Cost ANALysis AND BupGeTinG T. Michael Toole ALL ORGANIZATIONS have gals Mos for profit Ihave corporate financial gone concerned with p of eturn onesie, which a cra evel of pris oe Income, Within companies resources such as people equipment ts mater aneeash te po the bet chance netng or ther deveips new geographic ea of implementing 3 ner inlormaton tech nology system to areamline operations, al ra sures inode to bring pot tft thereby evenly ‘constbutng tothe achievement of corporat goals. One af ma games hry duties to de whieh peojtont of unde of pose projetsould he pursued, Manages mist choose projects tha they believe wildelver ana Frofit is the difference between revenue and costs, Profit can be incresod hor by increasing revenue, deceasing than carte Beery salty profesional providing 326 an sky worknvtonenet a «real component in managing cost (ASSE 2002, Although safety programs areal awed as nreasng every they ae ‘ypicaly ecognize a eset to reducing costo to esting that costs do wot inravefster thin cevemues do, Eective safety programs therfore an contribute Wo achieving corporate sls involving prodtabily just ae mich as mor vise natives that inveve new products, eves and son In shan, we know that efective sey management is 8 00d corpoatenvestment Lie invest safety programs eed eds resoures. Thee resources sly inlade peopleeee Bio Spun yur ansnadso soy users ‘son ser Sued qs nos Bung et 05 pune mq 2su-anad esnng hes pe ‘oman ue ond oe asus ‘sev many weed aout pew 9 ‘roof srumnsuey Aayg ‘paseo ag nar pad 20 4 ayy 4, Beas a0 fodmP pues “sensi pus ay ‘drag wontmboe non gs wisp pue Buzssuo9 Spey vslond ewan rou a nays: Supa eg MOS ‘prondde ane. pun y ease ogre pop a {smu oyspop ayo yuAaE oY Ee “Aeweonuous fous aod cud wy 51509 21.0471 ‘sujamg pues any 4 Keyan ay pee Kaun yo anyon au esd "ipo ys “avo pa OP PE Das ‘Bum aptoop es op Masogos sh Spenoea ‘afin swopdumes pu ooo pa ae reser onpeqazor py ogo Shon pd 2re sumo eyes ye apeasuouap post os es spogour oni mM Bonpone a sisxivuy 1509 onismwaanp, ‘sta39NOg TwINaWYaNNS “Busou 20 hays Bayon eso, ff ou exonenys gedae pte Ade sade sun o Sona2aq ony paonpa 29 ey Aerouoa Sorausu> wy esa yaa sy 34 eps some raums> Ho Eten opuen we dog amped nar pune Ser sof sau spoop uo doy we nen so ‘Poauecmums soo 3 2(dueea ng ape 0mm “8 sue qn op 0 Spousal dep Arosa pad ase syn goa seve jrveny Aes are dy ‘nau Snauun yy pepo Bag, 58 0) pura: uayo are ony a qua “Pons 3 rows fond eu seme Astgo oe ‘oor is sopeat ay apnoea sdey> sm, “sarod ye pe ‘ayes 04 siqeue psouon annensenb Jo wR om Sunoousu fey yo wouRseuE veins _dde om soap coe gong ¥BeqENO PUR HOH ‘Boaqung amnpaaien Seanad geo -0n eng snus Saye Bana Buns “pe 19 a5 aeons te aes 2 poo ob oxmpe 00) a2t05HE PR aaA “ER PORN Seon epi sm an wove a Ded asad apes mg ssa ese Mog o arIOHK B9HS, 205 pow a ex. porEgp ey Laxsn 70 sires gt povodas (2999 suepy ¥Bojom a > "yu steps so posmdso wou sone HOR vant au kd dense po sue y open suoien twang pron et) pua nS A ‘api op sap pe yooq woDer jams anion ‘oeayo an ave ued Aaj rp ensuousp oy pd ag ur on papoaL ae 00, 8q eae ENP Jo EOD. UA Sy HNALED 5 swoppre Rupnpar 30 Saianaed yo > aw sso eunssjord Aes doe eae pur jroudde api 30 Sma. syousan PO ‘worarda sundaes paseo a Buen uotap sates anal Put YSoso9 ih Pape seu ogo p—szprany anon Yn 2 20 jes jo suede soy— matistought tem te cmpany) Aeration xqlpment coe eit eed end ie dpa Icivect Costs and Benofts for Investment Decisions Afondamertalconapt tht apis oth short: td limgtrm prot is the ance nec cots and ‘enti: Met people would detine gd projet a> ‘neti renusin mow Bnei than costa proc hat gies lack more than pt ito kad sly ad up the Danas nd coos, howe mart, ‘ly cade iret ene and eats, cash ows hey conser to be dizectly associated with or directty resulting from a project tat hive ebviews values For erample, OSHA's Suc Sori ant Cave Studer Web page 2007) inden a link to succes stories summarising direct eri Tes important ht Sana aaj lind indict cots and bane ae intangible costs and beni Lael 20), Some peopl ie the tems an- ffl and intangible ae synenynos with ditt and Indices, bt they ae not. Ti suction dea with Indie ca an enfin fllowingsubecton eres intangible cste anor Income Tx Benefits Tare spec pes find cash Nowe sr ans ‘iz ere A fll imssonofesch of thee cash-flow ‘types would equte a book chapter alone, ba hey shoulda lest be mentioned. One Wpe of indirect ash owiehe etlet oncom tax Investnent are “undertken to generat profits, bu hese profit are set to bsinesincome ta Thus, proper cash one lags foran income pein vstinent should reflect the net income proce ty the investment ern Teens coporitae ze etl above 30 percent, come tes con sigifcnlly redone potential projet’ apparent net ncome. Comps in special crumstanoes lowing them to py tie or no corporate tases may not nest inorporae corporate anes nei nay. ‘Asecond important indict ath fo hat Seay tncamely omit is deprecation. Depiction a8 accountng conept, not an optional once, butt amis witht mleton fo investment deons Wen cet ypesofmsjor ast are purchased their scquston ess nmet belly expanse entra {ef the acountng books under cot of gods thereby reducing ret income) in the yur they are puchare Trend, the cts ae atorteed over dhe umber of yess set otha trate In ter wont, ltough 3 Fam may have paid «vender the entice cn of 2 new ie of expt uipment he ineome atest for ‘hat yearcanonincadea portion athe cits Ineschpo gpd of yop 39 Arr So YEE aT "Boose yey sana “aya 6 SUE ‘peur wang you yuu aes 21 px sanoy vase us anny poor Axagonpoud tp pusszpan of pep Kew seBeuow aay are Sap € wean 29 ‘ytempoud uf seen OF yo soe io anys 0 pneu gos sae smu Apes sent a see A sie ‘aso yoo 30 Ap er so poe juenb oy prey ave La aoed «dos 9 aaarday Aavegutis few poe yryodat we spay asm BHO Ae Jo uNIOd ow PURE pin om sup 0 aoe 3.00 ay a aE po Gand aceare pie gpa Sp sworompar wy uns Agena yn Sexes Aes 1 Rann nme a Po Aes ae Srpuad Lope qn peporse spain ‘asad You ayo ave young ye Yoos ing ang mow ape pareposs pp 39 PINON pur oqgeunb dyes ag pron snes ip aq ‘vag ogee paves eq pins an una ovens Age Tn 30s [eunoosp ean qt # a yas Kesey os “fies aendaulde yBoany pousnsnop sss ease ‘Aojes use Buys asa eaCU aS 3 Soy aes FoReDOSSE are oy sR ‘aay ute ae ograemeng emo apgun em “eng 8 pw Aas aa8eeen 194 PROM 00 Jo #5 snonAGo 990 vaeURE APS SY ‘aug oy 8 Supp Gamo eps “ng jum ase ae ay wea Kops Ane se paeposse sam agi sieaeare an YENONTY sts upeay se 00 a5 1 SE fam assy) suesfoad sey por Anges ng ne [out wo wana uo sided sy sags ue fy zapeny poe snopsgne a rq el a eS aH 5 smo ye agen -pamseaus Spoon 59 ue pus yuusanu 0 ade yp poyenosse ‘Au ave wy soa stg use Bap puETSAA suyoueg pue sso oyr6uen) no 5 sumunsanu we papmpar ag asp FANON (OP yoy Bases pes Jo WoL LoNENS ‘pion sor smo (eeoRIPPE ae pss A) ism nga og yee aad oun) a oS peut ag fae pnoyssmean ay PN ujseonar da spue youu ve YEG) 1H 2H ‘of ng ¢peEHND Of ngEHHOD a NNO PP sen eg pent rsp eae! Bee oo sage erdins fgeuonet pan peogm4n am pour Sng aan ot ps ssid eng ‘sacra sounds sean aD® 3g) 20H apis pen jeune ag of PDO 94 89 pen pags Agu on anurans: pred ve deren son pe mor ago pe FEE ouwsteueu Supp wane SpA fig n vpondoper oq Ae (00 cep “ps0, ‘sen sagem peop sun Jo 99M stp eat Ahan 34) 259) 39 ‘ym pps hed a pao yours fue Inbar ur ROPADUL ag Fous pEEHO JOTI snap 0 royp Faso HOHE INO osunanataau 8 oe feo 3 ND en aonpar rayon ave pon ess esd uo no "se Ev Ae purse pox e sya rans aug oqo TOUT =| sue uropnpnoy peso mous YH -sanu og pes aay ys angend ap SNP ri enrng pad 79 smuansenge a np Aosdigsuee ay use oy aSunp proqan Su “pp usa a #2] anne {xz ase> mops Dede go SH] 28a por sues seue jo soap’ apyp| owt sa peur “imp py HOES FUER 2 IRENE HT ROY HSE amp o ad NEO, i019 prowong permeate pepo oases Tewosmyen sabes Senta mg 0H YH BAI “ur ue suoypoaidop Ay yy Foe Aca) 813g pon a apap dass assed © soars afeqes ss 0 ay pate UuogeEasdop upneieng someon yo spoupus iu soe unig ayy Famo xe aE pu" ABE $38 BupaposKqugy aad jou wag ded foe Ae, ere eso ap ete 005 8 ‘rooaadop 09 avo ue sopmpu ues et 23 so sean 3 seek Bugs 0it el Baeng inate ssslly appropri once them ineconomic analysis. Afterall nary all nvestnent dion ae based on stints of flue teu on lnvwamens,noten chain cash ows his poiat irae mor fall the esion ented "Pate (Cath Flows Are Uncertain” Forename, Americana rely bay emulty stocks based on enimats of the fur dividends aa appreciation nthe stock vals Prout managers routinely decide to pay product, evelopment nd malting costs based om etmtes offre sls and prices. Salety proeronale shot not estate fo ently the spec langle bene- ftsassooated with safe investment eatmae their ‘tas, and let operational sanages deve if hese magnitudes should beaded or subjected to sensitivity analysis (aterm thai discussed further inascioneniod "Faure Coxhoe re Uncetat or example, many safety managers have historical da onthe eguency of csuerenoe of pec types cf injuries and the average direct cst asta wih tach ye of injury. It ational estimate the say Ings resulting rom an investnent hat il re in reduction i injuries by mpg the nomber of fewer injuries expected by the average ets of och seh ry Literature on Direct and Indirect ‘Saety Costs ‘Anumber of authors have witn about direct and Indie safety elated costo—epeclly on the nist ‘sts of acer, which though often dificult to ease srenonelhless very gic Band (1999) stated hat “ncet nae ls onto expe age theindrectcossof workplace jes ost usually ot eoverd by insurance an ange anywhere om tov tan Hines the cot ofthe face value of the lao.” Ki tal. 2000 reported hat niet ost may range om eof twenty ies the det oat {nth casn of plumbers nd ppt, Brody, Letournen, an Poe (290) dentiiod indict accent cots for general industry, nek ing wages paid to rployees tthe aidet sit ine lat after an aciden which ae not caved by insane), daaged materi, crvpation of ain a ‘stats tine, prcton os aise publ ng, {cerioratad nboreatons and morale, and higher wages (ue to pecetved risk, Thi same atc also ‘ented prevention costs neti fted preven ‘on costs ose that occur belore production ous sand donot ary with secient at, vriable preven. ton costs thse that eur agar of aceidents in ‘efoto prevent rcuenesssih a accent inves ‘ipstions and unepted prevetion ests ne a5 ins ih ecg the sk ofnjury but ot arene the time a pace of equipment was purchased). Brady et al (1997) densi (1 the dict costs ssocated with aspeicijury, 2) the inde couts sociated with «spc injoy, nd) the indict ‘oss assosiatd with other ealth and sfetyreqlee ment (sch prevention programe) nsend of with 2 specinjry Gc the sts stout below). Lacie sna Taveras 199) ppd ona deed ty of the ‘ist and inet casts nt one patcptory ‘ergonomics program Divct Costs Related Specific Russo Injry Directo late oa species or nj nade the flowing + moti ece + physician, oher provider services npatien ~outpent + link, spt serices lnpatient patient * meilanydigaosti cervies “abortory radiology ~eeeroctdogeaphy ~eeeromyography other + potent specie mada supplies, lpenent » medizations pharmacy sevice * chat, osupational/physcal therapy + employe amistance counseling * eer injury orllnes specie raguirements + wore compensation payment ax applcabl) + Sc pay (a applbl)spud hayes poe yuan 0 udp — sounfu 0 sesso ad 10} 5309 oq ago umaud mengaee aoqdas- ubwaeuee e920 songged zuma pus sade - sustaed umyasne Bonjour my sep ‘pepo Suprise souedns ogy oreo dd spas rez 5010) sto aon uy p30) ane optaned See — ‘3709 (Be9 tueeeweD ‘seroqruy umand jee pon ga © Semone} ap apap usar Apes pe aq yruosezario ago 0 pues sp HARP ‘anf a0 ssn aids 0 0 ‘eunboy ajo es agro 1 pevtey seg ap, soqus9e sao 9 ‘aysamsode so u9ppoe fo vont ‘or pavjasr Sonate us eoea ps — ssasnsad so uape Jo wows pITONNE sss Aaj poe Lense ep yon ps0 taeda ov soy ur putas ss wean powosad poe somos uewn parent ‘doy Janus 20 unary 03 pana 209 tease Aen poser oj sssmbas enronpos ‘sped one sp) ao AIO wo Re Sez pon abaype so eed uousdrba ao saresond Anes ue Ke pezey 26 rob pe sy sod Supe aon soe OOS — ‘poumgoraouo wos Fai 29 Wp esocoatao pe aoueanoyod ponpes— ‘Sqpuodin wy ours seserore seo, se ons Ano pu svesioor yuna 29 yous oy ponds: co epod au uoeupo0s 5p _wome-er9pSypmput ssc» feo poseaney— ‘so Soyenar pe Baayen poses >on Sun9s4603 Gays > woueseve = won9S 950 guia poses sumquaid oueinuspoearat— sane 290 20 Buquen apes so parr sop 2m PvE yo snesaqandojdusyusamént 0 Ars -0s fq Sou 30 sau 30 pore — som pps pepaledve jad jo pay ose shod po sbaya pu stoqdney2ege jo 35009 opeysuesmusny poonper ao roaiod— ‘sonal wo goed « ed ouos0~ spose ey, jo seas POMS mado seo anf 20 130} wna pom poo eundouap— ‘loys pn 0 ous 99 2) 2p Buen pueden soso wow2oeydas oj uy Sones pe de ns rf 20 4 pavsstod Auoua a8 “ods yo auaege nS 30 Asn nora jo ausege ‘ges ado 0 oe soe posea.ut~ “pon spain ange ‘yayhuooe oy pois jose me ‘odo 29 plo 29 ‘Serpnpad pasapas« ‘Suoqos mp apa H, ‘Aas 20 seams agp0ds © oy port 899 PAA, Ana sso xfs 0 poe 809 BEAL py sme MH EIU pq pura ssonepowunoe sade « wsosiad 0 somos wouny aypadese + ‘379 uo HDA Saqesieo wane UOREION + sooo urea 200 « yon pelea ye yos8 srdeoe 0} oq eto 30 6809 + Sebo 29 753 oj puns Sequodar women SH ue Snes ruorndeang en sues « (oygentdde ayaa go> at An ing ~ dota proesing and data- management cots ~neearch expentituns, as appropriate elles health promo, inmuntatons health and safety comsitees elation of options for provision of ~ program evaluations ~Foteractions with othe orgaiation partments and managers, tcluding risk managers drag and akohol testing programs ~prepacerment and periodic examinations nd eralations oer organization peste costs ‘other cots of bab apd safety actives oer than hese involving aspect es of