BO MON DC LIEU

DC LIEU

CHA CARBOHYDRAT

Ni dung
1.

Biet c cau truc cua tinh bot, cellulose,

gom, chat nhay va pectin.

2.

nh tnh, nh lng va cach anh gia cac

dc lieu co cha cac hoat chat tren.

3.

ng dung nhom hoat chat tren trong cuoc

song va nganh Dc.

T VN
CARBOHYDRAT

( saccharid =sugar = ng)

Thanh phan quan trong trong thc vat

Trong ong vat ton tai di dang ng huyet,

glycogen
Ten carbohydrat v phan ln ng co the viet di
dang
Cn (H 2 O) n
Mot so ng khong the viet di cong thc tong
quat tren
V du : methylpentose CH3-(CHOH)4-CHO
Vai chat khong phai ng lai viet c dang cong
thc tong quat .
V du acid lactic CH3-CHOH-COOH
oi ten carbohydrat thanh Glucid

T VN
CU TO
V mt cu trc monosaccharid l nhng:
polyhydroxyaldehyd (aldose) hoc
polyhydroxyceton (cetose).
Tn ti di dng mch h hoc mch vng (bn
acetal).
Sn phm ngng t l oligosaccharid v polysaccharid.
Dn cht ca chng l cc glycosid.
NH NGHA
Carbohydrate hay glucid l nhng hp cht hu c
gm nhng monosaccharid, nhng dn cht hoc
nhng sn phm ngng t ca chng

PHN LOI
Carbohydrate hay glucid chia thnh 4 loi :
Monosaccharid : l nhng ng n khng th cho
cacbohydrate n gin hn khi thy phn. Cc ng
n tn ti trong t nhin t 3 n 9 carbon.
Oligosaccharid : khi thy phn cho t 2 n 8 ng
n.
Polysaccharid : c phn t rt ln gm nhiu
monosaccharid ni vi nhau.
Glycosid : l nhng hp cht hu c to thnh do s
ngng t gia ng (saccharid) vi mt phn t hu c
khc (aglycon = genin)

Danh phap
Chuoi -D va -L
glyceraldehyd: (theo hnh chieu cua Fisher)
Co 1 carbon bat oi co 2 ong phan enanthio
(R) va (S).
OH th cap xa nhat, ben phai
Dglyceraldehyd va
1
CHO trai
OH th cap xa nhat, ben
CH2OH L2
CHO
CHO
H C OH
glyceraldehyd
H

C OH

CH2OH

HO C H

CH2OH

D-Glyceraldehyd L-Glyceraldehyd

HO C H
4

H C OH

C=O

HO C H
H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH

H C OH
CH2OH

D-Glucose

D-Fructose

CAU HNH LAP THE

V cac carbon trong vong thuoc loai sp 3 nen
nhng phan t sau khong nam trong mat
phang ma co bien oi: dang ghe, dang
thuyen, dang na ghe ...
OH

HO
OH

HO
HO

OH
O

OH
OH

OH

OH

Cau hnh lap the cua -D-Glucopyranose

Cau truc vong cua

monosaccharid
- Tuy thuoc vao cau tao cua cau noi (14 hay 15),
vong co the dang 5 canh hay 6 canh (furanose hay
pyranose).
- Viec ong vong a en 2 ong phan ban acetal,
va goi la ong phan anomer.
- Cau hnh la khi nhom OH ban acetal (C1) co cung
hng vi nhom CH2OH th cap a c xac nh
trong chuoi. Trng hp trai li se la cau hnh

- D-Glucopyranose

-D-Glucopyranose

OLIGOSACCHARID
Disaccharid
Sucrose: : (= saccharose) 1 disaccharid quan trong
trong ky nghe (-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)- -Dfructofuranosid), khong co tnh kh

CH2OH

OH
HO

OH

HO
HOH2 C

HO

HO

HO
CH2OH
OH

HO
HO

o
OH

HO
OH

POLYSACCHARID
(Tinh bt, gm, cht nhy, pectin, cellulose..)
TINH BT
Tinh bt l sn phm t quang tng hp ca cy xanh d tr trong
ht, c, qu, l
Tinh bot ton tai trong cay di dang hat co hnh dang va
kch thc khac nhau, s khac biet nay con tuy theo loai
va tuy theo o trng thanh cua cay.
Tinh bot co the co hnh cau, hnh trng, hnh a giac
v.v...kch thc thay oi t 1-100 m ng knh.
Di knh hien vi thng thay hat tinh bot cau tao bi
nhieu lp van ong tam sap xep chung quanh mot iem
goi la te (ron). Cac lp nay tao nen la do hat tinh bot
ln dan bang cach tang trng cua cac lp pha
ngoai.
Soi knh hien vi phan cc, hat tinh bot co hnh ch thap en

TNH CHAT CHUNG CUA TINH BOT

1. Dang hat, kch thc va hnh dang khac nhau

2. Khong tan trong nc lanh.
3. un trong nc b ho hoa va o nht
tang len

4. Trong cay di tac ong cua enzym, tinh

bot cat thanh ng hoa tan e en cac
bo phan cua cay.

Cac loai tinh bot thong dung

Hnh Loai tinh
dang bot
Cho
m
cau

Tinh bot

Cho
m
cau

Tinh bot
san day

khoai m
(Amylum Manihot )

(Amylum Puerariae)

ac tnh
Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae).

Hat tinh bot hnh cau a so

b lem mot au va hi
lom trong giong nh cai
chuong,
te hnh sao. Kch thc 3-35
m

Pueraria thomsoni ( Fabaceae)

Hat tinh bot cung co hnh trng
hay hnh chuong, te la mot
cham gia.
Kch thc khoang 3-30 m.

