The Hyderabad State under the Nizams - An assessment
- Dr. Y. Sudershan Rao*
Introduction:
The Asif Jah dynasty ruled over Central Deccan
for over two centuries from 1724 to 1948 with their head-
quarters at Hyderabad. The Hyderabad State was carved
out of Mughal Empire which disintegrated after the death
of Aurangzeb in 1707. Taking advantage of the weak Cen-
tre, the Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah I founded the Hyderabad
State. Though he showed nominal allegiance to the Mughal
Emperor being content with the title, Nizam, he enjoyed
independent authority over a vast territory from Bijapur
in the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east and Aurangabad
in the north to Arcot in the south. He put down his adver-
saries with an iron hand and kept the foreign East India
companies, both the English and the French, at a distance.
But after his death in 1748, the Hyderabad and the Carnatic
offered a very convenient and alluring ground for the am-
bitious foreign Companies who by now were convinced
that they should be able to exercise political influence over
the local rulers for their commercial advantages. The En-
glish and the French competed with each other taking up
the cause of one or the other contenders to the positions of
the Nawab of Carnatic and the Nizam of Hyderabad which
fell vacant almost at the same time. Though the French
had some significant initial successes in Carnatic and
Hyderabad, they lost ground to the English by 1768 when
Nizam Ali Khan who finally emerged victorious in the war
of succession, handed over Coastal Andhra though for a
temporary lease to start with but later it was regularized as
permanent accession to the British India by 1823. Nizam
Ali Khan also ceded the Rayalsima region to the English to
pay off his dues to the English Company under the Sub-
sidiary Alliance. Thus Hyderabad State, in a span of one
hundred years, was reduced to a mere land locked country
covering a few Sarkars stretched over present Telingana,
north-east Karnataka and south-east Maharashtra.
The second half of 19th century, the dozing feudal
State received destabilizing tremors in the form of Mod-
ernization. And the 20th century heralded a new era of con-
flict, both internal and external, leading to the extinction
of the State which was all through enjoying a prestigious
status and position among the Princely States under the
British hegemony. Thus the second half of the dynastic
*Prof of History (Rtd), Kakatiya University, Warangal.
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rule of the Nizams rose new hopes but finally resulted in
total disillusionment. The present paper attempts to assess
the political history of the Hyderabad State under the
Nizams.
The paper dwells on the subject in two parts cov-
ering the two important historical phases of the dynastic
rule of the Asif Jahis.
Part I
Mir Qamruddin Chin Qilij Khan, Fateh Jung,
Nizam-ul-Mulk, who was the Mughal Viceroy of Deccan
was in fact interested to go back to Delhi to fish in the
troubled waters after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. He
also rose to a very high position but he found that his po-
sition was unstable since the intrigues and treacheries were
the order of the day. Getting disgusted with the happen-
ings in the Court under weak and pleasure-seeking succes-
sors to the Mughal Throne he had to compromise with the
Deccan Viceroyalty leaving all hopes, once and for ever,
for a good position at the Mughal Court. He almost fled
from Delhi for his safety to Deccan under threat. But, he
was shocked to find his own Deputy, Mubariz Khan de-
claring himself the Subedar of Deccan. However, Chin Qilij
Khan defeated the rebel taking help from Peshwa Baji Rao
I in the battle of Shakar Kheda in 1724.
The Asif Jah I was known for his cruelty. Perhaps,
he might have inherited this genetic streak from his father,
Ghaziuddin Feroz Jung who led the siege of Golkonda and
caused ghastly daylight murders of civilians including the
Prime Minister and other chief officials in 16871 and dev-
astated the capital city of Golkonda. The city could never
be the same after this siege. The Nizam I sent the severed
head of his rebel deputy to the Mughal Court to prove his
own valour and strength as a caution to his adversaries in
the Court and also to send a message to the Mughal Em-
peror that he was prepared to accept only nominal Mughal
suzerainty. The Emperor, of course, had no choice. After
the Nadir Shah’s invasions, authority of the Mughal Em-
pire was restricted to their capital city, Delhi. He also dealt
with the chaos in Carnatic where even a small Qiledar pro-
claimed himself Nawab of Carnatic. It is said that the Nizam
summoned all of them to his Court and ordered his guards
to whip every one till he “would still call himself a nawab’.2
329
 Revamping the administrative structure of the
State, he appointed Foujdars in the Sarkars to work under
his direct control. He brought all the Zamindars, Jagirdars
and local chiefs under the control of these Foujdars as-
sisted by their deputies who were ruthless in their admin-
istration of the Sarkars, became notorious in many ways
through their brutal and inhuman activities. Most of the
Zamindars were Hindus who enjoyed the titles of Rajas
claiming their origins during the Qutb Shahi rule. The
new administration was very harsh to them and coerced
them to yield more revenue and meet the wily demands of
the Nizam’s deputies. They interfered in the internal ad-
ministration of the Zamindary and suppressed any protest
with an iron hand. The Nizam was suspicious about the
Zamindars that they had sympathies for the Qutb Shahis
who created these Zamindaries. So, he appointed his own
confidents as Foujdars who enjoyed the title of nawab to
supervise and check the Zamindars. Generally these Nawabs
always preferred to stay at capital to safeguard their inter-
ests and positions and to seek more benefits pleasing the
Nizam because he usually showered gifts to sycophants.
These nawabs left the administration to their deputies in
the Sarkars who held unbridled sway over the Zamindars
and peoples. One such deputy named Rustum Khan was
in-charge of Chicacole (Srikakulam) and Rajahmundry
Sarkars from 1732 to 1739. He felt that it was his fore-
most duty to punish any protest from the Zamindars by
their total extirpation. Those who escaped death were pro-
claimed traitors and rewards were announced for their
heads. He constructed kulla-minars (pyramidal structures)
with the heads of all adherents of the rebelling Zamindars
on the lines of Nadir Shah which was hitherto not known
in Deccan. This is only a specimen to illustrate the charac-
ter of the First Nizam’s administration. We come across
several heinous and treacherous acts committed by the
Nizam’s officials against the local chiefs and others who
mattered in public affairs. They were also harassing the
local gentry for costly gifts and bribes to allow them to live
in peace. Even the European trading companies were afraid
of approaching him for any trade concessions. They had
to bribe the Court officials even to get a brief audience of
the Nizam. Thus the Nizam terrorized both internal and
external forces and established himself firmly in the saddle.
It was a ‘reign of terror’.3
However, with the death of the Nizam I in 1748
at a ripe age of 91, Hyderabad throne became a bone of
contention among his seven children and his favorite grand-
son, Muzaffar Jung. The foreign companies were eagerly
waiting for such an opportunity to interfere in the succes-
sion issue on the side of one or the other contender. But,
330
in fact, the English and the French companies were turned
out to be the main contenders. The Hyderabad and the
Carnatic served as open arenas to test their respective
strengths. Gradually, they rose in their status from ‘auxilia-
ries’ to ‘principals’. Salabat Jung who had a short stint as a
ruler had even given away the northern sarkars, now known
as coastal Andhra, to the French. This was the first ever
instance in India that a foreign trading company could get
a territorial possession, though short-lived. And a purely
commercial establishment transformed itself into a ruling
agency of its native Government.
During the French occupation, the region had
witnessed untold miseries due to wars among the local chiefs
propelled by the French. Heavy demands were made in
respect of revenue collections and the burden, in turn, fell
on the people. According to the English sources, “For seven
years (of French rule under the sanad of Salabat Jung) the
completest anarchy ever recorded in the history of
Hindoostan prevailed over all the five Sarkars. The forms,
nay, even the remembrances of civil Government seemed
to be wholly lost.”4 The rest of the State was no better if
not worse.
Meanwhile, Nizam Ali, brother of Salabat Jung,
was approaching Clive at Madras to assist him to “subvert
the latter’s Government in his favour.”5 In return he prom-
ised to the English that he would transfer all the French
possessions to the English company.6 Salabat Jung was
under the French protection. So the English sent forces to
expel the French from the northern Sarkars under Col Forde
to assist Raja Ananda Razu of Vizianagaram with whom
they signed an agreement to make a collective effort to
expel the French.7 Nizam ali Khan snatched the reins of
the Government from his brother, Salabat Jung, as his
Dewan and de facto ruler in 1759 and assumed the title
Nizam-ul-Mulk Asif Jah II in 1762 after throwing his
brother into prison and got him murdered.8 Such usurpa-
tions of throne by killing one’s own brothers, half brothers
and close cousins, or even a father or foster father was not
uncommon with the Muslim polity. Pursuing the family
trait of treachery, he even disowned Raja Ananda Razu who
was instrumental in defeating the French and turning the
English tide in his favour. As against the earlier understand-
ing of granting the French possessions to the Raja, Nizam
Ali Khan appointed one Ibrahim Khan to the management
of sarkars.9 Dejected Raja died of heart attack. But the
English were pressurizing Nizam Ali to grant this region
to the English Company. In return, Nizam Ali sought help
of the English in getting back Bidar and Berar from the
Marathas.
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 Nizam Ali’s long rule from 1759 to 1803 wit-
nessed the rise of the English from a mere trading group to
a mighty ruling power with their decisive successes in the
Battle of Buxar (1764) and the Mysore wars. Later, the rest
of the major native powers were subdued with a diplo-
matic move known as Subsidiary Alliance. Nizam Ali was
the first native power to sign the treaty fondly hoping for
the support of the English for his designs against the
Marathas which was never fulfilled. But the Alliance re-
sulted in total subjugation of the native powers without
shedding a drop of blood. The English army entered and
stationed in the forts or capital cities of the native princes
the capitals and maintained by the native rulers for their
‘protection’. But Asif Jah III had to give away permanently
the regions assigned to the English for the payment of dues
on account of the maintenance of Resident English troops.
The English also diplomatically convinced him to disband
his own army as an economy measure because they were
under the protective umbrella of the ‘mighty’ English forces.
The Nizam fell a prey to the bait that they could save ex-
penditure on account of the native troops. He disbanded
the combatant forces and kept only a small contingent of
Palace Guards. Thousands of native soldiers were retrenched
and most of them took to banditry for their livelihood. A
mighty native ruler was now reduced to a prisoner in his
palace and the English Resident enjoyed all the power and
prestige.
Thus the reigns of Asif Jahs III & IV, Hyderabad
State lost the luster and the ruling elite were engaged in
leisure sport neglecting the land and the people. Utter pov-
erty, sheer ignorance, absolute slavery were the forte of their
subjects. Between the peoples of Hyderabad and other parts
of India, the gaps widened in the life-styles and living stan-
dards. The progress of Hyderabad was stalled for over three
generations of the dynasty, while significant developments
– social, political, economic, educational, religious and cul-
tural— were taking place in other parts of the Country
with amazingly faster pace. Those who could not keep pace
with these developments were to remain backward for ever.
Part II
While the Nizams were becoming puppets in the
hands of their English Masters, a parallel line of authority
enjoying considerable influence in the English circles and
commanding respect from the political elite in the State
was developing in the office of Prime Minister. Mir Turab
Ali Khan, Nawab Salar Jung I succeeded his uncle, Siraj-
ul-Mulk as the Prime Minister in 1853 during the reign of
Asif Jah IV. He served three Nizams while his tenure dur-
ing Asif Jah V was more significant. He revamped the ad-
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ministrative system, judicial system etc on the lines of the
British India. Among his numerous attempts to modern-
ize the State, two measures need our special attention hav-
ing impact on the present scenario. The new administra-
tive set up required the English educated personnel to man
the new system. Of course, the English educated Muslims
were appointed to higher positions and the traditional lo-
cal Muslims who could transact administrative business in
Persian became obsolete. They developed a grudge against
the new administrative class. Their resentment took the
shape of an agitation against appointments of Non-Mulkis
to Government jobs. Resident Richard Meade was insti-
gating the nobles, “Do you want to make Salar Jung the
Nizam? What has he done? He has only brought ruin to
the State! He has imported the Madarasis, Parsis and
Musalmans from the north.”10
The second measure was to revamp the revenue
policy and increase Excise income by auctioning areas where
toddy could be procured. Due to the neglect of agricul-
ture for over a century by now, the landlords found the
agriculture less attractive and soon transformed themselves
as Excise Contractors employing rude elements to assist
them in collection and distribution of liquor and toddy.
The new gadies emerged as instruments of oppression. The
already impoverished subjects were further sunk in the
State-managed drinking bouts. This forced habit had gradu-
ally become a characteristic feature of the people of the
Nizam’s State.
Fateh Jang Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan Siddiqi,
Asif Jah VI (1869-1911) was groomed by Salar Jung I. He
was barely three when his father died. So Salarjung was the
virtual ruler of Hyderabad for 14 years. The young Asif
Jah was groomed under the protection of a very distin-
guished father-like figure. Salar Jung is remembered even
today for his developmental activities and introduction of
modern industry. The public, quasi and private sectors
came up in Hyderabad heralding a new era of moderniza-
tion. The Railways, hospitals, educational institutions, road
transport, mines etc facilitated the intermixing of the lo-
cals with the peoples of other regions who came and settled
here while some youth from aristocratic families went to
the newly opened Muslim Aligarh University and to some
European educational institutions for higher studies.
Though these were admirable positive steps for awakening
the people of Hyderabad, only a small and negligible num-
ber that too from the elitist class were benefited.
The British Government also felt the need to
change the mind-set of the Indian Princes by giving them
western education and train them in the manners of the
331
West on a civilizing mission. English tutors were appointed But the exposure to the modern education, life-
to “improving the training and mental equipment and edu- style, political ideas could not transform the Muslim elite
cation” of the princes, prince-lings and heirs-apparent.11 to think beyond their religious beliefs to treat the other
compatriots on equal footing with them. Even, the last
The attempts of modernization of Hyderabad were
Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, who had received the West-
far from being rational or secular. The Western education
ern education and was also exposed to the modern politi-
including technical and professional courses was introduced
cal happenings around, could not come out of the iron
through Urdu medium. The new judicial system also
curtain allowed himself to be a puppet in the hands of
adopted Urdu. Urdu was the mother tongue of a minority
Communalists. Once it was certain that the withdrawal of
population. If the others wanted to take the advantage of
the English was imminent , he still dreamt of an indepen-
the modern education, they should invariably be taught
dent Islamic State of Hyderabad with the help of a few
in Urdu. Mohammed Murtuza who was educated in
Islamic communalists, the Razakars, who created a ‘reign
Hyderabad and was employed in Government service came
of terror’ in the State. Thus, the Asif Jahi rule began and
out with his stirring pamphlet Rooh-e-Taraqi (the Soul of
ended with barbaric spells of violence unleashed on the
Progress) in the year 1904 emphasizing that education could
innocent masses of other communities in the State.
be useful when it was imparted not through English, but
through Urdu.12 He further advocated that a separate Uni- Conclusion:
versity should be established for Hyderabad known as the
The first half of the Asif Jahi rule started with a
Nizam University in which English was not to be the me-
terrific repression of the local chiefs who were mostly Hindu
dium of instruction and that Urdu should be the medium
Zamindars created by the Qutb Shahis. Before the fall of
of instruction. The Hindus though constituted a majority
Golkonda, a workable amity was achieved by both the rul-
had no facilities to get the benefits of modern education.
ing and the ruled communities. Qutb Shahis were known
The Hindu students who were studying in their mother
for their liberal ideas and having found the inevitability of
tongue were deprived of any government scholarships.13
a peaceful coexistence of the communities, they could suc-
The modern education in Hyderabad was thus wrought
cessfully muster the support of the Hindu elite sections by
with the reactionary and fundamentalist ideas. Under these
appointing them to high civil and military positions in the
circumstances, the Hindus had no alternative to Urdu
government and promoting the native language, literature
which was the official language, the language of the ruler.
and arts. But the first Nizam unleashed the ‘reign of terror’
The Hindu elite adopted Urdu for general conversation
and an era of suppression and repression continued till his
even among themselves and took pride in their proficiency
death. But this so called political stability which was main-
of Urdu and Persian which was a purely a foreign tongue.
tained forcibly with deterrent barbaric punishments meted
Telugu was spoken by the lower strata of the society with a
out to the local chiefs had suddenly disappeared and the
combination of Urdu words. The Urdu-Telugu mix be-
region fell into utter chaos after the death of the Nizam I.
came the language of the region. Telugu lost its pristine
The war of succession typical with the Muslim rulers shook
glory of the pre-Asif Jahi period which was waiting for a
the entire Deccan and the foreign companies which were
revival through a concerted effort of the Telugu speaking
only waiting for an opportune time had jumped into the
people reinforced by the emerging national consciousness.
fray supporting the rival contenders which finally resulted
Nationalism in other parts of India used the language of
in the predominance of the English Company in the South
the land as means for its spread among the people of the
and the Deccan.
region, but the case was different in Hyderabad where the
language had to gain currency through the means of Na- Nizam Ali who conspired against his own brother
tionalism. The establishment of libraries and reading rooms, Salabat Jung entered into a secret understanding with Clive
publication of booklets in Telugu, collection of inscrip- at Madras and Ananda Razu, the Rajah of Vizianagaram,
tions in the region, newspapers, magazines and journals, to depose his own brother whom he put in prison and
arts, cultural activities, folk performances etc were employed caused his murder. It was not uncommon with the Mus-
to spread Telugu among the people. Speaking in Telugu lim rulers to assume the prestigious office, no matter by
even in private was being heckled even by the Hindus whose any questionable means – treachery, murder, deceit, etc.
mother tongue was different. This had led to the founding He soon ignored Ananda Razu who paved the way for his
of Andhra Jana Sangh in 1921 with Tekmal Ranga Rao as succeeding to the Hyderabad throne. In his anxiety to wrest
its Secretary.14 Berar from the Marathas, he entered into a treaty with the

332 Platinum Platform

English and leased out the coastal belt in lieu of the En- of poverty and deprivation accumulated over two centu-
glish support against the Marathas which never came ries of neglect and misrule . Unlike their fellow country-
through. The Subsidiary Alliance made the Nizams pup- men living in British India, the people of Hyderabad State
pets in the hands of the English Company and later the could however claim that they were never under a foreign
British. There was no effective government as the nawabs, rule. It might be considered a boon in terms of psycho-
zamindars, local chiefs, and the officials were wasting their logical satisfaction but it turned out to be a bane because
time in leisure sports. they were pushed backwards by centuries. If the develop-
ment pace was adequate during the Nizams’ rule, the
In the latter half of the Asif Jahi rule, Salar Jung I,
Telangana region might not hold justification for special
the Prime Minister, did make a serious attempt to
attention and treatment even after 60 years of democratic
modernize the administrative and judicial structure,
governance.
introduce western education but with only Urdu as medium
of instruction, set up railways and road transport, exploit References :
mineral resources, establish modern industry etc. But these 1
K V Bhupala Rao, The Illustrious Prime Minsiter Madanna,
developmental programs brought into Hyderabad various Hyderabad, (1981 ?), pp 245-248.
classes of people- elite, or technicians, labor- from other
2
parts of India which resulted in an agitation against Non- Philip Woodruff, The Men Who Ruled India cited in
Mulkis. Surprisingly, the local Muslim elite objected to the Rajendra Prasad, The Asif Jahs of Hyderabad, New Delhi,
appointment of western educated Muslims who hailed from 1984, p 42.
outside Hyderabad. The economy was in shambles and 3
Meckenzie’s Kaifiyats : Mogaliturru, Nuzividu &
the State relied more on the income generated by the new Peddapuram.
Excise policy which in turn created new class of Excise
4
Contractors who maintained goondas to protect their Records of Fort St George : Military Consultations. Vol
monopoly in the regions assigned to them for trading in 51, dt 13th Aug 1754, p 598
liquor and toddy with exclusive rights. The weakness of 5
Lanka Sundaram, Revenue Adminsitration of Northern
common man was exploited fully and threw the poorer Sarkars, Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society, Vol
sections into utter poverty. The Government preferred to VI Part 2 Oct 1931, p.90
sustain on the Excise collections as the land revenue 6
Col G B Malleson, The Decisive Battles of India 1746-
collections became marginal on account of the decline of
1840, London, 1940 p 78
agriculture. The attempts of modernization and new
7
Industries were disproportionate to the size of the State Robert Orme, History of the Military Transactions of the
and its population British Nation in Industan, Madras 1861-62, Vol II, p.375
8
More than the impoverishment, the people were Sarojini Regani, Nizam British Relations, Hyderabad, 1962
slowly realizing the discriminatory treatment meted out pp 120, 124.
to the majority community by the State. They were de- 9
Records of Fort St George : Country Correspondence
prived of equal status with the ruling community which (Military) Lr No 279 from Ananda Razu recd. 11th Oct
was a minority. The language, culture and religion of the 1759 Vol 7B, pp 288-291.
majority community were subjected to disrespect. The
10
majority community were treated as second rate citizens Rajendra Prasad, op.cit. p 102.
by the State. Any effort to claim equal dignity with the 11
D R Mankekar, Accession to Extinction, New Delhi, Vikas,
other community patronized by the State was considered 1978 cited in Rajendra Prasad, op.cit. p 97.
treason and the State imposed repression on any one who 12
questioned the State’s discrimination. Through the means The Freedom Struggle of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Vol III,
of Nationalism, the promotion of Telugu language and 1957, p 176
culture had to be spread. The Hindus encountered another 13
Ibid, p 18.
reign of terror of the Razakars who made the last Nizam a 14
Ibid, Vol IV, p.43
puppet in their hands. The people of the region suffered
poverty, ignominy, insult, ignorance for over two centuries
under the rule of the Nizams and still the rural erstwhile
Hyderabad State is groaning under the unbearable weight

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[~°fle[O K«i„`«‰õΩ \©HÍ `å`«Ê~°º „QÆO^äŒOQÍ K≥ѨCHÀ^Œy# <åkQ∑
Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎ ''[~°fle[O W<£ WO_çÜ«∂—— =O\˜ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’#∂
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ã¨O™ê÷# Ѩ„uHõÅ „Ѩ™êÎ=# qѨÙÅOQÍ HõxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞.