iajry human scares and personnel benais a) lor elton dons managernent ater than Health an sft) oles organization pele cote Hinze 200) investigated typical ndct costs sect wih constraton injures and vepored that ‘det cost areypilly four mes dct cots le ‘erie he llwing spent cet associated rth medical ease inure in constrcton: 1 157 hous last ime by the worker + Sours ranspeeting the worker from heb 117 hours ost bythe injered worker's crew "hours nepairdamaged equipment and + 85 nous tt bythe supervisor responding to nd eporting the ecient ize alo identi typical det costs aoe ‘sted withthe following common sft investments forconsaction fms + substance abuse testing * safe ingpector and managers + sty training + personal proective equipment (PE) ‘sity conmites: + scent nvetigaions ‘safety incentives Bebe, Vel, and Klinsonge (200) provided a ‘pl smework or analyzing diet ana ert costs ‘Spel heydacused how acest of aley analy sp shoul ince four clases of costs and benefit eevetion, detection ner failure. and exter aur Thay ugg tht the appropri vel of spend {ng ona stty project or ttl slety program i the there the sum of prevention an detection ene ql the sum ofnternal and external fllure cost, ‘Their ate algo articulates the protic challenges of coc he nosesary data (OSHA has made raisbl an Too called “Suey Pays” (OSHA 1098) which cleats both et and indiect cost savings, and the resting increase In profit margins, rom einuted reductions in specie lypesof juries ash Flow Diagrams (Ope theft eps in pefming an fective ev ‘ono ny investent should be ceing ach Rowe ‘Senin qo 2 (a2) ABH Pe PORES “oruoan oF (gn use, pu UR OF ALPINE ssopey unson eae sper 0) suoenbe ot poow ois pany eonel or pond pA SEEN Semon ee sg ys eyo yon pad am rope soy oueabo ayy Speouqaou oreanit stipes saxon eng Pe HOET a Use EINE ery og se yon erly SNARES J wosenio a cuoneys noe radon aso enn son prt re seme papa pro gecuv ue mde soy) poved ous ‘ps aad fq one ry ae Se Dyungery suse! Soazay 2 pe Bose sop oq s8FEns sure 9 Symp pe Pe pgp gong anos poesONP SOHN SHE uso so yes pray um eo egumopayencoep sse muon om aE, sven seuduorg pur aousy sak wpe nts seal oye nou zis psu prom nO zIzT a oR fro bie tiza muro Gero soro asda SRD boro rele azo Guede eyo ees gene favo colo zac Fao aco Sev) ees Oop) LeO iz vero 2ez0 ize teed Ste avo rea eg Se Zizo asco fz0 ocd tyd toro aro cara Seva geo foro eco eco sara pero cao wero, ave ot Sizo feo eo tivo toro Siro aaa Soro taee St feo treo fico ro saro uso tase aed GuO bec eco Siva Gora rsd tooo teed evo ua th seco 4eco avo aayo aero sero Soro suo aoa ah miro ceva Givofvo. sera. pero cero weeo Gero IL Zevo coro poy faro ed biso wero wero ro OL Goro ooo rego ozo Shoo Giro Garo Ver) eo wre owe Geo zoo uo Mero gar tao ee feo seo cea SoD tivo aero iro Lugo eed seed 060 sooo Soro SwO Oro ayo bao oso Seoo cio ano voro avo ae SoD isos so Seo ewe | aro econ SO sero wero taco evo sero Sion Owa fora eal) eo ef aaa evo ago seo foo Sao fweDIo0 med ee Mee ee roves stot) soca wom seen sernaiog ae puneaSD ‘vem Sosa Ks wo HOUNBUEH woeso at ai oi Batieg jective latest Rate versus Nomfaat Rate Ieisimportanto note that econcmicansyss howl ‘webesed onthe finite! not on he nm ne. The nominal ate typically given in years as forbank sctounts cr months (sor ced ced). The fective rae refects ow often using the nominal ‘ime period intrest actully calculate. For exam i bank savings aroun are often quoted as per ‘ot anna interes, compounded quarterly” This ‘mes th each quar the appropri prorated inter ‘strates applied oe acon’ blanc at tha ne The principal hat earns intrest during the second ‘pate i therefore greater than if ints had not buen alculatd ull the end of the year ‘Asan cample compare the uae inan account #9100 deposed forthe years ina savings account ‘cong patent interest ompouned anol tend ‘fqustely Thesnge payment dcount cos ound Inabls inthe back of engnerig eso ethos make hiscomperisn sinpe- The dicount actor for Hteascount compound aly is FP. 6% =) 1M Tediscount ctor forthe acount compound quan is FP, 13%, = 12) = 1396 In this ease, the acount compound quate woul ear S50 ring thre yeas stating tha when the come pounding period sss than aye neessry to Aide the nominal rat bythe uns ofcompond. {ng pends pr yur se tply the umber of years bythe munber of ompouneing pers per ea when ‘ng compound intrest lables. The diferencs benween seins and effective ltrs rates are related t the ferences betwern simple and compound inter. Spl into! the ‘roount of inerest eae with nnn com pounding fone bores S100) ata 6 pene erst ‘efor tree years, the interest payment at the end te years is 160100000633) unders simple interest arrangement. Compo eters om the other, hand ads interest o the principal tthe end ofeach compounding pened one bora S100 6 percent ‘nest forte years the ntest payne sheen otic yearsis 191 under aquatery compounded ‘nr arrangement (Te previous paragraph shows At the ftur value ator was 119 fo this combi ‘ono interest at and numberof tine periods) Future Cash Flows Are Uncertain ‘The examples wd ths ar have been simple bec ‘hey involved interest change fr fans or ete in bank accounts Interest ate ar usualy Fe, hich ‘means that the ash os associated ith terest payments are predsely known ahead of ine. When "bking outa ear lan, the puschaser knows he wl veto paybock acetsin amount of money ech month ‘sm inching bot a portion ofthe principal ac Interest on tht potion). Cash ows gacoited with ‘ost nvertmont decoy howe ae not ny 0 pda, The exact amount of cash ows cet Fingright away aroknown, but theexact amounts of ‘esh Rows in fare pero are kon, Immediate and Futare Cas Flows But even the buying 2 new ca snot as predictable 2 one might think, When aterping to draw each ove diagram for this acsom all immediate ond futueeash ows shoeld be inched, The purchoer should Mow eaely how large inital donmnpay. etwas wellasthe eae sncunt of he monthly ‘arloan payment Bat the cath low dng sed lko include the anounts nested for ee inrance ‘misterane gto, ands corde Gace line ots on be prdited with high degoe of er (sity ring the ist yay, but coats in utr years trees ceri. o's avel hails could change the rice of gs may exaate and soon, Snir fre "maintenance or insurance cots cannot be telishy pratt ‘The simple example above states hat the pe ‘ic amouns of tre ash ows cannot be pried th certalnty unless they ae asccaed with fied Interet ate or with sme typeof business contract Inourance premiums area forth of contract. I the ‘eof health insurance, fr example, afm agrees ‘opey pei pemiumeach monty andthe health insurance company agresto pay for the act costs of providing the rm’ employees with major me ‘allel meno attr wheter cost are below or shove the total peaniams. (Employee compe ad ‘moor mada caps are gnored here for smpicy's ‘sske)But.acompany‘scontrst with heli inser ‘yp ast yoo oe even le. the end of that oe eeesary poursse 5 danonpead waned 2120‘ esau oy umes eum e-Ey Dy ‘Supuedep swosed zy pu pwaaniog se8ues ue en (cn peony ao oe eu ‘bo spear i a Nadas We sopra ¢ sy soe say amy spa ABS yee soy Fae “sgenpugpa anges prunes p> ata Aenponns wou oousprand roy no ys FT su oy 32100 31 Bunun aM Joo © anon spol sss Ayes sere sHBuN a) ‘mod a 1 98u04> for Sued 305 Awe jo ones aug noses ens NP PSE ‘osm yaponpon oer woRAP NUE sro ares SOO Jo IEF AP ‘Saleus yo eoas © uns vn 00 ee fae ‘amy oy Jayne Saree wage a “aeons ps duSnauny ssp poe st su desman ps sonooe seo xo apts ye 80 ee wannbn mud ensnSoumimea radon polo 99208 PMO “agqerapssino an 390 8a wy soa 1 puooss a4 ep poor at Sundanese oe owe pun axpesyeen anh 99 A mK “unas Jo as 00 apun agony] HT “saaur uy soy ss prumase np wT oan ayy anus oy Surepor—ese¥e ay Supoosan pu ‘uondunsse say eee Eee 241 3ujopun son durnon SujRUOpL Anos sha peupad ag pnogs due Ken PN stehowy Reuss ec tunoosp ay 0480) ft Soy se amiga uA oe Hy ‘UL 3509 Auniodd ag pow soy seo axa 1p dureuaoun ayy yo say so UF pasn yr ymoosp 20 ae NNT ay MOU IEE Say se mop yaMe yo sata says Sa eq sopes #4 pou "panos 39 PONS say ype amy yes SuaIDOp woUsaAUE Bat yer wn nop 99 pos Bun on TUB I Prema ome Sy eS ‘sey apna ee pour Asn epOP rere we eid ay ue 9 99 pO sENOP ea ur speqded oy Aas saa8oulUr So; © popnper yom Saves Aes o wowaseUEE YORE en sso. pursunpunsd semen woes 3 nos. pnp popaprraoeanE Apes EIA euro ang Op Soo UR as HANIA ee Segre unsaAT Ue and ee UE wR “a wore 30 aq so LOSS poi ag a oy ype ano ry A “eyuog se pas sito yse> and oe A, pomopoy asad ene agen Saerner sane eau oj ump jo ae ease a aneanap shee ss woneer eng) apseodi of mod Bos mg eR Jo yy TERE ay BaOHEED OK "pe poems UY ung aoa "wopseb yo “qs. suo go ou ay aePEDE aSINd 4 jos ann fumes SAGER LORE ‘mo oy aK ja ose EIN Ao HS at se og Samind heey OS HEP ‘oy snep 9 we sy sea wa Se oot so uns way ey sueou yoy a spd out so-oud an per safem zag fq woo Duouooo as ones DIN =O SHO HOE anys ao ares a 2 sone PRIN AAR so yan a “amry a en sea f898 05D sta eo pag a esr SEO IMAL sede fo seu, sm Ages aq pra see amo ng et =a ons aN aw ad PAL ‘nem poe poopy se sp aM wos se Bu sepa osu a ee > {py nto ay os Soe a UTA “soni une pe pss EMD ave sofa sat 3 tou Dee “Kawa o} poso mt 0 9 HE os oma sso Sue poe ag Hames snout a} apo ym mat PROD safe au, sauenoun jo aop ey © Da ans 7 wRbap SF EDC SE AU 2 wa aaa fe Su oS 9 sporins weno enon pajaq mrs et ‘xp ursur ys psoas sa Yoo SOR one ad _axo ong amy sso pe po -tuaul gy apo A MG) De 99 Bus yo sen in a nyoO ist yd Bae cease by 1, 2,03 percent and the discount at is assumed t BES, 7, or 9 percent. By estimating the lato ofeach pcre ition (auch etna Ing for example that a20 perent chance tat hea ‘aril crease 12 percent per year. one cn deter rin thesis that the actual return on investment wil tun out considerably les than expt. pers forming a manual sestvty analysis ch as he one in Table? soemssomeveht tions, one may wish to consider using the Scenarios tool in iow Excel. Expected Value ‘The previous paragraphs have inde that mast cashflows and other outomes associ with safety investments cannot be predicted with etinty aed that effective managers wil conser the posible out comes their decisions. Thiessen emphasioes ‘Senstiy Baia ae 5 BS5925599 eS "het unde all managsnentdeson: Ma ages make decisions based onthe pried outcomes ‘oftheir hosen courss oF scion. The fact thet the ‘tu ontzmes nay vary sgnfcanly from those Dreicted means tha the deision may appeat, in ndsigt to have been the rng choice The fia fundamentl ong ieee aeration med formabking sky decisions, ‘Theexpected value of cholo ithe valu of the samof eck pesibs outcome multiply the proba. ‘ily associated ith each outcome, For example i 2 frend ofes ofp 3 coin sd the winner pays the ‘ther, theexpeed etme wi be he pakity ‘of head (05, 50 percent muliplied by the ot ‘come ofa hed (winning $1) pls the probability of al 0 perend map by the oukome of aa (Gosing SD. The expected value ofthis bet therfore ‘yeas O5e0) + (05-0, which eguals ero, mean. Ing thot one should ot rely care ih tales the bet ‘orn. One might be shes ot boing i he tok this ‘et seveal ines, bt over theong ru the heads ene tals seo balance out and ene would end up even ‘The net cleulaton ifr the expected vl of slightly more compliated choice whether totes safety inspector (Note hath anaes wl begroly ‘rerimplifid for his expe Assuning that the ‘company il defintely scar ttl eosts of 3100600 Pe yar for sly, ringe Herat ofc space ad ‘other such expenses an employer estimates here is 25 percent prota that this person willbe ally ‘nective and rest in no benefit a al tothe cone nya 50 pert probly tar he peron wilreut $n productivity savings of 10,00 anda 25 pect pbs tht he iepectr vl maa bigger dfer- ee resting in a toa sarge of $2500. Showed "he ipector be hea? A seaveee manager might focuson the ately sigcantchane 2 psc) ‘hot th peson may toacomplet ey centing the com pany $100000, but sma anager wil copie thatthe expected vale ofthis napstr is postive (Cocina 102549 + asKAC0MND + e250 = S125. Bocuse herbert pote, the inspector sould be hited, Real-world decors ae much nce complicated ‘han the ovesimpiiisd sample above, bu expectedBye mop yep eany gong LE ‘gang in ee yg wp an as are p24 ye ooo eg oy HEE 94 sno porad phd w uty reed any ‘¢ 308 Sigur umogestmeeyp og ys sat PPE “egano se nono saa SE ONS HS p.m soy ys He APRN WOH, ‘arse ae pound ype ag o sesso =, 289 GH {6a 98 | 109 woos mop, NOUS HEPES ‘ngs ae sey ssfeusun aon snp won sumides 3 sins uunns agua oop 9 ojo & spot une Sipe 6 onde = Poysey porndpeqiofan yuan: Acumdaqy owses sposes peated o uae 'e auADH ont FETT vet von Supa fe} 1 weuEEUE 1 wg syauere poved eging"e aUROId ‘uj yrue aneans a9 fa 2299 ag ans pom Amo ye a eK I 97> mag A ‘ers sa any 99 Pom NOE ‘oy pouad ougted agp Zam m UmOGS aad ann 0s esp og D941 MomSpALIS "pee anak stows paproid pur qoK u WN -axluyon egos 9169 Wao Mags 30) ‘mun soy ys Aq pops ae sacgRNO ‘eye um ur od yer a pu As souurampsaad yossd paged ayy pat eat nbynpay enous aanoayo sands powog yeahs pooja naunteoes des ang seosDep snare Kprouey pad oyendanbteag us soba pap dane os tdi so Bua ane ae pote sunansonay ayes Burren suoep sao ageuo poy aq ure se wor sods ay npn o au 3 pNpoHT 1g aun seve ypu pue sven BysD90 =e Bndyapum sau jeeauepuy eH ON Saomayy sisawny aNanuseany pq Airooadooxe Jo poos dpenagsed Yoo, _sadeveu ayer four} SUD ou—sBHTEO emp depen oy sHeIE FuDI 25601 rid eaqeeoanyen paps me feurawonnn spgsod sso a HHH PAS LOREP #3 pide uo no prseae s0y fame SIE ouogaurayeunoyo seep supeiop of foyaen wi see ey yor estas: ue nyenCat Amis od Budgeting yonr and Piet Chas very attractive cash Nowe Mer year 4 Yet he payback porod approach woul ral ree projects as Bing equally tractive “Another