Cac loai tinh bot thong dung

Hnh Loai tinh
dan bot
g
Hnh
da

Tinh bot m

Hnh
da

Tinh bot Y d

(Amylum Tritici)

(Amylum coicis)

ac tnh

Triticum vulgare L. (Poaceae).

hnh thau knh loi hai mat
oi khi co ra st me, te
la mot cham gia hat,
khong ro. Kch thc hat to
khoang 30 m, hat nho
khoang 6-7 m, t thay hat
trung gian.
Coix lachryma jobi L. thuoc ho Lua
(Poaceae).

Mep gn song

Cac loai tinh bot thong dung

Hnh Loai tinh
dang bot
Hnh
trn
g

Tinh bot
khoai tay
(Amylum Solani)

ac tnh
Solanum tuberosum - Solanaceae

).

Hat tinh bot hnh trng,

te nam au hep, cac van
ong tam ro.
Kch thc trung bnh 50 m en 80100 m

Hnh
trn
g

Tinh bot
au xanh
(Amylum
Phaseoli)

Phaseolus radiatus Fabaceae

- Hat tinh bot hnh trng hay hnh
than,
- te dai va phan nhanh nh xng
ca.
-Kch thc trung bnh 35 m

Cac loai tinh bot thong dung

Hnh Loai tinh
dang bot
Hnh Tinh bot
sn
trn hoai
(Amylum
g
Dioscoreae)
Hnh
trn
g

Tinh bot
Hoang tinh
(Amylum Marantae)

ac tnh
Dioscorea persimilis - Dioscoreaceae
Hat tinh bot co hnh trng hay hnh
than,
co te dai doc theo truc cua hat,
co khi khong thay te.
Kch thc trung bnh 40 m
Maranta arundinacea L.), ho Dong
(Marantaceae). Hat tinh bot hnh

trng,
te la vach ngang nam au
to, vuong goc vi truc cua
hat, co van ro.
Kch thc 30-60 m.

Cac loai tinh bot thong dung

CAU TRUC CUA TINH BOT

Amylose : hng ngn -D-glucose ngng t

theo
- dy ni 14,
- rt t phn nhnh
Amylopectin : c phn t lng rt ln. (5.000
n 50.000 n v glucose
- Phn nhnh rt nhiu.
- mch thng theo dy ni 14,
-ch phn nhnh theo dy ni 1 6

S THY PHN TINH BT

(Tinh bot co the thuy phan bang acid hoac bang
enzym)

THUY PHAN BANG ACID

Acid thuy giai tinh bot thanh ng .
Qua cac chng :
dextrin,
erythrodextrin,
achrodextrin,
maltose,
glucose.
Amylose d b thuy phan hn amylopectin
v day ni (1 4) d b cat hn la day ni
(16)

S THY PHN TINH BT

DEXTRIN (amylodextrin):
- Tan trong nc,cn 25% v b ta bi cn cao .
- Cho mu xanh vi lugol
ERYTHRODEXTRIN:
- Tan trong cn 55%.
- cho mu nu vi tt lugol
ACHRODEXTRIN:
- Tan trong cn 70%.
- Khng cho mu vi tt lugol

Cach tien hanh:

1. Dch th
Lay 10ml ho tinh bot + 30ml H2O + 20ml HCl 2N.
khuay eu.
- Chia thanh 6 ong nghiem (5ml dch th)
2. Th nghiem
Ngam vao noi cach thuy soi
lay ong nghiem ra sau 3,5,7,9,11 va 13 phut.
Lam lanh nhanh ngay sau khi lay ong nghiem ra.
cho vao ong nghiem a lam lanh 3 ml dung dch
Lugol
3. Ket qua
Quan sat va so sanh mau qua tng giai oan thuy
giai.

(xanh; xanh tm; o tm; o nau; khong mau)

THUY PHAN TINH BOT

6

CH2OCH3
5

H
4

CH3O

O CH3

II

H
4

CH3O

OCH3 H
H

H
1

O CH3

H
OCH3

3
H

OCH3

OCH3 H
H

OCH3 H

CH3O

IV

CH2

III

CH2OCH3

CH3O O

CH2OCH3
5

O CH3

CH2OCH3

OCH3 H

OCH3 H

OCH3 H

CH2OCH3

CH2OCH3

VI

H
1
1

OCH3

VII

CH2OCH3

CH2

2
2

H2O (H+)

H
H
OCH3

H
OCH3

OCH3

VIII

CH2OCH3
5

I, IV, V, IX
( n vcuo
i mach)

OCH3 H

CH3 O

2,3,4,6- Tetramethylglucose

2 OH

OCH3

CH2OCH3
O

II, III, VI
(n v
gi
a)

OCH3
HO

VII, VIII
(ie
m pha
n nha
nh)

2,3,6 - Trimethylglucose
OH

OCH3

CH2OH
O
H
OCH3

HO

2,3- Dimethylglucose

H
OH

OCH3

H
OCH3

OCH3

IX

B. THY PHN BNG ENZYM:

amylase

gm c -amylase v -amylase
-amylase ct ngu nhin vo dy ni (14).
ket qua:
i vi amylose : maltose (90%) + glucose
i vi amylopectin : maltose (ch yu) + dextrin phn t b +
glucose
-amylase cat xen ke vao day noi (14).
khi gap mach nhanh th ngng.
ket qua:
i vi amylose : maltose (100%)
i vi amylopectin : maltose (50-60%) + dextrin phn t ln

THUY PHAN TINH BOT BANG CAC

ENZYM KHAC
CAC ENZYM KHAC
Co trong nm mc (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus
delemar)
thy phan tinh bot thanh glucose .
c ng dung trong lam nc tng t
au nanh va cm nep
co trong au, khoai tay co enzym
phosphorylase;
co trong nam bia enzym tach nhanh Renzym, isoamylase
- c ng dung trong ky nghe lam bia..

