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    6 Personality

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    Manu Cv

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    Personality 35 ea onorallvs 38 8 Personality | é a CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY 1. By types 2. By traits or factors ‘THE TYPE APPROACH The theory approached human personality and behavior charac- leek-heade i such pal nut me that are fat; sleek-headed, men and s} leristics using somatic structure, blood type and secretions. Cassius has a lean and hungry Jook; He thinks ‘Types Based on Temperament ippocrates (about 400 BO), the father of medicine, classified people four types as per temperament depending on which one of ‘one’s bodily humors or fluids they believe to pred juine—cheerful, vigorous, confident, optimi slow moving, unexcitable, —Munn NL (Psychology) within the individual of those is unique adjustment to is systems that ‘Thisis similar to dividing people into Vatha, Pitha and Kabham in. Ayurveda, : _Types Based on Body Build (Physiological Types) a. Kretschmer b. William Sheldon Ketschmer (1925) divide people into 3 types based on body strict + Asthenic— introvert + Athletic—active, aggressive, well-developed muscular body. + Pyknic—extrovert, round and fat Sheldon (1954) divided people into three types according, to body build and behavior. * Endomorph—plumb, soft, fat and round—sociable even tempered and relaxed (like Santa Claus). + Mesomorph—heavy set and muscular—physically active and noisy. * Eclomorph—tall, thin and flat-chested—self-conscious, shy, fond of solitude and reserved. behavior The characteristic co jual from another giving each a unique pers nnfased with character and temperament. eee of individual based upon certain son has a good or bad character depending on mest and dependable. Character reflects system. Personality is of Character means a 4 96 Psychology for Graduate Nurses On thesamebasis, emperament too is classified into the following three classes: «+. Visecerotonic (endomorphic) eating predominates. They love ‘omforis and food also seek love of others. They also sleep “deeply They like others help them when they are in trouble. © Semantotonic (mesomorphine). They have a brittle, clear, Fpelifive nature and a generally powerful, daring, authoritative Sind loud Talkers. In troubles, they are more active, «© Corebrotonie (ectomorphic). They are habituated in suppressing led and withdrawing, They rouble, they keep disturbed. Although a person’s physique may have som personality, the relationship is much more subi Shown little corzelation between body build and sp characteristies ‘Type A arid B ( as classified by heal pier 11) based on emotions and stress psychologists. Classification by Psychological Types On the basis of sociability Dr. Karl G. Jung classified people into two main groups namely extroverts and introverts. “Extroouris are people who are sociable and take interest in others and like to move with people and are skilled in etiquette. They ifficulties. They are friendly and sociable and not easil by ‘are dominated by emotions, whereby they take de and act on them without delay. They are reall problems of life objectively. “Inirazets are those who are,interested in thomselv: feelings, emotions and reactions. They are busy in their own thoughts and are self-centred, They are reserved and like to_work alot sensitive and are unable to adjust easily to soe ‘Many poets, philosophers, scientists and artists belong to this group, “There are very few people who are pure extroverts or introverts Majority of the people are ambiverts having the qualities ofextroverts and introverts in different proportions. Porsonality 37 THE TRAIT APPROACH Personally the uniquencasbfe people, say a nurse, is to eg, patience, honest 1961) used different traits to describe al, The most common way to describe ‘a number of qualities she should personality factors or dimensions ‘When traits are’ analyzed and results are put on 3 is called personality profil) Personality Traits of a Nurse + Disapline + Responsibility *-Patience ‘Commitment Dedication and serve need; - sent ee ee affitudes, will and character, intellectual capacities as intelli- gence, reasoning, attention, perception and imagination. These traitsand factors are assessed by psychological tests rat differences in personality characteristics or trai 38 Psychology for Graduate Nurses IES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT nality refers to a combination of long-lasting and distinction Behaviors, thoughts, motives and emotions that typify how we react and adapt to otter people and statiop) eae i how personales dif umber of approaches for studying, the human development Uhre are Seve) theories or st of Prinses of sonality devdlopment which have been developed to explain differences. Some focus upon the internal growth ol others are based on the effect of one’s external still others emphasize personal experience and tof view of types re popular and lity has been considered from the py and tits on the other, The ww is a compromi organized typewise, Kretschmer, jung and Sheldon have classified personality based speaks of three types—Tumasik, Rajasik e sifcaion comelting