major weakness ofthe payback pero ie matit ignores the tine vale of money Corder, fovexample, the och Row diagrams i igure Bot projects havea payback period of 6 year, but Pret Xseash nowt insedintely whie Projet Bs eash inflows do not ascrun year 5 Cleary, thecal cash iow om Proj could be invested "ahr away to eam iterator eher ype of caning, making it more attractive than Projet B. ‘Athi weaknos ofthe payback period is thatit ows nt indiate hve tractive» projects Projets AandBinFgureSboth hme these payback ped, but Poet Bis cenly mere tractive than Pret A because the amen fash nonin the ih eae ‘ie that of Proj A, eel FIaURE 4. Wustation of payback pods bench wd ‘aunt & tsaaion ofa payback prods Shencomings when massing role sractvenes reak-Even Analysis “Breceven analy income way similar to pay: back pesiod and in oter ways quite desi. ecemblss payback peciod because both method ne solve deteininga punt where the inrenental bene ts (perodiccsh now) St oe the itil costs (ash ottows) However when reckoning vith pay- tc period ining the intial ots are the cpl “ton ccs and the cach ndowsae asec with ‘ich time period, When reckoning wih neakeeven analysis, the inital ents tend tobe fed cots, and the incremental bene are vara ash lows aso ed with ach unitsol,o ae others asec ‘with the nica ‘The decision sbost whether to hike fulltime safety inspetr could serve an example. The new te’ salary and feng bei re ey st cstsspade yond 5 poe Qo samp onmsa ‘ra wnonn 9g pe HEE Bho 9g oy paddle wg ey worm st hen ae paiud uaog ase yp ai smo aN “Sut swessep oy yse avo ant ar oun eoyspeside ej uonuco a snus ot. enoued pedngegianysuog ys aaj amtey uoygesde Am sy ogy) yy 2x0 way aus aay ft 0p se jo suns ean saATOssaUARSN UMC {Year wt woRDeny a eons for tes suas pzupads een a9 oN Ans depen foe rep spunasd yong ane 34 OP loys stenpuep orgie yrourpreyowsor sy est pou yyt nego arn peep eTOgS nunoind gy ya ep alos vy pads asap sain 040 te is old fe tunbo Suse sy agro aka oy 0 ‘us ge pn agedanne suo vedo 0 fe fsnqoso we aprsosd yo 5 POX A 2A Jo sian qin Souou jo snes a4) NHN 9 5 spagn opwzaco ug pus pod paged 2) 800 pogo a Jo aFeUENpe MEA Oy uma os ygedanoe wna ag ws 2980) EPPS ang ae sto Aue ol ps wry jy ge doe wena © ype Sued uy sn ‘se Fugue ag og ean so yoo ONO aye post span en RIES “gos poryeseds 20 ojoy> ojeanesTand © oy peaids © Sez wg oy YP sno ae Siu oy Bogpunpe sgoner seme a se esau oeprpus Rugengen foo sooand OK 15 uD ona fo es pases yo seu a, ‘umoy yo eeu jeusory, “yuok amny-yosad J soe yeudasde ‘a pony xorg anny yy 89 poe sIu9g Sut pout spans aa wes et POHMDHP Supopuy a posjom ago anoqe pomp a “4pm ste soo-ayanag vedi go me ‘anand abo no 7 pnom no Ue 486 7 mou Bayon dr papPON MO pL yon usbutig Nog yo oUsEoURH HL wagans = Aoqseucosse umansesduner eo ind amy eo fou ao smog ye ag elagno ARE anne ping a anon ig oxo ue DEAE suo dpe nal anq‘0'1J0 ones 809-4005 aan speled mio amg spot on a4 sun ps0 5 AOIow Jo angea ea po ‘peqted 9 apm sy rout Hono © suey “Aewe eng o uo apne ert ng ae ‘oid ave ue sbyad ones oon syslog 95095 0 un ay Aq ea ‘am peposse ag ato e ous a A onan 8 pg Jo de 5 SPY epoy Seaton speed ae anf pss ea Sevens pau ‘poe nay en sy g) 5. poner ons vouro> saoNy ney 1809.2y0089 eum asus uons som any ag yn sarour Ae COUR FA0 HE a ots fis pay ny0 3 uo SoS Sn Aqua e019 opp Sueo> 4p Xpeno4e crores wo 55 9 paxked ge Js fed json 06d gay Aes se wa... ‘uu ye soenpur web spares oS ‘oud 70 + cov0HS + cONOOLS-» 099ABEIDN no sone vouoqeng aus 6 TOK 01S {bd sonar uopessadnes aren a Pa yal yuoarere gots wt rss sade we Sat ny Ads 0090018 5 Oped Ayes eBay ‘ean porepess sso pag ene aE syjouag pany 2-2 poy soda fap nosy oy popoou dada kel soge DMP amare} pinoy scour wanoeangoyeadaudde ty -unnuaidaovemsu uogesiedacs isp 20, © a Rss enyano aojsogy pu Wap He JO sourp samo ane pny Aue 4 6 ION. zoo 20 Hm NG apAHEN 9¢ AA MON Selojdan eng Sang Somnoe sung PPE sue pee oto uO Faw ag FON NN we ‘Bujanoe egptan ye uo Apt oen one A 01 sj86Puongppe yo aq URED &w PATST ope Koger ao py © Son 99 sperms “souowt ag aang a mop ae OSct ys out eng tame 2 “Sprendchoot ternal Rate of Rta “rats of gure ot Prosont Worth ‘The nancial alysis method mst widely accepted tea is ne rae! th, bich seis ee raf to simply apron sls, This method involves summing the dscounted ath flws-that adding the product af each future eash fw andthe app praledlowunt foe Outgoing ie sare negate ndincomingeash dowsare positive Pros wiht pment worth rete than ate caine worth ‘Onesvantageat hit oer the py ock= Psodand teneitastratio mathe at iret the time value of mone: Idee, he choice ofthe ‘nactvalueof money over tne (he disaant ate Interest te isthe snot pcan deco thi at bemade nthe aalgsis. The higher the discount ate shonen, the higher the discount factors asad With ach cash owe (Mote how the dissnnt factors in Tablet decreas a the ntreat ate incre) In shar wor the higher the assumed tert ae the les fat cath owe fet thet pret worth Too Ascounfcoe ora sng payment five yes in the futures 0802 i 4 perent intrest nd 421 if 10 percent interest ate aed, Given hs he dicount ste chase hs such 2 significant eect onthe reste ofa net presen orth soli it is importat to choose wisely. Ar stat cai, most companies ertabch minnim at of ‘tum and dete ht hi mumber be eed a the i ‘count tein all franca analysis Some companies ‘hootea discount ate that rele the erect ae at hich they can banow money fs proptcanct een erate eng ash now to cover the cst of bor rowing the money sod to fan it i erainly not ‘worthile) Mostcompanir tablish adacount te qs to what hey soa hl toe opportunity east, the highest ete of tur thatthe company cou ‘anty investing tin ahr projets, er even nother ‘companies Sophisiated rani analyttoea meio cole the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) 0 e= Uuhlsh hee scout rate CAPM power ane ag ‘el eeting the spec ik poet represents reitiveto the ik incest the company’s existing otfoli; but tis more compte thi i eciry or mss invent deisons. Annual Cost Analysis Like present worth analysis, this method wees d= count fice to adjust each ft cs ow Based ‘on the sssumed tne valve of money Unlike NPW, ‘which ving al ofthe cash owes Back to year, his method caleulstes the equivalent net cots or Bene fits onan srinal bass tis a preferred method for managers, who eva projets by asking, “How snuch wil this cost me fr efit me) eich year™ Rather tha using the discount factors tha apy to present or ature worth hi method wes dont factors that apply to niform series. Another name forts anal the Equivalent Anal Breit and ‘Cost analysis, because al ash flows ae converte to theirequlalent tens of n sal reurng mount. The formula foreleg the cicount torussoiated with converingafaturecah low F10 an equivalent annua rsa i given in Eguaton 3 Most engineeting eeonemic took Inde thee factor in thir compound interst tables (Aten o Asan example compare the Equant Anus! ‘Costs of he 0 cath a dings son in Figure BAC, = 12000. 02080) +20 =-8H)50 EUAC, = (r2900 0.2039 + 0000177) + 000010 = “S160 Because poet Ah wer egies ‘ost its more tractive than projetpeagan0 pene uv jo 0d se 20 sus 0 Np parse prpen pe pany ag dee ea PE posse sm) prognoses SgenoD C0 Supe indo gama ope py yon ng se pour woyo sane 4 aqua sy SAsnpUr ayo pe NDAD UL sosep prow oy Apa Saye) Fea ‘aye sopansunone yng somedand Sood a pu Bq 24 log psn agus 1 9p09 809 by epee ed wa 09 ype reAYoe Suen yw porornydo Aq pasts sy oF sng asneg uo Yeo 30} png ys px 0} pan 99 fee spoord oud wo suo se sejsoande py paseo “panes er No boone nog ene etop ung ny 960 yor Soy png pO pe Bowen ao uF tu aE eH DP | Hep HOHE Sous pid © dunes og yeadover lox! unos sn aeusey oy suse agence yo squie one wnop w4oeg fo%d pala BSS ‘ojos yn poneosse nipundia ys38g ous mas pid st pe se wos WEN evap peuesdde nag densa fd soo axa Sars ges sedasd ae seuss 0 “og Bon "texaqug vo pro Kw RUN OK T= * Asedaco a a0} paysngm pond ae sg uso png es ark et papa 3g ‘stone sna ssuado paaad Spy son Sune -xdxa Buunoas yy sou spol 2a 0 POE -posse Aor ar sarmypundna seu Kayes -ss00014 BunoBipng ou, syoug erry 3 oyu posta A pagan sso ann eau pastas a ‘plo eanemd oy aco an p(s) ru ned nog ey an pros nau pe sie Sauces pos ang 0p, pues ep For -usgou xp pono ut eae one soy Supurquo pue—pamey se Uasspap ea ‘sosr suns uy pose ea ad agg ans 040 soap eno an eg sep fod a Ope yon Suveouses Maes jo wowDBevRHY LORDS a, Says pons ag res od a ‘olond vw fave pa 26g EY Apopanmgns Any, Sage use pps os yun ig sec Ae eond ‘sim eee eur ae ae snpaadso pau puoi Anson sa andre nze 7 Pogo SPI THO PS sop epmansornp mg pg 9) Dy suo Aen seus sae uD se wr opnput 0} 950 ap ae snr ewe Y “Sana wjspepo wed wepod Ee BEING “Sri wny Seon any aud oy s8pog amy insrpe esau jue sump wea fae Sarovar Om) a OHI AS “bun yeep ey sagpundeo pom taupe reso Fan 209 PRONE HT eur uononie wuontindo Sung a 7 >) fe parona ung Hed en ae reed at ‘yoga wd ae sap tausscadn $2000 xB (yaa) >v>EMC Aun ATO HOA “alg nn etorp eu, Beng poe RES revi ood 0 souryaurons papadoun ay “pnqpanm ager pine Rapa ae sda fever up Sune sood ogi seope Say ‘unio pad pe ene wg SOLAR NO “ufig aun w Wo ype 305 smpuRdee pao roe pada pas pen agp nap ues ojo ed yoda ue Suns ‘eid Sune oss amapundno des pou © unsaid ep pg 2afeuse ¥ 20 sama no {peo pormdsou re soup am Sseanop ae put spunea 295 esd oouseuee Sos arnn-amapanda ppc ©1023 80nq 8 Bo, a ee ‘sea ip Son poston seodind preps sqm e susndume Spon age so nmdsoq parade array mn aod “Stor pe) ys o meno pods ESIGN ur epueuy espe y 20 pags soa aS -pnqe oad eared oops YEO IPT jog sounsas jes agpads ann sg Seige 3} 90 pu eopunsoe sss 2uoU <2 pepe peso yan sg dep aL(a Aten Bade markup. For example, the sary ofa ety projct ‘manager may be budgeted as speciccost em oe simply included in an overall overtead percentage ‘hat isappie tothe budgeted diet costs Teas mentioned earlier that an portant step ‘ct conto the comparison of actual cots ith expe coat wrong a proj eae. ‘tn. should be noted hat it soften appropriate ‘ony dhe puter ove time asocnted with ech ‘ost tom. Many project cst ate not neared over time inline fashion or example pot abr costs 'ypily exhibit an S shape a cost at ill n- ‘cumeslowly then ply nee a the cer bos Productive and then decrease a the profit ners ‘completion Other projet costs maycecur at discrete inerls such astheends offal yar ques Mane ge who assume that cost tems wll be caret unifonnly over time period in eases sehen stu ‘ots ecu noninsely may make unntsestay and Insppropite cet contol dacs. The Dark Side of Budgeting Although budgeting isan important administrative ras in all onanizaion, organizational budge ing ao hus is “dark side” Hove futute eth fos slit lays held some degree of uncer we apn sade aoe ed = sopetooo} Hoc] no wap we RO;Og suonypasesnopzey Sup910 Joyo a se za 30 woRUHUPI ag sO KEN aH-20y4 sistieuy ous-Ki0m, soya 49 fq pomogor pur poadaoe 99, ny suse yey Sues aap SERIA ‘edad Aye jo word pus emadogyep anu pengonu soakedem Som te eae I) sapod Arden 4 apr ou en soaoydus 40 ufnon Saoyyorponnunses Ase 9q nt ayy 'suon2any spo ye sed eo ap pK se woufeseu as sano 9 Aaa sag swabs 9g ou Suenos outs SUE ava oy ye gm sft da poston ext Apes sous ey slau out -ueus fey 200s so08 euogeene 8 90 30 dyod so ssueuuopod Ape Sarpy “uogeene0 ‘uu od ps teased Ady fue sons o soqun ‘uotpe sot HERON, ‘aygo2yut 290) posses sais 99 ue edd ‘oye © aye 1) dyssopetwousave OMA wowssonuy S0fojdug pue eysropee7 wowaseuewy “ergo HD Sune Pu AsjspoESNIATDE eum pu woquaeand prea afr aep0 oLE joan anoydina “espe woueaoues psp woe ouneune ey pu Aes a o SU duro ayy Sanpelgn pr oo nT a -soyp ag ot end yoy pu Sage 04 Asana poy op seu8 no] Jo posi Bag sew -sésyuoraeueu 435 © SUPP OYHSO) wo! sony ey pur ayes euogedany agg S05 ages ao senaods 9 we amnyno wuonecnso ue pre ust yousdeveu des #02439 949 tuned Aaj sano ayy Jo Sats ue Ons oF on up uo dye exo senso, WaLSAg INgMZOYRYWY ALB4¥S, won Gueoutea ogy NOUDBSURN Ht wanes “ogy sade ja por repaBeurur FoR) a gpg OY uouos samba Ayes jo eons plane ‘QL APES oy pe pseuma orqenods sm “au emeaom 2g Aes Suooee ‘Spey sempoooud sounds usin pot sured voytoss perry ee ns suouonaaa soe quauaydt 9 deseey anpaNHd a 0 spe gof Sood oy smpmoad Saye ag 5, “aeedon au ages anadee ne ss0e Bu sumbar Sango go ays Sanaa rads soa Buuren w oan samnpaosd go ase Soop ur rypen ene as sya soeMaow ayy u SBE UL us patbosse seer yo wane pu wo cuppa son eva BSS ZA gol 1H diss dpnto ;samnposaid ap apa 9 0009 po wogesgaapy ag Hoenn it poe os janes pus uonenp ne SHOT ‘afodom gy or satsogo poe oo a SPO sop sapunden Sura amines Auda ot Josssndse new poses2ave ag pay 685 UN eon gt sac ao ¥1 9 wo PEDO “sis 3 eng wets ya es ae ured uogequme pe wrens pezey, uunpaeea #o sn ay9 non epnezny 10> oe npr oxngessnearnsin gs onan ‘Gopse pssmonsagy Soy ay same MeN Ie -opnap pur ep Buyqeo samseou oae}d ‘Kojo Seyugep anor wea weed trou Ayes © ‘ur vogedine sKoydurgwonusara Aaj £0e ssmons a} ys 5 wHyedemed andor 5009 mosey anda apraod op ue snare Lage 72 snucydeoe up ay somos pe Sues aenbope ‘4ojss0 sno opamp opp odes par wounguaaoyiowsdeueysmuono meEmera 01 peat pu saan yeaa esau we wD 90 Sas em saan aq Suede poyousyanueso pe ‘eons pu pogoe ‘MBO wo AEP oy dna om versayoud ME pe Aes suomi 40 outs pu pape ase og skoda 's safe Aap as oezztio as mogfnong wey pus Ayes ouowesa -—SSenh nd ParmnsCrit implemented with th gol of preventing potentn! ‘cients an loses befor an accent enue, Rear 've cfey programs, onthe other hand foc ther steno on activites aimed specially at he ease actors atte to accidents and losses that have steady ocurred Hazard Prevention and Controt Hazard preston and conto includes hase po- ‘am crnponents designed ta preven aiden mm occuring, ant components intend to