D Motivation @® emotion. 3 Motivation: The “Why” of Behavior Psychology deals only what people do but also why jrectedl towards a particular goal. Itis internal inged for food because jou are hungry, there is a need fc ; ‘ike of food 1s used up. The need for food feel hungry which is the drive to find food, This i called the Iunget dive This drive cus) you to respond with some action, i as find ee ae 1e food, your for food was for go through the same motivation cyl again need is satisfied. as — oo i \ God) Motivational Brive Generally mo! : ‘of motives or drives. Mot tation ‘expressions of a person’ P x J Thence they are personal ani temal Incentives are externa i oni we inferences from obse- ful tools wns of behavior. They are powerful Or behavior, and they allow us to make pred behavior. Motives are the “dynamos” explanation ibout future: man behavior. Motivation: The “Why" of Behavior 79 —————$—_ ee he Wy" of Behavior 79 ‘TYPES OF MOTIVES ‘There are thi kinds of motives—primary, stimulus, secondary learned. Primary motives are called physiological or basic tds as they are necessary for survival of any organism—humai animal or plants. They are caused by the needs of our bo The main primary motives are hunger, thirst, avoidance of pain, need for air and sleep, elimination of wastes, regulation of body temperature and sex. All these are unlearned motives inborn in the organism, Stimulus motives are also inborn but are not necessary for energize oF survival. They include activity curiosity, exploration, manipulation 50. Mo! ‘within the and physical contact, direct behavior towards. he ‘2 driving or pulling force which results in Primary Motives Primary motives are essential for survival. They must be satisfied first before you can take up any other activity, Primary \ toaction when the physiological balance of th This balance is called homeostasis, Sees called: hometstey) eee Primary, biological Hunger drive When the food supply of the body hasbeen exhausted, Gerfain biochemical changes take place in the tissues of the body, tomach to contract which gives hunger pains. be satisfied in order to help the body to return {o a physiological balance or homeostasis,80 _ Psychology for Graduate Nurses have Thirst roe The tissues ofthe body Tose fluid when fluids not been taken in. Asa result, the uicous membranes ofthe throat become ciry and cause sensation of thirst. en. One cannot survive for Iong without a regular supply of air or oxygen. If oxygen is not supplied even fora short time, tis posible to experience brain Gamage, loss of memory and control over one’s body. “Sleep drive usually occurs at regular intervals for each person. When the Body continues activities without rest or sleep fora long time, io experience confusion, inability to pay_attention, droopy eyelids, staring, muscle creased sensitivity distended with waste material, they cause pressure and discomfort. ‘The person becomes restless until the waste materials are disposed of and pressure relieved. ve to sex activity comes from nervous tensio wi ly set up by sex hormones. Its expression is st to moral codes and civil law. We have to sublimate this sex drive art and_painting, creative writing, a physiological motive. Maternal behavior is nature. It is unlearned. Physiological drive causes jaternal drive is eaused by prolactin, a hormone secreted by the pituitary. Personal motivesjpersonal social moties depends on: a Ones life goal b. Level of aspirations Interests d. Attitudes e. Force of habits £ Unconscious motivation Motivation: The ‘Why" of Behavior 81 aaa Tre ry"of Behavior 81 Social/Learned/Secondary Motives Human beings are not only biological but also social, Therefore human behavior is activated by the following social motives ement motives * Curiosity motives ‘These are called social motives because they develop through relationship with people. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 1, McClelland’s Need for Achievement Theory According to Meclelland, there important needs are need for achievement (Nach), need for affiliation (N aff) and need forpower (N pow). ‘The need for achicoement Achiev. tivation refers to a drive itandard of excellence. People with high need for achievement prefer tasks that would promise success and are moderately difficult{ David C. McClelland has found that while ir work) ‘Children whose parents have accepted their independence toad to becomehigh achievers. Children of overprotective parents become low achievers Gace learn by copying the behavior of their parents and other important peoplé Who serve as mc such observational learning, children adopt the cl the model, including the need for achievement? The expectations that the parents have for their children also develop achievement motivation in children. s (Affection, gregariousness). Man cannot exist in need tobe with other peopleisreferred