The Indian Approach 1. seen have tajaguna, kind, optimistic, light hearted, sociable, will do anything for their easy going, noble, honest and since fom cae Kies poet mien 2, Salnik have satvaguna; reserved, pessimi angry fast, difficult to understand, depres 3. _Tamosik possess tamoguna; pleasure seeking, not do not want fo be active even while expect ‘The major personality theories are t c, frustrated, gets Table 6.1: Major personality theories Theories adopting pe approach: Hippocrates, Kreschaner, Sheldon and ae Allport + Thuories adopting tit approach: Alp {Theories adopting typecim-trait approach 5 PigeBrane. eum hors, BE Skinner, Personality 39 —— _econaty_ 30 1. Psycho-analytical ‘Theory (Internal Growth) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed the best known theory of personality focussed upon internal growth or psychodynamic, The theory stresses the influence of unconscious fears, desires and ‘motivation on thoughts and behavior. The theory has three parts: J. Structure of personality (anatomy of personality or subsystems of personality) (Freud thought of personality as being based upon a structure of three parts: The id, the ego and the superego) al ucts including Jes All the drives of a person towards pleasure and tigfaction are coming from the id, This uninhibited demand for self-satisfaction is called the pleasure principle. Wie not bother about the environment, the needs of others or reality but demands complete self saisfats An infantis alld as tt demands immediate satisfaction: basicneeds like hunger, thirst, relief from. discomfort ot pain without concern for how it will be done immediately. (Treo cals slt golsenergy Som fheldinteee forthe id through it ify} Ego directs the behavior of personality through the reality principle Many demands of id and hence will be controlled by the ego) The suy is the ego ideal, (Chis developed through the cultural environment and learning from social contacts such as s, family members and authority figure Itjudges the thoughts and actions of the ego, Wh behaves against the standards of his superego (= ‘will feel guilty. Greud believed that the id, ego and superego were in constant conflict with one another, the ego controlling the demands of the i and the superego checking the behavior of the eg) Il, Psychosexual Stages According to Freud, all human beings pass through a series of five psychosexual stages: ‘+ Theoral stage from birth to oneand half years; pleasure is obtained {through stimulation of the mouth as in nursing or thumb sucking, + Tigannl stage occurring during. 1% to 3 years of life when toilet ‘raining is attempted—gratification is obtai or expelling feces, 40 Psychology for Graduate Nurses + he phallic or cetipal stag from about age three to sixpleasure ig obtained by fondling-the genitals. + Als ge 6 0 12 years (onset of pubertyXGalled latency ‘ause sexual intefests are repressed and lie dormant till puberty) Peri mation and fierce gang loyalties. Hoye chng together and shun gis and girls despise boys. stage (adolescence) begins with puberty. Young people i i ‘otional upheavals. Problems encountered at any one stage, either of deprivation or dverindulgence, may produce fixation at that staf] Epeno fixated al the oral stage when the infantis totally dependent upon It, be excessively dependentand overly fond of such oral pleasuresas-eating, drinking ‘orsmokifig) Pperson fixated at the anal stage may be abnormally ‘concerned with cleanliness and orderliness (obsessive compulsive disorder OCD) 15 Freud’s theory faints a picture of humans filled with irrational ‘and unconscious forces that control our behavior without any free choice. For Freud, the first six years of childhood are most critica xsonality development. What happens to the individual in later ‘s Fashioned during the child’s first six years. il, Personality Dynamics (Structure of the Mind or jon of the Mind) Topographical Description of Psyche or Mind or Levels of Consciousn Mind is @ function of body; it does not exist apart from the is the sum total of the various mental processes or ‘Mental processes can be conscious, unconscious or preconscious. The conscious Gs per Freud, the conscious part of the mi of those mental activities of which we are aware such. and sensations, It functions only when the individ SpvaKe Tedirets the individual as he behaves in a rational wa ind consists The unconscious The unconscious is by far the largest part of the mind. It includes our: fears and phobi The preconseious or subcons: 1 cious It is that part of the min: in which ideas and reactions are stored andl pally feegene The preconscious also prevents certain unaccept : ‘unconscious memories from reaching the conscious. from the subconscious can be brotight to the eee individual concentrates on recall) ae id body interact on ach othey. Gur s 5 and glands are responsible for our ways OF thinking, Reling and wish ein and wishing> Our feelings or our emotions can cause bodily 2. Payehosocial Theory is theory was developed by Ei 'y_ Eric H_ Briksor z dlring the frst six years and says thatthe personal pr s develop over the entire life cle Individuals develop a healthy a "y mastering inner and outer dangers with positive solutions to fe’ social