minimize her seetity should an accident eccur Bempl of Programs aimed at hazard prevention and onto) inci preventative maitre programe anemer ‘m5 prpurednes Hazard cntlecniquesin ede eninerng contol, personal protective squlpment and adminiseative conto. Safety and Heath Training ‘The fourth compenent ofa safety management sys tems sey and heath raining, The wang should ensue that employees a all evel ofthe ogni tin re aware ofsafty an ath pots ed ys ‘evans, Additonaly,taskespecte safety ma hesith ‘mining sho be provid oempopees with uniqae ‘exposures to hazards onthe jo, ‘To evalate the safety and felt management system, OSHA has developed, as part ofthe ot sch programs an evaluation oo eferod to te Sulety and Health Progam Astesment Worahet (ceed OSHA Form 3). copy of Form 3 slot ‘Appendix. As pat ofthe arent, consultants "eview an employer's exiting safety end ath sna agement progam to identity elements considered ‘sdeqinte an elements that ned development Provenent. The component ietified ss sececary ‘oracomprehensivesafy and hes rogram ine ‘he folowing (OSHA 208) 1 Hazan anticipation and detection programs, ‘nctuding hazard surveys, etinspections, nd acient investigations 2 Hard prevention and contol mesures Incing the use of engineering contol Personal protecive equipment emergency sponse plans and adequate diel care fovemployecs 2 Planing ad evaluation programs inating ta collection and analysis mela deve ‘opment of safety goals ad bce, an ‘view ofthe overall safety and heath ‘management system 4 Adminstration and supervision sti, including coordination of fey and helt rogrem activites, county mechani, and safety responsible communist {ose who must perform the die 5. Safty and heath esining, encompassing new employe orientations, supevioe ay trinng and management safety raining 6 Management lendeship and commitment ic ‘ll othe success of any salety program Peformance measures inclode adequate "oun allction fr sfey and top ma ‘agement involvement nthe panning ond ‘oluaton of safety performance. Efctive safety performer rues ‘employee parpation inal seas ofthe phasing evaluation and implementtion of ‘fey program tasks Employee invtvemnent ‘ama on many forms, snlding employees Involve nthe deion-making proces for ssfey td patcpaton in hazel detection and conta etn etn ciytet_Post ere secret ior os / Fectiuape sept, Se teeny oieewepacar acid Ne ase cae shares 8 FIGURE 1. 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These multiple methods for messing safety Performance ict an approach in which ending, teinng and curent incor ace wed Systeme standards are thon sale systems sabe by onpnizatins a neces rhe pe ‘mentation ofan efetve safer plan Lack 22.218) Bamps incu sfety inspections, hazan o sk ‘sersment ae contol, jb hard arlene destination Fach these standendsmst tine the procs forimplementaton,tining require ‘ens, documentation, and management contrls (Lack 200,218. ‘safety performance standard tl the pefores: er what must happen for them fo accomplish the oat svoesflly (Lack 200,29), Element hat is rocetre mas dress ar assignment of apo lati ars, sel-survey system, and» flow up ‘ontlsystem ensure that the inspection findings are conmece in ately fasion (ack 22,218 "oly an integral pare ofthis sytem ore sfety per focmance standards. These sands most deise who does what se when Lack 200,29). As methods for continual niprovement evlved In the workplace alog with statisti proces core trol the safety profession hae slowly moved toward ome f these methods now routinely we in ober spc ofthe orgunization’s management stuctre Sn managers are increasingly held ecourabie forthe actives and mit show manogerent how "hee actitespestvly impact the erpnization With an ererinceasingly global economy, end fotemationa standards becoming the framework by hich management practice are dened and more itowd, safety practices have evolved to opems a Provchs for conta improvement. An organ st ecrately and validly assess where they aren eee ‘ers of thee safety pecfrmance how they decile ‘here they would keto be and what needs tobe done to get here (Petersen 196 3), Valid Measurements Measuring sey performances ctitcal step inthe safety psfonmance improvement press. Te pte Pose ofsfetyperormance measurement sto deter ‘mine ifthe goals and objectives have been met. The mesons selced omer and evaluate safety poe formance must berelable snd vai. Vaid peter nce measures are measures that ae tru india sf perfemance Theremist bes relationship betreen ‘hats being measured and sfetypevommance ecru follow-up action fe plenned sed mpl ‘mented zed on the outcomes ofthe performance ‘essurs itionty gil that the conceive tons resko valk moans fer inproving performance For ‘example, safety manage determined tht andl {tor of the umber of cumeltive tuna disorder (1D) injures reported eas the number of empiay se that sccesshly competed CTD injury preven ‘taining Using this ms, the sftynumager ltocked the numberof eplayestrsned each moh 1nd the number of CTD injres eprted. The safety ‘manager found tht athe numberof employees in the fcity tain on CTD injures incense, dd the numer of CTDs reported, indisting that the tcining was unsuecesflin edacng the number of nr What the safety manager fled o tae into ace count ashe fat that he walang ali ince ely symptom reporting pocedies at information stout he ently symptoms of CTD injuries. Thus, using the completion of CTD training a an indicator of CTD lnury prevention may zat be conser valid mee ‘uw becasse the ning indica a confounding ‘actor—the sal epotng of TD eyptoms Vee ses confounding data eee ore variables whee Indiv effects upon an outsomne cannot be read Ay measure. In some cates, statistical proces may be usted 0 contol fo this confounding ‘Another important tat of any measure used to ‘atte salelypesfomnance ely. 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HAIEP POLK we amseans geen y “popeD> Ep a7 A sg sonoen oy pout aq sa arg ‘ular 1 Jo sauna 9 aqiLsRp oy posn tous ‘Senco sou anna ueye 6) HRUMSTO aa, ie poungo ase synsar ours agp sto Sua, sue sry, wouamseau ap YONG pERD ss 20 dovystsue ay sj arsseun sutuopad © 0Banting 24 Perminee Chere sited have on the number of ljures reported ‘rer a gen period. The age ofthe worker ee he umber of traning seein tended an be const tre he main flocs Net the safely manager wishes lodeeminethe iene tatboxnageanurtero tring sesons tend together hve onthe er of injuries tepred When examiningthe wo ar tes simultaneously the satay managers ecesing the interactive effec ofthe to varibles Bencumarkine Benchunatking, messurement ad evataton areal set for program suas (Lack 200, 684). The benchmarking pons establishes stander ht the ‘omnpny hs determined signifies sxc peform ance. Benchmarking is a technique for measuring sm organization's pods serves and operations gant shove of compos, resingin a seach fee Bes practices fa il lend to supeioe peor arc Fos 203 19) Bechseking ety perorance ess idenifying sinsarongizations with ut standing safety preformance nt etiying the bey spe th acts that make them tan oe Benchmarking snore than taking ane erga leans safety programs and copying them. Miah ‘ese is acesnry tobe abe 9 inti those as Pet of sfery atte that est in super per formance nd much workis rue to tor them othe some outcomes can be duplicated in tether exgaizaton. Meaning benchmaris ae ypealy Set using successfal performance resi om sini Jar indasties ae oor elite. The bechnacking proces an be completed in six stepo Pie 195, 177-178 survey programs ident sohaions, pie. lize develop a plan, esplament he plan and hen foo ap. ‘Surveying ‘The fest pat of benchmarking surveying font running programs or organizations. This tp io he moat crucial in the ene proces. dentlying who the at exgaieatons ae snd what they ae doing ‘o generate exemplary safey performance i crcl ‘m esablishing benchmarks and progrem priorities, dentiving Solutions ‘The second part of tenchmatking is ientiyng the complementary solutions sed by the age organ ation oF program. As stated previously, he bench smarking process vot metly copying what thes sees organizations ae ding, but incorporating {hei pograms ito your ongaization ina manne Ut ts the organization sac we til ening Prioritizing Part thee of benchmarking i prioicing growth ‘pportunites Erm the lat of complementary st ‘ions. The purpose of prcriszation eto determine shih program changer wil provide yur enantio with the legs improvement in perfomance Planning ‘The nest part of the process involves developing a ‘lan to achieve the goals Ineomporting changes in ‘sm onganization wl tke tine and eoreel planing The programs ented as being crucial for sects ‘must be aor othe eranaton. Implementing [mmplement the plan Adagute perce and sours ‘st be made availabe to ensure the beacharking ans cried out Inadequate eosin the imple ‘mentation phase and a nck of motivation ta com ‘oe implementing thebenctmatking plan wil ele 1 poor esl Following up Benchenstking a dyramic process, Followup activ= es incude montoriag to ensure the changes ae ‘esting the need of th organization. Just because ‘hey were fund tobe sucestfalin one organizationsey ovoudde aaasnndysnonunuss am, “OL “et Sagpos por vein cara pe eqs Bi -4o0q Spar 9pAo yaaa 0 wounsa Arey, ‘wr prepesse soe ary wed pue sos PAPE sw adond moe, soe reams ym sonped aad 5 sorb ay ue fo Asien rope unas to (¥oC) PYAPED ALA Pyeoous-00-ueId “owasoudun you sco spon suo Seg ono spn dpeaye sey ano A {ero nog see apis pul sworn pn OATS oud 0 ue oo 9pm sopendo aq =F “ra en » yg 0 39H 99 04s MOND ‘garoj emmaonjonb snes oue ae 76H 7 oy aoe ans nage nn 08 8 aaa sand Aro sy (@e tbo aor ranse9 fo owe {a poop asus pads eyo exons pe Seacomp 8 ian pus ‘ssoaud a 0 HANNA oe say 390 Sond ve Aes Burana pu vem] "AUST eo pop ar HMA Og SD Sonsout{dur pu sosrauopod a Bunsen oq i 1 pausap women uo Zuo ‘08 pap o yon sunsees aerojnd Sun) oo seed aps annals sono (ex e000 60) owououogd yy auosyp yt san fa “once ajay pu oSuey> yo pond nang Sages jo spond area qe dove sou soap wwounacudy rn A sBuM 9 a Shougry sua eget Ganges ospeaad se smoma> 6p naunoxdayowasend su yeu pu ywemasaxduy snonu00 Hane qs. O85 a4 ON OSL JO MAIO 9) ow satan ah donee Fost seswon oupsaidasnonaics yo aen asst er ouraro1duy snonupvog sonal peaonu none se uous sand auc Awa seg “pmes ses st uorse “pay soueozad empe pe aaa, y0m Oupoouti Kates 1 BUREN: vONDES ssormopmd pgdboe uuu poopy aed vey, toon seanejos| PATNI A suede svosuedsno ingen pordeue pus ory are eng soueunoszad apqednoe Jo sae eq samstout auypp 0: padopaop wave yer ‘aes eo; pauapr fluo sorasnyad eM 5 ‘seu so; ogi rapo® pe ea ns so moudoasop ap poe Suna ado! n suoq soursopnd ayes Aen tre Aenb pro senbyasa pa oo gp Sun paeweu aq oe st “ng y sosdae nina mn ‘med fares ssosd jauasondar ston 2p foo Saeko x9penny Sayan 7 200 apse sung sprenps 99 Ge eo 0H yqrpad ‘soja “ue 2g 5 Smad a pe ope asad wos vo aaa 91 © se smpud vu uonques urumeeer nog feo> seman (> est Angpon parm ond see 9 Suqureeew pe aSuex> aes ara oj Pe ‘Gomes op on p10 w suopend Bera ej saad youre sn wes Ane) youinog Aunvep snucinopd fms pap panonpe oy so au Bune 20 sem) ‘uyfypou ayonm Sem dr-wopey sagoue uC SyRS2 dare ays one hay uaa Apes ou SPetn ot Peers Cre ‘en the cameron ofa vay of pproichesto bth safety and prs entre Fist safety activites and performance goals are Planned in the Flan phase. Nex the sey activites sreimplementad inthe Do phase, followed by mene ‘urement of thers ofthe acti nd companions ofthe els with the planned or dese outcomes In the Check phase. In the Act phase, the desired porfrmanceleves re not achieved then changes in ‘heactvtes may be warranted toachieve the desea ‘outcomes If the performance gos a successhly ne then modifiationsto the planned outemes can be made o that further improvements in perform nce canbe planed. By repsting thie apa ing forbes safety parormance with ech acessive tie Uough the procs, continuous improvement ‘can besuoesshly plane, plemented nestor, sd achieve ‘The fist eto of the ISO 200 standards sees PCA management as compatible ith he confem- porary eneept tot ll sok ie accomplish by proces ura and Godey 1992 111, Salty ma Agument practices oo lend themlver well toa PCA process in hich sft attics re planned, Inplemorod,oteomes eva nd nerves ‘te spon toch he gabe dase peter nc op act prfrmance, Contin impovement |i about improving the efficiency sl eectiveness of products, processes, and systems that ae ander coirl ope 205,28, ‘StanisticaL Process Cournot Pros cont means that proces ae phnned ‘uted nd contol uch that the euipment env ronment, personne, decumenttion, ad serials emplped constant resulta meeting gully oshty requirements (Wastin 197, 85). Staite! process cantons eting quash perfor gl ensuring peformance against thove gos, and de ‘erring witha degoee of statistical enn hat the performance goals have buen me I there i Aiference Barwon the desired eel of psformance ‘nd actual pefonnancs, then appropri estes aan losethe gp beicen the 0, ‘An underlying assumption of satel process contolisthat he data calc on performance mes ess assumed to follow» normal dictation. On ‘scone chart that seceding data compared to average measur for empl, he centerline onthe ‘har represents the sample sverage, and the contol Jims represent the upper and lower boursaie for ‘which any data point Ing abore or below the con. tolls have a5 percent chance of alng there Points lng betwen the contol ims have a 3 Petent chaneof ling here. Much the same way ‘bell shaped curve isinterprted, Uke points ing athe extremes may be considered to be sigifcan Some fications in perforsiance can always be ‘exposed. This taken nt account in satis pro ‘es conto. Action is akan when the performance Is statistically slgatcany diferent tom what acceptable ‘key tobeing ale to ace itis process com ‘rl techmques to monitor 3 paces ist the proces msthein conol A pros scone in onto ‘shen the performance measures ae bl, ling thin a ast zane, Lage chains a mens tes india thatthe proces isnt in conta, ane any resuling conto established fora pce that snot in canal may not be meaningful. With a procs thats in cont, performance meatus can be taken and compart agin exablshed conto! limits. When data pnts fal outside ofthe conte limits ts an indian that some ston may be necessary to bring the proces back int conta ‘Tere area number of eters hit havebeen d= veloped to determine a proses iin cont Data trends that indicate an out of coil proses include ‘ner more pointcut th inion acon ca, ‘oo ox tree pins outs xo sandal deviations from thesverage and four ores points ouside one sora dviaon fom the verge. ‘Wh the data editing a proces that sin cone trl interventions are then plemented with goal ‘ofcratng ated in th data For evan aafty anager wishes to decease the numberof ha in Juries ported ina fait: Data collected to deter sine the uentextent ofan injures ported each ‘month, and this isusedabaetine. Acoma chart,uy posscoqy ae sq enon yo en 094 2 sayqes zo oouramseou 039} OH {ppeuL 9m WaRSAPEARDAU0 AHO HN SUES 9} 5m ues ee au oD yo BEN INSIDE sp Aten ayo vay ase anu pan {iq sampsoord yanuan seed ogee pos ue suo you J 200 (@ am 38) ato 9a sureua jonuos x ‘a9 'saet Wusv) prepuns se mep Sunspa aq way purge eon 24 Buridope oy apnea eonpond Bap At -qea yo noe atsadind ys 8 9 ‘en pa raya ee ae 70 9 Eo ourgo sya psu Supa Aegon paep "ues we ou op pe ya IEPIES op eh 09 os a "ore uo ou HN eM ‘papao a poaseas ago tp ax at6;9 son “ay pu “oeanpun st pang 8 eep a9 SEA pontp ow a9 dn se eng pepe "ARO (andes pos sy fenuan senda oy 20 ‘ur parmbor sas dures peas uogeusope oy suo paepens ua edu uoqay san pape © vega Sues fomue RapomuED waxes prt) 2a res soaps SeogOH a UNE Bag laep aun yo ei a uo pose pen aq 08 ND onion jo 94 age fo wompase a4) “soured ‘Sajes symou of poe pu padopaep oq > 4, snp yuo di uagepso fasna vate au ‘5057 17041 pue su1e49 Jonu09 40 siewOS “ep asuroyd dines un sp ynuo> asa ot _2ps0 ua aq snare Ep paNgES|-FEDION 1o wondunss ssf -uangenap sso © 0 “hon pownsse 9g ue fog ux ope An Te smuzamnstour ansemzojed Ges a3 -woRPnAE 0 par 36m) 4499S nan Pode 2 oKDgEISP eaMoN ay aon AFD fH (as ‘e6t MSY) 9a asp agit Atay Aen ute poe sane onao9 of posh exjojed ae epums ew pare ‘simp rane ‘repens jeune apo: ape se pom Suveout Kojes Yo wewOBEUE 5 woRDAS ee soso pa perayen aa ec rN fo pat qgedoe pauses ue sean pd oo oseg ayes eps wen sm am paps © sue padoaaap suey yor sad poo 24) sue anp payout we nas OU we Aq sanasuoyy Scowe Lies popoyes sd me sramaamep 0 osn are aay wba ppm oo psu sup ovo 9 ade ag AK ERP ‘on ont passe fpeaiq aq um sum oR) ‘ker agedzon un stosueanpd ERD ox eorsjo ojs a oy yen fi 839 sare yonun> poy (56 Aaspp0g prema) undo p91 WHEN mF SOG LOGE, faq yesmereddo ones pe sons sen ate eyo fq He yas a4) suoReSE ay Rig awn fo AM fo este Saoug oa9 9609 PE UHR Test "1A pres ss000} popes Jo good a8 Anmpuy us poss spun en YoUED suey jonuog yarese ape ep a ager NS poulsopag sep ssed wan Hp ray ay purpose AOL AASINE pes sur soueopd ag sane of FORNDOH HED fa scucaunpd Kuso} a uapemeEso ep Sissons pen 2993 8 spo ovo oad Ter eons ema A sons senbor posse aoueunydog seca qu ge wr gL ep aa wep jue stoop} esa A TON! sey ysaoueusojode-ponsap sep PN pes do wages yu ysguen sen gp an098 29 "PE “3p & pun poosusiop w way gun or69 aot jeg KMD od WEP OH EHH -Buysemp 10 Sprain soy Sey © 08 Sua aze oq a onto a Jo apINS uyé)are yep sud appar us ‘panuaop 2 pres da ay "pan Buyepet oy man a Pa -g0 suey py payodar uf puny pseaunop © ‘sqou osc ‘panes 5 aE Pe pavauogdux s syunan asa areanap 0 pep Saano0 yo aouen yep ed a Buen pws =FIGURE 2. Soria Xeon oot Individual items of product ae the ves of afew ‘gait characteristics on these ems, Averages and anges computed fom smal samples or subgroups of individual items provide very ood measures of ‘he nate ofthe underying universe, They permit ‘trol ane decison making abou! he proces ram hihthe tems came Thao or arerages suse conta the mean atl edeny of he pce, ‘whereas the car for ranges ee to cont the ‘iby. Tn ple of the range the smple star aad deviation issometimes use, but the sange he Ingest minus the sales values inthe samp) taser to caeulate and is ease to undertand bythe ‘operators Juan nd Gosiey 199, 45.5, For averoges th central line is the established rein for the aeeptabelevel The upperand lower contol its are then calclte sing the forma for small samples and oqul sample sic ‘Equation : Cental Line and Contra Liits {or Conot Cart| (Cnt ine isa predetermined st tend. Control Limit =e 4322 Upper Cont Li = Lower Con Lint = 3 where = average numberof nonconfrsies = mumber of es standard deviationences oats S| ar ena es ants as¥> ‘sud Supmioptouou yo uoroey 2 0) SUED Ton sooo or ayes jdues ey saied Sep0; sou go soma yp sew opm FEN dy sureyg sonvea en sem saqum 25m jo uouodond prepues ps = anya pal d= wer eneeg omer gpg et nan pomep adn {spans pound e507 O25 ser roat09 4 204 11 oma pu aur ena x won yoy Suys0ubu3 hoje yo UEUSEEUERL UOREOS (69 a1 USK) yeas sou 24 eur 29 aE oO 9 HT wey sm i pac 0 um ST HN roar 9 $= (ls) sor Burmsopuonuou Yo UR ponodioatp oxy pur touog rage —Rem art sn ayes wags een ous 9 HH FH suo a seu yds send Bapmu.ooNOU so vores 9 suesndar oy posn sy anes dy sueyg yonve9 ¢ Agnus asvoextant ‘case sTuby piu when all camplas have the sae n (ASTM 195,60, ton Conlin an Cont tins fc Cont Cmte Cal eis predeterine el sana p ‘Upper Conlin =p +345 {over Cnt Lint =p. vee faction of execs n= number ofcace inthe sample U Controt Charts ‘The coniol char for nanonformtes pe uni chart) Js calulate sing the toa umber of nonconfrn ‘tesinall ofthe units ive bythe umber of units in the sample (ASTM 1995, 65), The uct is desir sl when inspection lok at mutipl characteristics ofa unit. es asumad tha! for ach characteristic under consideration, the ratio of the expected othe possible umber of nonconvoreis is smallest ‘han 030. Equation & Cental Line and Cont Limits for Uf Contot Charts Central ine ies poder se standard olf Lower Contel iit 3 Upper Conta Lint where 1 number of ncanformties pr unit N= number of eases athe snple Contot Charts (chants ar used to chart the nunber of con ‘ormitiesina sample The cchetiequsoont othe contol chart when al simple sizes have the sane ‘Ther cars reammended as preferable when the sample sizes vary fom sample to simple [ASTM 1995, [Equation 5 Centra Line and Cont Limits for € Conte Char Cental line a pretermined set standastc Upper Control Linit=e+3 29s oa ‘92 jo uenzeondafemaed ara d= psn 807 ‘e+ d= mr yun dip = a en3 (95 S66 NISY) S204 BeOeDUOR 7 VORNNH, suey ds woenba sonesep pepe atezane g oydaes psy 7 agent ‘ssnjueouou jo agus asso seme so-up SE eg man y9 po-up = xem pono adn sot emg “05668 AS¥> (RENEE se WEN aro dues tie aes 299 S264 EOD ‘ate x 9 woven, ‘won st prepuers on uount ‘syeyg fenued so) sy 122009 ue seurtreae9 10} smuuog qonoo amon 0) pon aq wom we sna ey sms on en a APHIS are sod ou yun poaday aq sr dos sa ‘sou abu apna ae ard soe fs oon een ay, epoqes pu ep es sds en yupue way so ayy ud 30400 WD som sod y 2a0ge 7 dag sma way peep sna an 260 SNS UY SNA UARMEEA yo sere ageuss are aay Steg] TANNED wo sy soad a9 fs am “sy oes ea 3 2PEINO axe syd pany ax fo au “pry 290 4 UO tontoo 2queuteu 4} poo aque NaN PE tones wr 5 spd ayy Aes ueD an ‘Su aed mia aso are sued pane 99 73408 3 sus soon apn are apd poneyd Aa 549 e009 Won Suveoubu Mapes 0 waussouEy 3 worDeS orno as eres ono Suv aap 0 ara een ae © wo MP HF "pon wy abe ey NID 7 40 souppeurSsojiado wt usp Seas ‘sspoad tw stomp hie spans sno oy sds omg 7 Sqe m9 BMGT seed a wo sxdses 9 619290 So eo {655 Kayan pue wenn soy ses uaa 5 pirpins ow kage. pagiosp Asnoqand suey oso ye Sorpansue 0jampoooed eq PATE 5 prepay symdoudde ay pe ssoaid a3 tly popapoo eep Husa pouusop ave spun yonue> oi pte afeane a. yy sm a Ng FPA, o> hep Bun pours aq nu oueuo pd sopoarageriae a soa 5 preps ou vA wong st prepuers on wouya weug rene & Bunonnsuegeta and Pre Cre yuation 8: Np Chart [Number of Nonconfonming Units (ASTM 185, 5, Central tine =n Upper Contot init nf +3 Lower Control Limi = np -3 ¥ where , "c= numberof as inthe sample Equation 9: U Chass "Noncenforming Fer Unit (ASTO4 195,59), Cental tine = Upp Costin = +3 fE oh smber of aonconformitis pe unt [Neenumber of case inthe sample ower Control Lin =| where uation 1: C Charts [Number of Nenco erie (ASTM 1985, 6, Cental tine =2 Upper Contot Limit == + 3-V Lower Conteal Limit = =3 VE where ‘Fe average number of ronconforites ‘Thee ara variety of other charts and graphs hat ‘cone use to monlr safety performance fm a ‘i to the contol charts we in statstical proces ‘contol. Some ofthe more common types of arts ince cumolatve frequency dstrbutorsand Paro as. Cumutarive Frequency Distapurions, Comultive Requency dstbutions are wad adi Phy the fequancy of observations having 2 value SumulaveFreaueney ibacn Table ‘sujetrnepting sates Nata unowrot “crDsimtons” “erp Symons opoted —“nsmnina’ ast er0Symitime eves Sate Se ‘rater thanor ks than paras value (ASTM 1995,101.Cumultive frequency distributions canbe splayed ina table formato graphy. Table 1 presents a cumulative rncy distin in abe Ue format, Using ths table it possible to deter inet member afeases above o¢below a prcuar ‘tego To interpret hia, 10 sults ported the presence of one CTD symptom, 15 subj ported two oF feser CTD symptoms 17 spt re Potted 30 fewer CTD symptoms, and so on. The “entre sample consisted of 2 elects reporting Sor fewer CTD symptoms By using the cumlative fe. ‘qwency dstbtion tbe, you can rey see that pprosimatly 73 pacentofthesubjects pared 3 a fewer CTD symptoms, hus fe the contol charts preentdassume & oral distribution, meaning that the data can be ‘expected tooo bell-shaped curve. Thismoy net slays be the case Two other common ditto "hat data canal ow are the Poisson distribution nd the binomial dition. If the dela collected for the performance measure ae assamed flow titer of these distbutions, then the appropriate ‘conte should be we Poisson Distrieurions Polson istrbutions can be expected hen the san plesize is very Large an he probity ofthe ecu ence of an event of ftret fe very mall A good pprovimation to use in detemining i the PosenAanis asv> pom Suvsoubu Kayes jo eUBEEvEN 4 YORE 200 461 fojpon poe wen sou an sm suey ope 2509 owen Suen 2 “qe oy] see ueany usps snd a> and a. 02 66 Samp pu WeIND RE I sng 9} yee — Hs oA BSI ‘70 may pape pao eo smn sp uonendod dre urn ene doa orm gL siuvig o1mevd quote 20 30 Seq supa jo mee osaquin sydaes wy soe jo que =a aan Ww =wis att nl saeayl 1 degogosd eso # Sots 2) easy a Pa a NENA euourg a uoda pstq aap fontoo anno ag) ‘sown ayqsod om so yyp amen DueULY ad e10} ep Supa ways Sound ue wosiog ag) RUA syste sg Om a ong wore sou of} ageuesy snonnssig THONG suns osoqu = (gx219 ou 30 Annqugnd x yds ang na yo angina pica = suze? say ep sweet 1 Sageoid vossng Sans 29 eo} a4 Bie Sas oda eos at pe us 1 suopODE yo uanbos 2 wy onus uossog ojo NTE HED inbpave ue jo Anpgegaud ay ames ny won -ussp uosseg e aunssesamnsextsypaze Moet ‘cays ue 886 BKeED cz UE Hey TANS UEIO exaurooo a Ameen au pe og UE EOS amariost aj uous st seudauddestuoanginspeating on ermine Cre 4-1] (i+ Ere FIGURE 3. Sample Pareto cart 1. The contibaors othe totale ranked bythe mogntude oftheir cotton 2 The magne ofthe contbation of ech, expressed nomericaly and asa percentage ofthe toil, 8-Thecuoulave percentage of fl cntebuton ofthe ranked contributors Jn he following Pareto chart (ce Figure 3, the Froquoncies of ijries reported by oy port were called. The ny categorie ae ranged inorder from highest olowest percentage of cnes The bors preset the percentage of reported cases BY cate gory, while the ine represents the cumulative per crlage of reputed aes. As can be ines fom gure 3, hand injures account for 30 pecan ofthe ported cases hand and oo injuries acount for SS ett, and soon The Pareto analysis indicts that inthis ample hae ijn acount othe greats percentage of reported cases, Usine Existine Crirenia to Devetor Penrornance Measures ator than develop unique perforce nasa, Itiscommon for sly profesional ouse eating performance measures developed by other enies samples of sures osafety performance mesures sed in industry include OSHA's Voluntary Protec tion Program Crier, OSHA Safety and Health Po- sam Ascessmant Worksheet (Revised OSHA Form 33) which was discussed presionly in this hope), 290 S00 2000 Standards, SO 1400 Standards and SixSigina methodologies Each these ciel have boon used in industry as 2 mans to measure and Improve ery pefrmance inthe workplace Vowuwrary Prorection ProaRam CRITERIA ‘On uly 21982, BHA sanounce he tblshnent ‘fhe Voluntary Protection Programs (VPP) org zeand promete tative worksite bse sfty ae health management systems (Oseypationsl Safety na Health Ainiistoon 20), VPP is CSL of si engin of he outstanding ers of epee and employees who fave criti exemplary worksite safety and health management systems, The fellow: ‘ngpriniples re embodied nthe Vente Potion Programs (OSHA 200 + Volontaiam. Parson in VPP ie atrelly solunary The spent who shes o ortipste ey submits information to (OSHA ona sfety and ealh management system and opens itself to agency reve (Cooperation. OSHA has long renogized hat a baanced, mulaceted approsch the best ‘way to accomplish the gal ofthe OSH Act LPP emphasis on tist and cooperation bo- ten OSHA, the employe, eanployees, and employes representatives