`≥ÅOQÍ} ™êO㨯 $u HÀ^Œº=∞OÖ’ ѨÙ#~åq+¨¯~°}ŠѨ~fi° O JO‰õΩiOz#
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„Ѩã¨iã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
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H˘Å=∂<åÅ∞ HÍ"åe. „a\˜+≤O_çÜ«∂Ö’ Ѩ\ ˜+¨ª"≥∞ÿ# K«\ÏìÅ∞,
ѨHõ_»ƒOnQÍ "å\˜x J=∞Å∞Ö’ ÃÑ>Ëì Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO LO_Õk. áêÅ<å
=º=ã¨÷ Ѩ\ÏìÅÃÑ· #_çKÕk. HÍh ã¨O™ê÷<åŠѨiã≤÷u ѨÓiÎQÍ aè#flO.
Jã≤ÃãìO\ò „á⁄ÃѶã¨~ü, `≥Å∞QÆ∞ J^茺ܫ∞# qÉèÏQÆO, `≥ÅOQÍ} qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O, x*Ï=∂ÉÏ=∂^£.
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WHõ¯_ç áêÅ# Ü«∂=`«∂Î ''Ü«∞^è• ~å*Ï `«^è• „Ѩ*Ï—— J#fl =∂@#∞
^•@ÖË^∞Œ . "≥∞ãÿ ∂¨ ~ü, u~°∞"å#∂¯~ü, |~À_® =O\˜ ã¨O™ê÷<åÅ∞ H˘O`«
q∞#Ǩ~ÚOѨ٠HÍ=K«∞Û. ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ã¨O™ê÷# K«i„`«Ö’ áêÅ<å
ã¨O㨯~°}Å∞ Hõ#|_»`å~Ú HÍh, Jq ѨÓiÎQÍ J=∞Öˇ·# ^•YÖÏÅ∞
^˘~°Hõ=Ù. áêʼnõΩÅ∞ „Ѩ*Ï K≥·`«<åºxfl ѨQÆ\ ˜ HõÅÖ’#∂ TÇ≤ÏOK«ÖËHõ
áÈÜÕ∞"å~°∞. 1891 #∞O_Õ ã¨O™ê÷# Ѩ„uHõÅÃÑ· =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î POHõ∆Å∞
"≥Ú^ŒÅÜ«∂º~Ú. P ã¨O=`«û~°OÖ’<Õ ''ZHõ~å~°∞<å=∂—— ^ŒYÅ∞
KÕÜ∞« _»O P~°OÉè"í ∞≥ Oÿ k. 20= â◊`åaÌ =∞e ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ <å\˜H˜ Ѩ„uHõÅ
ã¨OYº ÃÑiyOk. J^Õ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ POHõ∆Å f„=`« ÃÑiyOk. Wk
ZHõ¯_ç =~°‰õΩ KÕ~°∞‰õΩ#fl ^ŒO>Ë Ñ¨„uHõÖ’¡ U^≥·<å H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# JOâ◊O
~åÜ«∞^ŒÅK«∞‰õΩO>Ë ÉÏɡ Ǩï‰õΩ=∞`ü (ã¨O™ê÷# ˆHa<≥\ò) #∞O_ç
J#∞=∞u J=ã¨~°=∞ÜÕ∞º^Œ@. `≥ÅOQÍ} Ǩϟzq∞<£ J#^Œy# ~åq
<å~åÜ«∞}Ô~_ç¤ QÍi J#∞Éèí=O Wk.
ѨÙ\˜ì# Ѩ„uHÍ tâ◊√=Ù ÉÏÖÏiëêìÅ#∞ ^•@∞HÀ"åÅO>Ë
H˘xfl Jx"å~°º"≥∞ÿ# J#∞‰õÄÖÏÅ∞, ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ HÍ"åe. „Ñ≤O\˜OQ∑
„ÃÑãπ, W`«~° WOw¡+¨µ Ѩ„uHõÅ∞, ~°"å}ϖѨOÑ≤}© ™œHõ~åºÅ∞, g\˜`À
áê@∞ Ѩ„uHõÖ’ „ѨK«∞~°} á⁄Ok# JOâßÅÃÑ· J_»áê ^Œ_»áê
ã¨Oã¨ÊOkOKÕ áê~î°Hõ =~°æO† J~Ú`Õ P<å\˜ ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ã¨O™ê÷#
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ Ѩ„uHõʼnõΩ W"Õg ÖË=Ù. „Ñ≤O\˜OQ∑ „ÃÑã¨∞û ÖËHõáÈ=_»O`À
`≥#∞QÆ∞ Ѩ„uHõ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz# |∞kÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞ =∞^Œ~åã¨∞ "≥o§
„ÃÑã¨∞û H˘#∞QÀÅ∞ KÕâß~°∞. WOw¡+¨µ Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’
LO_»HõáÈÜÕ∞q. ѨÅ∞ Ѩ„uHõefl x*ÏO ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’ x¿+kèOKå~°∞.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ Ѩ„uHÍ ™ê÷Ѩ‰õΩÅ∞ WOw¡+¨µ Ѩ„uHõÅ ã¨=∂Kå~°O g∞^Œ
P^è•~°Ñ¨_Õ J=HÍâ◊O `«‰õΩ¯=. ~°"å}Ï ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ Jã¨ÖË ÖË=Ù. Ô~·Å∞
Ѩ\ÏìÅ<Õ #=Ú‡H˘x Ѩܫ∞xOK«=Åã≤# Ѩiã≤÷u. Ѩ„uHõÅ „Ѩ`«∞Å∞
㨠H ÍÅOÖ’ áê~î ° ‰ õ Ω ʼnõ Ω JO^Õ O ^Œ ∞ ‰õ Ω @áêÊMÏ<åÅ∞ ÖË = Ù.
ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’x `≥ÅOQÍ} Éè∫QÀoHõ „áêO`«OÖ’ 200 „QÍ=∂ʼnõΩ
=∂„`«"Õ∞ áÈ™êìѶ‘ã¨∞ ™œHõ~°ºO LO_Õk. Wxfl W|ƒO^Œ∞Å`À áê@∞
áê~î°‰õΩÅ xi¡Ñ¨Î`«, áêʼnõΩÅ J}z"Õ`«, J~Ú<å `≥Å∞QÆ∞ Ѩ„uHõÅ∞
ѨÙ\Ïì~Ú, zQÆ∞iOKå~Ú, K≥·`«<åºxfl ѨÙ+≤ÊOKå~Ú, q=ÚH˜Î Ѷ¨ÖÏefl
™êkèOKå~Ú.
QÆ`« â◊`åaÌ `˘e ^ŒâßaÌ `«~åfi`Õ JO>Ë 1910 J#O`«~"° ∞Õ
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ Ѩ„uHõ D ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’ J=`«iOz LO@∞O^Œx ѨÅ∞=Ù~°∞
Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ „ѨQÍ_è» qâßfiã¨O. J~Ú`Õ ''âı^ŒºK«O„kHõ—— J<Õ ¿Ñ~°∞`À
1880 ÅÖ’<Õ XHõ Ѩ„uHõ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿO^Œx H˘O^Œ~°∞ Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞
Platinum Platform
K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. WO^Œ∞‰õΩ =∞ixfl P^è•~åÅ∞ J=ã¨~°O. 1913Ö’
áêÅ=¸~°∞Ö’ „áê~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# ''Ç≤Ï`«É’kèx—— QÆ∞iOz =∂„`«O Z=iH©
ã¨O^ÕǨÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. W^˘Hõ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ. J~Ú`Õ =¸ã¨ ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞
ÖËx Ѩ„uHõ. P HÍÅOÖ’<Õ =º=™êÜ«∞O, Ѩi„â◊=∞Å∞, "å}˜[º~°OQÍefl
QÆ∞iOz# qq^è•Oâßefl D Ѩ„uHõ „ѨK«∞iOzOk. Ѩ„uHõ x_çq
Ѩ^ŒÇ¨~°∞ ѨÙ@ʼnõΩ Ѩiq∞`«"≥∞ÿOk. ã¨O=`«û~° K«O^• áêuHõ
~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞. ã¨Oáê^Œ‰Ωõ _»∞ Nx"åã¨â~◊ ‡° |Ǩï=ÚY „Ѩ*Ï˝=O`«∞_»∞.
J`«_∞» ѨO_ç`∞« _»∞, #@∞_»∞, "≥^· ∞Œ º_»∞, #=ÖÏHÍ~°∞_»∞. â◊~‡° ~°zOz#
''PâßÖËâ◊=Ú—— J<Õ #=Å J=Ú„k`«=Ú, |Ǩïâß Wk `≥ÅOQÍ}
`˘e #=Å HÍ=K«∞Û. Ѩ„uHÍ náêxfl Ѩi~°HO∆˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Nx"åã¨â~◊ ‡°
ÉÏQÍ Ñ¨i„â◊q∞OKå~°∞. P^Œ∞‰õΩ<Õ Ç¨Ï™êÎÅ∞ Hõ~°∞=Ü«∂º~Ú. =¸_Õà◊§
=ÚK«Û@QÍ Ç≤Ï`«É’kèx K«i„`«Ö’ KÕiáÈ~ÚOk. "åã¨"Î åxH˜, „Ѩã∞¨ `Î O«
Ç≤Ï`«É’kèx „Ѩ`∞« Å∞ ^˘~°H=õ Ù. ZѨC_À JO>Ë 1950ÅÖ’ ã¨∞~°=~°O
"å~°∞ ã¨∞*Ï`« Ѩ„uHõÖ’ ~°zOz# "åºã¨O P^è•~°OQÍ Ç≤Ï`«É’kèx
P#"åà◊√§ qkè`«=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
`≥ Å OQÍ} ™êO㨠¯ $uHõ K« i „`« Ö ’ 1921† 1922
ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ =∞ǨÏ`«~Î ° Ѷ∞¨ \ÏìʼnõΩ ™êH∆ͺÅ∞QÍ =∂~å~Ú. ã¨O™ê÷#ѨÙ
`≥Å∞QÆ∞ ^Œ#Ѩ٠P`«‡Q“~°= Ѩ`åHõQÍ 1921Ö’ PO„^èŒ [#ã¨OѶ¨∞O
J=`«iOzOk. 1922–06 `≥Å∞QÆ∞"åi Jaè=ºH˜HÎ ˜ „ѨfHõÅ∞QÍ ~Ô O_»∞
"å~°Ñ¨„uHõÅ∞ Pq~°ƒùqOKå~Ú. "å\˜Ö’ XHõ\ ˜ lÖÏ¡ ˆHO„^ŒO #∞O_ç
=∞~˘Hõ\ ˜ JK«Û"≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨Öˇ¡@∂~°∞Ö’#∂ P~°OÉèí=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. ''hÅyi——
"å~°Ñ¨„uHõ 1922 PQÆãπì 22 #∞O_ç #Å¡Q˘O_» #∞O_ç "≥Å∞=_çOk.
Hõq, ~°K«~Ú`«, áê„uˆHÜ«Ú_»∞, ~å[H©Ü«∞ J=QÍǨÏ# ™êkèOz#
Q˘Ñ¨Ê HÍ~°ºHõ~°Î +¨|flgã¨∞ ~å=∞#~°ã≤OǨ~å=Ù hÅyi ™ê÷Ѩ‰õΩÅ∞.
PÜ«∞# PO„^èŒ [#ã¨OѶ¨∞O P~°OÉèí ã¨=∂"ÕâßÖ’¡#∂ áêÖÁæ#fl@∞ì
=∂_»áê\˜ ǨÏ#∞=∞O`«~å=Ù QÍi ''`≥ÅOQÍ} PO„^èÀ^Œº=∞O—— J<Õ
„QÆO^èOŒ K≥|∞`ÀOk. ã¨O™ê÷#Ѩ٠`˘e ~å[H©Ü∞« Ѩ„uHõQÍ ''hÅyi——x
QÆ∞iÎOK« =Åã≤ LO@∞Ok. hÅyi H˘xfl ™êǨϙêÅ∞ KÕã≤Ok, H˘xfl
„ѨÜ≥∂QÍÅ∂ KÕã≤Ok. HÀ™êÎO„^èŒ „áêO`«OÖ’ `«# ã¨OK«Å# Hõ^äŒÅ`À
ÃÑ#∞ `«∞á¶ê#∞ ã¨$+≤ìOz# QÆ∞_çáê\˜ "≥OHõ@K«ÅO ~°K«#efl hÅyi
„ѨK∞« iOK«_O» ™êǨÏã¨"∞Õ . B`åûq∞‰õΩÅ`À ~°K#« Å∞ KÕ~ÚOz "å\˜x
ã¨=iOz „ѨK«∞iOK«_»O „ѨÜ≥∂QÆ"Õ∞! =∂_»áê\˜ =O\˜ „Ѩ=ÚY∞Å∞
hÅyiH˜ ^ŒO_çQÍ JO_»^ŒO_»Å∞ JOkOKå~°∞. J~Ú<å ™ê=∂#º
áê~î ° ‰ õ Ω Å „Ѩ u ã¨ Ê O^Œ # ™ê=∂#ºOQÍ<Õ LO_Õ k . +¨ | flg㨠∞
=ÚÃÑ·Ê=¸_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’<Õ Hõ#∞fl=¸âß~°∞. PÜ«∞#
=∞$u`À hÅyi Ѩ„uHÍnѨO H˘O_≥H˜¯Ok. =∞~À „Ѩã≤^Œú Ѩ„uHõ
''`≥#∞QÆ∞——. =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ lÖÏ¡ =∂#∞HÀ@ `åÅ∂HÍ =∂~°∞=¸Å „QÍ=∞O
W#∞QÆ∞iÎ #∞O_ç ''`≥#∞QÆ∞—— Ѩ„uHõ#∞ S^Œ∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ #_çáê~°∞
XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞, ã‘`å~å=∞K«O„^Œ~å=Ù, ~åѶ¨∞= ~°OQÍ~å=Ù.
1922 PQÆãπì 27= `Õn<å_»∞ Ѩ„uHõ `˘e ã¨OzHõ "≥Å∞QÆ∞ K«∂ã≤Ok.
`≥#∞QÆ∞ P~°OÉèOí XHõ Kåi„`å`«‡Hõ Ѷ∞¨ @ì=∞x á⁄`«∂iÎ "ÕOHõ>âË fi◊ ~°~å=Ù
Platinum Platform
~åâß~°∞. `≥Å¡HÍy`«O HÀã¨"≥∞ÿ<å 㨈~ ˆHã¨=Ú„^ŒO =~°‰õΩ "≥àϧe,
`«áêÖÏ ™êìOѨÙÅ H˘~°‰õΩ =∂#∞HÀ@ =~°‰õΩ ™êQÆ=Åã≤O^Õ, =∞øeHõ
=ã¨`«∞Å∞ Jã¨ÖË ÖË=Ù. J~Ú<å Ѩ@∞ì^ŒÅ`À Ѩ„uHõ#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞
XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞. W^ŒÌ~°∂ JYO_» ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞, ÖˇH˜¯OK«^Œy#
Hõ=ÙÅ HÀ=Ö’ KÕi#"å~°∞. LÉèíÜ«ÚÅ∞ Hõeã≤ ~°=∂~°q∞ =O^Œ
Ѩ ٠㨠ΠH ÍÅ∞ ~° z OKå~° ∞ . ''`≥ # ∞QÆ ∞ —— Ѩ „ uHÍ~° K « # Ö’ Z<≥ fl <Àfl
q#∂`«fl`«Å∞<åfl~Ú. ÉÏQÍ K«kqOKÕ ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∞ "庙êÅ∞,
ã¨OH˜∆ѨΖã¨=∞„QÆ ™ê÷Ü«ÚÖ’¡ "å~°ÎÅ∞ – "å~åÎHõ^äŒ<åÅ∞, HõkeOKÕ
Hõq`«fiO, ã¨∂÷ÅOQÍ JO`«„ã¨û=OuQÍ HõxÑ≤OKÕ PO„^èÀ^Œº=∞
„áÈ`åûǨÏHõ`«fiO, ѨÙÅ∞=Ù~°∞ "åºã¨Hõ~°ÎÅ∞, Hõ=ÙÅ∞ `≥#∞QÆ∞ "ÕkHõQÍ
`≥Å∞QÆ∞"åiH˜ ѨiK«Ü«∞ =∞Ü«∂º~°∞. XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞ "≥~Úº
„Ѩ`«∞Å#∞ JK«∞Û"Õ¿ã"å~°∞. JO^Œ∞Ö’ ã¨QÆO Lz`« ѨOÑ≤}© =º=ã¨÷
„H˜O^Œ<Õ K≥Å∞¡ÉÏ@∞ JÜÕ∞º=x K≥a`Õ `«Ñ¨Ê HÍ^Œ∞.
''QÀÅH˘O_» Ѩ„uHõ——#∞ QÆ∞iOz ѨO_ç`«∞Å`À áê@∞
™ê=∂#∞ºÅ‰õÄ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ P Ѩ„uHõ `åÅ∂‰õΩ H˘xfl qâıëêÅ∞
=∂„`«"∞Õ K≥¿ÑÊO^Œ∞‰õΩ „ѨÜ∞« ufl™êÎ#∞. ~Ô _ç¤ Ç¨ã¨Öì ’¡ Ѩ~º° "ÕHH∆õ õ ÉÏ^躌 `«Ö’¡
L#fl „Ѩ`åѨÔ~_ç¤QÍ~°∞ QÀÅH˘O_» ã¨Oáê^ŒHõ`«fiO fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
~å[|ǨÏ^Œ∂~ü "≥OHõ@ ~å=∂Ô~_ç¤ „áÈ`åûǨÏO, „¿Ñ~°} JO^Œ∞‰õΩ
HÍ~°}O. PÜ«∞# ã¨∂K«###∞ã¨iOz 1926 "Õ∞ 10= `Õn<å_»∞
QÀÅH˘O_» ^≥· fi"å~° Ѩ„uHõQÍ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿOk. „@∂Ѩ٠|*Ï~°∞Ö’ P
Ѩ„uHõ HÍ~åºÅÜ«∞O LO_Õk. „Ѩ`åѨ~Ô _ç¤ ^•~°≈xHõ`« QÀÅH˘O_» ѨÙ<åk
~å~ÚQÍ =∂iOk. ÉèÏQƺ#QÆ~°OÖ’x |Ǩï=ÚY áê~å≈fiefl PÜ«∞#
ÉÏQÍ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. JO^Œi`À#∂ ѨiK«Ü«∂Å∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
"åi`À QÀÅH˘O_»Ö’ ~°K«#Å∞ KÕ~ÚOKå~°∞. `≥Å∞QÆ∞ Hõ^ä•xHõ "åºã¨,
<å@Hõ „Ѩ„H˜Ü«∞ʼnõΩ QÀÅH˘O_» ZO`À „áÈ`åûǨxfl WzÛOk.
Ѩ„uHõÅÖ’ W\©=eHÍÅOÖ’ „Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ Hõ#|_»∞`«∞#fl q+¨Ü∞« K«~Û° #∞
1930Ö’ QÀÅH˘O_»Ö’ P~°OaèOKå~°∞ ã¨∞~°=~°O. ZHõ¯_≥·<å
„QÆO^ä•ÅÜ«∞O P~°OÉè"í ∞≥ `ÿ Õ KåÅ∞, JHõ¯_çH˜ QÀÅH˘O_» Ѩ„uHõ Lz`«OQÍ
=KÕÛk. ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ =ºH˜Î`åfiÅ∞ PÜ«∂ Ѩ„uHõÅÃÑ· |Å"≥∞ÿ#
„ѨÉèÏ"åxfl K«∂ѨÙ`åÜ«∞x K≥|∞`å~°∞. Wk „Ѩ`åѨÔ~_礖QÀÅH˘O_»Å
q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ #∂~°∞ âß`«O "åã¨Î=∞x J~°ú=∞=Ù`ÀOk. „Ѩ`åѨÔ~_ç¤
"å=∞ѨH∆õ ÉèÏ"åʼnõΩ JO`«QÍ W+¨Ñì _¨ "Õ å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞. ™êO㨯 $uHõ ã¨Oã¨Q÷ Í
P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# PO„^èŒ=∞Ǩã¨Éèí `«# P~°OÉèí Jã≤‡`«#∞ =∂~°∞ÛH˘x
~å[H©Ü«∞ ã¨Oã¨÷QÍ ~°∂á⁄O^Œ_»O PÜ«∞#‰õΩ ~°∞zOK«ÖË^Œ∞. `≥Å∞QÆ∞
ÉèÏëê qHÍã¨O q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ PÜ«∞#k ~årÖËx ^èÀ~°}˜. `≥ÅOQÍ}
P`«‡Q“~°=O „Ѩ™êÎ=# =zÛ#ѨÙ_»∞ JO^ŒiHõO>Ë =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ PÜ«∞<Õ
ã¨ÊOkOKå~°∞. QÀÅH˘O_» Hõ=ÙÅ ã¨OzHõ D ã¨`åºxH˜ "åã¨ÎqHõ
㨇~°}˜Hõ.
