1,1 1,5
2,4 2,7
4 4,5
4,7 5,7
Hp kim cng
Vb
Hq (mm)
(mm3/ph)
0,1
0,6 0,7
0,2
1 1,1
0,6
1,5 1,7
2,5
1,8 2,2
3
2,5 - 3
Hnh 5.46 :
Cac lp cau truc be mat sau khi gia cong tia la ien.
Trang
- 185 -
Hnh 5.47 :
S phan bo cua o
cng te vi theo
chieu sau tnh t
tren mat
- 186 -
nay khong lan en lp trang va khong lam giam tuoi tho nhieu
oi vi vat c gia cong. Lp nay co tnh chu mon cao, do o
khi gia cong mot so dung cu (v du khi khoan lo e lap) th tuoi
tho co tang len nhng trong trng hp chu lc tac dung thay
oi va lap i lap lai nhieu lan (o ben moi) th nen lay i lp
nay. ng suat d keo cung lam giam gii han moi. Hnh sau
cho thay s phan bo ng suat d trong cac lp be mat khi toi
vat lieu C35 tren may Erosimat, gia cong tho cap hai, di be
mat co ng suat d keo 50 Kp/mm2, khong co li. Nguyen
nhan cua tnh trang nay las ong cng nhanh cua lp a b
nong chay.
Hnh 5.48 :
Quan he gia be day cua moi lp vi ien dung cua tu
Hnh 5.49 :
S phan bo ng suat d
trong cac lp be mat
khi toi vat lieu C35 tren
may Erosimat
Trang
- 187 -
- 188 -
Hnh 5.50 :
Mot so phng phap gia cong bang tia la ien
- Tren may mai tao dang bang tia la ien co the mai thanh
nhng mat co dang khac nhau vi o bong thch hp. ay
toc o tien cua dung cu mai la t. Trong trng hp dung cu
mai hoac vat gia cong quay, hnh dang cua dung cu c chep
qua vat gia cong. e lam c viec nay ien cc cung di
chuyen mot t. Tren hnh co the thay mot so loai chuyen ong.
Tren o day nho quan lien tuc thay the cho ien cc la dung
cu.
Trang
- 189 -
Hnh 5.51 :
Mot so loai chuyen ong khi gia cong tia la ien
Hnh 5.52 :
Nguyen ly mai sac dao
Trang
- 190 -
Hnh 5.53 :
Nguyen ly may cat tia la ien
Trang
- 191 -
- 192 -
Hnh 5.54 :
S o nguen ly thiet b lam cng be mat bang tia la ien.
Z: Tong tr; E: Chnh lu; R: ien tr; C: Tu; Vi: Bo dao
ong; M: Vat gia cong (dung cu); T: Ban may
+ Mot so nha nghien cu giai thch qua trnh lam cng
bang c che tac dung cua nhiet. Y kien khac lau giai thch
bang qua trnh di chuyen va tch tu lai cua vat lieu ien cc
lam bang hp kim cng, goi o la qua trnh ma bang hp kim
cng. Co le do tac dung cua ca hai hien tng tren. Mot lp
trang c hnh thanh vi o cng rat cao (600-800 Hv), be
day cua no khoang vai phan tram milimet. Trong lp nay ay
bong kh. Khoi u li ti bang carbid, va nhieu vet nt chan chim.
Lp trang chu yeu thanh hnh t nguyen lieu chnh. Di o co
mot vung 0,1 mm ma chat lng nhiet luyen cua no cung anh
hng ln en tnh chu mai mon.
+ Cac ac trng cong nghe lam cng be mat bang tia ien
t la ien dung, ien ap, cng o dong ien va thi gian gia
cong. ien ap khong nguy hiem ve tiep xuc ien, ch la <32V.
Can phai chu y en quan he gia ien dung va cng o dong
ien sao cho khong e phat sinh ho quang ien. Cong suat
Trang
- 193 -
Hnh 5.55 :
Lam cng be mat lng cua dao tien tinh, be
mat a toi cua mui khoan
Trang
- 194 -
1) ac iem :
- Gia cong tia la ien chu yeu e gia cong nhng vat
lieu kho gia cong ma cac phng phap truyen thong khong
lam c.
- Nang suat gia cong phu thuoc vao vat lieu ien cc va
toc o tien cua dung cu.
- o chnh xac phu thuoc cac yeu to : o chnh xac may,
dung cu, khe h phong ien, . . .
- o nham be mat phu thuoc vao nang lng mot lan
phong ien.