problem Table 52), ‘She indvedeal is a state o oot pa ralecl yomee but at the same time also faced with constant The concept of changes is controversial, stages overemphasize the rapid ‘ dere a, gctanees, ignoring the continuity of human arly Leaming Theory (1930) explained individual and social behavior by basic learning z in a variety of hin lem3)They argued that we may act indecisive and neurotic 42__ Psychology for Graduate Nurses 42_ Psychology ore Table 6:2: Erikson's eight be stags Gea eee Tostng of the startin Hopes Seube—pabaes in relation to eeny oa ns 2 : cee a ing 2 ganse of Peer si) yt» ig t, aire, ee oats a ee we yum wy Hagin Catiy op Kcation ster to ahi ees Se peed ee oa yun Comanny tng ges es ene integrity ‘Satisfaction com a” GER AEE oan ‘Runonomy-deterinaton the wil Ue your ov Hi when we are torn between approaching and avoiding a certain rurse of action Foxexampla, when we want the tooth filled, but ‘we fear pain, In Such cases, the tendency 10 approad fling) often stronger than the avoldance tency 8 a the aphroneh endecy wil miss out and ve il ere rom the pei action. We will cancel our dental appoi a - example is twin analysis of Mrs A, a woman 2 pysherapistin New Yrk or severe depression Decaf confit between her sexual (urges) appetite (approach) an ‘open sex (avoidance). Personality 43 & Soaial leaming theory: BF Skinner (1904-1990) leveloped by BF Skinner, nee 2 pee whereby individuals, as a result of their experiences, establish an association or linkage between two events, burning stove and a painful Durning sensation. This process is called conditioning) Behavior can be divicied into sd “responses” and the ‘one strengthens the pos: er event occurring is called “reinforcement”. The environment is responsible for development of personality Humanistic Theory (Self Theory, Growth of Self image) “lopment focusses upon the development Gf self it is called humanism. Humanists ke Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow reject the internal conflicts of Freud’s view and. the mechanistic nature of that each person oF fuman beings want to grow and develop to their greatest potential) Abraham Maslow Maslow broke away from the reward /punishment/observable behavior mentality of behaviorism and developed his humanistic theory. (Fis theory emphasized two things: (i) Our capacity for growth or selfactualization and (i) Our desire to satisfy a need hierarchy arranges needs in an ascending order, with biological needs a nand social and personal needs at the top. As needs at one level are met, we advance to the next level, Carl Rogers’ Self Theory {Carl Rogers rejected the psychody DE use it placed {oo much emphasis gafnconscious, irrational forcésyfustead Rogers heory called y’>Self we primary assumptions: ~~ 'y development is guided by each person’s unique alization tendency of us has a personal need for positive id that the self is made K 44. Psychology for Graduate Nurses 44 _Psychology for Grace eS ———____— COGNITIVE THEORY pari psychodynamic theory, developedin tioeuty 190 eT out of his work with patients, Humanistic theories s) and an ex-behaviorist in the 1960s by an ex-Freudian (Rogers) an oa (Maslow) who believed that the previous theori had neglected the positive side of human potential and fulfilment. jarison, the social cognitive theary, develop ena umeipewouce a strong. esearch background, that -mphasised a more experimental a to developing an 1g used to understand and explain personality Personality 45 —. SS ___Rerronaty 085 708 says that Personality development, growth and change are influenced by four distinctively human cognitive processes: a. Highly developed language ability b, Observational learning c Purposeful behavior, and a. aor ‘Reciprocal interaction between the behavior and environment. Society and~individual are interdependent) Bendura’s theory. “euiphasizes Cognitive factor ial values beliefs.(Three particular beliefs have been shown to influence Personality development» a. Locus of cor which refers to how much control we think ‘we have over our environment, b. Delay of gratification which involves voluntary postpo: ‘immediate reward for the promise of a future reward. © Self-efficacy which refers to our personal beliefs of how capable We are in performing specific tasks and behaviors, al cognitive theory says that personality development is, 4 Environmental conditions, a ersonal factors and ©. Behavior, it Theories approach, the personality is reviewed in terms of traits est, shy, lazy, dull, dependent, et§) Traits are defined as iese behavior pattems its of personality) Ifa person behaves he is c <4-r>zooamD ions such as what havior includes a variety of actions sud bares, mental influences inchude our social, pé cultural influences as walls ou particular learning experienc) ustas our cognitive factors influence how we pereiveand interpret darenvizonment ox envzonment int, aes curb vai ind social roté9 Cognitives “factors include aa aa toc aterionsand slo aswell asbiologeal OP penetic infltences. Thus, what we think, believé and fel affect and genetic: 5 how we act and behave imary traits, Ge Cattell, the British born American research worker, defined stait'as a structure of the personality inferred from bs Gifferent