CH BIN TINH BT
Nguyen tac ch bien tinh bt gm cac giai
oan:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Nghin ht c bt
Nho vi nc, lc qua ry, ly phn di ry.
Cho ln men (loi protein, lipid)
Ra nc ri phi kh
(loi ng t do, mui khong, vitamin)
Ghi chu: Tinh bot khac vi bot ch can
nghien dc lieu la c bot.

NH TNH - NH LNG TINH

BOT
A-NH TNH
- Da tren tnh chat cua tinh bot
- Kiem nghiem bang vi hoc
- Tinh bt + dung dch iod (dd lugol) mau xanh
tm
ng dung:
- Co the phat hien c tinh bot ac trng
cho dc lieu nao o trong thuoc bot gop
phan nh danh mot dc lieu
- Ho tinh bot la ch th phat hien iod trong
phan tch kiem nghiem.

NH LNG TINH BOT

NH LNG BANG PHNG PHAP THUY PHAN

A- Thuy phan trc tiep bang acid

B- Thuy phan trc tiep bang enzym sau
thuy phan bang acid
C _ Phng phap cua Purse
NH LNG BANG PP KHONG THUY PHAN

A _ Phng phap dung phan cc ke.

B Phng phap tao phc vi iod

NH LNG BANG PHNG

PHAP THUY PHAN
Thuy phan trc tiep bang acid
Nguyn tc :Tinh bt thy phn bng acid cho ra glucose.
nh lng glucose suy ra lng tinh bt.
C6H12O6(C6H10O5)n+nH2O (1+n) (C6H12O6)

NH LNG BANG
PHNG PHAP THUY
Tin hnh
PHAN
Ra
k nguyn liu bng nc ct ngui(2,5-3g)
Thy phn( vi gi bng 200ml H 2O v 20 ml HCl)

Lm ngui v trung tnh (bng NaOH.)

Thm nc n mt th tch xc nh, ly mt phn chnh xc
nh lng glucose to thnh v suy ra tinh bt.
(khi lng glucose thu c x 0.9 = khi lng tinh bt),
NH LNG BANG PHNG PHAP THUY
Phng php ny ch ng dng cho nhng nguyn liu ch yu
PHAN
l tinh bt v cc pentosan, galactan Cng b thy phn gy sai
s.

Thy phn bng enzym ri tip theo

bng acid
Dng men trong dch chit Mch nha (Enzym amylase )
- Thy phn tinh bt thnh ng ha tan
(maltose).
- Thy gii cc ng i (maltose) bng acid
cho ra glucose
-

nh lng glucose.

Suy ra lng tinh bt

Phng php da trn c s ca

Purse
Loi cc ng t do trong nguyn
liu bng cn long;
Ha tan tinh bt bng acid
perchloric long;
To phc tinh bt iod;
ph phc v thy phn tinh bt
bng acid glucose;
nh lng glucose
tinh bt.

PHNG PHAP KHONG THUY

PHAN
Phng php dng phn cc k
- Ha tan tinh bt trong CaCl2 c v
nng .
- o bng phn cc k
So vi chun []D= 200

PHNG PHAP KHONG THUY

PHAN
phng php to phc vi iod
- Ha tan tinh bt trong acid
perchloric.
- Thm dung dch iod
- o mu bc sng thch hp

CNG DNG CA TINH

BT
LNG THC

-La thanh phan chnh trong lng thc.

-Ngun xut khu quan trng oi vi nc ta.
- trong cng ngh dt, lm giy

Y TE

- Lam ta dc cho vien nen;

- Nguyen lieu san xuat Glucose,con,
- Lam banh keo, ru , bia, bot ngot;
- Sorbitol, Mannitol c dung do co tnh li mat, c
ch nh dung trong cac trng hp tao bon
- Dextrin cng c nhiu cng dng trong k ngh.

Mt s ng dng khc
Maltodextrin : Thu gii hu hn tinh bt.
- Gip cho vic tiu ho d dng.
- chng kt tinh li ng trong cc ch phm
cyclodextrin : gm 6-8 ng n ng vng
- gip gii phng thuc t t , ko di
- Trong cng ngh : dng lm n to hng thm
ng nghch chuyn:Glucose = fructose
- ci thin v ging nh mt ong
Inulin : ch yu l glycan v mt t Fructose
- to gel trong nh tng,
- thc n t nng lng chng bo ph
Sorbitol: (hydro gen ho Glucose)
- gi nc chng kt tinh ng- Ko c v d chu
- Thc n king cho ngi tiu ng
- To phc vi kim loi bo qun cht bo

DC LIEU CHA TINH BOT

CAT CAN Radix Puerariae
Cat can la cu san day (Pueraria thomsoni Benth.),
thuoc ho au (Fabaceae).
ac iem thc vat :
- loai day leo ( #10 m), la kep gom 3 la chet.
- Cuong la chet gia dai, cuong la chet 2 ben
ngan. La chet co the phan thanh 2-3 thuy.
- hoa mau xanh, moc thanh chum ke la. co
nhieu long.

- Cu dai va to co the nang ti 20 kg, co nhieu x.

HNH CAY SAN DAY

(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)

HNH CAY SAN DAY

(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)

Bo phan dung va che bien

CHE BIEN THANH V THUOC
Re cu ra sach , boc bo lp vo day ben ngoai,
cat thanh khuc dai 10-15 cm.
(Neu cu to th bo doc e co nhng thanh day khoang 1 cm,)
sau o xong diem sinh roi phi hoac say kho
CHE TINH BOT.
Muon che tinh bot san day th boc vo, em gia nho
hoac mai hoac xay bang may,
cho them nc roi nhao loc qua ray tha, loai ba, sau o
loc lai 1 lan na qua ray day hn, e lang,
gan lay tinh bot .
em phi hoac say kho.