- ien ap lam viec cua thiet b ln hn 42V nen rat nguy
hiem, khi chuan b gia cong phai ong bo phan bao che roi
mi khi ong may.
- Nhc iem quan trong cua gia cong tia la ien la thiet
b tng oi at tien, so vi phng phap gia cong cat got th
nang suat thap hn, lai s dung ien cc vi so lng ln.
nhng may ln th o nham be mat ln, lp be mat sau khi gia
Trang
- 195 -
cong con mot so tnh chat bat li. Do o khi ng dung phng
phap nay can phai co s can nhac nhat nh.
- 196 -
vao nhiem vu a cho, v vay phai xem xet trong tng trng
hp cu the. Trong bang di ay la nhng so lieu co tnh chat
thong tin ve thi gian e che tao dung cu ep nha co kch
thc ln, khi gia cong bang cat got va gia cong bang tia la
ien.
Bang 5.7 :
Thi gian can thiet e che tao khuon ep nha gia cong cat got
va tia la ien
NG DUNG
Gi Gi Gi Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Gi
Tam noi
28
105
90
223
47
Chot ch thap
44
62
50
156
46
au
144 298,5 69
Long ong m
15
60
156
231 51,3
50
135
12
41
13
66
51
13
30
48
91
74
85
- 197 -
ien cc. Ngay nay ngi ta con che tao nhng may chuyen
dung c ieu khien bang chng trnh so.
Hnh 5.56 :
S tang trng cua nang suat
- nc ta con qua t may gia cong tia la ien c s
dung trong cong nghiep, v vay chung ta con rat nhieu viec
phai lam e cho ky thuat gia cong hien ai nay ngay cang
c ng dung rong rai va mang lai hieu qua kinh te lp.
Trang
- 198 -
I. Khai niem :
La phng phap gia cong tia la ien nhng khac cho
ien cc c lam bang mot day manh, c cuon lien tuc
chay theo ng gia cong nh trc.
T khi ky thuat NC/CNC c s dung rong rai, may tia la
ien co ien cc cat khong phai dang nh hnh, ma la day kim
loai c ap dung a phat trien nhanh chong. ay la may
EDM bang day, nen goi la may cat day tia la ien.
II. Nguyen ly gia cong :
- Tng t nh gia cong tia la ien. Nhng co them mot
cong oan : Day ien cc c hng rat thang, o la mot
yeu cau vo cung thiet yeu, v vay tng oan no c nung
nong bang dong ien va c keo cang ra, trong qua trnh o
no c lam nguoi va mat i trang thai b cong. Day c
luong dan qua khe lo dan hng en vat gia cong, e tranh
day b uon cong.
- Trong trng hp nay ien cc la mot day ong, vonphram
hoac molipden (hnh 5.58). Phoi 1 c ga tren ban may co
kha nang dch chuyen i lai theo hai hng vuong goc vi
Trang
- 199 -
Hnh 5.57 :
S o nguyen ly gia cong
cat day tia la ien
Hnh 5.58 :
S o gia cong bang ien cc day.
1) Phoi
2,7) Cac con lan dan hng
3) Day ien cc;
4,5) Cac cuon day
6) Dng chep hnh
Trang
- 200 -
1) Thiet b :
- May gia cong cat day (Wire-cut EDM Machine) la may
gia cong ien an mon s dung cac chuyen ong ieu khien
theo chng trnh so e gia cong cac ng bao theo mong
muon, hoac e tao hnh be mat ma khong can dung cac ien
cc co dang ac biet. May cat day tia la ien s dung mot
day chuyen ong lien tuc nh mot ien cc. ien cc (day cat)
co the che tao t ong thau, ong o hay bat k mot vat lieu
dan ien nao khac, ng knh t 0,05 en 0,3 mm. ng i
cua day cat c ieu khien theo mot ng bao nam trong he
truc toa o XY, cat thanh mot khe h nho xuyen qua chi tiet
gia cong. Chuyen ong c ieu khien nay tao thanh mot
ng lien tuc vi o chnh xac khoang 0,001 mm va chuyen
ong nay phai c cai san trong may.
* May cat day tia la ien NC 4532 3 :
- May 45323 la may day ien cc ieu khien so dung
e gia cong cac loai khuon, mau, dng, dao . . . bang vat lieu
hp kim cng, gom, hp kim kim loai gom, kim loai mau .v.v
ien cc cat la day quan lien tuc co ng knh t 0,050.3
mm. Gia cong c thc hien trong dung dch nc ky thuat
hoac dau hoa. Nguon ien dung may phat tiristo xung ngan.