QÀÅH˘O_» #∞O_ç 1948Ö’ „Ѩ`åѨÔ~_ç¤ x„+¨¯q∞OK«_»O –
x[OQÍ<Õ qëê^ŒO. Ѩ„uHõ 1947Ö’ k#Ѩ„uHõQÍ =∂iOk. H˘`«Î
Ü«∂[=∂#ºO =zÛOk. QÀÅH˘O_» #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =zÛ# `«~åfi`«
335
ã¨∞~°=~°O ''„Ѩ*Ï"å}˜—— ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∞~À Ѩ„uHõ#∞ P~°OaèOKå~°∞. D
Ѩ„uHõ ÉÏÖÏiëêìefl ^•@ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk.
QÀÅH˘O_» HõO>Ë =ÚO^Õ ''`≥ÅOQÍ}—— ¿Ñ~°∞`À XHõ k#Ѩ„uHõ
P~°OÉè"í ∞≥ Oÿ k. Wk |Ǩïâß 1947Ö’ P~°OÉè"í ∞≥ ÿ LO@∞Ok. „Ѩ`∞« Å∞
^˘~°Hõ_»O ÖË^Œ∞. |∞Hõ¯Ñ¨@ì}O ~å=∂#∞*ÏKå~°∞ºÅ∞ D Ѩ„uHõ
ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ∞. Ѩ„uHõ Ju H˘kÌHÍÅO #_çzOk. |∞Hõ¯Ñ¨@ì}O "å~°∞
WOw¡+µ¨ Ö’#∂ ÉÏQÍ ~å¿ã"å~°∞. ^ŒH¯õ <£ „HÍxHõÖò ã¨Oáê^Œ‰Ωõ Å∞QÍ#∂
L<åfl~°∞.
k#Ѩ„uHõQÍ `«#^≥·# „Ѩ`ÕºHõ`«efl ™êkèOK«∞‰õΩ#fl Ѩ„uHõ
''g∞ *Ï<£——. Wk 1943–44Ö’ l.ZO. HõÅHõ`åÎ"åÖÏ J<Õ x*ÏO
Jaè=∂x ÃÑ@∞ì|_ç`À „áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ Oÿ k. J_»q ÉÏÑ≤~åA ã¨Oáê^Œ‰Ωõ Å∞.
`≥ÅOQÍ} `≥Å∞QÆ∞ [~°fle[OÖ’ ѨÅ∞ H˘`«^Î <Œ åʼnõΩ g∞*Ï<£ áê^Œ∞Å∞
"Õã≤Ok. ã¨Oáê^ŒH©Ü«∂Å∞, ѨÙã¨ÎHõ ã¨g∞Hõ∆Å∞, „Ѩã¨OQÍÅ∞, "å~°ÎÅ∞,
"åºYºÅ∞, ™êÇ≤Ï`«º ã¨O|O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ W`«~° ~°K#« Å∞, ™êO㨯 $uHÍOâßÅ∞
W\Ï¡ Z<Àfl JOâßefl H˘`«Î^Œ#O`À „ѨK«∞iOK«_»O g∞*Ï<£ Ѩ^ŒúuQÍ
LO_Õk. ÉÏÑ≤~åA QÍ~°∞ |Ǩï=ÚY „Ѩ*Ï˝âße. Hõq`åfi ã¨$[#Ö’
=∞ǨÏ`«Î~° ÉèÏ=Ù‰õΩ_»∞. ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩ_»∞QÍ L^•~° „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞º"åk.
JO^Œ∞ˆH Jxfl Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∂ P Ѩ„uHõÖ’ Hõ#|_Õq. ~åOÉèí@¡
Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎ, q^•fi<£ qâ◊fiO, u~°∞=∞Å ~å=∞K«O„^Œ =O\˜ ѨO_ç`«∞Å∞
g∞*Ï<£Ö’ ѨxKÕâß~°∞. g∞ *Ï<£ 㨇 $`«∞Å∞ ~åOÉèí@¡ ™⁄O`«Hõ^äŒÖ’
q™êÎ~°OQÍ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`å~Ú.
ã¨=∞Ü«∂ÉèÏ=O HÍ~°}OQÍ q∞QÆ`å Ѩ„uHõÖ’¡x H˘xfl
qâıëêÅ∞ K≥|∞`«∂ D „Ѩã¨OQÆ Ñ¨„`åxfl =Úy™êÎ#∞.
1922–23 ã¨O=`«û~åÅÖ’ =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ #∞O_ç HÀHõÅ
ã‘`å~å=∞â◊~°‡ J<Õ Ñ¨O_ç`«∞_ç ã¨Oáê^ŒHõ`«fiOÖ’ ''PO„^è•Éèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞O——
Ѩ„uHõ =zÛOk. PÜ«∞# ''áê=x—— J<Õ #=Å#∞ ~°zOKå~°∞. ÉèÏ+¨Ñ@¨ ¡
x|^Œú`«#∞ „ѨHõ\ ˜Oz# Ѩ„uHõ Wk. `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ~°K«#efl qiqQÍ
„ѨK«∞iOK«_»O ^•fi~å ã‘fiÜ«∞ ™êO㨯 $uHõ "å`å=~°} x~å‡}O
™ê^躌 =∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx HÀHõÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O. =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ #∞O_Õ HõOÉèOí áê\˜
JѨÊ#flâߢã≤Î ã¨Oáê^ŒHõ`«fiOÖ’ ''ѨÓÅ`À@—— J<Õ Ñ¨„uHõ =KÕÛk. Wk
K«O^Œ=∂=∞ ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ LO_Õ^Œx ^Õ=ÙÅѨe¡ ~å=∂#∞[~å=Ù QÍi
Jaè„áêÜ«∞O. `≥ÅOQÍ} UÔH·Hõ ÉèÏ=Hõq HÀ^•\˜ ~å=∞Hõ$ëê‚~å=Ù
Hõq`«Å∞ ѨÓÅÉÏ@Ö’ "≥Å∞QÆ∞ K«∂âß~Ú. 1926Ö’ "≥∞^ŒH± lÖÏ¡
=_դѨe¡ J<Õ Ñ¨Öˇ¡ #∞O_ç ''^Õâ◊|O^èŒ∞—— J<Õ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ =zÛOk.
P<å\˜H˜ =_դѨe¡H˜ q^Œ∞º`ü, ~°"å}Ï ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ UgÖË=Ù. QÆ`«
^ŒâßaÌÖ’<Õ ~°"å}Ï ™œHõ~åºÅ∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú. ''=¸Å^è#Œ O`À H͉õΩO_®
=¸Å|∞∞}O——`À P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ„uHõ ^Õâ◊|O^èŒ∞. ã¨O㨯 $`åO„^è•Ö’¡
K«Hõ¯x áêO_ç`åºxfl ã¨OáêkOz# #~°ã≤OǨKå~°∞ºÅ∞ D Ѩ„uHõ
ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩ_»∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ ã¨O㨯 $`« áê~îåÅ É’^èŒ<å qÉèÏQÆ=¸
LO_Õk. 1923Ö’ ''â‹·==∞`« „ѨKåi}˜—— J<Õ Ñ¨„uHõ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿOk.
336
H˘_ç"≥∞Å ~å[eOQÍ~å^Œ∞ºÅ∞ D Ѩ„uHõ#∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤OKå~°∞. Ѩ„uHõ
qâıëêÅ∞ ZO.Zãπ. ~å[eOQÆO QÍi P`«‡Hõ^äŒÖ’ ^•~°∞‰õΩ`å~Ú.
ã¨∞„Ѩã^≤ úŒ â‹=· ѨO_ç`∞« _»∞ zkÔ~=∞~îO° g~°É„íè ^Œâ~◊ ‡° ''qÉè∂í u——
¿Ñ~°∞`À XHõ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ#∞ #_çáê~°∞. x_»∞^Œ"ÀÅ∞ "≥OHõ@~å=Ù
=O\˜ „Ѩã^≤ úŒ Ѩiâ’^艌 Ωõ Å∞ D Ѩ„uHõ „áê=∂}˜H`õ #« ∞ „ѨâO◊ ã≤OKå~°∞.
Ѩiâ’^艌 Ωõ _»∞, q=∞~°≈‰õΩ_»∞ "≥ÅOÌ _» „ѨÉÏè Hõ~å=∂`«º ã¨Oáê^ŒH`õ fi« OÖ’
1950 P~°OÉèíOÖ’ ''[Ü«∞ÉèÏ~°`ü—— J<Õ Ñ¨„uHõ =zÛOk. ã≤h
qâıëêÅ#∞ qѨÙÅOQÍ q=iOz# `˘e `≥ÅOQÍ} Ѩ„uHõ Wk.
1950–51ÅÖ’ "≥∞^ŒH± lÖÏ¡ ã¨OQÍÔ~_ç¤ #∞O_ç ''Ñ¨Öˇ¡@∂~°∞—— J<Õ
=∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ H˘O`«HÍÅO áê@∞ #_çzOk. Ñ¨Öˇ¡@∂i ã¨=∞㨺ÅÃÑ·,
Ѩiã≤÷`«∞ŠѨ@¡ ^Œ$+≤ìxeÑ≤Ok.
ÃÇÏ· ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ ã¨O™ê÷#OÖ’ P<å\˜ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ Ѩ„uHõÖ’¡ ™êÇ≤Ïf
~°OQÍxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz# Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ H˘xfl „Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ L<åfl~Ú.
"å\˜Ö’ `˘Å∞`« ''ã¨∞*Ï`«—— Ѩ„uHõ#∞ QÆ∞iOz „Ѩ™êÎqOKåe. 1927Ö’
Ѩã¨∞=∂=ÚÅ #~°ã≤OǨÏâ◊~°‡ ã¨Oáê^ŒHõ`«fiOÖ’ Wk P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿOk.
ã¨∞~°=~°O „Ѩ`åѨÔ~_ç¤, =∂_»áê\˜ ǨÏ#∞=∞O`«~å=Ù ã¨∞*Ï`«‰õΩ
„Ѩ=ÚYOQÍ „áÈ`åûǨxfl JOkOKå~°∞. U „Ѩ=∂}ÏÅ`À K«∂ã≤<å
''ã¨∞*Ï`«—— Q˘Ñ¨Ê ™êÇ≤Ï`«º Ѩ„uHõ. J`«∞º`«=Î ∞ ™ê÷~Ú "庙êÅ∞ WO^Œ∞Ö’
„ѨK«∞~°} á⁄O^•~Ú. =¸_»∞ ã¨O=`«û~åÅ `«~åfi`« Ѩ„uHõ xez
áÈ~ÚOk. uiy 1950ÅÖ’ QÆ_Ü ç ∂« ~°O ~å=∞Hõ$+¨â‚ ~◊ ‡° ã¨Oáê^ŒH`õ fi« OÖ’
D Ѩ„uHõ#∞ uiy x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ „ѨÜ∞« `åflÅ∞ [iQÍ~Ú. D <ÕѨ^䌺OÖ’
PO„^èŒ ™ê~°ã¨fi`« Ѩi+¨`«∞Î ã¨Ñ¨Î=∞ "åi¬HÀ`«û= „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨OzHõQÍ
''`≥ÅOQÍ}—— „Ѩ`ºÕ Hõ ã¨OzHõ#∞ "≥Å∞=iOKå~°∞. 1947Ö’ =~°OQÆÅ∞¡
#O_ç =zÛ# ''â’Éè—í — 1941–42Ö’ ã≤HO˜ ^Œ~åÉÏ^£ #∞O_ç "≥Å∞=_ç#
''`≥Å∞QÆ∞`«e¡—— 1954Ö’ HõsO#QÆ~üÖ’ ™ê÷Ñ≤OK«|_ç =¸_Õ =¸_»∞
ã¨OzHõÅ`À PyáÈ~Ú# ''™ê~°ã¨fi`« *’ºu—— ‰õÄ_® K«Hõ¯x ™êÇ≤Ï`«º
Ѩ„uHõÖË.
`≥ÅOQÍ} `≥Å∞QÆ∞ [~°fle[OÖ’ ZO^Œ~À „Ѩã≤^Œ∞úÅ∞<åfl~°∞.
H˘O^Œ~°∞ =~°ú=∂#∞Å∞, L`åûǨÏ=O`«∞Å∂ Hõ#|_»`å~°∞. PÜ«∂
Ѩ„uHõÅ ¿Ñ~°∞¡ "Õ~°∞ J~Ú<å, Ѩ„uHõÅ ã¨OHõÅÊO =∂„`«O `≥Å∞QÆ∞
ÉèÏ+¨, ã¨O㨯 $`«∞Å qHÍã¨O, Ѩ„uHõÅ ÅHõ∆ ºO `≥ÅOQÍ} „Ѩ*ÏhHõѨÙ
K≥·`«#ºO.
Platinum Platform
 `≥ÅOQÍ} Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ – q+¨Ü«∞^Œ$+≤ì`À qÉèí[# KÕã≤#ѨÙ_»∞
"å~åΠѨ„uHõÅ∞ :
Ѩ„uHõ ¿Ñ~°∞ ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨK«∞~°} P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# „ѨK«∞~°} á⁄Ok# T~°∞ „ѨK«∞~°} f~°∞
ã¨O=`«û~°O
1. `≥#∞QÆ∞ XkÌ~åA ™È^Œ~°∞Å∞ 1922 W#∞QÆ∞iÎ "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ
2. hÅyi +¨|flgã¨∞ ~å=∞#~°ã≤OǨ~å=Ù 1922 #Å¡Q˘O_» "å~°Ñ¨„uHõ
3. QÀÖÁ¯O_» ã¨∞~°=~°O „Ѩ`åѨÔ~_ç¤ 1926 ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ J~°ú"å~°Ñ¨„uHõ
4. `≥ÅOQÍ} |∞Hõ¯Ñ¨@ì}O ~å=∂#∞*ÏKå~°∞ºÅ∞ 1941 ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ `≥ÅOQÍ}
`˘e k#Ѩ„uHõ
5. g∞*Ï<£ J_»q ÉÏÑ≤~åA 1943–44 ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ k#Ѩ„uHõ

™êÇ≤Ï`«º Ѩ„uHõÅ∞ :
Ѩ„uHõ ¿Ñ~°∞ ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ ¿Ñ~°∞ „ѨK«∞~°} P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# „ѨK«∞~°} á⁄Ok# T~°∞ „ѨK«∞~°} f~°∞
ã¨O=`«û~°O
1. ã¨∞*Ï`« U.Z<£. â◊~°‡ 1927 ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ
2. PO„^è•Éèí∞º^ŒÜ«∞O HÀHõÅ ã‘`å~å=∞â◊~°‡ 1923 =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ
3. â’Éèí ^Õ=ÙÅѨe¡ ~å=∂#∞[~å=Ù 1947 =~°OQÆÅ∞¡ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ
4. ™ê~°ã¨fi`« *’ºu É’~Ú#Ѩe¡ "≥OHõ@~å=∂~å=Ù 1954 HõsO#QÆ~ü =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ
5. `≥#∞QÆ∞`«e¡ ~åK«=∞à◊§ ã¨`«º=f^Õq 1941 ã≤H˜O^Œ~åÉÏ^£ =∂ã¨Ñ¨„uHõ

*****

Platinum Platform 337

 HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅѨ٠⋷="åV‡Ü«∞O „ѨuaOaOz# 'g~°`«fi— ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞
Hõ$+¨‚Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^•O`«~°æ`«"≥∞ÿ# '~°∞„^•^蕺ܫ∞O— Ѩ~°=∞t=Ù}˜‚
'„â◊√`«¿ã#∞—_çQÍ, aŇ–Hõ=K«–^èŒ#∞~åúi J~Ú# 'Hõ∆Ü«∞nfi~°∞—_çQÍ
J<ÕHõ q^è•Å Ü«Ú^•úkÑè u¨ QÍ =i‚OzOk. ~°∞„^Œ∞_»∞ g~°∞_»∞. J~Ú`Õ,
J`«_Öç ’x '=∞#∞º=Ù— (HÀѨO) r=„ѨQuÆ ™ê^èHŒ Oõ , Ö’HõHàõ Ϻ}HÍ~°HOõ .
JO^Œ∞ˆH '#=∞¿ãÎ ~°∞„^Œ =∞#º=...— JO@∂, J`«_ç HÀáêxH˜ =∞#
„áê~°÷#. g~°∞_≥·# ~°∞„^Œ∞_çÃÑ· ÉèíH˜Î J`«_ç Éèí‰õΩÎ}©‚ g~°∞_çx KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
D g~°`«fiO |Ǩï~°∂Ñ≤. ^ŒÜ«∂g~°∞Å∞, ^èŒ~°‡g~°∞Å∞, ^•#g~°∞Å∞,
Ü«Ú^Œgú ~°∞Å∞ – WÖÏ ZO^Œ~Ô O^Œ~À K«i„`«Ö’ P Ѩ~=° ∞g~°∞x Éè‰í Ωõ ÅÎ ∞.
ã¨∞n~°…"≥∞ÿ# P~°º*ÏuK«i„`«Ö’ Z<Àfl Kåi„`«Hõ Ѷ¨∞\ÏìÅÖ’
D t=ÉèíH˜Î XHõ L`«∞ÎOQÆ `«~°OQÆOÖÏ L"≥fi`«∞Î# ÖËzOk. J<ÕHõ
„ѨÜ≥∂[<åÅ∞ ™êkèOzOk, Ѷ¨ÖÏÅ∞ „Ѩ™êkOzOk. =∞#‰õΩ
ã¨g∞ѨQ`Æ O« Ö’ JÖÏ t=ÉèHí Θ q∞#∞fl=Ú\˜#ì =∞~˘Hõ =∞Ǩϟ[˚fiŠѶ∞¨ @ì"∞Õ
=∞# HÍHõ f Ü« ∞ Ü« Ú QÆ O . x*ÏxH˜ q+¨ µ ‚ ‰ õ Ω O_ç # ∞Å HÍÖÏxˆ H
„áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ #ÿ D â‹=· „ѨÉOíè [#O, Kåà◊√Hõº Ü«ÚQÆOÖ’Oz HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ
LK«Ûã≤÷uH˜ =KÕÛã¨iH˜ =∞iO`« „Ѩã¨∞Êù@"≥∞ÿ, ˆH=ÅO =ºH˜Î=ÚH˜ÎH˜
™ê^èŒ#OQÍ =∂„`«"Õ∞QÍHõ, ã¨=∂[x~å‡}OÖ’, ã¨O㨯~°}Ö’ XHõ
„Ѩ^è•#áê„`« =Ç≤ÏOzOk. Ju=ÚYºOQÍ P<å_»∞ Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂^ÕâßxH˜
J`«º=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ã¨fi^Õâßaèx"Õâ◊*ÏfiÅ#∞, H∆Í„`åyflx ~°QÆeÛOk. J@∞
Hõ#fl_»^âÕ ß# |ã¨"âÕ fi◊ ~°∞_çKÕ 'g~°â=·‹ —=∞`« „Ѩ=~°#Î , W@∞ PO„^è^Œ âÕ ß#
ѨO_ç`„« `«Ü∞« OKÕ ã¨∞ã≤~÷ O° KÕÜ∞« |_ç# "≥k· Hõ â‹"· åKå~°O, eOQÆ^•è ~°}Ïk
ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂#∞ëêª# „ѨKå~åÅ∞ WO^Œ∞‰õΩ „áÈkKÕ™ê~Ú.
