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:
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OSI
.
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:

TCP
, User Datagram
Protocol, UDP

, IP
, Internet
Control Message Protocol, ICMP
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.

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TCP .

UDP .
,
IP ICMP.
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OSI TCP/IP

Telnet: Telecommunications Network (:
Teletype Network)
(
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SSH (Secure Shell).
FTP: File Transfer Protocol

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FTP.
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OSI TCP/IP

SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
.

( email) Internet
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TFTP:
(Trivial FTP)
FTP

( ) FTP.
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TCP/IP
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TCP/IP
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IP

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(Address Resolution Protocol)
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol).
ARP:
RARP:
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OSI TCP/IP
TCP/IP
2.
ICMP, Internet
Control Message Protocol
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IP.

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TCP/IP
.
:

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( server)
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OSI TCP/IP
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Firefox ,
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(Web Server),
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Internet)

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bytes.

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bytes.
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13.

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ADSL
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TCP/IP

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.

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TCP
TCP/IP
TCP ,
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TCP/IP
TCP
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TCP

.

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segments.
TCP.
(Header)
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TCP ,
TCP
.

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TCP/IP
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TCP/IP
,
:
1.
Sequence Number
2.
Acknowledgment number
3.
- Window Size
4.
(ports) TCP
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TCP/IP
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Sequence Number
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. .
.
.
. ,

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TCP/IP
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Acknowledgment number
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.
.

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(bytes) .
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1500.
.
, .
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TCP/IP
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(Window size).
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, .
(
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.
.
,

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.
,

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TCP/IP
3. - Window Size
1000,
1000 .
12000,

12000 12000+1000=13000.
. 12000.
:
1
byte .
. byte .
, 12000
11999 bytes
12000 .
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TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
TCP ports
.
. TCP

( )
TCP .
. , TCP
.

(..
Internet ,
),
.
.

.
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TCP/IP
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. ,
Firefox , TCP

,
.
.

(
).
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,
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. Firefox
(.. tabs), TCP

,
.
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TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
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TCP/IP
4. (ports) TCP
, ;
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TCP/IP
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:
,
(/)
.
IP
.
,
/.
(/, IP) ,
/ (
).
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TCP/IP
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. , TCP

.
. ,
(..
) TCP,
.
. , ,
, .
. ,
80.
. Firefox, TCP

80
.
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TCP/IP
4.
(ports) TCP
.

.
. FTP 21,
SMTP 25 ...
.

-INTERNET
TCP/IP
, TCP
,
TCP

.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP
TCP
.

.
:
1. .
.
2.
.
IP
,
( )
.
TCP (
)
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) .
FTP ( )
TCP.

IP .
:
1. FTP
.
.
2.
FTP
.
FTP TCP port
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
FTP .
TCP FTP
.
TCP port, .. 1234.
TCP port 21, 21

( )
FTP.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP

:
1.
FTP

2.
FTP
.
. FTP

.
. FTP
,
TCP port 21.
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TCP/IP
port,
, ,
,
FTP
TCP port 21, FTP

.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
TCP ,

IP :
IP
IP .

:
1. IP .. 62.103.240.22.

.
2. . 1234.
3. IP .. 61.74.29.32.
4. , 21.

,
.
-INTERNET
TCP/IP
;
1.
(FTP)

.
2.
(..
Firefox) site .
3.

. (:
, UNIX

.
).
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TCP/IP
:

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, IP
.

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,

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-INTERNET
TCP/IP
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TCP/IP :
TCP
.
TCP
. .
.
,

.
TCP .

.
TCP , ,
.
, TCP
.
. ( UDP)
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UDP
(User Datagram Protocol )
E
:

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TCP).

, . :

,
.
.

.
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UDP
,
, UDP (User Datagram Protocol
).
UDP :
TCP.
,
UDP
.
:

.
.
-INTERNET
UDP
UDP :
.

.

.
UDP

, .
.
.
-INTERNET
UDP
UDP :
TCP, UDP (ports),
UDP ports.
TCP 16 bits (
. 0 65535).
UDP .
-INTERNET
UDP
UDP :
UDP ports
.
,
DNS (Domain Name System),
UDP 53 .
DNS (Domain Name System),

www.sch.gr IP
.. 194.63.238.40
-INTERNET
UDP
UDP :
UDP ports
.
,
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol
),
161.
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UDP
UDP :
, ( TCP)
.
UDP ,
.
IP
TCP UDP
.
UDP
IP
UDP.
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IP (Internet Protocol)
B TCP/IP
IP
datagram.

(
).

, TCP.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
TCP UDP

IP.
IP (
)
.
IP.
IP
( )
.
.
TCP UDP segments
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
IP
,
IP .
64 Kbytes.
, IP
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
,

:
1. TCP/IP
2. OSI
:
1. .. Ethernet
2. ,

64 Kbyte
IP.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:
MTU,
(Maximum Transfer Unit)

, .
Ethernet MTU 1500 bytes.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
,
(MTU) IP .
IP
.
, IP

fragments.
IP
IP
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
fragments
fragments

-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
fragments

.

IP.

.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
1. IP
,
IP IP fragment
.
,
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
2.
IP
IP
fragment
IP .
blocks 8 bytes*
* .
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
3. More Fragments (MF)
IP ,

(fragment) .