- ac tnh k thuat :
Kch thc ln nhat cua chi tiet gia cong : 250x160x75mm
Trong lng ln nhat cua chi tiet gia cong:
45kg
o chnh xac bien dang gia cong :
0,032mm
Nang suat gia cong : Thep :
35mm2/phut
Hp kim cng:
18 mm2/phut
ong :
36 mm2/phut
Kch thc may :
1200x790x1570 mm
Trang
- 201 -
Hnh 5.59 :
S o ong may NC 45323
Trang
- 202 -
1,5 0 18 24
. . .5 = 0,002 mm
360 0 60 75
Di ong doc bang tay : thc hien trc tiep bang cach
quay truc vitme IX
Trang
- 203 -
2) Dung cu :
- oi vi may gia cong cat day, vat lieu lam ien cc
phai co cac tnh chat sau :
+ Co tnh dan ien tot.
+ Co o gian dai cao.
+ Co nhiet o nong chay cao.
+ Co tnh dan nhiet tot.
- Day ien cc thng dung co ng knh t 0,020,3
mm bang vat lieu ong thau. oi vi cac day ng knh nho,
thng dung volfram, molibden hay tungsten v cac loai nay co
o ben keo cao, o nong chay cao. Khi cat ranh, chieu rong
mach cat c xac nh bang ng knh day, khoang cach
phong ien, che o cat va o nhan yeu cau.
Trang
- 204 -
Bang 5.8 :
Mot so loai day cat dung trong cat day tia la ien.
ong o, bac, kem
ng knh
day cat (mm)
0,05
0,07
0,10
0,12
0,15
0,17
0,20
0,22
0,25
0,27
0,60
Khoi lng
(g)
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
ong thau
ng knh
day cat (mm)
0,05
0,07
0,10
0,12
0,15
0,17
0,20
0,22
0,25
0,27
0,60
Khoi lng
(g)
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Trang
- 205 -
Trang
- 206 -
hp kim cng, gia cong cac dng chep hnh, cac khuong mau
va cac loai banh rang thang an khp trong va ngoai, v.v
- u iem chnh cua phng phap la o chnh xac gia cong
cao, ket cau cua may n gian va co kha nang t ong hoa
nguyen cong.
Trang
- 207 -
I. Khai niem :
T lau ngi ta s dung nang lng cua ien t chuyen
ong vi toc o cao vao en Rngen, en ien t va knh hien
vi ien t .v.v. Trong cac thiet b tren phan ln nang lng cua
ien t b ton that di dang nhiet nang. Muc ch cua cong
nghe gia cong bang tia ien t chnh la bien oi ien nang cua
ien t thanh nhiet nang vi ty le cao hn va nh vay bang
cach lam nong cuc bo ma ta co the tien hanh nhieu phng
phap gia cong bang nhiet khac nhau. Noi chung gia cong bang
chum tia ien t (EBM) la phng phap gia cong dung nang
lng chum tia ien t hoi tu tai be mat gia cong lam nong
chay va boc hi vat lieu.
Trang
- 208 -
Hnh 5.60 :
Nguyen ly tao chum tia ien t.
1. Catod b nong
2. Mui hoi tu
3. Anod
4. thau knh ien t e hoi tu
- Trong hnh 5.61, noi rat ro ve s o gia cong chum tia ien
t. Ban chat cua phng phap gia cong bang chum tia ien t
nh sau: chi tiet gia cong 4 c at trong mot buong chan
khong 3, mot chum tia ien t co toc o va ong ln c tap
trung hng vao be mat cua chi tiet gia cong, nung nong no va
Trang
- 209 -
Trang
- 210 -
Hnh 5.61 :
S o gia cong
bang chum tia ien
t.
1) Cc am
2) He thong tap
trung chum tia
3) Buongchan
khong
4) Chi tiet gia cong
5) He thong anh
nghieng chum tia
6) Thau knh t
7) He thong quang
hoc
8) Cc dng.
Hnh 2.62 :
S o cat bien dang bang
chum tia ien t.
1) He thong anh nghieng
chum tia.
2) Phoi tam.
Trang
- 211 -
III .C s ly thuyet :
- Neu nhng tia co nang lng cc ln c phong len kim
loai hoac mot vat lieu trong suot khac th nang lng am
thung vi o sau nho vao vat lieu, ong thi phan ln nang
lng c bien thanh nhiet nang.
- Neu mat o nang lng cua chum tia u ln th be mat co
the nong chay va boc hi cuc bo.