P<å\˜ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ „ÉÏǨχ}∞Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x Jxfl =~å‚Å
„Ѩ[ÅÖ’#∂ Q˘Ñ¨Ê H∆Í„`«`Õ[ã¨∞û#∞ U^À ~°∂ѨOÖ’, U^À ~°OQÆOÖ’
JѨÓ~°fiOQÍ „ѨHÍtOѨ*Ëã≤Ok D t=ÉèíH˜Î. HÍHõfÜ«∞ „ѨÉèí∞=ÙÅ
P™ê÷ # OÖ’x ÉÏǨ Ï `« Î ~ ° xÜ≥ ∂ QÍÅÖ’ xÜ« ∞ q∞`« ∞ Öˇ · #
ã¨~fi° ‰õΩÖÏÅ"å~°∂ D â‹=· gzHõ ™ÈH˜ =∞Ǩg~°∞Öˇ· xeKå~°∞. P<å\˜Hˆ
L`«Î~°ÉèÏ~°`åxfl P„Hõq∞Oz, ^ŒH˜∆}ÏkÃÑ·H˜ =ÚOK«∞H˘ã¨∞Î#fl `«∞~°∞+¨¯
ÃÑ#∞`«∞áê#∞‰õΩ J_»∞¤Hõ@ì"Õ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ J`«º=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# `åºQÆ, â∫~åºk
g~°QÆ∞}ÏÅ#∞ L^Œº=∞OÖÏ ÖËz# â‹·=O „Ѩ™êkOzOk. D
„ѨÉÏè "åÅxfl\˜h „ѨuaOaOz#k 12= â◊`å|ÌO "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞H˘x 14=
â◊`å|ÌO =~°‰õΩ, P ÃÑ·# 15= â◊`å|ÌOÖ’x Ô~_ç¤~åAÅ HÍÅO
=~°‰õΩ qã¨ÎiOz# HÍHõfÜ«∞ â‹·=™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO. JO>Ë, ˆH=ÅO
HÍ=º™êÇ≤Ï`«º"Õ∞QÍHõ, âßã¨<åÅ∞, =∞ødHõ "åV‡Ü«∞~°∂áêÖˇ·#
Kå@∞=ÙÅ∞, ˆQÜ«∂Å∞, QÍ^ä•QÍ<åÅ∞ =O\˜=hfl P HÍÅOÖ’x
g~°`«fi zǨflÅ#∞, PKå~åÅ#∞, Hõ@∞ìÉÏ@¡#∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
J™Èã≤ÜÕ∞\ò „á⁄ÃѶã¨~ü PѶπ WOw¡+π, N "åã¨q WO[hiOQ∑ HÍÖËr, `å_ÕѨe¡QÆ∂_≥O. ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩ_»∞, 'ã¨∞Ѩ^䌗 ™êO㨯 $uHõ Ѩ„uHõ
*
338
– _®II =Å∂¡i q[Ü«∞ ǨÏ#∞=∞O`«~å=Ù*
J<ÕHõq^è•Å ^≥·=ÉèíH˜Î, "≥·~åQƺO`À‰õÄ_ç# "Õ^•O`«^Œ$HõÊ^äŒ O,
PQÆ"∂≥ Hõ"Î ∞≥ #ÿ PÅÜ«∂~°Û#, ѨÓ*Ïq^è•<åÅ∞, P~å^è#Œ Å∞, „=`åÅ∞,
㨠O „Ѩ ^ •Ü« ∂ Å∞ =O\˜ = hfl â‹ · = – "≥ · + ¨ ‚ " åÅ∞ Ô ~ O\˜ Ö ’#∂
ã¨=∂#OQÍ<Õ LO_ç „Ñ¨[Å#∞ #_çÑ≤Oz#ѨÊ\˜H©, D 'g~°`«fi—
ã¨O|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# áÈHõ_»Å∞, ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ â‹·"åKå~åÅ =Å¡
„ѨÉèÏq`« "≥∞ÿ#@∞¡QÍ `≥Å∞™ÈÎOk. 't="≥∞uΗ P_»@O, 'g~°OQÆO—
"ÕÜ«∞_»O, 'Jâ◊≈~°Éèí â◊~°Éèí— JO@∂ Hõ^ŒO „`˘Hõ¯_»O, '=¸_ÀHõ#∞fl
`≥~°=_»O— =O\˜ <Õ\ ˜H© =∞# <åůÅÃÑ· #iÎã¨∞Î#fl <å#∞_»∞Öˇ<Àfl D
HÍÅO<å\˜ â‹·=„ѨÉèÏ"å# ѨÙ\˜ì#"Õ.
***
HÍHõ f Ü« ∞ „Ѩ ` åѨ ~ ° ∞ „^Œ ∞ _ç P™ê÷ < å# Hõ q QÍ,
=∞O„u=~°Oæ Ö’x"å_çQ͉õÄ_® L#fl =∞Ǩâ‹=· Ù_»∞ â◊~É° Ïè O‰õΩ_»∞. W`«_∞»
J#O`«~O° "å#„Ѩã∞¨ _÷ ·≥ F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡ ã¨g∞Ѩ J~°}ºOÖ’ `«Ñ㨠∞¨ ûKÕâß_»∞.
„H©.â◊. 1323 ã¨OIIÖ’, ã¨∞n~°…"≥∞ÿ# Ѷ¨∞’~°Ü«Ú^ŒúO `«~°∞"å`«
„Ѩ`åѨ~°∞„^Œ∞_»∞ „Ѩ*ψH∆=∞O HÀi ã¨fiK«ÛùO^ŒOQÍ `«∞~°∞+¨µ¯Å‰õΩ
ÖÁOyáÈ~Ú |OnQÍ _èbç H¡ ˜ fã¨∞H˘xáÈ|_»∞ `«∞#flѨC_»∞, J_»qÖ’x
`«# P„â◊=∞O#∞O_ç P ^Œ$â◊ºO K«∂z, â◊~°ÉèÏO‰õΩ_»∞, P áêѨѨÙ
_èçe¡x `«# KåѨO`À <åâ◊#O KÕÜ«∞=∞x P"Õâ◊O`À t=Ù_çxÖÏ
HÀ~å_»∞:
KåѨ=ÚQÍ #ˆQO„^Œ=Ú#∞ [„H˜x ÉÏ}=ÚQÍQÆ <åiQÍ
áêѨ ^˘~°O ÉÁ#iÛ `«ÅѨ<£ „kѨÙ~°O|∞Å QÍÅÊ"Õ =∞Ǩϟ
nÌÑ≤`« f„=HÀѨ=Ú# ^Õ=`«ÖˇÅ¡ #∞uOѨ <å\˜ qÖò
áêѨѨ٠_èçe¡g∞^Œ `≥QÆÉÏѨQÆ^Õ â◊~°ÉèÏOHõeOQÆ=∂!
JO>Ë, L`«Î=Ú_≥·# „Ѩ*ÏáêʼnõΩxѨ@¡, ^Õâ◊ ™êfi`«O„`«ºO
Ѩ@¡ XHõ q~åyÖ’‰õÄ_® Q˘Ñ¨Ê ÉÏ^躌 `«#∞ HõeyOz, ^è~Œ ‡° â◊„`«∞=ÙÅÃÑ·
„HÀ^è•xfl ~°yeÛ#k <å\˜ f„= â‹·"åKå~° x+¨ª.
***
QÆ}Ѩu^Õ=K«„Hõ=iÎ HÍÅO#∞O_ç, ~å}˜ ~°∞„^Œ=∞^Õq =~°‰õΩ
(„Ѩ`åѨ~°∞„^Œ∞_çáêÅ#=~°‰õΩ‰õÄ_®) HÍHõfÜ«∞ ™ê„=∂[º "≥·Éèí"åxH˜
ZO`À „áÈkKÕã≤#"å_»∞ `«∞à◊¥§~°∞ t=^Õ=Ü«∞º. D`«_»∞ =∞O„u,
Hõq, ~å[hu HÀq^Œ∞_»∞, Jxfl\˜h q∞Oz Ѩ~°=∞ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊fi~°∞_»∞.
'ѨÙ~°∞ëê~°÷™ê~°=Ú—, 't=^Õ= nè=∞}˜ â◊`«Hõ=Ú— DÜ«∞# „QÆO^ä•Å∞QÍ
K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. 'PO„^èŒHõq`å Ñ≤`å=∞Ǩï_»∞— Jx `˘eQÍ H©iÎOѨ
|_ç#k W`«_Õ. <≥Å∂¡i =∞#∞=∞ã≤kú ~åA `«~°Ñ¨Ù# QÆ}Ѩu^Õ=Ù_ç
Platinum Platform
ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞OHÀi uHõ¯# ™È=∞Ü«∂l ~åÜ«∞ÉÏ~åxH˜ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞,
QÆ } Ѩ u ^Õ = Ù_ç H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’ D t=^Õ = Ü« ∞ º#∞ 㨠O ^Œ i ≈Oz,
'ǨÏiǨÏ~°<å^äŒ∞_ç— Éèí‰õΩÎ_≥·# uHõ¯#ÜÕ∞ –
=ã¨∞=∞f<å^äŒ! D`« _ôâ◊fi~°∞_»∞QÍx
=∞#∞[=∂„`«∞O_»∞ QÍ_»∞ ѨÖχé∞ x`«x
Ü«∞#∞=∞`«O|∞# h=Ù ~å[ºO|∞ <≥q∞‡ <ÕÅ∞...
JO@∂ t=^Õ=Ü«∞º#∞ ™êH∆Í`«∞Î 'Dâ◊fi~°∞_»∞— JO@∂
H©iÎOKå_»∞. P HÍÅOÖ’ QÀà◊H©=∞~îåxH˜ JkèѨuQÍ L#fl 'qâıfiâ◊fi~°
t=^Õt‰õΩÅ∞—‰õÄ_® W`«_Õ#x H˘O^Œ~°∞ Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O.
D '`«∞à◊¥§~°∞—"åˆ~ J#O`«~°O '`åà◊¥§i—"åiQÍ „Ѩã≤kúK≥O^•~°∞.
XHõ=OHõ f„= t=Éèí‰õΩÎÅ∞QÍ LO_ç, JO`«~°OQÆOÖ’
"≥·~åQƺ„Ѩ=$uÎ #=ÅOaOz, „áêѨOzHõ r=#OÖ’, ~å[º
=º=Ǩ~åÅÖ’ =∞Ǩâ∫~åºxfl „Ѩ^iŒ ≈Oz#"å~°∞ HÍHõfÜ«∞ =∞O„`«∞Å∞,
¿ã<å#∞Å∞. HÍHõ f Ü« ∞ „Ѩ ` åѨ ~ ° ∞ „^Œ ∞ _ç =∞Ǩ  =∞O„uQÍ,
QÆ[Ѷ¨∞@¿ã#ʼnõΩ JkèѨuQÍ qâ◊fi„Ѩã≤^Œ∞ú_≥·# WO^Œ∞Å∂i J#flÜ«∞
=∞O„u W@∞=O\˜"å_Õ:
J`«∞º`«Î=∞Oɡ·# Ü«∞`庄â◊=∞ã¨∞÷O_»∞
HÍ~°}[#‡ ã¨OQÆu =Ç≤ÏOK≥ñ
...
ã¨÷Å yi =# ^Œ∞~°æ [Å HÀ@ =∞Å∞¡ñ_≥·
„QƉõΩ¯# ɡ‰õΩ¯ ^Œ∞~°æ=ÚÅ∞ Q˘xÜ≥∞
<ÀÑ≤ `«∞~°HõÅ ÔQez „Ѩ`åѨ~°∞„^Œ
=∞#∞[<åÜ«∞‰õΩ HÀ@ <Õ=∞~°Hõñ QÍñK≥
##∞K«∞ñ ÉÁQÆ_»OQÆ <≥QÆ_≥ xÜ«∞º=x xO^Œ∞
Å∂i Ü«∞#flÜ«∞ ^Õ=Ùñ _»#∂# |Å∞ñ_»∞
D J#flÜ«∞ Ñ≤_»∞ѨiÎ ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞_ç t+¨µº_»∞. g~°â‹·"åKå~°
„=`«∞_»∞. „Ѩuk#O x`«º„=`«OQÍ 8=∞Ok =∂¿ÇÏâ◊fi~°∞Å#∞
J#fl=∞O„u JiÛOKÕ " å_» ∞ . P`« _ » ∞ P „=`« x ~° fi Ǩ Ï }HÀ㨠O
=∂¿ÇÏâ◊fi~°∞ʼnõΩ '_ÀH˜Ñ¨é∞]— „QÍ=∞O „Ѩ`åѨ~°∞„^Œ„ѨÉèí∞=ÙKÕ WÑ≤ÊOz
#@∞¡ âßã¨<å^è•~°O. „H©.â◊.1323= ã¨OIIÖ’ HÍHõfÜ«∞ =∞Ǩ™ê„=∂[º
ã¨∂~°∞º_»∞ Jã¨Îq∞OKå_»∞. F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡#∞ `«∞~°∞+¨µ¯Å∞ 'ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£Ñ¨Ó~ü—QÍ
=∂iÛ"Õ™ê~°∞. ~å[ºOÖ’ "åi JHõ$`åºÅ‰õΩ JO`«∞ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk.
Ç≤ÏO^Œ∂ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜ HÍà◊~å„u =O\˜ P ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’, `«# ѨO_»∞
=Ü«∞ã¨∞û#∞‰õÄ_® ÖˇHõ¯KÕÜ«∞Hõ J#flÜ«∞=∞O„u, P`«_ç ã¨g∞Ѩ|O^èŒ∞=Ù
H˘Åx ~°∞„^Œ^Õ=Ù_»∞, =Úã¨∞#∂i „áÈÅÜ«∞<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞, H˘Ñ¨CÅ
„áÈÅÜ«∞, =∞OzH˘O_» QÆ}Ѩu, ˆ~K«~°¡ ã≤OQÆ=∞<åÜ«∞‰õΩ_»∞ =O\˜
=∞Ǩ™êfiq∞Éèí‰õΩÎÖˇ·# HÍHõfÜ«∞ ¿ã<å#∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_ç, uiy J#uHÍÅO
Ö’<Õ F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡ÃÑ· ÃÇÏ· O^Œ=^èfiŒ [O ZQÆ∞~°∞"Õâß~°∞. 'ã¨O`«=∂QÆ∞Å∂~°∞—
âßã¨#O D q+¨Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ J<ÕHõ q=~åÅ∞ `≥Å∞ѨÙ`ÀOk. J#flÜ«∞#∞
'PO„^èŒÉèí∂=∞O_»ÖÏ^茺Hõ∆ ã≤OǨã¨# „ѨuëêªÑ¨<åKå~°∞º_»∞— Jh,
Platinum Platform
'Ü«∞=#ã¨OǨ~° qÅÜ«∞HÍÖÏyfl— Jh ZO`À H©iÎOKå~°∞. '=∂O_»eHõ
„|Ǩχ~åHõ∆ã≤—, '~°ÔH¯ã¨ QÆOQÆ_»∞— QÍ MϺuá⁄Ok# 'ÉÏǨÏ`«Î~°
xÜ≥∂QÍkèÑu¨ — ™êÇ≤Ï}˜ QÆOQÆÜ∞« º=∞O„u t"å~å^è<Œ å`«`Ê« ~°∞_Õ. W`«_ç
*Ï˝`«∞_≥·# ™êÇ≤Ï}˜ =∂K«Ü«∞¿ã<åx 'Ѩ~°=∞ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊fi~°—, 'HõeÜ«ÚQÆ
g~°É„íè ^Œ—, '[=∞eHõ Éè’QÆeOQÆ— a~°∞^•Å`À „Ѩã^≤ ∞Œ _ú #·≥ â‹"· åKå~°Ñ~¨ ∞° _»∞,
Jig~°ÉÜ íè ∞« OHõ~∞° _»∞. WHõ, „Ѩ`åѨ~∞° „^Œ∞_ç H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’ Jâ◊fi™êÇ≤Ï}˜Ü∞ÿ≥ #
™êÇ≤Ï}˜ =∂~°# =∞Ǩ„ѨMϺ`«∞_»∞. Ѩ~"° ∞Õ â◊fi~°É‰íè Ωõ _Î #·≥ D Ü«Ú^Œgú ~°∞_»∞
^•#g~°∞_»∞‰õÄ_®. „Ѩã≤^Œú H͉õΩ#∂i JѨÊHõq K≥Ñ≤Ê# XHõ
J[~å=∞~°"≥∞ÿ# Kå@∞=Ù W`«_ç q`«~°}jÖÏxfl qâ◊^ŒOKÕ™ÈÎOk:
JѨCe_»∞ #`«ñ_»∞ Ѷ¨∞#∞ñ_®?
JѨC_˘ã¨ñy =∞~°Åñ *ˇO^Œ∞ <å`«ñ_»∞ ~å*Ï?
K≥ѨÊñQÆ=Öˇ ™êÇ≤Ï}˜ =∂
~°Ñ¨Ê#∞ ^•#=Ú# Ѷ¨∞#∞ñ_»∞ ~åA #@OK«∞<£.
D ^•#g~°Hõ~°∞‚_»∞ PO„^èŒ^Õâß# „Ѩã≤^Œ∞úÖˇ·# =∞Ǩ^•`«Å∞
=ÚѨÊkW^ŒÌ~°∞ =∞O„`«∞ÅÖ’ XHõ_çQ͉õÄ_® qMϺ`«∞_»∞. W`«_ç
=Oâ◊ã∞¨ Ö÷ Ë J#O`«~O° 'xâ◊≈OHõ— WO\˜¿Ñ~°∞QÆÅ"å~°∞ JÜ«∂º~°∞. xâ◊≈OHõ
H˘=∞‡<å=∂`«∞º_ç 't=bÖÏqÖÏã¨=Ú— ã¨∞„Ѩã≤^Œú"Õ∞.
***
N<å^äŒHõqH˜ ã¨=∞HÍe‰õΩ_≥·# q#∞H˘O_» =Å¡Éèí=∞O„u `«#
'„H©_®aè~å=∞=Ú—Ö’ – F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡ =∞Ǩ"≥·Éèí"åxfl Hõà◊§‰õΩ Hõ\ ˜ì#@∞¡
=i‚OKå_»∞. P<å\˜ D =∞ǨѨ@}ì OÖ’x ^Õ=`«Å∞ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù JO^Œ~∂°
g~°`«fi=Ú\˜ìѨ_Õ t=Ѩi"å~°"Õ∞ – Éèˇ·~°=Ù_»∞, K«=∞_Õâ◊fis =∞Ǩâ◊H˜Î,
g~°É„íè ^Õâfi◊ ~°∞_»∞, =Ú™ê#=∞‡, H˘=∞~°∞ ™ê=∞Ü«∞º PÅÜ«∂Å`ÀÉÏ@∞,
"Õ∞~°∞â◊$OQÆ=ÚÅÉ’Å∞ JuZ`≥ÎÂ# ˆHâ◊=™êfiq∞, N ã¨fiÜ«∞OÉèí∂^Õ=ÙÅ
=∞Ok~åÅ∞‰õÄ_® L<åfl~Ú. WHõ =∂Ǩï~°=∞‡ – UHõg~° =∞Ǩ^Õq
– ã¨∞Îu‰õÄ_® KÕÜ«∞|_çOk. JO`ÕQÍHõ, F~°∞QÆO\˜Ö’ '"≥∞ÿÖÏ~°
g~°É@ íè ∞Å∞— KÕã#≤ Xà◊√§ QÆQ∞Æ ~˘Ê_çKÕ ™êǨÏã¨H$õ `åºÅ∞, Q˘~°QÑÆ _¨ ∞» K«∞
KÕã≤# J|∞ƒ~°Ñ¨iKÕ Q˘O_ç¡Ü«∂@‰õÄ_® =i‚OKå_»∞:
ã‘II é=é==∞O_»∞ <≥é]x K«O„_»=∞Öˇ¡Å
KÀ^ŒºOѨ٠QÆ∞O_®Å∞ K˘K«∞Û"å~°∞
Hõ~°"å_çÜ«∞Å∞QÆ∞#∞ QÆ#Ѩáê`«~°¡Ö’
#∞\˜ì KÕ^Œ∞Å∞QÀã≤ Ü«Úé∞‰õΩ"å~°∞
QÍÅѨÙQ˘H˜¯ QÆOHÍà◊ K«~°‡=Ú „QÆ∞zÛ
Ü«Ú_»∞gkè #∞Ü«∞ºÅ Å∂QÆ∞"å~°∞
Hõ\ ˜H˜ ǨÏ∏<åflà◊O|∞ QÆO_»Hõ`≥Î~° =\˜ì
q∞ã≤q∞O`«∞Å∞#∞QÍHõ „q∞OQÆ∞"å~°∞
`ÕIIwII ã¨O^Œ∞Å#∞ <å~°ã¨O|∞Å∞ ã¨Å∞ѨÙ"å~°∞
Ü≥∞_»=∞ ‰õΩ_çKÕ`« <å~°`«∞ eK«∞Û"å~°∞
™êǨÏã¨=Ú =¸iÎÔQ·H˘#fl ã¨~°}˜"å~°∞
nè~°Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«ÚÅ∞ "≥∞ÿÖÏ~° g~°Éèí@∞Å∞
339
 D '"≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ù_ç— PÅÜ«∞O F~°∞QÆO\˜Ö’ LO_Õ^Œ@.
~°∞„^Œ=∞^Õq 'S#"ÀÅ∞— "≥∞Öÿ Ï~°^=Õ Ù#‰õΩ PÅÜ«∞"≥ÚHõ\ ˜ xi‡Oz#^Œ@.