complement the sgeney'senforement activity but doesnot ake space VPP snfand prtspating ses work togetberto solve any safety and health probs lems that may as. This partnership enables the Agency to remove paticpaling te fromm programmed inspection Sit allowing OSHA to focusits inspection sources on ertalisk- ment in grater ned of agency oversight and“sores Ost oes Os UOT OT sprepues ossong ae yd a pase sommeusoyad way pu panoudu ae seal ‘ayes wo wo pad sqaure pe any roped papas sue song 'sparpans serpy pp worries yar PHONG OF EOE pais pre uogeapaepans jo moudapsap a out -oud ore uns sy (e0ne OS) PETES TAI sy sauenbpesy sgt cp puny uonez yevenunnnseSzow» gt 80 Patna vous “vogeapsepang 2} woweeweaQ ToNEENT EL sauvanvig OS! -swanaipbor amg wana anges seer younmminp of easine Seod onpinsdde sane nny en wong vopensuon 25 snnunmber as nas ‘ao 3 oP me PE Pp a wong) aogier ype tees eowraeweur ea pe Ayes Agen santa os ns sensor ordong Une “Moun 29g.) weeny uopenswoc 5 « sgedonsed ys oj wh den vee seo apads-as anpe ode pa yemonso Ss i a igs sey pe sways wourdeu ‘pt Pa Ayo poo aso y= IAN, ‘sauBoos wesong yy ag wes A + snereyaoecyon Bugoncn pos Suyégaiopr ey omnes ar ye 0m seo suits yams yay pve Aas ‘eto any pu segs 709 uous 24, Sq sau pu Ani ‘wor panoid Ags ase sino ato says rosy >upFaN yyEDY UE Ase saquava resong 185 24) wes¥ON 3 « e102 VSO) 4 psu wopedpaed aA Jo SHOEI au ‘ie Sst MID _opan sone eapag oF PEEY HO "pun sagsuodsas pe yu staid ue aq ys 104 0p vo -edonieg syn s9Koydorg pue 996d pom Busou ops 0 wMuNBouNA st wDOS wots sh Asa stot opens aren weg) “fume popooe amp Fe "ysuanoidas Bupa saze Kap eaaoes amseour edbared doy suonenesoo6 a Torney suk Seve EY ue Aaj so ped pus wad a wowaseudafnomuuos gesrueaop a edazed gg womosaud stonnu0 « -somnmnno> poe snp eyes pe pet panos som puesooped wag ney one ogy spp ue ssingod ponadeid uo sndu tat VSO spond po sesnenrt Surren pu ypoane ‘gen pe Anges ded PE ‘aps Baan poysay ys 000 ewaun yayo sedan AEN PoE _gape op uous pape ‘enc wre oy noon uy posonur ate pasos yess Sxinenb sy aad 30; spp sede ‘are ys 0m ye oN sunuaab gtq ‘auyaou w somewsojad say ue’ =u 340 tulsa 90 wos aes 2) ‘unjts uoueveus yey poe hoje uae req uo posta siuedoned da SPO VSO "eo Pw Any 205 51S 2044 PON © Tv EOP PP OLOONS OPE ons 880 6 PEE 96tCL IO sa ‘as sos yao au Sune “parle yempay SION somaed mpm cor peoidde suse eyo agpang a ues sap oogs0e peo ue eye 7 FO asa eno gg ns ey FON _soa pur spoon numa ptm op Spy ay wo voyo ase eeose WS sg poaansd ae soagoyduo 9 S559 PE suf yea os pez sone ona pe qusaid neeas Arpt Seago, suntsis usu put dojnap seed {LIA 296 iA 205 804 Bug My AHO symone yitso sated pat PV SD ‘2 in auto speoiday suits ¥ © sous medina oss NS go poe sdansee> Soe P24 pu ses aoydus pea aan 16) suns ¥HIgo sasaNo|uoNUANAA5 ening ant Rie Cte 180 9000-2000 190 9000210 egies the denction and planing of producon stallion, and serving process Ht can alle quality andthe assurance chat these procesc are controled. Process conte fenced hoo: + procedures + sitable materials equipment, personne, Supp and working enironmetat compliance with reference standards, cones, ‘galt plans, and procedures, + montoning and conta of proces parameters fd product characteristics pproal of proceses and equipment + carci or workmanship + product standards + satableegulpment maintenance 190 $0002000Facusos on eight qualty manage sent principle which applied effectively fend 2 ‘Berateacon falters partes. Thies ands: mental change rom preventing are to casing, ‘se (Hoyle 2005 3) 30 9000-2000 is compsed of tre min part 4s sooo2neo, 160 SON: 200, and ISO Boe 200 (aso zm. 50 9m200 explains the concepts aed Principles ad dein the terms 190 500210) spec ‘ey equements for assessing the cpabity of ogan- fanon tome customer eqirements and aplible reultory equrerents 190 9012009 conan gui snes an prfarmance improvement 150 S004 rsom- rmends tht process planning include planing for ‘onl production, planaing fr quay verifice en and panning fri process nd fal nections (Hoyle 03,0. 180 14000 ‘The BO 1000 family of standards establishes the ‘remark for environmental managenen syste, ‘An envionment management sytem is designed toanaueanenvonmenally endly product throug ‘out the er Iie eye Table? summarize the vor ioe 150 1400 standards tht are include in the Environmental Management Sytem and 180 14000 Mode, ‘Tio tandardein the 190 4000 grup that are of particular importace tothe safety pesesioal ace TSO 10012004 an 160140204 Bath we ced “undergone revisions. These standards establish the framework for an environmental management sy3- tern EMS), BO 1008-204 spcifas the equements foran ENS thatprovdes a amework fr an organic “ation tocol the ervitonmental pact of sc ‘tes roduc and ries ae oso inp sts environmental performance 50 1400120 species reguiements fran EMS. ‘hat enables an enganization to develop and imple: iment policies and objectives that take ino account ‘Welegaland other surements te ongnizaton sl sarbes to, and information about sigan envira entaspes applies tothe ervzonmental pects ‘atthe organization sented eben hoes ca contol an hoe that tea tne, I oes not tees spsckic envromnetlperlonnance ie 180 1001-208 appeal to sry orzanization that chest esbbish implemen, mint and espove ‘eirntnntl management jt, osu elt of conforauty wit state environmental policy ado demoastate coneraiy with 1S0 140012008 by 050 200 + raking a seldtrminton and adoration «+ Sckingconfmatien of t-conormance by artis having an terest athe ganization, + Seckngconfrmtien fits seltdecaraton by 2 piny external tothe ongaizntion + sang ceieaton/resaton of ts ensron- rent management sytem by sn extemal congarzation 150 14004204 provides guidance on the stb shen implementation maintenance, and ipeore- ‘ment ofan enronmental management system and ‘cooninaton with other management ystems The {eldelines in 150 14042004 are applicable any cegalzation, egal of Sie, ype, lean, of evel of try ile he guns in 150120082008 are conitent th the 9D 1400-206 environ— . ‘Ges ny agg IN RICESG APSR oS HOTTA feasesind Ys wa masa Fans Ann sO UOMO eS nme cea eS ES seo ont re ‘om eon etcetera toy oe sconce OE Bee ec tn - ‘oven sedan. uation wo suave ena) eet 081 ernment ts « soonest ran —_ [Pre ON sues Burau odour FoIAEaL pie PRD SpIBPINS 79 AUR OOOH OST PUT von Susoutuy hopes yo auABevEN :t womes eyuy ~~ i a Pf Ca management yten mode, they are not intended to roid interpretations ofthe requiements of ISO "012904 150 2004), 150 6305:2008 90 6985200 esac the fundamental principles of egonomics a base guidelines forthe design of work stems and dans relevant bas terms de seribesan integrate approach othe sign of work “stems her exgonomists cooperate with others involved nwarkystem design, with tention tothe human soc and cil requirements in a bale anos! manner ding the design proces (150 20080, ‘Wu the principe in S0 63352008 ar oriented to (he design of work systems, they ae apple to ony of hua activity. Rerenences nS fr Ting sn Mata ASTAO. 19. Meow Prati of Ee nC har Php Pasta ys bam 88, Ss, Ono, FL Hat, Rint Hoi David 208180 902000 An 4-2 Gade Nee wean Orgran br Sandton 0), Bil ant pn nin La Ses ant ef te 50 9502000 “iy Sonat sgn /en eat ‘Wot /crdersan/sdecion clon ee 20 150 1400 Fay Sodas wr a/o/en/ peer cot sro 01 Spe Rowena fr Grd tac eee, oo en/CtlogaDeaage Castigo? Gunmen sires celeste Seopete ate 7 20e 80 65.208: Emami he ‘Deine bik Sows wire ‘cence /soe henge, Jon jeep Mand A Bann ody 5 fae (ty Hinde: Nee Yon ne ack Richi W1 Sfy hnt Soe Prtain ‘oa fate, Lever, abet Shi 22“ Chae Consbcton ‘Se vines oral Cran Engine E Monnet) ‘Ospina Sey a eh Adntestion (OSHA 2808 mir Prtcton Prams VPP} led Pree Maal (Sita Dice Nambu Cob Garo Wingon BC OSTA, 20. joy Ht Mme i Wea go LTC ran aera compen Bt Cotati Pes ent Pres Mona {GoHADietie Number CSOD) Narang, Devestin er i tn Spon Pisce FD. 19 ty or ayo Heth Prfsinas Recoe MDs Coretta Sheba Wt 88. Th tos Conte of ea of ‘Manto Pe New Yer Van Nase oo Company Swart Greg. 200 Sey Caan Eee Sty agen Chaga I atonal Suey Coase Wes ia. al aly ty ene ‘tA Boa Hato FSR Pregen peta Poe ap sg “Sans o0! 3) peaony we ap OE “aafearinta a fs api ame er pee Lage pomp BO PH RTNE uous 2 Sans dns ep! dps sy Seg “ayn an ema fom a pos snes ue Sue qd a ui oases meena ae gy SNE) L "posed see py ee Se re od edn re ans a4 4 Gl 9d yo p> ag Pes WAL AEN) “proj eva sete pee HS cals para aE PRI RE ATT pur soos oad pe pe a ot pa Ps SM a ogg ene) j “ondyvon ge pnd yuan pao ce | __ oo nats or pose esasi HeNNS He eS ESE enn rousing ouapene ay oes oar ase x parransr = Pe uopoe Ty soem) t oun Yoo Paean PAP 9 Sue sp hy is Bg pu odopop 34 pro sampoul sou aSuey wg urge gt “Gas ase ra fog so som ep ay se a age a he | _ ofa on nad yu fos oo pu asa ets hoy pind 9 eo sot oe us ne ous ge era ye sold psp ae seb aun ase oo pte Ha Ue RN] aps eee OHRE HN ven ro hg swoppoe ay sre 1201 ich jo pan mo sis Papo HNP pee wa sada Seen jenn py senda sed pe ws as eee y TAR Son wnat Sundar ae uy ‘jqundo peep ay a og ane yee or aan paap Aa Foo ROP SD a Dele pps [5 34g Noted one ann on peed gd pH es py ee) ee 1 Pevapon tants peer pasta oom pa ad TD pe Sup nro og pu ees poppe gs pe fo suo es a erp ese ee ee uo sana pony 09d sn yh a 4 MUU =) wa m0 snp por Seon nan ese ge, ue ag, Sopp Some seagate nee) "ao go ve oe expt papepcs ug en see pee ern anna VT (Giada gavis paul mmg=, FoMAOAION@aN SaaIvION= YN nouaosdar soe Spon =z HuMuRNOLN 1 SHON ON=LAN= 0 PHNY 28 od VHSO :xlaNsaay pon Susu fojes yo ueWeB=vER LRN= ewig ou Perma Cert 1 Furie egies conten pce “Comments: sible nner crits mist ein plas ral the ppb sarin Your Hcy Tina eaten 8) an 12 Efcve sey and eats ales and wack pies ea ice {Comments Ts eve work ues rus east 2 be ot ae sce Beam aed Tbs ions 1 Applicable OSHA. nana pagans re efcly pac ‘Comments lth wton poe requed by OSHA man en pla ave cuenta ang ave ‘espns: nd procedure st, be falomed ty cero “Pasonal ptt equipment FFE i eteatvely wed ‘Comms PE seat shold be completa rach Al erp dl spss wag Re sein PPE and wenig coety 15. Hnaekeping is propery maintained ‘Comments: Go homeepngmasbe oitsine in llans othe plat, RaparBlr & oat pay, prompt dap of plo ppg kar dln maton ear recy eis oe 16 The onion properly popred for emegeneysitaatioms LL ‘Cnments Thee soul bean emery pon ating an eto pric ere pel Grape Fou right encontrar detainet eral spe) Ths plan tbe nn oe kre mae onto np 2 Pe omen tin pln got I {Gomient: Tv sta hea pla for pti scl sae plnk Eloy and aps moa ae ro rece en, ‘omments Ther sald tea preventative ean Frog ol te ain Brags gnaw races with upstate gone bd ent pr mamicane chansons ele (kite code cor Comments 4 procedure fortran te conto hrc ht hve been epaNCT Ga EST wag 2m Wolpe njuyiines dat ae ffvly nae {Comments Athenee ant nae tbe legged nd mio wa Wak okie Ram todo tends ed azar cnt kien 2 Hazard iene data ae tetvely analy. [Comens Ae inidents rar isen ck td anayed ike theirs / Te din sho 32. Asafty ad bea land spporing beans ext T ‘nmi: Thee sho be gale taht sme king he laa le Feo WOE Tce inte by 258, ede the juries ina cate depart by 50% chage he mek dere ceeeent 0th wil bees ysl dancing et. The shld ba plan fr aang hrs changes Os ‘extn bao cee ht tg We pol— Se ay Ss ae seq jovi ang on op ex seSnaa poe omnes nas sfene Pnnge ed ans ae) nada er apo meron ay tne ape amen Sap ae so: as poe ue pe Ree veda nape one oda pei fo EL soca yrs 2 9p aa an ney Soppsnder ens no ane see ao “ohep aut eaopd IT | 5,20 mgd gg rae Age oe gem HPP IS Ss a as) 0 sar 20 / poe op 0 Ae ane sagen HS eg any oye Pp NE) “oun sete 0 Seog sonny sans yey pe je Pause OPIATE a anand ee Foe Fay I a TN a aD 4 anoo ea swe yee poo ya a el Yorn oo aso AE, vas pu spay 2 no mn pasa yg st ny 304s Hp INS Sip nnd nay apo say Tran oreg Soe Supepar ene Gl GAT ARG HORT EE pe Zags APPT es in anime ene undns Som aq pres tn, ean mdaa8 2 0 iso gear yp sso sant ys a a el sa | “ainatsuodon en poe Kop oun oes ge pape onon aN geUNODE Ye “Samp sauine am spew HSE “stpaynooy ap nao ne ne So “Im Eo 9 seo aos lon 8M uy ra reson yey pa ors toy ose oe oye wea ee) | Sep Sapeudsawqeng pu Keo nouns oe 2 ‘eo a ao wend apods eo pate 2 poy sold a pS eI TY “Koy to a ued ey Senet ona ebro hfe peso snk ‘ovo yo sv ead ae Pe “Gnatr og any poo soaps ape pax eps daewoo pu ‘Syonawe pono sg rai 4 sO We pe fs Mee on Me hay sa use YEN "eng Po des pmo ands mee paar ) mpod no as, EMD Sma a =BePIS ses yon epee even AE “a posse srs wn nn pompn pk pNDUTSED =e PRON suitor nto) sae in oc EY dy one O usb 5 uu ee ata nso fl Nod a ak oy se Supe >on Susouseg W919 J weUREEUEN 5 HoR20g ostae Besar nt Pfemae Crit '33Onpanizatonal policies result in comection of won performance of ‘bien ess erp {Comments Comp poses shuld cnt poe Su pareemanc by emglayes Tot Tong TRY WI ‘spree ot raking employes lin sen sed manages ang ‘pense ou shou lk fran et spaying cs fos Ineffective ting potty somnanited spect ropes PTE we ea thou bein ce and Be lowed cons sleet) dips spin Soper fal he ey ermance por work desi, “34 Eeployee eve appropriate sty and eh talning ployee should een all erate i! 04 pon ag TAT ECSNIA—-| ‘mds enero roads haar commun perso prev supe hk outa company ples and proce ce) ele ty se aloe ot ang ao ay of he Rae information + applale ley and health {Comment Ai ne empayes hou ci AL the eid tain BEFO tro he za tts ek or ot non. ay a nea SD HE {36 Sperone spropit ally od eal aang, {Comment Sopris sha ive he eight the employe res, pista on Tae ‘Betrsnfey and hth eoponies ‘Comments Saperivars shou ce ning howto Be a ftv spay Bk ih Sad ATS NT ‘veka et lal th cmp’ ios a renee 8 Salty apt ning i provid to manners these Se ining tat ow empleo he fog ne pores CLT 1} Cments Top an ie rae shoul een al your sys essing, Tey Soa ow