- Khi nhiet sinh ra i vao vat chat bang con ng truyen
dan. Cach tao ra chum tia co nang lng ln tng t nh cach
tao chum tia sang bang he thong quang hoc.
Hnh 5.63 :
He thong quang va he thong tia ien t
A. He thong knh quang hoc
B. He thong quang ien t.
- Trong he thong quang hoc chum tia anh sang i t nguon
sang S tap trung bien thanh chum tia song song ma tieu c
c ieu chnh bang lang knh th hai (lang knh th nhat co
tieu c nguon sang S). Bang cach tng t nh the, nhng
ien t phong ra t mot day kim loai nung nong c chuan
Trang
- 212 -
trc do tac dung ien trng cua tam ien cc th nhat va sau
o do tac dung hieu the gia hai tam ien cc c gia toc.
Sung ien t c at trong chan khong nay phong ra chum tia
ien t c hoi tu nh mot cuon day ien t (lang knh). Neu
thiet ky nguon phong ien t va he thong hoi tu, th tieu c
co the co mot chum tia rat nho. Mat o nang lng cua tia
ien t nh the co the vt qua 108 w/cm2. Tac dung cua tia
dien ra trong thi gian rat ngan, nen ch co the xay ra s nung
nong cuc bo phu thuoc vao kha nang dan nhiet.
- Co the ieu khien nhanh chong tia ien t, nh vay trong
10-6 giay co the phong ra ien t va co the ieu chnh chnh
xac cong suat.
- Trong qua trnh gia cong (v du phay) dung cu (tia la
ien) phai chuyen ong. Vi ien trng hoac t trng ngoai,
tia ien t co the phong vi toc o100 m/giay. V du khi gia
cong ban dan qua trnh gia cong co the ieu khien theo chng
trnh va do vay se at c hieu qua rat cao.
- Ch co the s dung tia ien t trong chan khong va ngi
ta co the tao ra chan khong nh co may bm chan khong cong
suat ln va buong chan khong ln.
IV. Dung cu va thiet b :
- Cac loai may s dung tia ien t chu yeu la may khoan,
phay va cat. Trong thiet khoan va phay ng knh cua tia
ien t thong thng nho hn 10 m va t o dao ong cua
ien ap cho phep toi a bang 1/103-1/104 cua ien ap nh
mc, yeu cau nay c giai quyet nh co he dao ong co tan
so t 30 en 100 khz va bo khuyech ai ien ap, cach nay co
li v noi tr cua nguon dao ong vi cng o dong ien phu
tai a cho sfx tang theo ham mu. Trng hp co s co th se
khong co dong ien ngan mach keo dai ma co the lam h thiet
b hoac gay tai nan chet ngi.
Trang
- 213 -
- 214 -
Hnh 5.64 :
Thiet b khoan bang
chum tia ien t.
a. Catod
b. Lang knh Wehnelt
c. Anod;
d. He thong ieu chnh
e. Tam ngan co knh
bang Vonfram
f. Knh hien vi Stereo
g. Knh bao ve
h. Lang knh t trng
i. Cuon day ien trng
e lech tia
j. Tia ien t
k. Vat gia cong
Trang
- 215 -
- Cat t bang chum tia ien t : cac loai mang mong trong
c kh chnh xac, trong cong nghe vi ien t. Cat t, cung nh
khoan, phay cac vat lieu rat cng nh thep, wolfram, platin,
titan, molipden, silic, kim cng, thuy tinh .v.v.
V. Cac thong so cong nghe :
- e gia cong bang tia ien t can co thiet b chuyen dung
e tao ra chum tia ien t va lam chung chuyen ong vi toc
o rat cao :v 106-107(m/s), van toc cac ien t c xac nh
bang cong thc :
v = 5,93.10 7 U g
hay
v = 600 7 U g km/s
Trong o:Ug ien the gia toc (Volt).
- Cong suat cua chum tia ien t c truyen i (khong ke
s tieu hao do phan xa va bc xa) tnh theo cong thc :
Wch = I . Ug
Trong o: I Cng o dong ien cua chum tia ien t
(Ampe).