to mn need. This need is revealed by a need to be attached to others ‘through friendship, sociability or group membership. They make more local phone calls, visits and seek approval of athe) Need to rely on others which is called de} \dency motive is-one form82_ Psychology for Graduate Nurses conditioning and instrament ostile aggression may be learned. power motives will be concerned inflaees They carci tht voluntary organization: Motivation: The "Why" of Behavior 83 tremendous frustration and a, violence and murder follow) stimulation throu, ive harmful behavior. Riots, deprivation or lack of fere sensory deprivation can cause disorientation, lessness, irritability, emotional upsets and loss of 2. Homeostasis or Optimum-Level Theory or Direct Theory Claud Bemard coined the word “homeosta: stability of the inner environment or physiological equilibrium, For example, a healthy body maintains a certain amount of water level in the body, certain degree of body temperature and a constant tale of blood pressure. The gmOURE of sugar in the blood should m attempt to nial al ing, es ‘They select jobs _ Which have an impact on others and dominate weaker sections ofthe society They often try to convince others, play morecompetitive eavil sports and drink more heavily New jor status Gimost all individuals have a desire to have some landing or position among the people of his society or group) Nobodies to be considered inferior. Efforts to achieve a rank in the hierarchy of the group is present not only in human beings but even ainong animals and birds, eg. “pecking order” among, hens. Need for seif-actualization See the humanistic theory by Maslow and Rogers described later. i jon at ese ioa cena alsa a rivation. Deprivation of theneed ob loved makesit very cticul to oxpres love to others. lost cases of child abuse come from, parents wl received no loveand security in their own childh« np of the need of selfesteem or social status, people respond wi water fo avoid dehydration. rand speed up the rate of metal t as shivering bums the body's fuel Similar deprivation of food faster and thus produce ‘or water causes a pl lance and only consumption of food or water can bring about a balance, 3. Drive Reduction Theory According to Clark Hall (1952) human beings have internal biological needs which motivate us to acl ina particular way. ‘These drives or needs are intemal slates of arousal or tensions which must be reduced. An obvio1 is the internal feelings of hunger or thirst which motivate us to act. According to this theory, we are drivers toreduice these drives so that we may maintain a state of internal calm. 4. Humanistic Theory by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Humanistic theory states that human behavi ‘tivated by ‘creativity and self-motivation. Abraham Masi ‘motives into five categories and arranged fashion. Basic biological needs form the base of‘84 Psychology for Graduate Nurses nan ascending order, the five needs are arranged according to their importance (Fig. 8.1). They are: ical motives (hunget, thirst, etc) needs (protection from harm or injury) love needs (affection, warmth, belongingness) ‘needs (self-respect, Self approval, prestige, autonomy and attention) 5, Self actualization (achieving maximum development of one's potentialit (otivation is based on both physiological a factors, The needs at one level ‘should be at least partially satisfied ‘efore theneeds at thenex level become active. For example, when Ay are difficult to obtain, the satisfaction of these needls te a person’s actions and the higher motives ( needs) will not have any significance. Only biological needs are satisfied, the individual will hav and energy for aesthetic and intellectual pursuits. The need in level of hierarchy is the need for self-actualization SelFact nis the ultimate goal of life. This is the need for the fullest development of one’s potential and achieve something, it means becoming, all one is capable of becoming, 5, Skinner’s Behavior Modification ‘Theory of Motivation (The Machine Model) {also known as Operant Conditioning) zy was developed out ofthe researchers by B-F. Skinner ing to this theory, people a ‘ouicomes(Because people generally prefer pleasant outcomes, they are likely to repeat behavior they Rave learnt on repetition of behavior that will have pleasant consequences) Forkéxample) people in an organization likely to obey a mahagers instructions because they have learnt at home ‘and at school that obedience to authority leads to praise and disobedience leads to punishment. Thus the frequency of various kinds of behavior in the organization can be seen a5 contingent on oe immediate consequences of these behaviors. ve consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior are positive reinforcement (e.g. praise or monetary rewar For: positive reinforcement ‘Motivation: The "Why" of