THNH PHN HA HC
(Pueraria thomsoni Benth. Fabaceae)
R2

Tinh bt :10-15%
isoflavonoid

R1

o
R3
O

TEN HP CHAT

R1

R4

R2

R3

R4
Puerarin
Daidzin
Daidzein
Formonetin
PG-1
PG-2
PG-3
PG-6

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

OH
O-glc
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH

-glu
H
H
H
-glc
-glc6-xyl
-glc
-glc

H
H
H
H
OH
H
OMe
H

OH
OH
OH
OMe
OH
OH
OH
O-glc

CAT CAN(Radix Puerariae)

Tac dung va cong dung

Dng cha st, lm ra m hi, si khng mc c,

phin to kht nc, nhc u, kit l..
Dng cha ung ru qu nhiu b ng c, phin kht,
pht st, chn n, nn ma ra cht chua, th huyt, i
tin ra mu...
Cha mi chy mu sut ngy khng ngng, tm thn
phin mun: Dng c sn dy ti, gi nt vt ly nc
ct, ung mi ln mt chn con
Cha cm nng, st nng, nhc u, kht nc, c m
hi, nng rut, nn e: Dng bt sn dy 12g ha ng
ung

Y D
Dc lieu la hat cua cay Y d con goi la bo bo
(Coix lachryma jobi L.), thuoc ho Lua (Poaceae).

AC IEM THC VAT VA PHAN BO

Cay thao song hang nam, cao chng 1-1,5 m.
Than nhan bong co vach doc. Than co phan
nhanh, cac mau pha di co the moc re phu,
cay moc thanh bui.
La hnh mac dai 10-40 cm rong 1,5-3 cm, gan doc
noi ro, gan gia to.
Hoa n tnh cung goc moc ke la thanh bong,
hoa c moc pha tren, hoa cai pha di. Hoa c
co 3 nh. Qua co ma cng bao boc.
Cay moc hoang ni am mat, co trong nhieu
ni nh Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Song Be va vung Tay
Nguyen.

BO PHAN DUNG VA CHE BIEN

Hat hnh trng dai 5-8 m ng knh

2-5 mm, mat ngoai mau trang uc
oi khi con sot lai mang vo cha
loai het, mat trong co ranh hnh
mang. The chat cng, khong
mui, v ngot va hi thm

Y D (Semen Coicis )
THNH PHN HO HC
(CH2)5CH3

CH3
H

OOC(CH2)9

OOC(CH2)7

(CH2)5CH3

Benzoxazolon

CH3

Coixenolid

H
N

O
CH2 O C
CHOH
CH2OH

- monolinolein

CH3

TC DNG:
- Coixenolid
- - monolinolein
C tc dung chng ung th.
- Benzoxazolon :
C tc dng khng vim

Cong dung
Trong Y hoc co truyen Y d c dung :
thuoc b t, giup tieu hoa, cha tieu chay
do chc nang tieu hoa kem, viem ruot, l,
thuoc thong tieu trong trng hp phu, tieu
tien t. Ngoai ra con dung e cha viem
khp, lam thuoc boi dng c the, bo phoi.
(T km biu hin nh ph, thiu niu hoc a chy: Dng phi hp
d nhn vi trch t v bch trut)
tnh thap nhiet hoac kh huyet bieu hen
nh ap xe phoi hoac ap xe ruot.

HOAI SN (Rhizoma Dioscoreae persimilis)

tn khoa hc: Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkillho Cu nau :Dioscoreaceae

ac iem thc vat va phan bo

Day leo quan sang phai.
Than re phnh thanh cu an sau xuong at kho ao,
cu hnh chay dai co the en 1 m, co nhieu re con,
mat ngoai mau xam nau ben trong co bot mau trang.
Phan tren mat at, ke la thnh thoang co nhng
cu con nho (thien hoai) co the em trong c.
La moc oi hoac co khi moc so le. La n, nhan, hnh tim
au nhon co 5-7 gan chnh.
Hoa moc thanh bong, truc bong khuc khuyu mang
nhieu hoa. Hoa n tnh khac goc. Bao hoa 6, dai bang
nhau, nh 6, hoa cai moc thanh bong.
Qua nang co 3 canh.
Cay moc hoang rng, nhan dan ta van ao lay cu
an. Hien nay c trong nhieu ni, thu hoach t
thang 11 en thang 4 nam sau.

Bo phan dung va che bien

Cu mai ao ve ra sach at, got vo,
ngam nc phen chua 2-4 gi, vt ra
cho vao lo say diem sinh en khi cu
mem mang ra phi hay say cho se, em
got va lan thanh tru tron.
Tiep tuc say diem sinh 1 ngay 1 em
na roi em phi hay say nhiet o
60C cho ti khi o am khong qua 10%.
Sau khi che bien, hoai sn co hnh tru
tron dai 8-20 cm, ng knh 1-3 cm. Mat
ngoai trang hay nga vang. Vet be co
nhieu bot, khong co x, ran chac,
khong mui v.