- ong nang cua mot ien t trong ien trng la :
W = m . v2/2 = e . Ug
Trong o:
m Khoi lng cua mot ien t, m = 9,1.10-29 (gam);
V Van toc chuyen ong cua ien t
e ien tch cua ien t, e = 1,6.10-19 (Coulomb)
U Hieu ien the cua moi trng ien t i qua (V)
- Khi hoi tu chum tia tren be mat gia cong, cac ien t va
ap len o, toan bo ong nang cua chung se bien thanh nhiet
nang th cong suat cua nang lng o c xac nh gan ung
theo cong thc sau :
P = I . Ug
va I = n . e/t
Trong o:
I - Cng o dong ien cua chum tia (Ampe)
n - So lng ien t trong chum tia
Trang
- 216 -
Trang
- 217 -
Bang 5.9 :
Tr so mat o nang lng e lam chay mot so kim loai
Kim loai
W/cm2
Tc,oC
Vonfram
Dong
Bac
Molipden
Vang
Nhom
Berilli
Tantan
Sat
Manhe
Niken
Thep khong r
Kem
Uran
Titan
zirconium
4940
4000
3890
3730
3250
2790
2745
2093
1230
1090
600
520
440
378
315
296
3377
1087
960
2577
1063
659
1284
2994
1539
650
1455
1425
420
1130
1672
1859
Wm,
W/cm2
865
700
680
653
658
488
480
367
215
191
105
91
77
66
55
52
Toc o chay
Vc,cm/s
1,36.10-5
3,97.10-7
4,12.10-7
7,86.10-7
5,80.10-8
2,57.10-11
7,14.10-6
4,95.10-6
3,90.10-6
1,36.10-2
6,04.10-6
6,04.10-6
1,23.10-4
1,28.10-11
0,42.10-6
1,85.10-8
- 218 -
- 219 -
- Nhc iem :
+ Ch co the gia cong trong buong chan khong.
+ Gia thanh gia cong tng oi cao.
+ Co nguy hiem ve phong xa Rnghen.
Trang
- 220 -
I. Khai niem :
- Laser c s dung nh la mot dung cu phat ra tia nang
lng tap trung rat manh ma trong tng lai gan trong mot so
lnh vc nao o, no la mot cuoc cach mang ky thuat trong gia
cong kim loai. Hien tai th co the s dung thanh cong trong
viec gia cong sieu tinh, trong cong nghe han nhng iem rat
nho va trong luyen kim. Gia cong chum tia laser la qua trnh
x ly nhiet trong o tia laser c dung lam nong chay va boc
hi vat lieu.
- May tia laze la may cat bang tia sang hoat ong theo che
o xung. Nang lng xung cua no khong ln, nhng no c
hoi tu trong mot chum tia co ng knh khoang 0,01 mm va
phat ra trong khoang thi gian mot phan trieu giay tac ong
vao be mat chi tiet gia cong, nung nong, lam chay va boc hi
vat lieu. Tia sang ay c goi la tia laze, viet tat theo tieng
Anh la LASER (light Amplification Simulated Emission of
Trang
- 221 -
Hnh 5.65 :
Nguyen ly gia cong chum tia laser.
2) Buong phan xa anh sang
3) en phat xung
4) Thanh hong ngoc
5) Gng phan xa toan phan
6) Gng phan xa 50%
7) Thau knh hoi tu
8) Chi tiet gia cong
9) Ban ga
10) Te bao quang ien
- Nguon ien cong nghiep 1 qua bien the va nan dong c
nap vao he thong tu. ien ap toi a cua tu la 2 kV e ieu
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- 222 -
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- 223 -
mat tac dung luon luon thay oi theo phng tac dung cua
chum tia laser.
+ Vat lieu gia cong nguoi dan sau khi chum tia laser tac
dung xong.
III. C s cua phng phap gia cong bang chum
tia Laser :
- Nam 1954 N. Pronhorop thuoc vien Han Lam Khoa Hoc
Lien Xo va cung luc o P. Godon, H. J. Zeigi va C. H. Taun
thuoc Trng ai Hoc Colombia a c giai thng Nobel ve
viec lan au tien tren the gii a che tao thanh cong may phat
lng t -MASER ma ve sau c thay the bang danh t
LASER (LIGH APLICATION BY STIMULATED EMUSION
OF RADIOTION)- Co ngha la s khuech ai anh sang bang
bc xa cng bc.
- Laser la mot dung cu phat tia sang, co the ra phong xa
song song cc manh. Ve phng dien quang hoc co the hnh
dung nguon sang nay nh la mot iem sang at trong vo cc,
nho en mc kch thc cua mot iem cham. iem anh sang
la thng nay phong ra nang lng bang nhng nguyen t
c kch thch trong trang thai kha on nh (metastabil).