More Fragments (MF)
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
3. More Fragments (MF)
1,
fragment
.
0 ,
, fragment
, .
,
MF=1 .

0 1 flags
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
4. Dont Fragment, (DF)

.
, DF 1.

IP
.
,
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
5.
.

:
IPv4 IPv6.

IPv6).
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
6.
32 bits.
5.
5*32=160 bits,
8, 160/8=20 bytes.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
7. TOS, Type of Service

.

IP
:
1. , 2. 3.
:
,
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
8.
IP ,
.
,
64 Kbytes = 64*1024 = 65536 bytes.
20 bytes.

65536-20=65516 bytes.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
9.
1
.
,
.
.

.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
10.

IP
.
, 6,
TCP.

, IP.
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
11.
IP ()
.
,

.
12.
IP .
( )
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
13.
IP .

.
14. IP
.
15.

32 bits.
IP ( 14)
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
1400 bytes
20 bytes.

620 bytes.
Dont Fragment (DF)
0, .
:
. ,
.
. MF
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP

:

.
. 1420
bytes.
DF=0, .

.
, MF fragments
1 0.
8
(
fragment ).
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:

fragment 620 bytes.
: fragment.
, 600 bytes
20 bytes .
MF 1. .
0.
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:

620 bytes. 600 bytes
20 bytes .
H MF 1. .
(
) 600 bytes
600/8=75.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:

200 bytes .
200 bytes +
20 bytes = 220 bytes.
H MF 0
.
600+600=1200 bytes .

1200/8=150
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:
20 bytes 20*8=160 bit.
5 532=160.

.

IP .
,
.
1
. IP
,
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:

.
20 bytes,
IP .
.
.

( )

( MF=0).
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:
,
.

,
.

:
, . (
).
100.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:
.
IP MF
.
MF 1, ,
.
0 75,
.

.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:
.
IP , MF=1 o
.
IP
(100)
IP .
.
-INTERNET
B TCP/IP
:
.
IP
, MF 0.
IP
.
IP
.

(.. TCP, UDP) .
IP
.
-INTERNET
IP ,
IP .
,
.
,
.

(
).
,
(DNS).

IP .
-INTERNET
,

,
IP

.
-INTERNET
(Media AccessControl,
MAC)
:
1.
IP
2.
(hardware
address).
-INTERNET
MAC)

,
.
(
)
.
OSI, Media Access Control,
MAC.
.
-INTERNET
MAC)

-
MAC .
MAC
,
.
, .
OSI

( IP ).
-INTERNET
MAC)

MAC
( ).
( Ethernet)
48 bits.

.
-INTERNET
MAC)

MAC
( ).
( Ethernet)
48 bits.

.
-INTERNET
MAC)

,

, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers.
24 bits MAC

.
24 bits
.
-INTERNET
MAC)

,

, IEEE, Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers.
24 bits MAC

.
24 bits
.
-INTERNET
MAC)

-INTERNET
MAC)

24 bits
, OUI, Organization Unique Identifier.
bit ( )
.
0 (Individual)
(Group).

,
.
OUI 1,
:

.
-INTERNET
MAC)

bit
.
0,
IEEE, 1 .
,
.

.
bit (
).
-INTERNET
MAC)

22 bit
IEEE .
24 bit
.

(OUI),
(.. Ethernet) .

24 bit ,
24 OUI .
,
IEEE OUI.
-INTERNET
IP
TCP/IP IP 32 bit.
IP :
1.
2.
-INTERNET
IP
:
IP (.
) .

,
.

( DNS ).
IP
.

() (
).
-INTERNET
IP
:

.
:
, Internet
:
10.14.28.10
Ethernet
81.186.52.182 Internet
.
-INTERNET
IP
IP ,
1.
2.
,
,
:
3.
4.
, IP

.
-INTERNET
IP
7.22 :
22.
, 35, 45 55.

(1,2,3,4)
.
-INTERNET
IP
octets.
8
. byte.

0 255.
( )

,
IP:
1. bytes = 3 * 8 = 24 bits.
2. byte = 8 bits
32 bits.
-INTERNET
IP

,

,

-INTERNET
IP

, Network Information Center, NIC
InterNIC.

, NIC

.
TCP/IP

NIC.
:
;
-INTERNET
IP
:
;
ADSL,
IP Internet .
.
NIC
,
.
,
.
-INTERNET
IP
,
.

24 bits,
.
,

24 bits

.

IP 24 + 24 = 48 bits.
-INTERNET
IP

32 bits.
,
(
) ,
.
, A, B, C, D
bits
.
-INTERNET
IP

,
:
-INTERNET
IP
1. :
0.
7 bits
24 .
128 16
.
-INTERNET
IP
2.
10.
14 bits 16
bits .
16384 65536
.
-INTERNET
IP
3. C:
C 110.
21 bits,
8 bits.
2
256 .
-INTERNET
IP
4. D:
D .
(multicast).

.
D 1110.
-INTERNET
IP
IP
8 bits ,
.
.. :
10.14.28.32

.
-INTERNET
IP
,
.
:
, :
...
, :
...
C, :
...
, C
192.168.2.34. 192.168.2 , 34
.
-INTERNET
IP

.

.

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:

-Layered network architecture:

(OSI, Open Systems

(Virtual Circuits, VCs)

To TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (

TCP port, .. 1234.

TCP port 21, 21

DNS (Domain Name System),

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