situations) He described four types of traits: @ Common traits, widely distributed in general population ique for a person eg. temperamental trails, Pustacetmltzable ‘obe recognized asa manifestation ofbehavior like curiosity, dependability, tactfulness edo 46 Psychology for Graduate Nurses d. Source traits underline sources or structures t srsuch as dominance, submission and emotionally. die ‘cory of Cattell intends to give certain specific dimensions to Personality, so that human behavior related to a particular situation can be predicted)Cattell has adopted factor analysis as a technique for his work. “Assumptions made: are common to all individuals are relatively stable jable THE FIVE FACTOR MODEL OR THE FIVE TRAITS THEORY For over 50 years, a major goal of personality researchers was (0 find a way to define the structure of personality with the fewest il 's The search for a list of traits that could describe ffferences among everyone, began in 1930s with a ‘of about 4500 traits and ended in 1990s with a list of only five t “The five (traits) factor model traits theory organizes personality traits under five categories: a. Openness b. Conscientiousness ¢. Extraversion, d. Agreeableness and e, Neuroticism (OCEAN). ‘These traits which are referred to as the big five traits raise three majpr issues. Eire, although traits are stable tendencies to behave in ce ‘ways, this ability does not apply across all traits are both dl change occurs before age30, because adolescents and young adulis Gre more willing to adopt new values and attitudes or revise ol ‘nes, Most stability occurs after age 30, but adult do continue to as, beliefs and attitudes, tures_ha i ‘and: behaviors. Genetic factors push and pull Hfedevelopment of certain traits whose development may be helped ‘or hindered by environmental factors) ‘Traits are useful in that th cof people and predict certain behaviors. ‘the development or growth “Trait theory 3a ely little bout of personality but instead emphasizes measuring and identifying differences among personalities. Ade shorthand descriptions Personality 47 $$ _____eromnaty_#7 ‘SUMMARY OF PERSONALITY THEORIES hasizes the importance of earning ind self-reward in development of ractions and behaviors. According to this th pot mea hat ou per ny Observable behaviors o& civ mal rewards in order to learn new social because many of your behaviors are sel motivated and intrinsic ring Bendura's, Freud’s and Erickson theories. They L— ntary because they each emphasizes a different process, nitive theory emphasizes learning through mods 6 ing bel =i g Behaviors that you cserve in sia interactions that can occur i satisfying innate biok Frickson’s Sheory pains to the importance of dealing with soil needa” METHODS/TECHNIQUES OF PERSONALITY RSONAI Peron testing is done for various roncone, A porn peyehal gis ay want to identify people fora aan - inkl psychologist often uses personality testo evalua Psychological disorder, Personality tests do nothave “right” and ‘wrong” answers. Instead they seek answers that will reveal People's sharectrsc tendencies or behavior Pe The techniques of per eee ‘sonality assessment can be divided into 1} Where one can see how i i 1 Where one can see how the individual behave in actual life a. Observation technique b. Situation technique 2, Where one can find ean out what an individual says about himselE as Autobiography Questionnaire /personality inven << 3 Techniques by which one cn find out what others the individual whose personality is under asse Objective rae a. Case history taking, i Cote Mitoy tli, Le. extracting intrmaton Rating scales i Sociomerry. about 48 Psychology for Graduate Nurses 4. Techniques by which one can find how an individual reacts to an imaginative situation involving fantasy. For example, Proje: Techniques by which one can personality variables in terms measuring, (technical) instruments. Assessment of Personality ‘The following are some of the methods used for evaluation and. s 2. Personality inventories (based on 3, Projective techniques (based on psychonnalytical theory) is the most popular method of observation. ‘Ropearance, bearing and speech can be noticed. Questions can Peer about atifudesandl interests. Interviews are used to evaluate for the purpose of employment and for erview Interviews Interview led. Body language ofthe client nbe observed during an interview. ‘movement ofthe hands, facial expressions or voice. Flows Srl great skill is needed to put the interviewee at ease Questionnaires This is the most common ‘measuring personality. A personalit Inwhich the person reports his or her feeling in certain situations They are very easily checked and are scored by machines which. aking the test more objective (Table 5.3) prejudice of the tester, ‘Table 5.3: Examples of questions used in questionnaires jut peson ‘you prefer to work alone rather than with others Yes Yes you frequently feel oad Do you fequen’y = ‘Minesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI)_One of the most: the MMPLTfhis test asks for Personality 49 ——— — __rsonaity 99 (one for men and anoth« and another for women) about different per traits such as attitudes, emotional reactions, a

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