D ^Õ=Ù_»∞ 'Éèˇ·~°=Ùx `À_ç*’_»∞—. J~Ú`Õ "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ùx QÆ∞iOz
=Å¡Éèí~åÜ«∞=∞O„u K≥Ñ≤Ê# ''â◊x"å~°ã≤kÌ ã¨[˚# áêi*Ï`«O|∞...——
Ѩ^ŒºOÖ’x KåÖÏ qâı+¨}ÏÅ∞, QÆ∞}"åK«HÍÅ∞ D<å\˜H© U ѨO_ç`«
Ѩiâ’^茉õΩ_»∂ ã¨=∞O[ã¨OQÍ q=iOz K≥ѨÊÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»∞.
"≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ù_ç P~å^èŒ<å ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O, PÜ«∞# Éèí‰õΩÎÅ
g~°H$õ `åºÅ∞ Ü«Ú^Œãú O¨ |O^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ qQÍ, g~°`fi« „ѨH@õ ##∞ KÕ¿ã q^èOŒ QÍ
Hõ#|_»`å~Ú. "≥∞Öÿ Ï~°^=Õ Ù_çx QÆ∞iOz# ZO`À qã¨Î $`« ã¨=∂Kå~°O,
H©.âı. 'K«i„`« q^•º^èŒ~°— N `«∞~°QÍ Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎQÍ~°∞ q=iOKå~°∞.
"≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=~° „Ѩã¨H˜ÎQÆÅ =¸_»∞ âßã¨<åÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz PÜ«∞#
`≥Å∞ѨÙ`«∂ – QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡ Z#=∞^ŒÅ „QÍ=∞OÖ’x N ~å=∞™êfiq∞
^Õ=à◊OÖ’#∞, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ Ѩ@ì}OÖ’x JQÆ¿ãκâ◊fi ~åÅÜ«∞OÖ’#∞,
#~°û~å=Ù¿Ñ@ `åÅ∂HÍ H˘O_»g_»∞ „QÍ=∞OÖ’x XHõ =∞ã‘^Œ∞Ö’#∞
'=¸Å™êÎ#O "≥∞Öÿ Ï~°^=Õ ~°—‰õΩ '~°OQÆ=∞^躌 =Ú HõO|=Ú ¿ã~ÚOz—#@∞¡
âßã¨#áê~îåÅÖ’ LOk Jx K≥áêÊ~°∞. D ^•`«Å∞ =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∂
"≥·â◊√ºÖËHÍ=_»O, "å~°∞ ÃÑ#∞Q˘O_» ѨÙ~°"åã¨∞ÖË HÍ=_»O, JHõ¯_ç
#QÆ~ˆ â◊fi~°™êfiq∞ áê^ŒÑ^¨ •‡~å^艌 Ωõ ÖË HÍ=_»O qâı+=¨ ∞x N `«∞~°QÍ"åi
qâı¡+¨}. D âßã¨<åÅÖ’ Ô~O_»∞ „H©.â◊.1388 ã¨OII‰õΩ K≥Ok#q
HÍQÍ, =¸_»=k „H©.â◊. 1410 ã¨OII‰õΩ K≥Ok#k. ''P~°º"≥·â◊º
‰õΩ@∞Oa#∞Å H˜+^ì¨ =·≥ "≥∞#ÿ 'Hõ#ºHõ— Ü«∞yfl„Ѩ"âÕ ◊ HÍÅ=Ú# q+¨µ=‚ ~°#ú ∞x
Ü«∞Hõ$`«º=Ú#∞ QÆi›Oz, HÀ=∞@∞Å qâ◊√^Œú=~°Î# huxÜ«∞=∞=ÚʼnõΩ
ã¨"≥∂‡Ç≤Ï`«∞Öˇ· `«=∞ „ѨÉèí∞x H˘Å∞=Ù q~°q∞Oz "≥·â◊√ºÅ ѨHõ∆=ÚKÕi
áÈ~å_ç# q+¨µ‚=~°ú#∞x g~°Éèí@∞Å#∞ "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°∞Åx, g~°=Ú+¨µìÅx
~ÚѨÊ\˜H˜h "≥·â◊√ºÅ∞ Q“~°qOz ѨÓlOK«∞@ HÍ##QÆ∞K«∞#flk.
HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ<å\˜ "≥∞Öÿ Ï~°∞ʼnõΩ, g~°=Ú+¨µÅì ‰õΩQÆÅ ã¨O|O^è"Œ ∞Õ q∞Ü≥∂
`≥eÜ«∞ ~å‰õΩ#flk——Jx `«∞~°QÍ"å~°∞ Jaè„áêÜ«∞Ѩ_®¤~°∞.
<Õ\ ˜H© "≥·â◊√ºÅ‰õΩ "åi ‰õΩÅ, =Oâ◊ K«i„`«Å∞ K≥¿ÑÊ P„t`«
LѨ‰õΩÅO"å~°∞ g~°=Ú+¨µìÖË. D 'g~°=Ú+≤ì— â◊|ÌO P *Ïu"åi
áÈ~å@áê@"åxfl „ѨuaOaOKÕ^Õ. „QÍ=∂Å#∞ HÍѨÖÏHÍ¿ã
g~°Éèí@∞Å#∞‰õÄ_® g~°=Ú+¨µìÅ#_»O P<å_»∞ =º=Ǩ~°OÖ’ LOk.
nxx|\˜ì, g~°=Ú+¨µìÅ ™êǨϙêÅ∞ qk`«=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
WHõ D "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=~°‰õΩ K≥Ok# =∞~˘Hõ H©ÅHÍxfl,
PO„^茖=∞Ǩ~åR Kåi„`«Hõã¨O|O^è•ÅÃÑ· ZO`À Ѩiâ’^èŒ#KÕã≤# N
HõO^Œ‰õΩiÎ Ü«∂^Œ=~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™ê~°∞:
''=∞Ǩ  ~åRÖ’ YO_ÀÉÏ Jx Ñ≤ Å ∞=|_Õ ^Õ = Ù_» ∞
PO„^茄Ѩ^ÕâòÖ’ =∞Å¡#flQÍ Ñ≤Å∞=|_»`å_»∞... Q˘Å¡Å∞, Ü«∂^Œ=ÙÅ∞,
HÍѨÙÅ∞ =∞Å¡#fl^Õ=Ù_çx ѨÓl™êÎ~°∞. XQÆ∞æ Hõ^äŒÖ’ K≥ѨÊ|_Õk
=∞Å¡#fl^Õ=Ùx Hõ^Ü Œä ∞Õ . XQÆ∞æ JO>Ë =∞$^ŒOQÆ"∞Õ . =∞Å¡#fl^Õ=Ù_»∞ c^Œ~ü
lÖÏ¡Ö’x "≥∞ÿÖÏ~ü^Õ"£ "åã≤QÍ K≥|∞`å~°∞.——
340
'ѨO_ç`å~å^茺K«i„`«—Ö’ áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞_»∞ ^Œâ◊QÆ}
ã¨OH©~#ΰ O KÕ¿ã ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’, ''g~°Ñ∞¨¶ O@Ü«∞ =∞~ÚÖÏi ^Õ=Ü«∞º...——
JO@∂ XHÍ<˘Hõ "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°^Õ=Ü«∞º#∞ „Ѩ™êÎqOKå_»∞.
N<å^äŒ=∞ǨHõq `«# JO`«º^Œâ◊Ö’ K≥Ñ≤Ê# Kå@∞Ѩ^ŒºOÖ’,
`«##∞ ZO`À P^ŒiOz# ~åAÅO^Œ~°∂ kqˆHQÍ~°x JO@∂,
''ÔH·ÖÏã¨yi ѨO_≥ "≥∞ÿÖÏ~°qÉèí∞_Õy
k#"≥K«Û "Õ∞ ~åA f~°ÛQÆÅ_»∞?—— JO\Ï_»∞. â‹·=ÙÖˇ·#
Ô ~ _ç ¤ ~ åAÅ∞ D "≥ ∞ ÿ Ö Ï~° ^ Õ = Ù_ç ¿Ñ~° ∞ ÃÑ@∞ì H ˘<åfl~° ∞ . D
ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Åhfl HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ<å\˜ g~°â‹·= „ѨÉèÏ"å# "≥Åã≤#"Õ.
***
HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅO<å_»∞ PO„^è^Œ âÕ O◊ Ö’x â‹=· q[$OÉè}í #∞
ѨiѨÓ~°‚OQÍ Pq+¨¯iOz# kfiѨ^ŒHÍ=ºO áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞x
'ѨO_ç`å~å^茺K«i„`«—. JO`«‰õΩ=ÚO^Õ P`«_»∞, Hõ#fl_»^Õâ◊OÖ’
'g~°â‹·=—=∞`« „Ѩ=~°Î‰õΩ_≥·# |ã¨"Õâ◊fi~°∞x k=º K«i„`«#∞ '|ã¨=
ѨÙ~å}=Ú—QÍ „"åã≤=Ù<åfl_»∞. Jã¨Å∞ g~°â‹·=O Pq~åƒù"åxH˜
ѨÓ~°fi~°OQÆO XHõ\ ˜ LOk. Jk „H©.â◊. 6–7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅÖ’ ^ŒH˜∆}
^Õâ◊OÖ’ q[$OaèOz# HÍÖÏ=ÚM’^Œº=∞O. â‹·=OÖ’ JuѨÙ~å`«#
âßYÅÖ’ áêâ◊√Ѩ`«âßY XHõ\ ˜. nxÖ’x LѨâßYÖË ÖωõΩÅ=Ú,
HÍáêeHõ=Ú J<Õq. QÀ~°H<∆õ å^äŒ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O‰õÄ_® áêâ◊√Ѩ`â« =·‹ OÖ’
JO`«~åƒùQÆ"Õ∞#x JO\Ï~°∞. HÍj‡~°â‹·=O =∞~˘Hõ =ÚYºâßYQÍ
Ѩi_èq» e¡Ok. W^ŒO`å â‹"· åxH˜ <ÕÑ^¨ ºŒä OHÍQÍ, =ÚO^Œ∞ „Ѩ™êÎqOK«∞‰õΩ#fl
HÍÖÏ=ÚY â‹·==∞~îåÅ∞ HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÖÏxH˜ ‰õÄ_® LK«Û^Œâ◊Ö’
L<åfl~Ú. D HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å∞ 'ʼnõΩ@áê}˜— Ü≥ÿ∞# t=Ù_çH˜ Éèí‰õΩÎÅ∞.
gi „Ѩ™êÎ=#QÆÅ âßã¨<åÅ∞ „H©.â◊. 7= â◊`å|ÌO#∞O_ç „H©.â◊. 12,13
â◊`åÉÏÌÅ=~°‰õΩ ^ŒH˜∆} ÉèÏ~°`«^Õâ◊OÖ’ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`«∞<åfl~Ú. giH˜QÆÅ
'Ö’Hõcè`«—, 'ã¨O™ê~°cè`«—, 'UHÍO`«"åã≤— =O\˜ a~°∞^Œ∞Å∞ gi
"≥·~åQͺhfl† '~“„^Œ K«O_ôâ◊fi~°—, 'N Ѩ~°"Õ∞â◊fi~° =∞Ǩ^Õq Ö’HõQÆ}˜—
=O\˜q gi t=ÉèíH˜Îx ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. J~Ú`Õ WO`«\ ˜ q~åQÆ∞Öˇ·#
D â‹·=ã¨<åºã¨∞Å∞ 'L`«ÊuÎ Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞— J<Õ ¿Ñ~° ã¨<å`«#^èŒ~°‡ ~°Hõ∆}Ï~°÷O
XHõ ^Ò~°#˚ ºÑ¨Ói`«"∞≥ #ÿ L^Œº=∂xfl 6, 7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅ#∞O_ç ÖË=n™ê~°h,
P<å\˜H˜ J<ÕHõ qHÍ~åÅ`À ã¨OѶ¨∞jÖÏxH˜ =ÚѨCQÍ =∂i# H˘xfl
É∫^Œú, *ˇ·# =∞~îåÅ#∞, =ã¨^Œ∞Å#∞ g~°∞ ^èŒfiOã¨OKÕ™ê~°h „ѨMϺ`«
Kåi„`« H õ Ѩ i â’^è Œ ‰ õ Ω Å∞ H© . âı . p=∞‰õ Ω iÎ âı + ¨ y i~å=Ù
(1930–1994)QÍ~°∞ Ö’`≥·# qâı¡+¨}`À `«# 'N L`«ÊuÎ Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—
J<Õ Ñ¨iâ’^èŒHõ "åºã¨OÖ’ q=iOKå~°∞. JO`«=~°‰õΩ, 'N L`«ÊuÎ
Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞— „Ѩ™êÎ=#`À PO„^èŒ^Õâ◊OÖ’x Hõ$+¨‚, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞, „ѨHÍâ◊O,
Hõ~°∂flÅ∞, =∞ǨÏ|∂Éò#QÆ~ü lÖÏ¡ÅÖ’ ÅaèOz# ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 12
âßã¨<åÅÖ’ („"å`«ÅÖ’) H˘xflKÀ@¡ Hõ#|_ç# 'Ö’HõtÖÏaè=∂#— J<Õ
D PKå~°∞ºÅ a~°∞^•xfl|\ì̃, "å~˘Hõ ~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ tÅ∞ÊÅ ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï=∞x
Ѩiâ’^茉õΩÅ∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. J~Ú`Õ, N p=∞‰õΩiÎ"å~°∞ P Ѩ^•xfl
Platinum Platform
'Ö’HõjÖÏaè=∂#— Jx K«^∞Œ =ÙHÀ"åÅx z‰õΩ¯qáêÊ~°∞. Ö’HõjÅ=∞O^Œ∞
Jaè=∂#O`À g~°∞ 'L`«ÊuÎ Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—Öˇ· q[$OaèOKå~°h, 'L`«Ê^äŒ=Ú—
JO>Ë K≥_»¤ „`À= HÍQÍ, J\˜ì"å\˜x ^èŒfiOã¨OKÕ¿ã 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—Å∞QÍ
"å~°∞ ~°∂ѨÙ^•ÖÏÛ~°h, Z<Àfl "åV‡Ü«∞, âßã¨<å^è•~åÅ`À âı+y¨ i~å=Ù
QÍ~°∞ x~°∂Ñ≤OKå~°∞. WO`«H© HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅOÖ’x g~°â‹·=ѨÙ
áÈHõ_»Å‰õΩ |ã¨"Õâ◊fi~°∞x 'g~°â‹·=O—‰õÄ_® H˘O`« HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ`Õ, Jã¨Å∞
|ã¨"âÕ fi◊ ~°∞_ç L^Œº=∂xH˜ „H©.â◊. 6–7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅ<å\˜ HÍÖÏ=ÚM’^Œº=∞O
ã¨∂ÊùiÎxzÛO^Œx gi "å^ŒO. nxH˜ P^è•~°OQÍ g~°∞, áêÅ∞¯iH˜
'|ã¨=ѨÙ~å}=Ú—Ö’x XHõ L^ŒO`åxfl L^ŒÇ¨ÏiOKå~°∞. ã¨HõÖËâ◊fi~°
=∂k~åA Nâ‹Å· OÖ’ `«Ñ㨠∞¨ û KÕã∂¨ OÎ _»QÍ, XHõ~ÀA# XHõ K≥@∞ìH˘=∞‡
qiy J`«_çH˜ `«áÈÉèíOQÆ"≥∞ÿ K«∂_»QÍ, =∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#^Õ=Ù_»∞ „Ѩ`«ºHõ∆"≥∞ÿ
– HÍHõfÜ«∞ HÍÅO=~°‰õÄ, P `«~åfi`«‰õÄ_® H˘#™êy# f„="≥∞ÿ#
=ã¨∞^茉õΩ ã¨^ŒƒùH˜Î =~°ú<å~°÷=ÚQÆ
|ã¨=ñ_»∞ <å <˘Hõ¯ Éèí‰õΩÎO_»∞ =zÛ
Ü«Ú#fl"åñ_»`«xx Ü«Úz`« QÀ+≤ª ã¨
=Ú#fl`« ã¨∞Y"åiú <ÀÅÖÏ_»∞K«∞#∞
|~°=∞ t"åKå~° ã¨~°}˜ =„>ˇÅ¡
[i~ÚOѨ=ÅÜ«Ú ã¨^Œú~°}˜Ö’ h=Ù
Z#Ü«∞OQÆ <åé∂fl~°∞ <Õ|kÜÕ∞O_»∞¡
ã¨xÜ≥∞ h q@ =zÛ ã¨OÜ«∞q∞uÅHõ! ... J<åfl_»@. JO>Ë,
=ã¨∞^èŒÃÑ· ã¨^ŒƒùH˜Î =iúÅ¡*ËÜ«∞_®xH˜ |ã¨=_»<Õ `«# Éèí‰õΩÎ_˘Hõ_»∞
=zÛ=Ù<åfl_»x, =∂k~å[Ü«∞º `«Ñ¨ã¨∞û "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\˜ì 650 ã¨OIIÅ∞
QÆ_zç O^Œx, WѨC_»∞ P |ã¨=_ç`À HõÅã≤ =∂k~å[Ü«∞º#∞ K«iOѨ=∞x
=∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#∞_»∞ P[˝ WKåÛ_»@. D HÍ~°}OKÕ`« ã¨HõÖËâ◊fi~°
=∂k~å[Ü«∞º Nâ‹Å· OÖ’ 650 ã¨OIIÅ∞ `«Ñ㨠∞¨ ûKÕã,≤ |ã¨"âÕ fi◊ ~°∞_ç`À
HõÅã≤ g~°â‹·"À^Œº=∞OÖ’ áêÖÁæ<åfl_»x g~°â‹·=ÙÅ qâßfiã¨O. N
p=∞‰õΩiÎ"å~°∞ D q+¨Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ qâı¡+≤Oz, |ã¨=x g~°â‹·"À^Œº=∞O
HõàϺ}Hõ@HõOÖ’ ‰õΩ^Œ∞~°∞HÀ=_®xH˜ 650 ã¨OIIÅ „H˜O^Œ@<Õ Nâ‹·Å
„áêO`«OÖ’ â‹·"À^Œº=∞O qã¨Î $`«OQÍ ™êyO^Œh, `«~åfi`« Jk
ã¨^Œ∞Ì=∞}˜y, 6–7 â◊`åÉÏÌÅ `«~°∞"å`« uiy |ã¨"Õâ◊fi~°∞_çHÍÅOÖ’
q[$OaèOzO^Œh ÃÑ· '|ã¨=ѨÙ~å}=Ú— QÍ^äŒÖ’x PO`«~°ºOQÍ
„QÆÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û#h „"å™ê~°∞.
áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞_»∞ `«# '|ã¨=ѨÙ~å}=Ú—Ö’ D
q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞ ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ K≥áêÊ_»∞:
WÖ '=∞éѨ_»¤— x~°‡Å t=ÉèíH˜Î
^ŒÅ Ü≥∞`«∞Î =_»∞=Ù#ñ ^•ñ ^ŒÅÜ≥∞`«∞Î
Hõ_»ñHõ`À <åk =∂~°æ=Ú `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_»
#_»∞y_»∞ bÅñ ^ŒÑ¨Ê_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ "≥@∞ì. JO>Ë, '=∞é∞ѨÙ#Ѩ_»¤—
x~°‡Å t=ÉèHí Θ =∞m§ `«Å ZuÎO^Œx ™È=∞<å^ä∞Œ _»∞ =∞#‰õΩ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl_»∞.
D q+¨Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ 'HÍHõfÜ«∞ ã¨OzHõ—Ö’x N=∂<£ ^Œ∂áê\˜
~°=∞}ÏKå~°∞ºÅ∞QÍi "åºã¨O, HÍHõfÜ«∞ `˘e~åAÅ HÍÖÏxˆH ZO`À
Platinum Platform
„ѨÉèÏ"åxfl K«∂ѨÙ`«∞#fl HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å q=~åÅ∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™ÈÎOk.
~Ô O_»= ÉË`~« åA („H©.â◊.1076–1126)HÍÅOÖ’ ZO`À ÉèHí QΘ “~°"åÅ∞
á⁄Ok# =∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚# HÍÖÏ=ÚMÏKå~°∞º_ç q=~åÅ∞ K≥|∞`«∂, W`«_»∞
`«áÈ~åt t+¨µº_»∞, HÍÖÏ=ÚY =∞~îåkèѨf Jx `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™ê~°∞.