- Tren s o nguyen l lam viec cua laser co the thay mot
khong gian quang hoc cha ng thanh laser, khong gian Laser
nay la mot dung cu phat tia sang, co the ra phong xa song song
cc manh. Ve phng dien quang hoc co the hnh dung nguon
sang nay nh la mot iem sang at trong vo cc, nho en mc
kch thc cua mot iem cham. iem anh sang la thng nay
phong ra nang lng bang nhng nguyen t c kch thch
trong trang thai kha on nh (metastabily chung la hai pha
la hai knh phan chieu, va gia chung la thanh laser, nhng
nguyen t cua no b kch thch vao nhng trang thai kha on
nh, nhng photon c phong ra. Photon phong ra t pha
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- 224 -
nhng trong so o nhieu photon hng vao truc quang hoc cua
thanh laser. Trong luc o co nhng nguyen t ang trang thai
b kch thch va cham nhau, va do o photon tiep tuc c
phong ra, nhng photon nay noi tiep nhng photon trc ve
pha cung nh ve hng. Qua trnh nay tiep dien cho en luc
cac photon chuyen ong doc theo truc quang hoc va sau nhieu
lan phan xa tr lai, mot phan cua chung ri bo au ra cua
thanh laser. ay mot bo phan i qua knh phan chieu bo
phan, con bo phan khac c phan xa tr ve thanh laser co
mot phan chieu 100%, mat ra cua no nh hng cho nhng
tia sang ap len no.
Hnh 5.66 :
S o nguyen ly lam
viec cua laser
- 225 -
vay. Cac photon th cap nay cung pha vi cac photon ban au.
Nh vay trong vat chat co the xuat hien qua trnh nhan photon
va bc xa ra song ien t vi bc song nhat nh. o la
nguyen l chung cua cac loai laser.
- Cac loai tia laser tuy theo yeu cau ky thuat, co the trong
cac moi trng hoat tnh khac nhau : moi trng kh, moi
trng ran, moi trng long, moi trng ban dan.
+ Moi trng kh : Loai Laser kh c pho bien kha rong
rai, s kch thch phong ien va ieu khien no tng oi n
gian. Co 3 loai laser kh : loai nguyen t trung hoa, loai ion
hoa va loai phan t. Hien nay c dung pho bien nhat la
laser CO2. Laser kh CO2 co the dung dang tinh khiet va
neu them vao cac kh N2 hoac H2 theo t le nao o th se han
che c ton that do nang lng bc xa nhiet va do o hieu
suat cua laser kh CO2 cung co the c tang them.
+ Moi trng ran : trong cac tia laser ran moi trng hoat
tnh la chat ran thng la hong ngoc nhan tao (Meiman che
tao ra nam 1960). Ngoai hong ngoc ra ngi ta con s dung
mot so loai khac nh : hp chat thuy tinh Ne-o-din Nd, Curopi-Eu.
+ Moi trng ban dan : Tren ly thuyet moi cap electron
va 2 lo trong gap nhau, chung se trung hoa vi nhau va phat
ra anh sang. Do hieu suat cua moi laser ban dan chung ta co
the bien oi c cong suat cua chung bang phng phap bien
oi dong ien kch thch v vay c ap dung rong rai trong
cong nghiep ien t.
- Laser dang long cha ng dung c e gia cong kim loai
ngay ca trong phong th nghiem. Hien nay ngi ta ang tiep
tuc nghien cu ng dung laser trang thai ran vao gia cong kim
loai. Phan ln laser trang thai ran dung thanh rubin nhan tao
mau hong (thanh hong ngoc). Theo s o khoi thiet b laser
cho thay v tr at vat lieu laser trong he thong thiet b.
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- 227 -
laser gama. Nhng thong dung nhat la laser ran (laser hong
ngoc).
Hnh 5.68 :
S o may phat tia laser kieu
MLC 1
1) May phat quang lng t
2) Mang ngan
3) Ong ngam
4) Vat knh cua knh hien vi
5) Tam knh bao ve
6) Chi tiet gia cong
7) Bo nguon
- Laser kh CO2 rat thch hp trong viec gia cong thuy tinh
hap thu toan phan bc song 10, 6m. e cat ong thuy tinh
ngi ta gan chung len gia co the xoay xung quanh truc cua
ong. Thi gian cat phu thuoc vao cong suat cua tia laser, chieu
dai ong thuy tinh nhng moi xung thng khong qua 1/10 giay.
Be mat moi cat khong b rang nt, ieu nay rat quan trong khi
han kn cac chi tiet thuy tinh vi kim loai. Phng phap nay
c ng dung rong rai va co hieu qua kinh te cao trong cong
nghiep san suat thiet b chan khong, en ien t.