See fag woh an mpc Avia ooh “38 alevant ae adel ape ae ‘ining red nto manage ‘Comments The ling en mes shoud nade ow ado what SHE ‘rtcion impact gral ative he bares non isd ‘etn te iy hw jour eng os ls iy ed cops thr ou Indy an appt oe poste co salty dbs once eet uve sheen, ‘uty endow Tee wey 3d indie et oft ad ‘2. Top manaperent poly establishes cla pet fost and ah ‘Comments Thr shu ce pry tn ply seme et aS Sar aa Inport tthe ompany for sey and eatin the pl nt angers pene snd elas ‘Top manajement cones safety apd baht Brain tee a ‘Comments Top management shut conser ft nds tobe heb cTal We wena PTI (oaten he Bor ole) ot the bf ty cc endothe ty ome“Sang Bano opee a aooRRap pS Baa 4 paps pe noon pos yen ‘stojaly sums opts omy sag SID “ond ten pes pedo w Sepa wogsp ongenetio uy penny oe sso ts 79 Sonas fgg sasteana ere HAAS eH MIRA Fae Kaa SN TRE sverpunge cot sp afr oqo Senda nog uno “apo epinde equ we rep ang) Spy cans an pr Ange gs sea ae ag Ns AL era paper aod aus oy end apo ue md OS Tied oes ey PR Aa se doys wel annatat spon dopsap pe wed ‘serms po sates J sHaNtaND sw sonedoqred pur nines afd nen neers or por sso Sag pa TER aoa ToT yer Kgs 0 eens mo pegs on cy eeeee ay Stee = we “oon ro ‘rus ange ou 2 nEnsp pa cng ps8) peas ee Apes ps See “satya sar eu so seo suo dyes ear pe oer Sap kee “pn snp Sup sp oy nay sods sy ae ope os pe seen eg “purge oe ee pound 2 you a a 24 Buppm3ae 9] Bop ag Pood a fog See se pas AF snd oy Sua at on ng ssn so sonnet aye Pca IND [Teer Sen geo per doy nue enue agg aan ape Karan OTT eps Tom ap RENE page 09 aa a ou pe uy ee ue rs a9 pe Sak I) “entra pew ye sone Ayano papa sano gh poe eae Sh es nad wa aa BUS Raps 0 say Fup par sa GH IE 29 Sonne yas oge see unde mln sop hepa 8 oo pogo xy Ha en Poe Kasse Sey on pe NED “seamen eager en po Aap peg mo i oy tosiod oy ssn Aone oeSoep Oe HE —— “solange pigeons ey pa ae age ones RO La 0 REA wo Bo Ly HEIDE ep je me evened ene Gama Ga 9 Suet pe aunDuD RON ep aN ao oT Po IRE peer agnear tq eros drs Ege een ae led wok wn ee ipso pu ears 90 woos es qyeoy poe oj yaedao apree ometeee da Tt ‘non Cuvsoubs hotes jo weusBew 1 ORDOre ein ont Pfrmane iter ‘2 ployeo ae involved in organizations econ woking in pd toi allatino ott an esta ese, ™ {Coniments: Employee thet suggestions cence otis or suppor shuld be sought and cman By pay mers when dessins are made conan scion oes Si pee, pees papa cites erin ‘53. mployees are involved In organizational ecsion making in rgazd essay a hath ining, ‘Comments: Enplovee hgh, aggsins. concerns oct o oppo TST sgt Ta RAAT HT il maker when eons ar ce cnn Si aig tang pho od oth ane ‘Ever who wil eve the ating hence where ann wl hepa, whee ot hot ing ake ieee me ip oe ns 54: ployes ppt in za deeto es ‘Comments Enpoyes should be seve enge ner etcton tthe aly Taro de acting nplbned wapections or raping asd when emplyecs sete 8. mployesprtpate in hazard prevention and conta acti Comment plyee should bw sete engaged hard pevenson ont Tait Tncaid Ge | ssitingin workplace iow or design caine satya Menthol or sbahing sake nnk roe, St Bape ratte nth ty ant Comment: Eploes shoud actively pricipt fr SAH nnn at ie TT i RISE ST ine wanng e mestorng of ne ortteedemploers ‘2. mpoves pica safety and elt planing tvs, {Comment Esplyees should acoly priate nS planning tities Te sal cade sag setingthe oyny sS& gots nd upping tect or desopng maton ant mene he states Ente pats In the etn of ath T I {Genes Eee shld acy prc etaing te fy an DENT FSR WSiap « somos Soro 4) oy ens onda sey syne Sudo ‘Gossip ued yeu ours ay, [obepond fo 3 Hed pester ae a yg asesud 01 Bnvostuwan yey 5p WSOP ‘oolxd fu jo se eradnuea av PON 9 now seunsojand pur main fs. ote “Soyo wyoeg ey upnoy Sm pur NouojNAP HD red weogqus ancy Agenunod ey sm, ‘wn sage ae ie possuppe ae oS angoayp-ie0 pee spar 1 sapqumaddo ayo -ptop en ee spree epamod Bas hg, yy sui snort eyueur pu ope ag a ape lisp ps0 1 s5eud Ho0u09 og Sau padojnsp 29 PONS wud wouneaeu Kopeumles y aed No 0) Surpooasdynoge worm eg € IIE eH yes Bunsoutes Sarr sop seed woes ood ‘ap pu youpetens poe juoaoep pue woron? coud woudoprop woseiydauo> 6 9y waIeKs up neoudopiop yo soem sea ano} 32 22, sone o> por woR=ayRENP Buryoo;-presoy aways aN Mays, “0650) s9n81q 0 pnmooy WSOP pH SIE sunoasp nna neo soy 9 P& ah a 1 yor Sansa Kes 0 wsesGeUNH YoR=NS sey yes sprezy onus pu maps Keg wap jo woqoung Ararad a DEY 10 Sud ‘mmpoade apart —sseyl ego mayo 1 Soman pup a7 ese Keys Sa, eso ipasdde sama es Angers Alaayg M1545 Hos wuomanved 3AISNaHaUaROD Y aunaneana somone ng spr oso smon oe soeRGe pt ‘Suoneqefojotsogad pu seouanba Teo tunic esos unueseoe Base Ags sysonned pane pw soins moa poe inane ag HN dN sg Se Seni sain yoann sont ptt “or par nora Sue Sarre emery 9 Sema 0 tea nang uoyeusogst sou Base soe “ade send tay Bngoueg fq TOPS SOE Sqn onmezei orp ened (bo woe 2 ate espn ornare 20 eons st “San Sun pe 300] aN APO fijenune spp wonpa 0 RN tron oppose romeo) np ‘noes mogoe np gd arene meee wy sc seete et ‘soo Saonoure ay wo Fst} ep ML ‘x es oie osm = irene a nomrk saep sme long sane toad Jo soe taney fogs ya poe prey mse Sesser yay goed onsen Sshn dense ots fens «ene out pr s9.9(9 Sapa wanna po hd yy ‘nga penn ee ened ge Snead panded iy pm sere ‘ns po tea ose reo Sepang pee eae pr sod oop So ennai elon joapezey fe Pi JP) vs das wots yo sntolgo SUNGrc systematic approsh to managing systems governed {byNASA fom concept through fia digpecion The Natoeal Institue of Building Scenes (NIES)pro- mos an iterated team approach to bldings an Ue omponens. ‘The pin of providing a couple of examples is thothae ar established eglaory and indy pro- cedures and system-safty models hat can fate ‘hemnagemant ost enginering wor The ma geet tole canbe tne for specie systems, Project management principe are univers ol tat ‘canbe pple to any buldng processor product Safely engcering work is fctted troupe sand management princpies that provide he ane ‘rok the management sytem, nang panning, cmnaing balgeirg communicting decson mak: sng change management, implementing, and eval sting, Wile the management pan does no oly determine the analy methods forthe mpemen- taonofsafey engineering ata projet evel totes astracure fer integrating sry englnceing othe Prosi the content of evn rks nd making ens seategicpotsin syne’ devdopment ‘Costar te constants ar coldered tg cout ays ie cycle whe balancing two major pepo sk management hich Se blanc ofthe robb that anodes vent wil eur Sn he consuences ofthat evert—and ‘esgning nehods to conto the rsk + designing system within ne and ent con- strait, sing a defined process to ently snd manage hazands ‘ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGESRENT AND ‘SAFETY ENGINEERING Pexorning safety engineering functions thoughout jt life cpl ie one apes of sytem sey; ‘he mujer paral fanson i management. The man: agement function plans nd facltates th sae eg neering work of aligning activites and resources, ug the our an pillars of management plaming, gaan, dieing and mono, “Management ‘must decide whether system rk sacoptble then daide what isto Be done by whom, by whan, and what ast” daeat) As the fst" In the “3B of ney engine: Ing education an enforcment say sho be d= signe ita a proceso ientify hey pointe a which ‘eri coattuous ae peri astsment fk, fests, and deesions. Desson making is 4 maiage- ‘ment function hat consider he risk, benefits, ts, and oer fc at key point in the ite eee. The ‘goals to manage the fsa through a vaity of methods however sing the hee E's ulin pine ciples should not oe confsed ith aesming hat eg ering sth equivalent of eliintng all hazards Tha use of administrative contol en acpiable ethosof management appropri tthelevel of ik. Inonte to suppor and masimize the sucess of both safty engineering and sty managements Important cll rele the organization’ ison and goals, The organizational estar isimportantin providing supportive environment forsyatemsatety, Toa age enters, op management ines an ong feats ates and eure defining leadership ‘oles organizational satura ype of coor Seaton. stay of ney practi of comps ith exceptional safety perormance ented four mor common characters: 0) son tnanagemeat com rityen, 2) elcient hazard idetiaton, fl ‘Sent empeyeecommniain ana inelvemet nd (4 iegraton of ety into the lager management pte (Marshall 200) ‘Ono example of on organizations dl that acres an ongaiztons coment to mafety fe Joes Enginerng a lbally vere onan that provide engineering and consling serves many markets This widepzead organization econ ected by common vies nd singe vison Safety ed managed sk ae ete nthe nese el ‘The oueome for Jac growth manageable risk Jowereseosts, and profs axrding othe orga ‘eatin’ nani nfemation, Looking tee Wb ste the buses mode reacts arty and commit ‘ment to negating heath, safety, and enviroment inal services and pou,suoneun goo mopar Sup RDU Fp ms dopaap (gesy) sme Aye Sponge ‘Sra em Poe 2a aug SBD pe oor J aH a USA auANEU SPINS euoneR weDU’ 9 Se yon suo ao ‘ups anuambsr SUSAN HU, 2010 nouizedag ou fo ypmayaaRensuRupe ues poe ‘aie pat Snes eso 05 IEPUN ST “Guat Jo WIR pu Ss (eundnaND a frre {VHSO) UOneASUNUY ya PD Ka;NG exopeaag aig apf 30g He (ep) 1) venue axe sop rapa} pue upp ‘anron Jo masmasnbar pu sprepens oy He sed (242) Sune PSY 70 POD ALL, spypues fetes posse See pte sooneear repay yd oso dap ‘omnenpy pue suonereetio nny snp essa =i ov op ng susan au upjduysioesyaco sng pein op samsfs (eoRUD ured 30 onda pus ona ‘yunvdoppaap an sao puesnounsin opps yeas suonenaei uue08 BuO "0s Boyoouua Saye Sustewrs yo soap pus 2posean3 92 sopou uate appa spe rer ang “sanyo SsoeR 3s 2 wor TwoMUOHHND sys pur ‘uoneado dot ou ‘aq way Aasiaape ue weg spnpod pur saapsis ose any porepueatare guounabas Saye mehS ssounosay InanNuaA05 vwusaag any swouvino3y woneqoefio a 15 uonenodso pus edd ‘Bape Syd ape 205 woman ash SSE poe soqod urs uo rueneceio ou nw dens uauno caja Y WRENN ‘poe fj 0 yous) woRDe Pe Pav 49 amazin nus ‘wee ag SpE a (@roun0 a0 Siopaup yo putog paved, ‘Lr euonezy pu suns eau yy Sides sgn e492 eT o sumuuaep fou sop yea 4q OUTED SAFE doyo sume ua y amy £9} pur eons ued 9 yo oda enerpy # SN wounusues reuoneziuedi9 pue disiopeoy ‘pon Busoteug 9} 1 wouNsoUEA t UeNPES ‘9661 30m) .sornsena pu Bune 0 joy Je ou reunraeus Aap o uenew aoe ‘nan Sopped yom pa aemE ce Kage syed Sqengeaayse yr sejeHED poe YH -sndoc mL, sans nog urais masiony RS 80d 4b pay suedeon eR FUR OY yo dump fwoauanasa mp amano pe aS 1g 9 wos u wonesountpojoeypa pa ips spina sons put 0 Syose Au2 pu utoooe pao ayy BAEAPe 6 5 wo, Suyamns0, oa) + ABime jo woundec = seopun ago do aa av suouepo rors, Teg p keansuppe ee opted ej pao tan Do eo os oy La Snip ol rau od Bt nsec or Bam Ae ‘aso sn opp ma > Seren aes tuto bp Beep ro an amro a oe SP ur Seno pe ong sons nooo srquny sve 24 sued days euoneenei0 2 too wt 0g 08 pasouiPe ay sr Seger aM 0 soHESE TE" 4000 amnonas yeuredie ayy oY 5 ote FE SRDS Sepia‘ papa nyo 54 sonny amano ges vSVN og oda ‘sudo Sand wou Aa pgtan ai 984 ‘uogeeneio euoneusa ot en sss rye pu “waayp a wosenp pe Sp “as ype o spnpad pe suRDATY a EO PI ost ot Psi are amp 4 PE -souSep syenaneuunyd ‘soup yer Fe “aoneanelio ai wt sutstnp sausng pu sed a0 frp woman pur sydd pd ‘onto soe onezeo aux paSHaE ANIOP 28a ovo ru paronze sydd 4, VONROL ony go amp topuno = osng > wosE, 4a et. pare eo. ZOpH MD, “EET onsen Buumpus pa pruouas ou a 989 dare wy woneroein aq sedind pr op, 2 sep wos eUOEAUEHO UY P| OD ‘Sn pe as woe sone pba SPABTGE ag ome on eI ON OA Jeop wounog © wsngersaat Pci ‘anus to implement the rojuements and industry practice Federal Government Organizations ‘The lowing feral goverment agentes epulate systema requirement: + Department of Defense Intron (DaDD, ‘DoDI S000, The Defense Acquisition Sytem DobI 50002, Operation ofthe Defense Acs ston Stam an MiitaryStncan 82D, DoD Standand Practice fr Sytem Safety + Department of Transporation, Federal Aviation ‘Administration (FAA): 18 CER 1, Aeronaatics, 2d Space, FAA Sito Safty nook + Department of Transporation, Nationa High ‘vay Tle Safety Adminitation (NETSA) Fever Motor Vehicle Ssfty Standards (SS) ACRES ana OE + Enynnentl Proton Agency EPA) 40CFR 68, Chemial Accident Prevention Provisions + Food ane Dro Administation (EDA 24 CFR 730, Pedaeket Nosieaton for Medical Devices: Pat 210, Current Good Manafatar ng Picea Manvfnerring Poot, Poking, of Holding of Dros: 21 CR Part 21, Curent ‘Goo Morufacturing Process fr Finished Pharmaceuticals ‘Nuclear Regulatory Commision (RC): 10 ‘CER 7082 Safety Program and Inegated Safty Atal 10 CFR 7072 Pact Changes sd Change Process + Oscspatonal Safty and Healt Administ ion (SHA) 29 CFR 1910.19, Proes Safety Managesnent 29 CFR 1910147, Contec Hasan Energy + Untied States Patent ad adem Office fect Manement Manna Many organisation use voluntary guidelines nd nda consensus standards to enkance capil, maximize resources, and mitigate hazards thereby ‘mina the nocesty of redsiga fr corecting Iza and reducing oer cots that may advereiy off people property, or the envionment Inpustay STANDARDS AND Consensus Sranparos {nation othe mandatory fer regulations onan laations advance indusey standards, resesch, ad tent ifomation tough publesbons, gaielns, a paces developed bythe expt rom gow ‘ernment, industry, aendemis, another stakeholder. ‘ofesion nop oeizatins alo publish imaly paerseviewed ati om toe mers A fe that ‘pubs profesional jnurals in addon to other member services ae ted blow Thess ural ae ‘exellent eures fr sandanls and practices that have bien developed and recommended by techni and scent commters ‘The American National Standards Instisate (ANS), a nonprfeceganieation, coordinates so ables Vlutry standards hat exc segultry reine. Bp om gover: ‘ent scam ae indtry ork once commits to develop corer standard ‘One ofthe recent pbliaions, ANSI 210, ‘Gecuptional Heath an Safety Management ‘Syston, osc through portnarhip sth the American tal Hygiene Asoc ton (AIHA) ANE! he ruumeroue comits, subcomasttes snd puliatione +The American Peleur lstoe (APD the ratio ade seit orth aa ara 38 inde and pesaces qui standards forthe industry. One fe standan i Spe ‘ato or uit Pagans frie Ptceu, Pace and Neural Gas Bry (APL O07), which ices the reuirements ofthe Intermatonal Organization for Standardization (050) 001 set aional quay assurance eguierant forthe i nd gas nds. The ‘APL does not equ the industy however, thal guidance documents provides system tic approchtointegrating safety heath ana ‘ovitonment considerations for equipment rods and services in the global industry. + The Amen Sct of Safty Engines (ASSE) sa nonprost profesional safety organization that vanes esearch techni publistions,— ng song y ura Ayes umes sy pu uoyee “qonBuo uejo payun ay una sens a2 ‘qy purnnis pie paBeucer 5 Sumas apes stepow wowoseucys poveyou ur soyseauddy woueD spo mete Buneia per sno 0 ‘poe soy eeanod a 01 SAEED Spo ‘soppapspesir vo papasmape ue anmy Sum, -ssop porpqpem pee ypawosid pose Aen ‘spre Sones sun Seas enemy MOE ET 4 asn ayy S2aouuy Bunaed Jo sed sno “pom Busou Ans 7> usurp sta pee ner ah SRN pomouangalo ues Kays unat med a ved any Stamp swoqpep a0; euaneD Bursar (yng Praseesieg opis pve Hossa) att ‘1 us wm 0} 9p ey Suny oy pot yo we Ea uezo4oo nog i Mg, ey Se OPI quo a jo asftewe wwePHIC AN uy pa, race} a4 70 S80 Fp vow PEAS ENN ue wos /AUapHOY eRUIIOD ay wy E>] rw Suyourtirg Aoyagi uy, Toded soy ‘ap doer esi © we sey Song se poypuaaqanuy ou pue 5 pq os uses 9 ra sun o sade SMO age ADU cad poled ey uns qn ase eehs {924 32 34S] 2D Ke Oe oF wgson reo, ie IONM (EAT) UM Se HF HAT PON IHS, Spque ays u-suresico au pub 09 a un Siopuened Sopaput Suuey ubysls 2 0 are peat sjsu Sums paw Zupps pe an “yd san i Sao ops jo nee, ‘109 any ‘saounosay ‘sNvId, sos Bua Ses Sues 29 soe 129 pe spou 2exdop my seppour aN pa ‘equapene qounuarod “aynpy woe anaes ere paren iy sprepueisKnsnpar ysrand pe dope ‘dopa suoyezaeio youtoou os 7 95 ‘sox pe eofnp wnoorord zy sons po nope sa poe dojnop enya feaaoa, Supa ‘i Sosmaub Maes Jo usuNEa¥eA | Lomas fu wood any souenoeud sodas xp uopezueo evereesa goxbEON wes 1435 sg somo 9 APPS © sepryes passed oj snpoad pu essa ‘sons! sea 20 Suepms por sR sods gan souiospoanpe sy =a a eg uopezeae ydaou oon Te 5 G¥9) s2auieg aonowo;ny 30 ApS + “nro pomp sy Bap apo AES 31 pu 9p aM FOREN OM POD fang esonen aq ye peeps SoG ‘yaa Sporpuns Ange Bupa pe Ie -a pup pe ayo wns ag ape Ree e9 pue Seu spac SEP sx pr dpe Sgro peep m5 ‘yan ees omand pe Sunn TEU ‘a0 vane goto oNASHE Ow (yah soneborey remanent DHE pep os] 61 DueuLOTLE9 sy. seq seeaypung igen fouonbozye os ‘wopounen og age youaop ue 8 (Ost 25 Brox ere pe Boyouty ‘setjeze pe Buoy spmpoid jo Kis pe snus seine 7 wee 25 ‘est pus suanegends augop spsepaesou, relat da spaepuce yep edo er winrar oagoener ues (ost Sone “apse oy uoezteip UDA MY «| sada fof posudiw>seayrunze> pong pr yur pad ze ep eis gh, orem sno pe Taso enpaucy sa vo SHORE “unncom mets oadoobe se ps sete ‘esonsed joao youTeApE 2g 105 spuepueeeuoneusm sdopasp re uoNE ann posesopd anduon es Ga 7 S551 rg ona pe eH Jo aR NL « syeumol ease eas aIsIGed SY ‘spnpeeyo agg 5) ey womppe Uy SARE pee suas sonpoud eRe 26 SHO sypads pee sprepues Fon Sse eR ‘wens roopmusmar west SV) Ie sey poe Sun 20 Koes WeLINNY "oounnsnus ayy pe Suodandoptood yo vorpayoud Busou annie yo Peete lnplemtsastratgy“olook and lose resmuces, focus key points, and prepare for pblems and ‘oportuntis” (ery 2009). The undaton fora our ines plan nudes ison tatenent, gal repo bes adeison proces budget an performance measurements A sjsteme-safety pli ilar to ‘busines plan ints overall structure and neces managment ements festive snanagement fey ngicering work eequires similar planning, aes. tion ofresoures, human resource management ac formance moicremens nado, management lefty engincering work addrees cntmaietons, ‘which maybe accomplished by wing nests software program and wing septs. Besides otining he psa hey dvson pins ina given manageznent model, the sytem sft plan Shou Sdentify te pl interctins with tier ey functions. Some organizations use internal system ssf pias, tf they enna! to prove a ses: foranater organization ti prudent oeomine the inc pon's May other stn or proses nage: ment motels use common approaches nasessment tales, inelading fey ramesor, nly ine tion ik management, deisn pots perma sessment, wer operator fein, ‘continuous improvement ‘On of the best races in the mangement of ‘fey engncering work i orig ose funtonal "eams which encourages clsboratin and commune ication. team approsch allows the dipines to de Sgnand evaluate a system, and communication is ten fisted with design reviews and periodic rsenlatons. ‘Amultfocted tam-bced apposch o systems dey management crests synergism in sees ‘ng dented unknown, and potential hazans that may have an adverse eft on pope, property, and ‘environment. As sated by Bae 200, va ‘uselerments ae generally net incependent from one sth sgnifeant merrelatonstp wally exists btweun each of them, ad ll ofthe elements ned ‘to work wel together or acedents can happen” Research and casestudies ofthe experiences of many crganizations demonstrate that early itera tion fatty enginsting en other sete dep oe faites hazard Wenn ond cvrective ee tions which re especialy npotant ding ently Piss when omections a eles complet nd aly Another best practice n managing systemafety ‘workis tobe aware other disciplines aed of oppor. unis to colbarate condi infrmatic mth them er eample.eaiomnenal ogni the ape ‘tion ofsoence and engineering ste systems nd process thtmigat har othe enirment Bae onmentatengice are usualy involved with aft engineers ery in the fe cy of project to address systems and proces tat may affect alt. ground, voter, hazardous waste, or human beth norma Sonn an environmental assessment rik analysis ‘Surf sey enginars avionmerl engineering management embrace (he fling key conepts, strikingly similar to the ey concepts of safety engineering ‘the cepted indy mode! fr planing, ‘nginering, and implementation ‘eal integration of engineering during the concept phase using ifeyele approseh + rk management inl phases of development and decison making * continuous analysis evaluation and smproverent + sound scenic ond engineering principles as fundamental components of dechion mating + engineering techlogy ath optimal mete ‘ology for preventing hazards and matting + Sakcholder ol pubic involvement Human Factors ENGINeeRins “The eld of um factors ening isinvole with ‘he col of hazards na human-machine interface through design. Seientfe and engineeing methods arensed tases human err and equine or sy tem design hazards wth the goal of designing jobs, tnachins, operation, environnens, and work ye. ‘ms for compat with human capaites on esl daring the concep paseo the develop= ment ofa chine, wak proces crete the poten {alforhuman enor andthe ayten fetes easesppampnns 651 enue armas , wap “319 pe Seed 0 o spo oR UDR Aeyeejouopesionrag yang snes “uoo o poses aunts Bane ead © soy ay aps poy oocwezueS wy ‘ubuasaudar poe Sony soma Jo yunuvosr we aeuDg 6 popuaN ae pet Jee sjeunalyorsajord pus spueps nas wo sopuate Acard Rapp sino hoes ‘ema pomsreS ae sagserd yng aataediad Se wou ways = wou pa aa, unease ue oq ‘ssoqperd oq psnyyn are any degen pat sud ssnsng penor wo pare ate eon Bae uo yee jo nouaeueu aw eogDeN 9g uosuiesuoeaoona ayy es Buysouyduo pue ays jo uapenndde a5 See Bu ats pow wae eseadeve a ou Fajecwasis oy s wowousr ages BAHN ‘ope pue Koger ests sna etd SFL NoIsm7oNoD, oi am 24) sep yo Aysonp pue osuodss ag) wo Burnes eye eo wows esoeaced ops wuicd wR, wore aw Sosa te ey pe ages oy umUEUES [pub y>usygomur‘uonedinaed seHy« doy speqpaav pue ues ‘oriusoyu uoteoguns® ese « ‘soRoxpuL Sues pa Spe ‘09 Staprouy oma Samer + oudibs ue sues oer ms spree ‘Spuspy 1 ssoaud pe Ser Ap « spaunDss SID + soparsuodsa: pee sor snap + ‘psy topes youu ay sap esa stmisisaq, meso moxndoprep umyenboe OH sunuae wopezueio yo gana uaspop poe "MS sods sje sop tzuoney ary ZOnOS ‘wonboy Sua Sy pa ag esis une -urs Sarai a nea 00 op fag ng wes ‘porn Sivsouoeg koje Jo woUsEaUeA | woR205 ouaeuew w ur pape aut snp Boe <8 fges-wopequrnco pa sure 94s “pop 950 pre snusundsersoosn: Sop ‘omonase deena ey yuo aA, sedis eapmps proys ways Housesesy ounog Au uesaary a PPV 'VHSO 4 poem 51 fppou satan oC-UE 2, SPO sa sto ose ar aca yng ass HD WE BEDE jo aus eanop pu sos! ayes 00 ‘en0ye V pad ur wou yp mon MARIE pap Uodns 0 snbruyps SuDourtas moe Suge pu sues Aeaoeprtin Sumstge ep {arp yuopane Sree Norse Bap Popauianesmsése ope opou ea SHU spy yo ssmoad ayy yBrony pez ae Bane pe "pe Marapy oy poem a9 nos pou ou y sawvanvag snswasnog any sso1vin02y aq cos sep per neBooN He suyap 0 fepyvag sr sopou wassownar pa es qo 9s dues areata asneog so OA Soop oye o} pues pon meso‘ feenea ox power enous we se undp [9 95 poems Yo ssaad ey oui puouticap fans 2 vad uke Bump oe {oj oR pur en wp Ramm um sonemntenb opyisd woneniand C0) 80 a Mio Siang wounyy poe eer pat emus Susman un von pasoynon fwsl ovevi0 wosearremspy 25 pa (HH ‘ony econ 2y) PUP (v) soREREEREY Hon sary Yaopay aoa) asp Jo WER MEL “seeps ous pmo 6g ou sae 0 p20 vy dye aw suoRsdo put em a sBpisns ope mds eUENe “sf 30 wo a omen nia pe sep rans jo voeuenge pr wasn po "001 $4 [ue pou suojubunp oe oe pare 00 ly poutisap are poo wea nen gn a 89 syooqpuey Acide 20g wots oe ado 20 sn oye Au ey Spree UDP 10)ode ht negates safety a par ofthe desig and Proghouoter phases inthe Me cyde ot product, proces, © fait. The primary function of sytem ‘Sly tokentify and contol hazards nec phase te ec, fom concep tug desromisig, as posal. _Althe prject eve of managing salty engineer Ing werk, the manager pln organize bodgets and lige resoures within time and cast costaints ‘Other key components of aaeUOdSN "Bpow ay ssn youn peu oe OL s Suroourbg pequieuy ee ‘or says Basson Mapes Sop 0% pass see [ppow sy Summa: asyag yo ung a lurepou Snraurdun syed Aa psomEa1 04S 2m peer uo ws S¥4 9969 AT OD ‘mony Zoned wos aps wake maeAO sienanyyssoand ines ayes Buoys ae) “suoezneo Aq pam spout aufero due spnaad pant STECOW 1NSHaOVNYWY TWHOUWZINVOND zy xIONsaay_ Yor BarsoutU MojeS Jo wowWdeLeH st eODNSPins + implementation operation, and seemtabity + pecfrmancemeaeiteret ad cnet ton ‘+ management systems review ‘he plan includes the management lems, bat does rx provide step-by-step sstractions fr sfety engineering work Environmental Engineering Environmental engineering applies sce pric Pstotheervrenmenta psn pd atlases, toms englnerng and sanitation Envizonmental cngncers ner fora ontechaogy inthe design, erelopment poi, and societal impsct with an ‘mphasie on proteing bath hman heath and he ‘evizonmnt inl phases of «syste or operation. ‘The National Environmental Paicy Att (EPA) a nea the Ft orto tach ato rme ‘work or protecting the environment By engines nt conteling an openation with eg ts effect (a humane an the environment Designs of bi ings instal comple, communities sisprs an highways areengocral topes niin inte, and contl hazards in development, constuction, ‘mnteranns ad operation, Unsly, NEA evan tu decision making ort during the concept pase, ‘whore ik trae ee ele potent harm 2 the ctv for ake decision: procter not [NEPA includes five ential elements for an Ltfecive management franener: + eatgi planing + peblinfrmtion and input ‘eteragency contiaton ‘an interdpinry placebo proach to ecision making + scence acd a feble management approaches 150 4001 isa model thet provides a eystemaic smansgenent proces orcansentioneenoneenta ks ea eration standard of suaity man agement system that & nonregultry,exeepe by organizational poy ane igure 2 Spat fee eee ‘muncaon fotos) pant se proves oT : co i Pron ‘erage Convo | ‘iauine & EPA ilarAlanic Region 180 14001 Mada enna gntaonlonaTaohoniedse pecan eng hoses ‘seg sony en Sony one sp Botan iss oes (ays stay ps anno aunenm aoe Siow tvaan verbo wong a HEN etait “acronis oat Justeseesirmoe aia ane ape t “Syn eoneaopy Sosle pox nnn TR. io i etn tay a ovmsesyedin Fata peso opts howe Yontvo) sana ty ona “os woneapyps 2 naga [Prvorsat ant omand us ee wonescory ey eee \poeuersuua oupomney piso amusu, (zap saseig ose poe EFS Js aecansn /eaatamogy /gom/ Snapp Sons nt “38 p non an 24 pun oc oe a cane ao passes so8 ens (ei seg “Roencget pny (ve women Sy poe Pk “peachy "ay 9 a anyn9) oxema Basni {ens ny ed ‘soa mange ory bey pu oe ‘sat svar Wve vonermrapy Se PoP taps notepaper e ony eran sao ie) eed Sip psn tary ue pu once Shug} hing reap Bape Py ‘eoanon ayer Pesan erase pn soa ‘as nosey wnernapy soe eg word darn a ame oy ng Ta rst ash /onaur pare oped sec8opsionp nin. nh wee poet samy hn. os 30 a Aegon pep wd epg Beapeaun 2g a ae ns mig nes Soy tae 2 ssi 004 arent (aod 9 36 oT “su opu souessopa une avdostbappoedt nin ha Soa Seema omnis oceania frorrarensppnin Sasa suonts spear mah (Goa) maa psn ‘tay sey Ssauy (assy) sg eso srag eany Piston urna ‘avans wort sadn mnt poe Sag “hops shure oregano sone ams Slower ‘ares sorta oso fog py Siovepeno fat) sm Sn Sipe su nay sen ens Sosa ‘aa eerona Summa fas ay arava Bey sme uot sv) eee a 9 og wating ‘rower Lay amo naan weary ny) at papas none my miguidetiomtana/cmnonys pet “es ae poe fous SY] meta FenND panier aesay 2a asl fo Wpne> eaen oeaaey eoneonga pe se repo protd poe tanta ostods Suuaua sums seoead a ysand ye svonezteo 2g 30 3} su ynsadas seas Soo LL SNOUYZINVOUD TwHOIss340ud ANY ‘suouvonang ‘saowauasay oaimag +g xionadey >on Sunde hos 0 WeUSeveN 3 woNIS