ã¨∞=∂~°∞ „H©.â◊. 1050 „áêO`«OÖ’ g~°∞ =#"åã≤Ö’ =∞~îåxfl
<≥ÅH˘ÖÏÊ~°h, ѨtÛ=∞ Kåà◊√‰õΩºÅ∞, KÀ_»∞Å∞ D =∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#∞_çx
™ê^Œ~°Q“~°"åÅ`À ѨÓlOKå~°h `≥eáê~°∞. DÜ«∞# QÆ∞~°∞"≥·#
`«áÈ~åt q„QÆǨÏO JÅOѨÙiÖ’ HõÅ^Œ@. JHõ¯_» âßã¨<åÅÖ’
ã¨∂~°º~åt, `«áÈ~åt, `Õ*’~åt "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# HÍÖÏ=ÚMÏKå~°∞ºÅ
„Ѩâ◊Oã¨, "åix Kåà◊√‰õΩºÅ∞ ѨÓlOz# q^èŒO‰õÄ_® ~°K«~Ú`«
`≥eáê~°∞. W=hfl, HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å 'N L`«ÊuÎ Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞— L^Œº=∂xfl,
â‹=· „ѨÉÏè "åhfl ã¨∂zã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú. áêÅ∞¯iH˜ 'ѨO_ç`å~å^躌 K«i„`«—Ö’x,
K«O^Œ"ÀÅ∞Ö’ "≥Å<å\˜ KÀà◊√x P™ê÷#OÖ’ =∞e¡HÍ~°∞#˚ ѨO_ç`∞« _»∞
XHõ É∫^•úKå~°∞º_ç`À "å^ŒO ã¨eÊ# ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’, ѨO_ç`å~å^èŒ∞º_ç
t+¨µºÅ∞ P É∫^•úKå~°∞º_çx J`«_»∞ XHõ <Õ~°O KÕ~ÚOKå_»x Ü≥∞Oz
K«O¿Ñ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’,
g~å=`å~°∞Å∞ â◊¥~°∞ÖËHÍOQÆ
g~°∞Å∞ =∞é∞<å_»∞ "ÕQÆ∞*Ï=Ú##∞
ã¨~°ã¨~° eOQÍ=ã¨~°=Úñ *ˇe¡Oz
...
|∞^•úÅÜ«∞=Ú ™⁄zÛ Éèí∞q *Ïye „"≥Ú‰õΩ¯
"≥_»"≥_» #∞é∞=∞x Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞Å∞ Ѩ_ç# ...
Jx =i‚Oz# ^•_çÖ’x 'Lé∞=∞x Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞Å∞— D
HÍÖÏ=ÚY∞Å 'L`«ÊuÎ Ñ≤_∞» QÆ∞—ʼnõΩ „Ѩu^èfiŒ xÜÕ∞#x N p=∞‰õΩiÎ"åi
Jaè„áêÜ«∞O.
D q^èOŒ QÍ L^è$Œ `«"∞≥ #ÿ g~°`åfixH˜ c*Ï"åѨ#O â‹=· OÖ’x
D L^Œº=∂Å∞ KÕ™êÜ«∞h, J<ÕHõ"≥∞ÿ# J#O`«~° g~åKå~åʼnõΩ,
ã¨O㨯~°}ʼnõΩ W"Õ HÍ~°}=∞Ü«∂ºÜ«∞h ÉèÏqOK« =K«∞Û. D
g~°^èÀ~°}∞Å K«i„`« JO`å =∞#‰õΩ HÍHõfÜ«∞ HÍÅѨ٠"åV‡Ü«∞O
„Ѩ™êk™ÈÎOk.
***
HÍHõ f Ü« Ú Å<å_» ∞ "åã≤ Ô H H˜ ¯ # XHõ JѨ Ù ~° ∂ Ѩ " ≥ ∞ ÿ #
<å@ºsuÖ’#∂ D g~°`«fiO J^Œ∞ƒù`«OQÍ =ºH©ÎHõiOѨ|_çOk. J^Õ
'¿Ñi}˜— t=`åO_»=#$`«ºO. D ^Õj#$`«ºsu ÉèOí y=∞Å∞ ~å=∞ѨÊQÆ∞_ç
tÖÏÊÅÖ’ xH˜∆ѨÎOKÕÜ«∞|_ç <Õ\ ˜H© HÍ#=ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. HÍHõfÜ«∞
Ü«ÚQÍ#O`«~°O =∞~°∞QÆ∞# Ѩ_çáÈ~Ú# D g~°#$`«ºsux P^èŒ∞xHõ
HÍÅOÖ’ N #@~å[ ~å=∞Hõ$+¨Q‚ Í~°∞ ѨÙ#~°∞^Œiú Oz =∞# ã¨=∂*ÏxH˜
JOkOz# q+¨Ü∞« O =∞#"≥∞iy#^Õ. D ¿Ñi}˜ #$`«ºO „Ѩ^•è #OQÍ
„Ѩ[ÅÖ’, Ãã·x‰õΩÅÖ’ ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Îx, ^≥·=ÉèíH˜Îx „¿Ñˆ~Ñ≤OKÕ g~°~°ã¨
341
„Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ#^Œh, nx „ѨÉèÏ=O=Å¡<Õ P „áêO`«OÖ’ 't"åO@— J<Õ
=∂O_»eHõ Ѩ^ŒO „Ѩ[ÅÖ’H˜ "å_»∞HõÖ’H˜ =zÛO^Œh, ~å=∞ѨÊQÆ∞_çÃÑ·
qã¨Î $`« Ѩiâ’^èŒ#KÕã≤ „QÆO^äŒ ~°K«#‰õÄ_® KÕã≤# N =∞O^ŒÅ
=∞ÖÏ¡Ô~_ç¤QÍ~°∞ q=iOKå~°∞. 't"åO@—‰õΩ J~°÷O 't"å J#∞K«∞—
Jh, HÍh „Ѩ[Å∞ WKÕÛ J~°÷O '"≥Ú^Œ\ ˜™êi— Jh N =∞ÖÏ¡Ô~_ç¤
`≥eáê~°∞. ''t"åO@ x<Õfl J_çQÍ#∞. h=Ù `«Ñ¨Êxã¨iQÍ W"åfie——
Jx P „áêO`åÅÖ’ <Õ\ ˜H© „Ѩ[Å∞ JO\Ï~°@. JO>Ë P HÍÅOÖ’
„Ѩ[Å∞ 't"å!— J#x^Õ U Ѩxh "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ>Ëì"å~°∞ HÍ^Œx nx=Å#
`≥Å∞™ÈÎO^Œx ~°K«~Ú`« q=iOKå~°∞.
N<å^ä∞Œ _ç 'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°Ki« „`«—Ö’, #ÅQÍ=∞~åA ѨÅ<å\˜x
áêeã¨∞Î#flѨÙ_»∞ P`«_ç H˘Å∞=Ù‰õΩ XHõ #~°ÎH˜ =zÛ KÕã≤# <å@ºOÖ’
ã¨Ñ¨Î`åO_»"åÅ∞ =i‚OKå_»∞:
„ÉË~°}˜ ^Õtx „¿ÑOY}˜ â◊√^Œú
^ŒO_çHÍ ‰õΩO_»e `«QÆ∞ ÉÏǨÏKåi
ã¨Ñ¨Î `åO_»==ÚÅ∞ ã¨ÖˇÊ z„`«=ÚQÆ. D '„ÉË~°}˜—, ¿Ñi}˜
t=`åO_»= #$`«º"Õ∞.
***
|㨠" Õ â ◊ fi ~° ∞ x „áê|źO`À g~° â ‹ · = ÙÅ∞ H˘O^Œ ~ ° ∞
'eOQÆѨ™ê~Ú`«—=∞<Õ Hõ~îå~åxfl ^èŒiOz u~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ LO_Õ"å~°∞. Wk
'eOQƄѨ™êk`«— â◊|ÌÉèí=O. ''... ™ê~°"≥∞ÿ eOQÆѨ™ê~Ú`«O |<≥_»∞
¿Ñ~°#∞ QÆÅ∞æ Hõ~åî ~°O|∞ QÆ\ —ì˜ — Jx |ã¨=ѨÙ~å}O. ã¨∞iÜ«∞ KÒ_»Ü∞« º,
=Úã≤O_ç KÒ_»Ü«∞º Å<Õ"å~°∞ t=Ù_ç Ѩ~°=∞Éèí‰õΩÎÅHÀ=Ö’x"åiQÍ
áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_» ∞ . D '㨠∞ iÜ« ∞ —, '=Úã≤ O _ç — J<Õ q
PÜ«Ú^è•Å¿Ñˆ~¡.
***
<Õ_∞» qO>Ë<Õ =∞#‰õΩ "≥#∞fl [Å^ŒiOKÕ g~°™êǨÏ㨠Hõ$`åºÅ∞
g~°â=·‹ ÙÅ∞ t=Éè‰í Ωõ ºÎ „^ÕHOõ `À KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. Hõà√◊ § Ñ‘Hˆ ã¨∞‰õΩx t==∞Ç≤Ï=∞`À
=∞m§ á⁄O^Œ_O» , <åÅ∞HõÅ∞ ÃÑiH˜ "Õã∞¨ H˘x =∞m§ á⁄O^Œ_O» , `«ÅÅ∞
`«~∞° QÆ∞H˘x =∞m§ "≥ÚeÑ≤OK«∞ HÀ=_»O =O\˜ Ju=∂#∞+¨"∞≥ #ÿ K«~º° Å∞
KÕ¿ã"å~°x ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞_ç L"åK«. Nâ‹·ÅOÖ’x 'g~°=∞O_»Ñ¨O— W\˜ì
g~°t=ÉèíH˜Î „ѨHõ@#‰õΩ "ÕkHõQÍ LO_Õ^Œh, ÖËáêH˜∆ g~°Éèí„^•ÅÜ«∞O
QÆ~°ƒùQÆ$ǨÏO "≥#∞HõQÀ_»Ö’ L#fl Z„~°x=∞K«Û q~°∞Ѩ}‚ t=Ù_çH˜
JiÊOz# Hõ#∞fl =Ú„^Œ Jx [#„â◊√uÖ’ LO^Œh _®II zÅ∞‰õÄi
<å~åÜ«∞} ~å=ÙQÍ~°∞ `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™ê~°∞.
***
q#∞H˘O_» =Å¡ÉÏè =∂`«∞º_ç '„H©_®aè~å=∞=Ú—Ö’<Õ, F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡
g^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ 'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°QÍ^ä•QÍ<åaè#Ü«∂xfl— g~åhHõO ZÖÏ
áê_®~À, ZÖÏ Jaè#~ÚOKå~À K≥ѨÊ|_çOk:
342
„^Œ∞`« `åà◊O|∞# g~° QÆ∞OѶ≤`«Hõ ^èŒ∞O^èŒ∞O ^èŒ∞O H˜\Ï`å¯~° ã¨O
QÆu "å~ÚOѨÙK«∞, <åO`«~åoHõ Ü«∞u „QÍ=∂aè~å=∞O|∞QÍ
Ü«∞u QÆ∂_»<£ kfiѨ^Œ „Ѩ|O^èŒ=Ú# g~åhHõ=ÚO ÉÏ_≥ <˘
Hõ¯`≥ „Ѩ`º« Hõ~∆ =° ÚO QÆ∞=∂~°‰Ωõ Å∞ Ѷ\‘ ϯ~°O|∞#O ^Œ∂ÅñQÆ<.£
WHõ "å~°∞ ѨÖÏfl\˜ Ü«Ú^Œú^Œ$âߺxfl, PÜ«∂ g~°∞Å áÈ~å@
ÉèíOy=∞Å#∂ ZÖÏ Jaè#~ÚOKå~À‰õÄ_® K≥ѨÊ|_çOk:
QÆi˚Oz Ü«∞~°ã≤ [OѶ¨∂HÍO_» Ü«ÚQÆà◊O|∞
g~° ã¨Oɡ@ HÀÅ„"ÕÜ«Ú <˘Hõ_»∞
Pb_è» áê^Œ q<åºã¨ "≥ÚѨÊñQÆ „"åe
‰õΩO`åaè#Ü«∞=Úñ ÔQ·H˘#∞ <˘HõO_»∞
aQÆ∞=Ùñ QÆ#∞flÅ #∞QÆ∞æ ɡ^Œ~°∞ñ EѨÙÅ`À_»
Ѷ‘\ϯ~° "≥Ú#iOK«∞ñ ɡÅ∞K« <˘Hõñ_»∞
Ѩ@∞ Éèí∞*Ï=+¨ìOÉèí Ѩiáê\˜ Ѷ¨∞\˜~ÚÅ¡
^èŒ~°}˜ Ü«∂™ÈÊù\ ˜Oz ^•ñ@∞ <˘Hõñ_»∞
LkÌ „ѨHõ\ ˜OѨ <˘Hõ¯~°∞O _ÀÅ "åñ_»∞
|Ü«∞Å∞ QÆ∞é]O|∞ ÉèíO[à◊§ñ |éѨ٠<˘Hõñ_»∞
H˘_»∞=Ú ^•\˜OѨÙK«∞#∞ ɡ^ŒÌ H˘Å∞=ÙÖ’#ñ
|_»ñu ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°∞Åñ ÉÏ_»∞ #ѨÙ_»∞
z„`«ÑÙ¨ QÆ^ÑÌ≥ Ũ HõÅg∞^Œ z„uOz# „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_®kQÍ QÆÅ
g~°∞Å z„`åÅ#∞ F~°∞QÆÅ∞¡ g^èŒ∞ÅÖ’ „Ѩ^Œi≈Oz K«∂Ѩ٠`«∞<åfl~°@.
=∞QÆ"åˆ~HÍ^Œ∞, P ѨÅ<å\˜ ã‘=∞Ö’ P_»"å~°∂ =∞Ǩâ∫~°ºã¨OѨ#∞flÅx
'„H©_®aè~å=∞O—Ö’ =∞OK«#â◊~°‡ `«# PѨÎq∞„`«∞_»∞ \˜\ ˜ìÉèíÃã\˜ìH˜
q=iOz K≥|∞`å_»∞.
***
HÍHõfÜ«ÚʼnõΩ ã¨=∞HÍb‰õΩÅ∞ D ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°∞Å∞. ã¨∞=∂~°∞
„H©.â◊.1182 „áêO`«OÖ’ [iy# D Ѷ¨∞’~°Ü«Ú^ŒúO, N<å^äŒ∞_ç
'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°K«i„`«=Ú— kfiѨ^ŒHÍ=ºO`À J[~å=∞~°"≥∞ÿ xezOk.
PO„^èŒ∞ʼnõΩ D Ü«Ú^ŒúO =∞~˘Hõ =∞ǨÉèÏ~°`« Ü«Ú^ŒúO =O\˜^Œx
‰õÄ_® Z<Àfl áÈeHõÅ`À =i‚OK«|_çOk. #ÅQÍ=∞, =∞e^Õ=~åAÅ<Õ
J#fl^Œ=ڇŠD áÈ~°∞, "åi =∞O„`«∞Öˇ·# <åÜ«∞‰õΩ~åÅ∞ <åQÆ=∞‡,
„|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞Å xˆ~Ìâ◊Hõ`«fiOÖ’ [iyOk. W~°∞=~åæÅÖ’x Jig~°
ÉèÜ
í ∞« OHõ~∞° Öˇ#· D =∞Ǩg~°∞Å Ü«Ú^•úxH˜ ~°}Hˆ „∆ `«OQÍ HÍ~°º=∞ѨÓ_ç
(<Õ\ ˜ QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡Ö’x HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç) xezOk. D =∞Ǩ~°}OÖ’
HÍHõfÜ«∞ „ѨÉèí∞=Ù ~°∞„^Œ^Õ=Ù_»∞ #ÅQÍ=∞~åA‰õΩ ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞OQÍ `«#
Ãã·<åºxfl ѨOÑ≤OKå_»∞.
ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°∞ÅÖ’ „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞ "≥+· =‚¨ Ù_≥#· ѨÊ\˜H,© P`«_kç
t=^Õfi+¨OÖËx q+¨µ‚ÉèíH˜Î. K≥#flˆHâ◊= Éèí‰õΩÎ_≥·# <åÜ«∞_»∞, t=Ù_çH©
„"≥ÚHͯ_»∞. Nâ‹·Å ˆH∆„`åxH˜QÆÅ <åÅ∞QÆ∞ ^•fi~åÅÖ’ XHõ>ˇÿ#
„uѨÙ~åO`«Hõ^Õ=Ù_çx „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_çÖÏ „áêi÷OKå_»x N<å^äŒ∞_ç
'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°K«i„`«=Ú— K≥|∞`ÀOk:
Platinum Platform
 ǨÏã¨Î=ÚÖò =Ú‰õΩoOz JxÜ≥∞ „|Ǩχ#fl : „ѨѨOK« K«i„`«Ö’<Õ qâı+¨=∞#^Œy# 'g~å~å^èŒ#— J<Õ XHõ
Q“s=∞<ÀǨÏ~°! QÆOQÀ`«Î=∂OQÆ! Ѩ~O° Ѩ~åQÆ`« ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O, ѨÖÏfl\˜ÜÚ« ^ŒOú J#O`«~O° „áê~°OÉè"í ∞≥ ÿ
<åQÆHõOHõ}t=! #Ok"åǨÏ#∞_»! <Õ\ ˜H© – JO>Ë 800 ã¨OIIʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ – H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∂ LO_»_»O XHõ
HÍOK«#yiKåѨ! HõOkè`«∂}©~°! =∞Ǩ^Œ∞ƒù`O« . ѨO_ç`« JH˜¯~åA L=∂HÍO`« q^•ºâıY~°∞Å∞ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù
QÆ~°∞_®ã¨<åO|Hõ! Y\ÏfiOQÆǨÏã¨Î! 7–8 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ„H˜`«O 'ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°K«i„`«—‰õΩ Ju qã¨Î $`«"≥∞ÿ# Ñ‘iîHõ
Ѷ¨∞# QÆ*Ïã¨∞~°ÉèíOQÆ! HÍ=∞Éèí™ê‡OQÆ! „"åã≤ „ѨK«∞iOKå~°∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ PÜ«∞# 'g~°=∞`«O— QÆ∞iOz „"åã¨∂Î,
... ... ... ~ÚѨÙ_»∞ ''... 'Éèíq+¨º„^•*ËuǨã¨O— Jx ѨÙ~å}ÏÖ’¡ „Ѩ^Œi≈`«∞Öˇ·# ~åAÅ
q#flqOK≥^Œ <Õ#∞ q# #=^èŒiOѨ٠HÍÖÏxH˜ Ñ≤=∞‡@ ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°∞Å=Öˇ ^≥·=`«fi=∂~ÀÇ≤ÏOz ѨÓl`«∞
N<å^ä∞Œ _ç 'g~°Ki« „`«=Ú—Ö’<Õ, „|Ǩχ<åÜ«∞_ç ÉèÏ~°º S`«=∞‡ Å=Ù`«∞#fl Ü«Ú^Œúg~°∞Å∞ WO`«=~°‰õΩ ÉèÏ~°`«=~°¬OÖ’ =∞$QÆ∞ºÅ∞.
ã¨O`å#„áêÑ≤ÎÔH· HÍqOz# K≥#flˆHâ◊=Ùx QÆ[x=∞‡„=`«O`À áê@∞, ÉèÏ~°`«=~°¬=∞O^Œe ~Ú`«~° ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ~Ú\Ï¡\ ˜ g~å~å^èŒ#O <å‰õΩ
Nâ‹·ÅÜ«∂„`å„Hõ=∞O‰õÄ_® LOk: `≥eã≤#O`«=~°‰õΩ=Ù#fl@∞¡ `ÀK«^Œ∞. <Õ#∞ HõÅHõ`åÎÖ’ =ÙO_Õ ~ÀAÖ’¡
'Birbhum' (g~°Éèí∂q∞) J<Õ ¿Ñ~°∞QÆÅ XHõ „Ѩ^Õâ◊O =OQÆ^Õâ◊OÖ’
NyiˆHÔQ_»∞ t=ÉèíHõÎ`«uH˜
=Ù#fl@∞¡ q<åfl#∞. HÍx ~Ú\Ï¡\ ˜ g~°=∞`«„ѨuѨuÎ JHõ¯_»=Ù#fl@∞¡
WzÛu ~åyKÕ xi‡`«Oɡ·#
Ѷ¨∞# Hõ=∞O_»Å∞=ÙÅ∞ HõÃÑÊ~°K«Ü«∞=Ú <Õ#∞ q#ÖË^Œ∞. W\©=ŠѨ~å„Hõ=∞„Ѩ^è•#"≥∞ÿ# ã≤‰õΩ¯*ÏuÖ’‰õÄ_» D
N „Éèí=∞~åO|‰õΩ Nâ‹·ÅѨuH˜ s`«∞Å∞ Hõ#|_»=Ù. =∞ǨÏ=∞‡nÜ«ÚÅ∞ '"≥ÚǨÏ~°O— ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’
~°[`« HÍOK«#=ÚÅ ~°OlÅ∞¡#\˜ì PK«iOKÕ P~å^è#Œ H˘O`«=~°‰Ωõ nxfl áÈe=Ù#flk. HÍÔ~Å¡ ∞ g~°ÑÓ¨ [#∞
‰õÄëê‡O_» Ѷ¨Å=ÚÅ QÆ∂iÛ ^ŒH˜∆}Å∞ QÆ∞iOz Ü«¸~°Ñ¨Ù YO_»OÖ’ Ü≥∞‰õΩ¯= „ѨKå~°OKÕâß_»∞. ѨÖÏfl\˜
HÍ#∞HõezÛu Hõ_»∞ ÉèíH˜Î`À_» g~å~å^èŒ#O =O\˜ =∞`« „Ѩ™ê÷# "≥∞Hõ¯_® ÜÕ∞~°Ê_ç=ÙO_»ÖË^Œ∞.