Thanh phan hoa hoc

Kiem nghiem

Hien nay mi biet thanh phan chu yeu

la tinh bot, chat nhay.
Kiem nghiem
Soi bot thay co nhieu hat tinh bot hnh
trng hay hnh than,
Co te dai,dc theo trc di ca ht tinh bt.
Co ht khong nhn thy t.
van ong tam.
Kch thc trung bnh 40 m.
Tinh the calci oxalat hnh kim,
manh mo mem gom cac te bao thanh
mong cha tinh bot.
Manh mach mang

Cong dung
Trong y hoc co truyen, hoai sn c dung
lam thuoc bo t, bo than, l man tnh, tieu
ng, ai em, di tinh, mo hoi trom, ch ng
mat, hoa mat, au lng.
1.Tr chng tiu chy ko di do T h,
2.Tr di tinh nhiu ln hoc ph n bch i nhiu: dng bi B
nguyn tin c tc dng ch thn c tinh, ch i.gm:
Sn dc, ng sm, Bch trut, Phc linh, Khim thc, To
nhn, Kim anh mi th 12g, Vin ch, Ng v t mi th 6g,
Cam tho 4g, sc ung.
3.Tr vim ph qun mn tnh
4.Tr chng tiu ng: Sn dc tiu kht m: Hong k 16g,
Hoi sn 20g, Thin hoa phn, Tri mu mi th 12g, K ni kim
8g, Ng v t 6g, sc ung.

Polysaccharid - CELLULOSE
Cellulose la thanh phan chnh cua te bao thc
vat. Trong g cha khoang 5% cellulose; si bong
vai 97-98%; si lanh, si gai 81-90%;
phan t gom cac n v glucose nhng khac tinh
bot cho day noi gia cac n v glucose la
(14)
thuy phan cellotetraose, cellotriose, cellobiose va
khi thuy phan hoan toan
glucose.
Cac phan t cellulose ket hp nhau tao thanh micel
microfibril , fibril tao thanh t cac microfibril th co
the quan sat c bang knh hien vi thng
Cellulose :- khong tan trong nc va dung moi hu
c .
- tan c trong dung dch Schweitzer
( hydroxyd ong trong dung dch ammoniac [Cu(CH3)4](OH)2,)
-tan trong dung dch kem chlorid am ac.

Polysaccharid CELLULOSE- CNG DNG

Dung lam ta dc ( Ra, dnh va trn).
Si cellulose tong hp (cellulose + CS 2
C.xanthat
ep
H 2 S O4 )
Methylcellulose (MC):che cac hon dch, thuoc m;
Cellulose triacetat lam nha deo, phim nha,t nhan tao;
Cellulose nitrat: co c khi cho cellulose tac dung vi
hon dch acid nitric va acid sulfuric
- Neu nong o acid loang th ta co dinitrat cellulose tc
la colodion (hay colloxylin) tan c trong hon hp con
ether.
- Neu dung acid nitric am ac va acid sulfuric 95% th
ta co cellulose trinitrat di ten la pyroxylin hay bong
thuoc sung (gun-cotton) la nguyen lieu cua thuoc
no.

DC LIU CHA CELLULOSE

BONG(Gossypyum)
Cay bong thuoc chi Gossypium, ho Bong
ac iem thc vat va phan bo
(Malvaceae).
Bong thuoc loai cay nh cao 1-3 m, cay moc hang
nam hoac nhieu nam.
La moc so le co cuong dai, phien la thng chia
lam 5 thuy, gan la hnh chan vt.
Hoa moc nach la. ai hoa dnh lien, co mot ai
con gom cac la hnh tim co rang. Trang tien khai
van, co 5 canh hoa co mau sac thay oi (vang,
hong, ta). Nh nhieu dnh nhau thanh ong.
Qua nang hnh trng nhon ve pha tren, co 3-5 o,
moi o co 5-7 hat.
Hat hnh trng bao boc bi si bong mau trang,
cung co loai mau vang, vang cam.
Si bong: la lp si ben ngoai cua vo hat. Moi hat
mang t 5.000 en 10.000 si, o la nhng long n
bao rat dai t 1-5 cm. Si dai chac la si tot

CONG DUNG
Trong y hoc bong c chia lam 2 loai: bong x
va bong hut nc.
Bong x la bong t nhien a c loai
hat va nhat sach tap chat khong can che
bien g them. Loai nay khong hut nc,
dung lam em khi bang bo hoac e nut
cac bnh, ong nghiem cha moi trng
nuoi cay vi khuan, nam moc .
Bong hut nc la bong a loai het chat
beo roi tay trang, phi kho, bong nay
dung e bang bo cac vet thng, det gac .

THANH PHAN HOA HOC

Hat bong: hat c s dung e ep lay dau, ty

le khoang 15%, dau thuoc loai na kho, thanh
phan co nhng acyl glycerol cua cac acid beo
cha no (acid oleic 40-50%, linoleic 25-30%)
Trong kho dau con co cac sac to cua flavonoid
(glycosid cua quercetol va kaempferol) va ac biet
co mot sac to mau o cam la gossypol (1%).
Gossypol co oc tnh vi te bao, no ket hp
vi nhom amin cua lysin trong cau truc protein.
Th nghiem tren suc vat c cho thay gossypol
lam giam so lng tinh trung, giam lng
testosteron. Tren suc vat cai cung co tac dung
chong thu tinh. Cac nha nghien cu Lien xo cu
nhan thay gossypol co tac dung c che khoi u.

BONG(Gossypyum)
THANH PHAN HOA HOC
Vo re: - co cha gossypol (1-2%)
- vitamin E, cac catechin va mot chat gay
co mach va co tac dung thuc e. Ngi ta
con dung vo re lam thuoc ieu kinh di
dang thuoc sac.
Hoa: la nguon cha nhieu flavonoid, co loai co
ham lng len en 4,5%
CHO OH

OH

CHO

HO

OH

HO
CH3

OH

CH3 CH3
CH3

CH3

gossypol

CH3

GOM-CHAT NHAY
Gm :do s bin i ca mng t bo:

Bnh l (do su c hoc vt cht)

Do thi tit khng thun li
Th cht : do sau rn li

Cht nhy:l thnh phn cu to bnh thng ca t bo.