Behavior 85 jem and aiglus. Confidence, SSE caeroners ‘Belnsinaness and saci needs iota, to ove and to be ove Basic sunal noes Physciogcal needs water, ox7960 Tt, coxa expression Fig. 8.1: Masiow’s hierarchy of neods negative reinforcement (i.e. escay 7 i (ve. escape from some adver ion) eecomaes ss ac he tay aa br mnie. ‘the behavior) and punishment ( Biincton(e gnoring the behavior) and punishment (eprnd, Cawlov believed that classical conditioning is 1 nditioning is the only principle by which all behavior including motivation aia ve explains behavior in terms of reward and punishment z itioni ins correct responses aré reinforced with food or and incorrect responses are ignored ea Ibe own tshavior by selfvnforcementor-sel-purshisct Successful methods have been developed to control abu 1 or overeating by making inaividule reward themaclves with an activity they find pleasurable when they stick to certain regimen of eating or drinking. Skinner's theory has been criticized on two grounds. First, it __over emphasizes the importance of external rewards and ignores the fact that people are better motivated by intrinsic rewards, Second,86 Psychology for Graduate Nurses. is argued that the theory is unethical because no authority has ight to manipulate and control employees behavior. 6. Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud (Unconscious motivation) Motivation is due to a combination of biological factors, external forces and unconscious phenomenon (Our actions are determined by the inner forces or impulses, ;perating below the level of consciousness] Freud believed. smmed from two opposing groups of ‘and the death ins d (Thanatos)_that_push towards_de ion. fe instincts. Activities to satisfy aggression and destructive tendencies are death instinc&> Lite en activities are interaction of life and death instinc's which involves mainly sex an Falated activities. The death instincts can be directed inwards in the form of suicide or self-destructive behavior or outwards in the jorm of aggression towards others. Freud also emphasized the powerful role of unconscious motives in hiaman behavior. He pointed fo several forms of behavior through which unconscious motives are expressed we often express wishes and impulses of which behavior ste a. _In_dreal we are unaware, b. Unconscious mannerisms, slips of pen and tongue, our irrational fears of specific objects or phobias reveal hidden motives, ‘Our chronic headaches, insomnia, gastric troul whicl there are no physical or organic reasons, show the unconscious seeds of Be pen / Motivation and the Nurse ‘The knowledge of motivation process II help the nurse in her maintaining her own mental health. her adjustment with doctors, patients and tobetter help her in the diagnosing of 5. It will facilitate faster cure of the disease understanding. : the disease. Me fotivation: The *Why” of Behavior 87 sive her job satis her colleagues, The nurse has to -mbe remember that motives are at w: eof patients, colleagues and her own daly watonsh wn motives and motives in the patient wi build a cooperative cooperative relationship between the patient a the Nurse and the Needs of Patients The nurse should always be avare ofthe need for the satisfaction OF the primary neds Ue patie’ ned for proper oe luids and a constant supply of air or oxygen should be Shes feed patents whoare tabla caty themacves Sin cover them with blankets and also hel ir el 2 ir elimination Patient, on admission to the a, ward, d C 1m all nurses look alike even thou; provide authority and assurance. The nurse must itreduce as the murse concerned with his care (Also ve Ni as-mch information especially the location of toil soapy Of the ward. A regular ward routine, wi drugs, visitors’ and doctor's rounds know the do’s Relatives and friends dem onstrate their love and affect reper These symbolic acts should be treated with respect by the using E The nurse's help may be needed during visiting time to ensure Pos - very fact that one has fal ope with the home and fami attached to certain illnesses ci fosy and to ls like cancer hospitals adds to this problem. avoid all the practices known to lower‘88 Psychology for Graduate Nurses ‘but murses should recognize that this 's and therefore should be minimum> ing to the adolescent who has only to have his bodily needs older than himself. Nurses should restra instructions or history-taking and should. “There isa skill involved in conveying to a patient uncon respect and acceptance when his sickness has reduced his value as a human being. Thoug! .e nurse to contribute to the self- actualization needs she should remember that some patients discover their a iterary or musical talent through Pious forms of art and occupational therapy. Patients may have “peak experiences” or heightened religious faith through suffering, tragedy and a contemplation of impending death.