Q“s=∞¿ÇÏâ◊fi~° Ѷ¨∞#<å=∞ tYi ™ê¯O_ç<ÕqÜ«∂ Ü«∞O^Œe <å~°∞û=∞`«O, [áê<£ #O^Œe +≤O\’=∞`«O
ZH˜¯Ü«Ú <Àq∞u <ÕÖËâ◊fi~°=Ú# Ü«Ú^Œúg~å~å^èŒ#`À ã¨O|O^èŒO HõÅ=x `≥Å∞ã¨∞Î#flk. D g~°=∞`«O
ky=zÛ <Àq∞u uÅѨ~°fi`«=Ú# ... PO„^èŒ^Õâ◊Ѩ٠Q˘Ñ¨Ê qâı+¨OQÍ Hõ#Ѩ_»∞`«∞#flk... „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_ç
Ãã·#ºOÖ’ Jxfl *Ï`«∞Å g~°∞Å∞ LO_Õ"å~°∞.——
ÃÑ· q=~°O PKå~°º H˘~°¡áê\˜ N~å=∞=¸iÎQÍ~°∞ `«=∞
'N⋷ňH∆„`«=Ú— Ѩiâ’^èŒ<å "åºã¨OÖ’ qѨÙÅOQÍ WKåÛ~°∞. JO`Õ D q+¨Ü∞« "≥∞ÿ =∞ixfl q=~åÅ∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_®xÔH· W\©=Å
QÍHõ, „|Ǩχ<åÜ«∞_ç g~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µÅ∞‰õÄ_® Nâ‹·Å=∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#∞x <Õ#∞, <å q∞„`«∞ÖÁHõ~°∞ HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç "≥o§=KåÛ=Ú. ѨÖÏfl\˜
ѨÓlOz#@∞¡ LO^Œx, N<å^ä∞Œ x 'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°Ki« „`«=Ú—##∞ ã¨iOz Ü«Ú^•ú#O`«~O° g~°∞ÅO^Œ~∂° ã¨fi~°ãæ ∞¨ Å÷ ∞HÍQÍ, „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞ <å\˜
XHõ J*Ï˝`«Hõq ~°zOz# ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°K«i„`« ÉèÏQÆ=Ú #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_® P g~åKå~° ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂xfl Éèqí +¨º`«∞ÖÎ ’‰õÄ_® H˘#™êyOK«_O» HÀã¨O
PKå~°º H˘~°¡áê\˜"å~°∞ L@ìOH˜OKå~°∞: HÍÔ~OѨÓ_çÖ’ 'ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~åKå~° Ñ‘~î°O— XHõ^•xx ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz, P
Ñ‘~îåxH˜ JkèѨ`«∞Å∞QÍ xÜ≥∂y „ÉÏǨχ}∞Öˇ·# 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—"åix
Nyi KÕi N g~°=~°∞Å∞ xÜ≥∂yOz, P ÉÏ^茺`« "åiH˜ JѨÊyOz, =∞~°}˜Oz# g~°∞Å∞
*ÏAÅ "≥ÚÅ¡Å ã¨OÃÑOQÆѨÓÅ 65=∞OkH˜ QÆ∞~°∞ÎQÍ 65 QÆ∞O„_»x ~åà◊§#∞ HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç ~°}ˆH∆„`«OÖ’
=∞Öˇ¡=∞O^•~°¡ =∞OzQÆ<Õfl~°¡ QÆ∞~°∞QÎ Í LOz, ^ÕÇϨ O g_ç# g~°∞ÅO^ŒiH© <åQÆ∞ÖË\ ˜ f~å# `«~Ê° }ÏÅ∞
H˘Å¡QÍ Ñ¨Óz# Q˘[˚Oy q~°∞Å
JiÊOz, J#O`«~O° QÆ∞uÎH˘O_» aÅOÖ’H˜ "≥o§ áÈÜ«∂_»x SuǨϺO.
Nâ‹·Å<å^äŒ∞x K≥Åy ѨÓlOz
t=ѨÙi HÀ@‰õΩ KÕi# "ÕQÆ ... P g~°∞Å zǨflÖˇ·# ~åà◊§#∞ D<å\˜H© ~°}ˆH∆„`«OÖ’ L#fl g~°∞Å
=∞O@ѨOÖ’ K«∂_»=K«∞Û. g\˜x 'g~°QÆÅ∞¡—Åh, 'eOQÍÅ∞—Jh
D =~°‚#Åhfl qâı+¨OQÍ P<å\˜ „Ѩ[ÅÖ’ "åºÑ≤Oz L#fl ѨÖÏfl\˜"å~°∞ =º=ǨÏi™êÎ~°∞. g~°∞Å∞ 'k=º eOQÆ=ÚÅ∞— Jx
â‹·"åKå~åxfl ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. ÃÑ·QÍ D =~°‚#Å∞ N<å^äŒ∞_»∞ N<å^äŒHõq K≥Ñ≤Ê# Ѩ^ŒºOÖ’#∞ 'eOQÆ=ÚÅ∞— â◊|ÌO D J~å÷xfl‰õÄ_®
ѨÖÏfl\˜Ü«Ú^ŒúˆH∆„`«"≥∞ÿ# HÍ~°º=∞ѨÓ_çx HÍt`À áÈÅ∞Û`«∂ K≥Ñ≤Ê# `≥Å∞ѨÙ`ÀOk. P ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°∞ŠѶ∞¨ \ÏìÅ∞, zǨflÅ∞, "å~°∞ Ü«Ú^ŒOú Ö’
Ѩ^•ºxH˜ K«Hõ¯QÍ ã¨iáÈ`«∞<åfl~Ú : LѨÜ≥∂yOz# PÜ«Ú^è•Å<ÕHõ=¸ 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—"åi Ñ‘~îåkèѨ`«ºOÖ’
g~°∞Å∞ k=ºeOQÆ=ÚÅ∞ q+¨µ‚=Ù <åÜ«∞_»∞ Hõe¡áÈ`« ~å <Õ\ ˜H© ѨÓ[ÅO^Œ∞ H˘O@∞<åfl~Ú. g\˜Ö’ „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞
*Ï~°Ü∞« Éè~·ˇ =° ÙO_»∞, `«∞Ç≤Ï<å„k[ Ü«∞OHõ=∞, x~°‡ÖÏO|∞"≥· LѨÜ≥∂yOz# #$ã≤OǨÏH˘}`«O('‰õΩO`«—=∞<Õ â◊|Ì"Õ∞ `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’
Hˆ ~Ô _»∞ QÆOQÆ^•è ~° =∞_»∞Qˆ =∞}˜H#õ º(i‚)Hõ, Ü«∞xfl ÉèOí QÆ∞Å<£ 'H˘}`«O— J~ÚOk), <åÜ«∞_ç H˘_»∞‰õΩ ÉÏÅK«O„^Œ∞_ç ™ê=∞O`«O
QÍÔ~=∞ѨÓ_ç Ѩ@ì}=Ú HÍt ã¨∞g∞ Hõ#∞Q˘#fl"åiH˜<£ (z#fl „uâ◊¥ÅO), „|Ǩχ<åÜ«∞_ç ÖˇOHõ, ^Œ`«ÎѨل`«∞_»∞ J~Ú#
Platinum Platform 343
Hõ#fl=∞h_ç Éèˇ·~°=Y_»æO, WOHÍ Ñ¨ÖÏfl\˜ g~°Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨µÅ PÜ«Ú^è•Öˇ<Àfl
HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç ~°}Hˆ „∆ `«OÖ’x g~°=¡ ∞O@ѨOÖ’ <Õ\H˜ © ^Œ~≈° #q∞ã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.
Ü«Ú^Œú~°OQÆOÖ’<Õ, „|Ǩχ<åÜ«∞_»∞ „Ѩu+≤ªOKå_»x K≥ѨÊ|_»∞`«∞#fl
HÍÅÉèˇ·~°=Ù_»∞, HÍÔ~OѨÓ_çH˜ JѨ~°Éèˇ·~°=Ù_çQÍ =∂i# Hõe¡áÈ`«~åA
tÅ =O\˜"å\˜h K«∂_»=K«∞Û. „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_ç „Ñ¨u+¨Qª Í „ѨMϺ`«"∞≥ #ÿ ,
ѨÖÏfl\˜"åi W+¨^ì =·≥ O N ÅH©∆ ‡K≥#flˆHâ◊=™êfiq∞ PÅÜ«∞O HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç
TiÖ’ LOk. JÖψQ, ѨÖÏfl\˜ Ü«Ú^ŒúOÖ’ g~°∞ʼnõΩ ~°Hõ∆Ü≥ÿ∞# N
=∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~°=∞~°Ìx g~°¡ JOHÍà◊=∞‡(JOHõ=∞‡) J=∞‡"åi PÅÜ«∞O
‰õÄ_® HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç TiÖ’<Õ LOk. KÕ`« „uâ◊¥ÅO ^èŒiOz `«Å#∞
XHõ „ѨHõ¯‰õΩ =Oz K«∂ã¨∂Î ^Œ~°≈#q∞KÕÛ D ^Õ=`« HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç
ѨÖÏfl\˜Ü«Ú^ŒúˆH∆„`«O kâ◊Ö’ K«∂ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡QÍ HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. D"≥∞ P
Ü«Ú^•úxfl JHõ¯_ç#∞O_ç gH˜∆OzO^Œx, JO^Œ∞ˆH P"≥∞ H˘kÌQÍ `«Å
XHõ „ѨHõ¯‰õΩ =Oz =ÙO^Œx JHõ¯_ç „Ñ¨[Å qâßfiã¨O. D q^èŒOQÍ
WHõ ¯ _ç =∞`åKå~åÅhfl‰õ Ä _® g~° ` åfixH˜ 㨠O |Okè O z#"Õ
J=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
J@∞ N<å^ä∞Œ _ç 'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°Ki« „`«=Ú—#∞, W@∞ QÆ∞i*ÏÅ,
HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç "åi~°∞=Ùi Ѩ~O° Ѩ~åQÆ`=« ∞ødHõ Hõ^ÅŒä #∞, g~åKå~°=O`«∞Å∞
J#∂Kå#OQÍ áê_»∞`«∂=ã¨∞Î#fl w`åÅ#∞, HÍ"åºÅ#∞, âßã¨#
"åV‡Ü«∂hfl ‰õÄ_® ѨijeOz N u~°∞Ѩu "ÕOHõ@ ÅH©∆ ‡#~°ãO≤ Ǩ~å=Ù
QÍ~°∞ „"åã≤# „QÆO^ä•xfl|\ì̃ P<å\˜ â‹·"åKå~°O J~°÷=∞ø`ÀOk. "å~°∞
WÖÏ „"å™ê~°∞: ''ѨÖÏfl\˜ ÃÇÏ· ǨÏÜ«ÚÅ∞ =ÚYº=ÚQÍ â‹=· =∞`åaè=∂#∞Å∞.
㨄`«âßÅÜ«∞O^Œ∞ ÉË`«~åA HÍ"Õ∞â◊fi~° ^Õ"åÅÜ«∞=Ú xi‡OK≥#∞.
QÆ∞~°*ÏÅ „u=¸iΙêfiq∞H˜, =∂K«~¡° Pk`Õºâ◊fi~°∞#‰õΩ, „uѨÙ~åO`«H=õ Ú,
UÖËâ◊fi~°=Ú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ Dâ◊fi~åÅÜ«∞=ÚʼnõΩ Éèí∂i Éèí∂^•#=Ú
eKåÛ~°∞. =∂K«~,¡° QÆ∞~°*ÏÅÅÖ’ K≥#flˆHâ◊"åÅÜ«∞ x~å‡}=Ú, Ñ≤<fl≥ e¡
ã‘`å~å=∞™êfiq∞H˜ Éèí∂^•#=ÚeK«∞Û@ g~°∞ J^≥· fi`« `«`«Î fi=Ú#∞
`≥Å∞ѨÙK«∞#flq. J>Ë¡ „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞ ‰õÄ_®, `«~åfi`« "≥·+¨‚==Ú#∞
"åºÑ≤ÎKÕã≤##∞, J^≥· fiuÜÕ∞. P`«x "≥·+¨‚==∞`« "åºÑ≤Î ˆH=Å=Ú
~å[H©Ü«∞=∞xÜ«Ú, ã¨OѶ¨∞=ÚÖ’ J<å^Œ~°=Ú#‰õΩ QÆ∞iÜ≥ÿ∞#
x=∞fl*Ï`«∞Å ã¨=Ú^Œú~°} HÍ~°º=∞xÜ«Ú, =ÚYº=ÚQÍ =∞e^Õ=Ù#‰õΩ
JOQÆ|Å=Ú, Ããx· Hõ|Å=Ú#∞ KÕ‰Äõ ~°∞Û@‰õΩ KÕã#≤ ~å[H©Ü∞« „Ѩ„H˜Ü∞«
Ü«∞xÜ«Ú ÉèÏqOK«=K«∞Û#∞. J`«_»∞ Nâ‹·Å=Ú "≥Ú^ŒÅQÆ∞ ˆH∆„`«=Ú
ÅO^Œ∞ P~å^è#Œ Å∞ [~°∞ѨÙ@, =∞e¡^=Õ Ùx Ѩ\Ïìa¿è +Hõ=Ú#‰õΩ H˘ÖÏ›ÑÙ¨ ~°
â‹·=Ñ‘~îåkèѨux ~åqOK«∞@ P`«x â‹·==∞`åaè=∂#=Ú‰õΩ#∞,
=∞`«ãǨ Ϩ #=Ú#‰õΩ#∞ L^•Ç¨Ï~°}Å∞. P<å_»∞ ѨÖÏfl_»∞ „áêO`«=∞O`å
â‹=· =∞`« „áêK«∞~°º=Ú QÆÅ^ŒxÜ«Ú, „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Úx`À<Õ "≥+· =‚¨ =∞`«"åºÑ≤Î
„áê~°OÉèí=∞~Ú#^ŒxÜ«Ú `≥eÜ«ÚK«∞#flk.—— D<å\˜H© HÍÔ~OѨÓ_ç
~°}ˆH∆„`«OÖ’ „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞ „Ѩu+≤ªOz# HÍÅÉèˇ·~°=Ù_çh, Z~°∞HõÅ
=∞Ǩâ◊H˜Î J=∞‡"åih JHõ¯_ç"å~°∞ =∞#‰õΩ K«∂Ñ≤™êÎ~°∞.
|Ǩïâß HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅO<å\˜#∞O_ç <Õ\ ˜=~°‰õÄ
H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl UÔH·Hõ Ѩ~°OѨ~° 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞— =Oâ◊ã¨∞÷Å g~åKå~°
344
Ñ‘~åî kèÑ`¨ º« "Õ∞#x K≥Ñʨ =K«∞Û. ѨÓ~°fi Ñ‘~åî kèÑ`¨ ∞« Å∞ N Ñ≤_∞» QÆ∞ "ÕOHõ@
PO[<ÕÜ«∞ t=„Ѩ™ê^£ JÜ«∞º"å~°∞ QÆuOK«QÍ, "åi `«=Ú‡_ç
‰õΩ=∂~°∞_»∞ – WѨC_»∞ 10 ã¨OIIÅ „áêÜ«∞O"å_»∞ – zII Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞
`«~°∞}ü K≥#flˆHâ◊"£ Ñ‘~îåkèѨuQÍ xÜ«∞q∞`«∞ _»Ü«∂º_»∞. W`«_»∞
z#fl"å_»∞ Hõ#∞Hõ `å`å¯eHõOQÍ Ñ‘~îåkèѨ`«ºÉÏ^茺`«Å∞ `«~°∞}ü
K≥#flˆHâ◊"£ `«O„_ç N q[Üü∞‰õΩ=∂~ü QÍ~°∞ x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. "Õ∞=Ú
"åix HõÅ=_»O, "åÔ~O`À P^Œ~O° `À =∂‰õΩ Ñ‘~°î q=~åÅhfl `≥eÑ≤,
P „Ѩ^ÕâßÅhfl K«∂Ñ≤Oz, `«`«ûO|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# ~°K«#Å∞ W=fi_»O
[iyOk. XˆH WO\˜¿Ñ~°∞ QÆÅ ‰õΩ@∞Oc‰õΩÅ∞ 8 â◊`åÉÏÌʼnõΩ ÃÑ·QÍ
XHõ Ñ‘~îåkèѨ`åºxfl <≥~°Ñ¨_»O J<Õ JѨÙ~°∂Ѩ"≥∞ÿ# qâı+¨O |Ǩïâ◊
„ѨѨOK« K«i„`«Ö’ Wk XHõ¯>Ë HÍ=K«∞Û.
<Õ#∞ K«kq# ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~åKå~° Ñ‘~îåxH˜ ã¨O|OkèOz#
ѨÙã¨HÎ ÍÅÖ’ K≥Ñʨ |_»x, 'Ñ≤_∞» QÆ∞— "åiH˜ K≥Ok# =∞~˘Hõ ѨÓ~°fi P^è•~°O
<å‰õ Ω J#fiÜ« ∂ xH˜ 㨠∞ Êù i OzOk. 'Ѩ Ö <å\˜ g~° K « i „`« = Ú—
kfiѨ^HŒ Í=ºO N<å^ä∞Œ _»∞ K≥|∞`«∂O_»QÍ „"åã≤# ÖËY‰õΩ_»∞ XHõ Ñ≤_∞» QÆ∞
g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ«∞º Jx =∞#‰õΩ `≥eã≤#^Õ. W`«_»∞ HÍ~°º=∞ѨÓ_ç x"åã≤.
JO>Ë, 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—"åi „ѨÉèÏ=jÅ"≥∞ÿ# LxH˜ ѨÖÏfl\˜Ö’ P<å_Õ
L#fl^Œ # _®xH˜ Wk XHõ |Å"≥ ∞ ÿ # ™êHõ ∆ ºO. N<å^ä Œ ∞ _» ∞
JO`«ºHÍÅOÖ’, `å#∞ QÆ∞`«Î‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl Hõ$ëê‚=∞O_»ÅOÖ’x
ÉÁ_»∞¤Ñ¨e¡ „QÍ=∞OÖ’ ѨO@<åâ◊#OHÍ=_»O`À, U_»∞#∂~°¡ @OHÍÅ
Ѩ#∞fl K≥e¡OK«ÖËHõ, XHÍ#<˘Hõ ‰õΩ„@‰õΩ |Öˇ·, Ѷ¨∞’~°"≥∞ÿ# ÉÁQÆ_»^ŒO_»,
Éèí∞*ÏÅÃÑ· #Å¡QÆ∞O_»∞ tHõ∆#∞ J#∞ÉèíqOz#@∞¡ J[~å=∞~°"≥∞ÿ#
Kå@∞Ѩ^•ºÅ ^•fi~å =∞#‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. D tHõ∆ H˘O_»g_»∞Ö’ [iyOk.
P ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’, D "å~°Î `≥eã≤ N<å^äŒ∞x Pf‡Ü«ÚÅ∞ J<Õ‰õΩÅ∞
Ǩï\ÏǨï\˜# P ÉÏH© ™⁄=Ú‡#∞ JHõ¯_çH˜ ѨOÑ≤OKå~°∞. "åiÖ’,
`«=∞ÃÑ· 'ѨÖ<å\˜ g~°Ki« „`«=Ú— K≥ÑÊ≤ # Hõ$`«[`˝ `« À ѨÖÏfl\˜ã=‘ ∞#∞O_ç
N Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞ g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ«∞ºQÍ~°∞‰õÄ_® |OQÍ~°∞ @OHÍÅ#∞ ѨOÑ≤#@∞¡
=∞#‰õΩ ^˘~°∞‰õΩ`«∞#fl QÍ^äŒÅÖ’ HÍ#=™ÈÎOk. JO>Ë, 15= â◊`å|ÌO
=∞^茺ÉèÏQÍxH˜ ѨÖÏfl\˜Ö’ „ѨMϺ`«∞_»∞, 'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞— =Oâ◊ã¨∞÷_≥·# D
g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ«∞ºQÍ~°∞, „|Ǩχ<åÜ«Ú_»∞ ™ê÷Ñ≤Oz# g~åKå~°Ñ‘~îåxH˜ P
HÍÅѨ٠JkèÑu¨ ‰õÄ_® J~Ú LO_»=K«∞Û. ÖË^•, P ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’x"å_≥·
LO_»=K«∞Û. qz„`«OQÍ, ~Ô O_»∞`«~åʼnõΩ ѨÓ~°fiѨ٠g~åKå~°Ñ~‘ åî kèÑu¨
¿Ñ~°∞‰õÄ_® N Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞ g~°Éèí„^ŒÜ«∞ºQ͈~. "åi#∞O_Õ H©.âı. JH˜¯~åA
L=∂HÍO`«OQÍ~°∞ `˘e™êiQÍ Ñ¨ÖÏfl\˜ g~åKå~°q=~åÅ∞
`≥Å∞ã¨∞H˘<åfl~°∞, N<å^ä∞Œ x 'g~°Ki« „`«— „Ѩu fã¨∞H˘x „ѨK∞« iOKå~°∞.
D ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O=Å¡ =∞#‰õΩ =∞~˘Hõ JOâ◊O‰õÄ_® J~°÷=∞ø`ÀOk.