- Tap trung tia laser thong qua he thong lang kn va chieu
len mot dien tch nho th co the khoan lo nho tren vat lieu co
nhiet o nong chay cao. Ve phng dien ly thuyet th iem
chieu len be mat vat lieu, ng knh (d) cua cham sang c
bang chieu dai song. Thc te co the tao ra cham sang co
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- 228 -
- 229 -
Hnh 5.69 :
S o may tia Laser CNC
V. Cac thong so cong nghe :
- Kha nang gia cong lobang tia laser tuy thuoc vao kha nang
hap thu cua vat lieu c bao nhieu lng anh sang va nhiet
o can thiet e lam boc hi vat lieu. o cng cung nh nhng
tnh chat kim loai hoc khong co y ngha g. Nhng kha nang
dan nhiet cua vat lieu lai co anh hng rat ln en kha nang
gia cong, co the gia cong mot cach de dang lo kha sau trong
thep khong r, con vi ong th rat kho gia cong, tham ch ch
co the khoan vi o sau nhat nh, hn na th khong c. o
la v ong dan i nhanh lng nhiet sinh ra t nang lng c
hap thu vao, va do o khong the at en nhiet o boc hi trc
khi nang lng ln cua tia laser phan phoi vao kim loai.
- Qua trnh gia cong bang tia laser co the tach lam 2 pha :
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Hnh 5.70 :
S o quan he gia nang lng va thi gian xung
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- 231 -
- Bien thien cua nang lng va thi gian xung co the bieu
th bang mot tap hp ng cong phu hp vi cac ac tnh
nhiet cua vat lieu.
- Rat can thiet phai nhan manh rang anh sang laser la mot
phng thc duy nhat e truyen dan nang lng i vi mat o
nang lng ln. Co the xam nhap vao chan khong, gar, hoac
len be mat cua chi tiet a c cay trong bat k vat lieu trong
suot nao nh co kha nang ieu chnh tieu c cua tia sang rat
chnh xac ma co the gia cong rat chnh xac, ngay ca tren be
mat b bao boc bi mot cau trong suot a c han kn.
- Nang lng c tch luy trong nguon phat co the toi a la
6000W giay (joule) va nh cao cua cong suat la 5000 W. May
co the c mot giay th phat ra tia chp, cha ng nang lng
10 Wgiay(joule). tren mat ban thao tac, chum tia co the tiet
dien tron hoac ch nhat dai. Co the ieu chnh ng knh cua
iem cham sang hoac be rong cua ranh t 101000 m, chieu
dai ranh toi a la 15mm.
- Nh u iem la tap trung nhiet o rat cao tai mot iem nao
o (8000oC) vi ban knh iem can chieu co the at ti 0,05
mm cho nen lien xo t nam 1964 a san xuat hang loat cac
thiet b laser cong nghiep SU1, va K3 e han cac cong tac
trong cac linh kien ban dan (transistor, diod, cac au cap nhiet
ien). Nhat la dung thiet b laser SU1 e ieu chnh tr so
danh nh cua cac ien tr trong cong nghiep san xuat vi mach
a lam tang nang suat lao ong len en 10-12 lan va chat
lng san pham cung c nang cao ro ret.
- oi vi thiet b laser hong ngoc nh K-3M, IL-2M, IL20M, cho nang lng bc xa en 30 Joule, thi gian keo dai
xung ieu chnh trong cac mc 1, 3, 5, 7 ms. Tan so cua xung
la 12 xung/ phut, thiet b nay co bo suy giam nang lng anh
sang loi ra t 2, 10, 25 en 50 lan. ng knh tia sang hoi tu
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1) u iem :
- Khong can dung buong chan khong.
- Khong co van e ien tch trong moi trng.
- Khong co phong xa rnghen.
- Cong suat bc xa cao, qua trnh cat khong phu thuoc
vao c tnh cua phoi lieu, nen no co the khoan, han, cat t
cac vat kieu co o ben cao, phi kim loai, kho gia cong bang
phng phap truyen thong.
- Thi gian nung nong vat lieu ngan, vung chu tac ong
hep, vet cat nho, t bien dang, nen am bao o chnh xac va
chat lng be mat gia cong cao.
- Khong dung dung cu cat, khong co lc cat.
- Cat c nhng be mat phc tap, v tr kho tiep can.
- Chnh nhng u iem nay ma phng phap gia cong
bang tia laze ang c quan tam phat trien chang nhng trong
nganh che tao may, ma con trong nganh truyen thong, y hoc,
o lng . . .
2) Nhc iem :
- Hieu suat rat thap (di 1%).