Chit bng nc sau ta li.
Ch :
Ranh gii phn bit gia gm v cht nhy kh phn bit v tnh
cht.
Cn so snh v phn bit vi Nha (hp cht cha terpen)

GOM-CHAT NHAY

CU TO
Gom va chat nhay c chia lam 3
nhom:
- TRUNG TNH
- NHOM ACID MA THANH PHAN CO
ACID URONIC
- NHOM ACID MA THANH PHAN CO
GOC SULFAT.

GOM-CHAT NHAY-PECTIN

NHOM TRUNG TNH:

la nhng galactomannan hoac glucomannan.

Galactomannan = D-mannose + D-galactose.

Mach chnh cua cac phan t th dai va gom

cac goc D-mannopyranose noi vi nhau
mach nhanh th ngan va co cau tao bi
ng D-galactopyranose.
(galactomannan hay gap mot so cay ho au)

Glucomannan

= D-mannose + D-glucose

NHOM TRUNG TNH

Galactomannan
CH2OH
H

H OH
OH
H
H H

H
OH
H
CH2
H

HO

CH2OH

H
OH

OH
OHH

H
OH

H H
H
H

H OH
OH
HO

CH2OH

CH2
OH
O

H OH
OH
H

CH2OH

H
OH

NHOM ACID MA THANH PHAN CO ACID

URONIC
- Gom arabic: phan t lng khoang 250.000,
nhanh

nhieu

va

cau

tao

bi

cac

phan
v

D-

galactopyranose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, acid D-glucuronic

theo ty le 3:3:1:1, trong o mach chnh gom nhng n
v D-galactopyranose noi vi nhau theo day noi -(13).
-

Gom tiet ra than cay m (Prunus armeniaca L.):

thanh phan gom co D-xylose, L-arabinose, D-galactose

theo ty le 1:8:8, ngoai ra con co mot lng nho Dmannose va acid D-glucuronic.
Gom tiet ra than cay cua mot so loai thuoc chi
Citrus co thanh phan la L-arabinose, D-galactose, acid Dglucuronic. Ty le gia cac n v ng nay thay oi
tuy theo loai, v du gom cua cay chanh co ty le
2:5:2.

Polysaccharid thuoc nhom acid

the gii san xuat en 10.000 tan acid alginic

mot so tao nau cung co polysaccharid thuoc
nhom acid: acid alginic.
Acid alginic = acid glucuronic + acid mannuronic.
Day noi gia cac acid la -(1-4), phan t lng trung
bnh khoang 200.000. Ty le gia cac acid uronic thay oi
tuy theo nguon goc. Qua s thuy phan tng phan cho
thay co 3 kieu sap xep trong phan t, co oan la
polymannuronic, hoac polyguluronic hoac xen ke gia 2
acid. cac loai tao th acid dang muoi hon hp Na,
Mg, K, Ca. Hang nam acid alginic.

Nhom acid ma thanh phan co goc

sulfatTHACH (AGAR- AGAR)
Thach la san pham che t mot so loai tao bien. Cau
tao

bi

loai

polysaccarid

khac

nhau:

agarose

va

agaropectin.
Agarose = -D-galactopyranose theo day noi (13) +3, 6anhydro -L-galactopyranose theo day noi (14) (ng oi
nay co ten la agarobiose)
. Agarose chiem khoang 55-66% va co the tach bang
cach ket tua vi polyethylen glycol.
Agaropectin: th chiem khoang 40% cua toan bo
polysaccharid, co cau truc phc tap. Thanh phan co acid
glucuronic, D-galactose; 3,4-anhydro L-galactose. Mot phan
cua cac n v ng c ester hoa vi acid sulfuric.

Gom va chat nhay

- Tnh

chat:
Tan trong nc tao thanh dung dch keo co
o nht cao(o nht cua dung dch thuoc
nhom trung tnh th thay oi t theo pH con
nhom acid th thay oi theo pH. )
-o tan trong con thay oi tuy theo o con
va tuy theo loai gom hay chat nhay, con
cao o th khong tan.
Khong tan trong cac dung moi hu c nh
ether, benzen cloroform.

Gom va chat nhay

- Tnh

chat:

Gom va chat nhay b tua bi ch acetat trung tnh

hoac ch acetat kiem va khac pectin cho khong

b tac ong bi enzym pectinesterase.
- Gom va chat nhay co tnh quang hoat.
- Loai gom va chat nhay nao co cau tao chuoi
thang th tao c mang nhng t co tnh dnh, trai
lai loai nao co cau tao phan nhanh th kho tao
mang nhng co tnh dnh cao.
- Chat nhay bat mau xanh vi methylen nen co
the ap dung e nh tnh chat nhay tren vi phau
thc vat.

anh gia mot dc lieu cha gom hoac

- Phng
chat
nhay phap tua bang con roi loc,

say, can.
- Co the tua bang ch acetat.
- Ngi ta con anh gia bang phng
phap o o nht.
- Ch so n:
ch so n la the tch tnh bang ml ma
1 gam dc lieu khi n trong nc
chiem c.

anh gia mot dc lieu cha gom hoac

chat nhay
Ch so n: ch so n la the tch tnh bang ml ma 1
gam dc lieu khi n trong nc chiem c.
ieu kien quy nh:
* 1 ong ong co chieu cao 20 cm va ng knh 2
cm, chia the tch bat au t ay.
* Cho 1 g dc lieu e nguyen hay nghien nho vao
ong
* Them 25 ml nc, ay nut. Lac nhe eu luc
au, sau o thnh thoang lac trong vong 1 gi. e yen
6 gi nhiet o 15-20C. The tch theo ml ma dc lieu
bao gom ca chat nhay chiem c chnh la ch so n.

anh gia mot dc lieu cha gom hoac

chat nhay

Muon biet thanh phan monosaccharid trong

cau truc cua gom hay chat nhay ta co the
tien hanh thuy phan roi xac nh cac
nonosacharid bang phng phap sac ky.

So sanh vi cac ng chun

ieu kien thuy phan

un gom hoac chat nhay vi acid sulfuric 2N.

Dung dch a thuy phan sau khi trung hoa
bang bari hydroxyd dung e phan tch sac ky.

HP CHAT PECTIN
- Pectin la nhng carbohydrat co phan t ln ma
phan chnh c cau tao bi acid polygalacturonic, do
o c xep vao nhom polyuronic.
- Pectin thng gap trong cac bo phan cua cay va
mot so tao. ac biet vo qua gia cua mot so
cay ho Cam (Rutaceae) nh bi, cam , chanh th ham
lng rat cao, co the en 30%.
- Ngi ta chia pectin ra lam 2 loai: pectin hoa tan co
trong dch te bao va pectin dang khong hoa tan
nam trong thanh te bao.

Pectin hoa tan

Loai nay gom co: acid pectic ng ve mat cau
tao la mot mach dai gom khoang 100 n v
acid D-galacturonic noi vi nhau theo day noi (14). Ve mat cau truc lap the th acid -Dgalactupronic dang ghe C1. Acid pectic la c s
cua cac chat pectic khac.
Acid pectic trong cay co the ton tai di
dang muoi pectat.

HP CHAT PECTIN
Pectin hoa tan
COOH

o
H

H
OH
H

oH
OH

H
H
OH

OH

COOH

COOH

o
H

H
OH

oH

H
H
OH

OH

COOH

COOH

o
H

H
OH
H

oH

Acid pectic
OH
COOH
H
HO

o
H
HO
OH

Acid -D-galacturonic dang ghe C1

H
H
OH

OH

COOH

nh tnh pectin
Phan ng tao thanh pectin hydroxamic acid roi cho tac
dung tiep vi sat III clorid, se tao thanh phc ket tua
mau o.
Thuoc th: hydroxylamin 1,4 g trong 10 ml ethanol 60%,
natri hydroyd 1,4 g trong 10 ml con ethanol 60%, acid
hydrocloric 1 the tch + 2 the tch ethanol 95%, 2,5 g sat III
trong 10 ml HCl 0,1N pha trong ethanol 60%.
- nh tnh tren vi phau: ngam cac vi phau trong aceton.
Ra aceton 3-4 lan vi methanol. Cho vao mot hon hp
gom 1 ml thuoc th hydroxylamin va 1 ml natri hydroxyd,
khuay nhe 5 phut, them 1 ml HCl/ethanol va khuay 5
phut. chuyen vi phau vao 2 ml thuoc th sat III, sau 10
phut vt ra va quan sat di knh hien vi.
-

nh tnh pectin da vao s co mat cua acid

galacturonic: lay mot t pectin hoa tan vao 3-4 ml
nc, them vai giot ch acetat kiem 10% BM.
Trc tien co s tao thanh tua trang roi dan
dan co mau cam hi o.
- nh tnh da vao s tao thanh chat ong: lay
5 g pectin, them 50 ml nc, e yen cho pectin
trng ra, them 25 g ng ma va un soi 10-15
phut. Them 1ml dung dch acid citric 40%. Sau 2-3
gi se tao thanh chat ong

nh lng
Xac nh ham lng anhydrouronic acid bang phng
phap so mau:

mau kiem nghiem sau khi loai ng (bang ethanol)

dung dch 0,5% EDTA e loai cac cation hoa tr 2.

Tiep theo dung NaOH 1N e xa phong hoa cac

ester (20C, 30 phut),

acid hoa en pH 5,0-5,5 bang acid acetic.

Cho enzym depolymer hoa tac dung trong 1 gi, loc.

Cho dch loc tac dung vi acid sulfuric am ac roi

vi dung dch 0,15 % carbazol trong con.

o mau bc song 520 nm. oi chieu

vi ng cong mau cua anhydrouronic
acid i t acid galacturonic (40 g acid
galacturonic tng ng vi 33,2 g
anhydrouronic acid).
Ngoai ra con co the nh lng pectin

bang phng phap can (sau khi tua pectin

bang cac dung moi hu c), phng phap
o o quay cc, phng phap o o nht.

Tac ong cua cac enzym len

pectin
Cac enzym tac ong len pectin co the chia lam 2 loai:
- Pectinesterase (PE): enzym nay cat nhom ester methylic e
tao thanh acid pectic.
- Enzym cat nho phan t (enzym depolymer hoa), loai nay
co the chia ra:
Polymethyl galacturonase (PMG), enzym nay cat phan t thanh
tng n v galacturonic.
- endopolygalacturonase la enzym cat mot cach ngau nhien
vao cac day noi glycosid
- exopolygalacturonase la enzym cat bat au t au mach.
- Pectinlyase (PL) la enzym cat day noi (14) va ong thi
tao thanh cac san pham cha no

Tac ong cua cac enzym len

pectin
PE
COO CH3

oH
o

OH

H
OH

COOCH3

H H
OH
H

OH

oH
o

COOH

H
OH

OH

COOCH3

H H
OH
H

OH

oH

H H
OH
H

COOH

OH

PMG
COO CH3

H OH

oH
H H
OH
o

H
H OH

H
H
OH

oH

OH
H

H OH

COOCH3

OH H

H
OH
3
H OH nay COOCH
enzym
trong
H

COOCH3
Ngi ta tm thay
cac
mot so nam moc nh Aspergillus niger, A.
oryzae va dung chung e loai pectin trong
viec lam trong nc hoa qua, trong viec che
bien si thao moc.