- Vi mot so loai tia laser, kho hoac hoan toan khong co
kha nang ieu chnh cong suat ra.
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- 233 -
Trang
1000
Xung bnh
thng
1,06
- 234 -
CO2b
Nd-YAGa
Xung bnh
thng
1,6
400
Xung bnh
thng
Lien tuc
Cng xung
1,06
10,6
10,6
10,6
15000
1,06
Nd-Thuy
tinh
Xung bnh
thng
0,6943
20 (gia tr cc ai)
0,005 (gia tr TB)
Hong
ngoc
0,4880
o dai
Phng thc
song (m) hoat ong
Argon
Loai
laser
100
400
300
300
0,2
5-10
60
Ghi chu
Cat ien tr
Han,tao lo va cat
100s va
ln hn
Han iem,khoan
Cat ien tr
Nho gon va kinh te
Che tao mach ien t
Han
ng dung
50-200ns
0,5-7ms
50-250ns
50ns
0,5-10ms
0,2-7ms
50 s
So Thi gian
xung/s ton tai
Bang 5.10 :
Mot so loai laser thng mai
3) Pham vi ng dung :
- Trong cong nghiep laser c s dung vao viec han,
khoan, cat cac loai vat lieu co o nong chay cao ke ca phi
kim.
- Gia cong bang chum tia lade rat co hieu qua oi vi lo
nho. ng knh lo nho nhat co the at 4:m. s dung chum tia
lade co the gia cong c cac vat lieu khac nhau nh kim loai,
thach anh, kim cng, rubi, v.v Chieu sau lo gia cong co the
at 12,7 mm. Khi gia cong ng knh lo 0,1-0,2 mm th o
chnh xac co the at 2-5 :m.
- Laser con c dung e kiem tra chat lng cac san
pham uc, kiem tra o tinh khiet cua chat long hoac kh, cac
san pham ien t.
- Trong y khoa laser c ng dung trong viec giai phau,
ieu tr benh bong vong mac mat, khoan rang, cham cu.
- Ngoai ra laser con tham nhap vao cuoc song cua chung
ta qua cac bang t, may in laser, may photo laser va nhieu ng
dung khac na . . .
4) Phng phap phat trien :
- Cong nghe tia laser co the ng dung rong rai hn, neu
co the tang hn nang lng cua chum tia laser va keo dai hn
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thi gian mot xung, en mc co the van hanh lien tuc hoan
toan.
- Can nang cao hieu qua kinh te, can co thiet b hoan
chnh hn. Nhat thiet phai nang cao hieu suat. cac thiet b
hien nay, ngi ta dung tu e tch luy nang lng, nguy hiem
va at tien. Ngi ta ang th nghiem thiet b tch luy nang
lng khac. Nhat thiet phai che tao loai en chp tuoi tho cao,
loai nguon phat sang khac.
- Ch nh vay mi a c cong nghe tia laser vao ng
dung trong cong nghiep, m ra va phat trien nhng pham vi s
dung mi. Neu co the at nhng thanh tu mi trong viec giai
quyet nhng van e neu tren.
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- 237 -
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- 238 -
hidrogen co the thoa man yeu cau nay. Qua trnh ong lc
trong tien bang tia Plasma cung giong nh tien tren ban tien
thong thng, ch co ieu khac la thay v dung dao tien, ay
chung ta dung au phun Plasma.
- e tien th nen dung au phun co ho quang trong, v trong
trng hp nay ien cc c lam mat bang nc noi vi cc
am cua nguon phat ien mot chieu va t ien cc o no qua
ien cc cua voi phun v cc dng cua nguon phat.
- e cho qua trnh c on nh th phai gia goc nghieng
gia voi phun plasma vi mat phang thang goc vi mat gia
cong khoang 600.
Hnh 5.71 :
Chuyen ong tng oi cua au phun Plasma so
vi vat gia cong
Hnh 5.72 :
V tr tng oi cua au phun Plasma so vi vat gia cong
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- 239 -
- 240 -
Bang 5.11 :
Cac thong so thc nghiem tien bang ho quang plasma.
Vat lieu
can gia
cong
Tinh
Tho
300
170
90
92
15
61
4
1
72
32
130
250
V. Pham vi ng dung :
- Hau het ng dung cua gia cong bang plasma la gia cong
cat tam kim loai.
- ot lo hay gia cong cat doc theo nhng ng dan xac
nh
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- 241 -
- Co the gia cong c bang tay hoac bang ieu khien CNC.
- Co the gia cong bat c kim loai nao. Nh : thep cacbon,
nhom, thep khong g.
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