Pectin khong hoa tan

Loai nay con c goi la protopectin. Nh co protopectin
ma cac qua xanh co o cng nhat nh. Ngi ta cho
rang khi qua chn, di tac ong cua protopectinase th
protopectin chuyen thanh pectin hoa tan nen qua chn th
mem ra, tuy nhien cha co chng minh ay u ve s
ton tai cua mot enzym ac trng nh vay.
Ve mat cau truc hoa hoc, protopectin tao thanh
la do s lien ket nhng phan t pectin vi nhau qua
cau calci, phosphat va ngoai ra con co s ket hp vi
cellulose, vi ose va mot so thanh phan khac cua
vach te bao.

DC LIEU CHA GOM-CHAT NHAYPECTIN

GOM ARABIC
Gummi arabicum

Ni cung cap chnh tren th trng the gii la

Xu ang khoang 40.000 tan/nam.
Cach thu hoach gom: Ngi ta thu hoach gom nhng
cay t 3 tuoi tr len, hieu suat cao nhng cay 5-7
tuoi. Thu hoach vao mua kho khi cay a rung la.
Gom tiet ra t nhng ke nt t nhien, nhng ngi ta
thng eo vo thanh tng bang 5-50 cm e gom
chay ra nhieu. Gom chay ra kho dan, vai tuan sau khi
boc vo th bat au

lay gom. Luc nay phan gia

cuc gom van cha ran han, qua phi nang hoac qua
qua trnh chuyen ch gom mi ran hoan toan.

Mo ta dc lieu
Dang cuc tron khong eu, ran, ng
knh trung bnh khoang 2-3 cm mau vang
hay mau nau, khi kho th de ap v,
mat v nhan bong. Cac cuc nguyen
thng co mot khoang rong gia do
qua trnh kho tao ra. Gom tan trong nc
tao thanh dung dch keo, dnh va co o
quay cc.

GOM ARABIC (Gummi arabicum)

Thanh phan hoa hoc
Thanh phan chnh la polysaccharid thuoc nhom
acid co acid uronic. Muon nh tnh acid uronic co
the

thc

hien

nh

sau:

un

gom

vi

naphtoresorcinol va HCl N/2 trongvai phut, co tua

nau tan trong benzen mau tm. Phan polysaccharid
co the tinh che bang cach hoa tan gom trong
dung dch HCl 0,1N roi ket tua bang con, lam
nhieu lan nh vay roi cuoi cung ien tham tch.
Trong gom con co 3-4% chat vo c (Ca, Mg, K),
cac enzym nh oxydase, emulsin.

Kiem nghiem
1. Ngam 5 g gom trong 10 ml nc,

dung

dch sanh va acid vi giay quy.

2. Dung dch gom 2% ..

tua trang

vi acetat ch kiem.

3. Dung dch gom + H2O2+ benzidin 1% trong

con.. se co mau xanh (co mat cua
oxydase )

4.
5.

o am khong qua 15%.

o tro toan phan khong qua 5%.

CONG DUNG
Trong bao che gom arabic c dung:
Bao che cac nhu dch va hon dch.
Bao che cac vien nen lam ta dc dnh va ta
dc ra
Gom arabic lam du tai cho ni b viem nh viem
hong, viem da day.
Chu y: thanh phan cua gom co calci nen can
tranh nhng chat co tng k.

MA E Folium et semen Plantagini

Ma e (Plantago major L.), ho Ma e
(Plantaginaceae).
ac iem thc vat va phan bo
- Cay than thao, song dai, than rat ngan.
- La moc goc thanh hoa th, co cuong
dai va rong, phien la nguyen hnh tha,
dai 12 cm rong 8 cm co 5-7 gan chnh hnh
cung.
- Hoa moc thanh bong co can dai, hng
thang ng.

DC LIEU CHA CHAT NHAY

MA E
Folium et semen Plantaginis

Bo phan dung va che bien

Neu lay la th thu hoach t thang 5-7, neu lay hat th t
thang 6-8, cat nhng bong that gia, phi kho, vo sat tren
sang roi say sach, sau o tiep tuc phi kho cho en khi o
am con 10%.
Thanh phan hoa hoc chnh cua toan cay la chat nhay:
ham lng trong la co the en 20%, trong hat co the en
40%.

Hoat chat la Plantasan : plantsan gom co D-silose, Larabinose, acid D-galacturonid, L-rhamnose va D-galactose theo
t le tng ng la 15:3:4:2:0,4

Cac thanh phan khac

iridoid glycosid (acubosid va catalpol)

flavonoid (apigenin, quercetin).

cac acid hu c

carotenoid, vitamin

coumarin (esculetin).

alkaloid (plantagonin),

ch so n t nhat la 5.

Tac dung va cong dung

-Nhng dan chat iridoid glycosid la thanh

phan co tac dung khang khuan cua ma e.
-Hat ma e (con goi la xa tien t) do co
chat nhay nen co tac dung nhuan trang va
tang the tch phan.
-Chat nhay tao thanh mot lp bao ve niem
mac ruot nen cung dung lam thuoc chong
viem trong benh viem ruot, au da day va l.

Ngoai ra con co tac dung long m, li

tieu
Trong y hoc co truyen la co tac dung
thong tieu, dung cha nhng trng
hp b tieu tien, tieu tien ra mau,
ngoai ra con dung e cha ho.
La ti gia nho dung ap mun nhot.
trong nhan dan dung e lam lanh
cac vet thng va san xuat cac che
pham Plantaglusid e cha benh
viem loet da day, ruot.