HÍÔ~OѨÓ_çÖ’ „|Ǩχ<åÜ«∞_ç J#∞Ü«∂Ü«ÚÖˇ·# ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~åKå~°
Ñ‘~îåkèѨ`«∞Å ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅÖ’ J#∂Kå#OQÍ =ã¨∞Î#fl 'g~°Éèí„^Œ—
<å=∂xfl|\˜ì g~°∞ K≥#flˆHâ◊=Ù_çH,˜ t=Ù_çH˜ ‰õÄ_® Éè‰í Ωõ ÅÎ x `≥Å∞™ÈÎOk.
D q^èŒOQÍ K≥#flˆHâ◊=ÉèíH˜Î`À‰õÄ_ç# WHõ¯_ç g~åKå~° =∞`«O
t=–q+¨µ‚ÉèíH˜Î ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞OQÍ P^Œ~°≈=O`«OQÍ ÉèÏã≤™ÈÎOk. =∂K≥~°¡
K≥#∞fl_»∞, Nyi =∞e¡HÍ~°∞˚#∞_»∞ ѨÖÏfl\˜ ã‘=∞#∞ „É’K«∞K«∞<åfl~°x
N<å^äŒ∞_Õ J<åfl_»∞Hõ^•!
Platinum Platform
 „Ѩuã¨O=`«û~°O HÍsÎHõ J=∂"å㨺#∞O_ç 5 ~ÀAÅ∞ `«#∞ #q∞‡# ã≤^•úO`åxÔH· WKÕÛ g~°`«fi`åºQÍÅ#∞ P<å\˜ â‹·=O
'Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—"åi <Õ`«$`«fiOÖ’ [iˆQ D g~À`«û=O XHõ¯>Ë =∞#‰õΩ =~°‚=~°æ „Ѩã¨H˜ÎÖˉõΩO_® ZO^ŒiHÀ J#∞„QÆÇ≤ÏOzOk.
HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅO<å\˜ PKå~åÅ, #$`åºÅ ~°∞z K«∂Ñ≤ã∞¨ OÎ k. Hõ#∞Hõ ***
D Ѩ~°OѨ~°#∞ HÍáê_»∞HÀ=_»O =∞#O^Œi ÉÏ^茺`«.
HÍHõfÜ«∞ QÆ}Ѩu^Õ= K«„Hõ=iÎH˜ ã¨=∞HÍe‰õΩ_»∞ <≥Å∂¡~°∞
***
<ÕÅ∞`«∞#fl #Å¡ã≤kú^Õ= KÀ_» =∞Ǩ~åA. W`«_ç ¿ã<åkèѨu
N<å^äŒ∞_ç 'ǨÏ~°qÖÏã¨O—Ö’, z~°∞`˘O_»#OaHõ^äŒ LOk. 'Y_»æuHõ¯#—QÍ „Ѩã≤^Œ∞ú_≥·# ~°}uHõ¯#. W`«_çH˜ uHõ¯# ™È=∞Ü«∂l
WO^Œ∞Ö’, `«# g~°â‹·"åKå~°OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ, =∂~°∞"Õ+¨OÖ’ `«##∞ Ñ≤#`«O„_ç H˘_»∞‰õΩ. #Å¡ãk≤ Hú ,˜ Ü«∂^Œ= =Oâ’^Œƒ=ù Ù_≥#· HÍ@=∞~åA`À
ѨsH˜O∆ K«_®xH˜ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊fi~°∞_çQÍ =zÛ# Ѩ~"° ∞Õ â◊fi~°∞_çH˜ HÀiHõ "Õ∞~°‰Ωõ , [iy# Ü«Ú^ŒúO‰õÄ_® ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°K«i„`«=Öˇ P HÍÅѨ٠g~°∞Å
J`«_»∞ `«# Ѩل`«∞_ç<Õ =O_ç =_ç¤Oz# H˜¡+¨ìã¨O^Œ~°ƒùO XHõ@∞Ok. QÍ^äŒQÍ, g~°Ñ¨^•Å∞QÍ J<ÕHõ ¿Ñ~°¡`À „Ѩ[Å <åůÅÃÑ· #iÎOzOk.
JѨC_»∞, P =∂Ü«∂ =∂¿ÇÏâ◊fi~°∞_»∞ Ug∞ Z~°∞QÆ#@∞¡QÍ "åi HÍ@=∞~åA‰õΩ =∞O„u, „|Ǩχ~°∞„^ŒÜ«∞º J<Õ â‹·=Ù_»∞. D QÍ^䌉õÄ_®
Ѩل`«∞_çx Ñ≤Å==∞x P `«e¡x HÀ~°`å_»∞. Ѩل`«â’HÍxfl kQÆq∞Oy kfiѨ^ŒHÍ=ºOQÍ „ѨMϺu K≥OkOk. nxx‰õÄ_® `˘Å∞`« N<å^äŒ∞_»∞
P"≥∞ JѨÊ\˜ˆH qãÎ̈\’¡ ‰õÄ~°QÍ =∂i# P ÉÏÅ∞}˜‚ Ñ≤ez# Ѷ¨∞@ìOÖ’ „"å™ê_»<Õ "å^ŒO‰õÄ_® =ÙOk. HÍHõfÜ«∞ Ü«ÚQÆOÖ’ „ѨMϺ`«"≥∞ÿ#
N<å^äŒ∞_»∞ „"åã≤# J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# Ѩ^ŒºO P HÍÅѨ٠g~°â‹·=O WzÛ# D QÍ^äŒÖ’‰õÄ_® P<å\˜ â‹·=ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O „Ѩ=iÎOѨ*Ëã≤# g~°`«fi
`≥QÆ∞=#∞, `åºQÍxfl =ÚYºOQÍ g~°`åfixfl „ѨuaOa™ÈÎOk: ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ „Ѩã∞¨ Êù@OQÍ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. „|Ǩχ~°∞„^ŒÜ∞« º Ü«Ú^•úxH˜ áÈ`«∂
~å~å! =}˜QÆfiOâ◊ "å~åt Ç≤Ï=∞^è•=∞! KÕã≤# eOQÆѨÓ[, â‹·=zǨflÅ∞ ^èŒiOz áÈ~°∞‰õΩ ã¨#fl^Œú=∞=_»O, P
~å~å! qHõã¨fi~åOÉè’~°∞ǨHõ∆! =~°‚#Å∞ D „ѨÉèÏ"åxfl `≥Å¡OKÕã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú:
~å~å! =∞ǨѶ¨∞’~° g~°â‹·"åKå~°! ǨÏ~°Ç¨Ï~å ǨÏ~°Ç¨Ï~å Ü«∞x „|Ǩχ~°∞„^Œ∞
~å~å! J™ê~° ã¨O™ê~°^Œ∂~°! _»~°∞^≥·# `«Åg∞k Ü«∂ eOQÆ=¸iÎ
JO>Ë, Hõ^ä•HÍÅO WOHÍ áê`«^≥·#ѨÊ\˜H©, N<å^äŒ∞_ç #KÀÛ@ "≥Å~ÚOz Ü«∞~°Û# eK≥Û.
~°K«#Ö’ `«#HÍÅѨ٠g~°â‹·=„ѨÉèÏ=O „ѨuaOa™ÈÎOk. ***
*** QÆO^è•Hõ∆`«ÅKÕ`« QÍqOK≥ |∂[
`«=∞ W+¨ì^≥·="≥∞ÿ# t=Ùx á⁄O^Œ_»OHÀã¨O, WHõ¯_ç áêѨHõ~°‡ =∂ˆ~_»∞ Ѩ„uÜ«Ú =∞Öˇ¡Ñ¨Ó=ÙÅ∞#∞
<åâ◊#OHÀã¨O g~°â‹·==∞`«OÖ’ L#fl H˘O^Œ~°∞ 'Hõ#∞=∂i— J<Õ XHõ t~°=Ú# "≥Å~ÚOK≥ t=eOQÆ=Ú#‰õΩ
Hõ$`«ºO`À `«=∞rq`«O JO`«OKÕã∞¨ ‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. Wk „áêp# HÍÅOÖ’x g~°É’#O|∞#∞ "ÕQÆ K≥e¡OK≥
Éèí$QÆ∞Ѩ`«#O =O\˜k. XHõ Z`≥ÎÂ# H˘O_»H˘=Ú‡ #∞O_ç <ÕʼnõΩiH˜ QÆѨÙ~° `åO|∂ÅO|∞ QÍ#∞HõeK≥Û...
„áê}`åºQÆO KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ 'Hõ#∞=∂i—. Nâ‹·ÅOÖ’ Hõ~å‡sâ◊fi~°=∞<Õ g∞~°Hõ #_»Ñ≤OѨÙg∞ =∂ `«ÅOѨÙ
¿Ñ~°∞`À H˘O_»H˘=Ú‡# XHõ ѨÙ}ºã¨÷ÅO LO^Œh, JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç LiH˜ =∂‰õΩ eOÔQ·Hõºg∞=∂_ç¯ K≥e¡OѨÙ
„áê}`åºQÆ O KÕ ã ¨ ∞ ‰õ Ω #fl"å_» ∞ t=Ö’Hõ O KÕ ~ ° ` å_» x P<å\˜ =∞x K«Å¡Ñ≤#flx HÍ#u~ÚzÛ
g~°t=Éèí‰õΩÎÅ ÉèÏ=#. t=~å„u<å_»∞ Nâ‹·ÅO=zÛ J<ÕHõ=∞Ok Hõ_»∞"ÕQÆ=Ú# g~°HÍÃã ayOz
t=Éèí‰õΩÎÅ∞ Z_»`≥iÑ≤ÖËHõ JHõ¯_ç#∞O_ç LiˆH"å~°@. 'ѨO_ç`å~å^茺 J_»i qÉèí∂u ~°∞„^•Hõ∆Å∞ ^•eÛ
K«i„`«—Ö’ D q+¨Ü«∞O K≥ѨÊ|_çOk: g~åOHõ=ÚÅ∞ "Õ∞# "≥Å~ÚOz q∞Oz
Hõ~°=∞i÷*Ëã≤ Ü«∂ Hõ~å‡i #∞~°∞‰õΩ P`«‡eOQÆ=Ú =∞#=∞O^Œ∞# *ËiÛ
##Ѷ¨ÚÅ Éèí=Ѩi`«ºHõÎ =∂#ã¨∞Å Hõ~°"åÅ=Ú#∞|>ˇì Ѷ¨∞#∞_»∞ ~°∞„^ŒÜ«∞º
Ji=Úi #=e Hõ~å‡sâ◊fi~°=Ú# ѨiH˜OѨ <å g~°Éèí„^Œ∞x su
#∞~°∞‰õΩ ѨÙ}∞ºÅ Ez... Ü«∂^Œ=Ù ÖÁHõH˘O^Œ éѨÙ_»∞ Q˘ÅfiOQÆ ...
Ѩ_çÜ≥∞_»∞ ^ÕǨÏO|∞ Ѩ_ç# ^ÕǨÏO|∞ ***
#_çq∞ ^ÕǨÏO|∞ Öˇ#flOQÆ ÉˇHͯ_»∞. HÍHõfÜ«ÚÅ HÍÅO<å\˜ â‹=· "åV‡Ü«∞OÖ’<Õ, PO„^è^Œ âÕ ß#
'ѨO_ç`å~å^躌 K«i„`«—Ö’, 'Hõ~‡° ǨÏi =∞Ç≤Ï=∞— J<Õ ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ HõuÎѨ\ ˜ì áÈ~å_ç# g~°<å~°∞e^ŒÌ~°∂ – HÍHõfÜ«∞ ~°∞„^Œ=∞‡,
D q=~°=∞O`å LOk. D q^è"Œ ∞≥ #ÿ ÉèÏ=f„=`«#∞, `«# „áê}Ï<≥fl· <å <åÜ«∞‰õΩ~åÅ∞ <åQÆ=∞‡Å∞‰õÄ_® – Hõ#|_»`å~°∞.

Platinum Platform 345

=ÚyOѨÙ:
D q^èŒOQÍ, HÍHõfÜ«∞ Ü«ÚQÆO<å_»∞, „Ѩ^è•#OQÍ â‹·=
„ѨÉÏè "å# qã¨iÎ Oz# g~°`fi« ^èÀ~°}∞Å∞ =∞# `≥Å∞QÆ∞^ÕâÑ◊ Ù¨ ã¨=∂[OÃÑ·
K≥~°QÆx =Ú„^ŒÅ∞ "Õ™ê~Ú. JO`ÕQÍHõ, PO„^èŒ^Õâ◊OÖ’x D<å\˜
ã¨=∞ã¨Î‰õΩÖÏÅ ã¨fi~°∂Ѩã¨fiÉèÏ"åÅ∞, PÜ«∂ ‰õΩÖÏÅ"åiÖ’ Hõ#|_Õ
`≥OѨi`«#O, g~°º^è≥·~åºÅ∞, Hõq`«fiâ◊H˜Î, =∞O„`åOQÆ áê@=O =O\˜
QÆ∞}QÆ}ÏʼnõΩ áê^Œ∞Hõ\ #ì˜ k‰õÄ_® HÍHõfÜ«∞ Ü«ÚQÆ"∞Õ #x K≥Ñʨ =K«∞Û.
`«^Œ#O`«~°Ñ¨Ù Ô~_ç¤~å*ϺÅ∞‰õÄ_® D HÍHõfÜ«∞Ü«ÚQÆѨ٠„ѨÉèÏ"åÅ
H˘#™êyOѨÙQÍ<Õ Hõ#|_»`å~Ú. JO^Œ∞ˆH N<å^ä•^Œ∞Å ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’
‰õÄ_® HÍHõfÜ«∞Ü«ÚQÆѨ٠áÈHõ_»Öˇ<Àfl ~°∂ѨÙHõ_»`å~Ú. g@xfl\˜h
P<å\˜ â‹·="åV‡Ü«∞O „ѨuaOaOzOk. P "åV‡Ü«∞ 㨇~°}=Å¡, P
g~°`«fiã¨∂ÊùiÎx =∞# JO`«~°OQÆOÖ’#∞, =∞# Hõ~°Î=º x~°fiǨÏ}Ö’#∞
D F~°∞QÆO\˜ ~°∞„^Õâfi◊ ~°, ã≤^âúÕ fi◊ ~°∞Å∞ xeÑ≤ =∞##∞ Pj~°fikO`«∞~°∞QÍHõ!
FO #"≥∂ ÉèíQÆ=`Õ ~°∞„^•Ü«∞
N QÆ∞~°∞Éè’º#=∞ó
LѨܫÚHõÎ „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ :
1. áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^äŒ∞x 'ѨO_ç`å~å^茺 K«i„`«— (_®II zÅ∞‰õÄi
<å~åÜ«∞}~å=ÙQÍi LáÈ^•…`O« `À), `≥Å∞QÆ∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O,
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1990.
2. q#∞H˘O_» =Å¡Éèí~åÜ«∞x '„H©_è®aè~å=∞=Ú—, ã¨=∂Ö’Hõ#=Ú:
a.q. ã≤OQÆ~åKå~°º, Z"≥∞™È¯ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ ™êÇ≤Ïu, Z"≥∞™È¯
|∞H±û, q[Ü«∞"å_», 1997.
3. N<å^äŒ∞x 'ǨÏ~°qÖÏã¨=Ú—, Z"≥∞™È¯ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞ ™êÇ≤Ïu,
Z"≥∞™È¯ |∞H±û, q[Ü«∞"å_».
4. N<å^äŒ∞x 'ѨÖÏfl\˜ g~°K«i„`«— Ñ‘iîHõ, ѨO_ç`« L=∂HÍ#Î
q^•ºâıY~°∞Å∞, á⁄\˜ì N~å=ÚÅ∞ `≥Å∞QÆ∞ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O,
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1997.
5. 'HÍHõfÜ«∞ ã¨OzHõ—, ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩ_»∞: =∂ˆ~=∞O_» ~å=∂~å=Ù,
PO„^èuÕ Ç¨㨠Ѩiâ’^èHŒ õ =∞O_»e, ~å[=∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ=~°=Ú, 1935.
6. 'â◊ ~ ° É è Ï OHõ e OQÆ â◊ ` « H õ = Ú—, ã≤ ^ •ú O `« " åºã¨ K« i „`å`« ‡ Hõ
Ѩiâ’^èŒ<å„QÆO^äŒ=Ú, HÍ=Ói Nx"åãπ, N Q˘ˆ~QÆ@∞ì â◊~°}ѨÊ,
1998.
7. áêÅ∞¯iH˜ ™È=∞<å^äŒ „Ѩ}©`« '|ã¨=ѨÙ~å}O— ã¨∞ÅÉèí ã¨∞O^Œ~°
=K«# q=$u, _®II JH˜¯~åA ~°=∂Ѩu~å=Ù, FO #=∞t≈"åÜ«∞
™êÇ≤Ïf ™êO㨯 $uHõ Ѩi+¨`ü, ã≤H˜O„^•ÉÏ^£, 2001.
8. 'Kåi„`«Hõ Ѩiâ’^èŒ<å "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞— (''ÉèÏ~°u—— Ѩ„uHõ #∞O_ç
ã¨OHõÅ#=Ú), `«∞~°QÍ Hõ$+¨=‚ ¸iÎ, Ñ≤@Åì "Õ=∞=~°"∞£ , YO_»=e¡
(Ñ≤.X.), ÃÑ~°=e =∞O_»ÅO, ѨtÛ=∞ QÀ^•=i lÖÏ¡, 1989.
346
9. 'N L`«ÊuÎ Ñ≤_»∞QÆ∞—, W`«~° Ѩiâ’^èŒHõ "åºã¨=ÚÅ∞, p=∞‰õΩiÎ
âı + ¨ y i~å=Ù, ã¨ Ç ¨  Ü« ∞ ‰õ Ω Å∞: _®II J=^è • #∞Å q[Ü« ∞
‰õΩ=∂~°ÉÏ|∞, `≥Å∞QÆ∞ QÀ+≤ª, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1995.
10. '"Õ@∂i"åi Ñ‘iîHõÅ∞— – Ô~O_ÀÉèÏQÆ=Ú, N "Õ@∂i
„ѨÉèÏHõ~°âߢã≤Î, =∞}˜=∞O[i „ѨK«∞~°}Å∞, "Õ@∂i „ѨÉèÏHõ~°
âߢã≤Î "≥∞"≥∂iÜ«∞Öò „@ãπì, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1990.
11. '"åºã¨=∞O[i—, N "Õ@∂i „ѨÉèÏHõ~°âߢã≤Î, =∞}˜=∞O[i
„ѨK«∞~°}Å∞, "Õ@∂i „ѨÉèÏHõ~° âߢã≤Î "≥∞"≥∂iÜ«∞Öò „@ãπì,
ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 1988.
12. Corpus of Telangana Inscriptions, Part -IV,
Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma, Ed.Dr.
Subrahmanyam, The Government of Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1973.
13. 'PO„^èŒ∞Å ™êOѶ≤∞Hõ K«i„`«—, ã¨∞~°=~°O „Ѩ`åÑÔ̈~_ç¤, FiÜ«∞O\ò
ÖÏV‡<£ ¢ÃÑ·"Õ\ò eq∞>ˇ_£, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞, 2007.
14. '^ŒO_»<å^äŒ∞Å∞—, N HÀ# "ÕOHõ@~åÜ«∞â◊~°‡, Åe`åx"åã¨=Ú,
<åˆQâ◊fi~°Ñ¨Ù~°=Ú, ÉÏѨ@¡.
15. '™êÇ≤Ï`«º=∞O[i—, PKå~°º H˘~°¡áê\˜ N~å=∞=¸iÎ, ~°=∞}N
„ѨK«∞~°}, qâßYѨ@ì}=Ú, 2004.
16. 'ѨÅ<å\˜ g~°QÍ^䌗, Kåi„`«Hõ Ѩiâ’^èŒ# „QÆO^äŒO (N<å^ä•^Œ∞Å
Hõ ^ ä Œ ‰ õ Ω =∞øeHõ 㨠= ~° } Å∞), u~° ∞ Ѩ u "Õ O Hõ @ ÅH© ∆ ‡
#~°ã≤OǨ~å=Ù, N<å^äŒÑ‘~î°=Ú, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞, 1998.
17. 'ѨÖÏfl\˜g~°∞Å K«i„`«—, _®II Ñ≤.q. PKå~°º, „ѨK«∞~°}: =e"Õ\ ˜
Nx"åã¨~å=Ù, HÍ~°OѨÓ_ç, QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ lÖÏ¡, 2002.
***
Platinum Platform
 Is India Heading Towards an Economic Implosion?
It has been almost two decades since India em-
barked on the journey of economic liberalization. This bold
play, turbo-charged the economic engine through encour-
aging economic entrepreneurship which was stifled in the
earlier economic regimes. The growth story that was com-
municated broadly was the surge in GDP and other eco-
nomic indicators and propelled India as a destination for
foreign investment. This process of liberalization was
deemed irreversible and became the dominant paradigm
to view economic growth and welfare. However, the lit-
mus test of authentic transformation lies in tackling sub-
stantive problems that continue to surface despite the magic
pill of economic liberalization.
These economic and social issues have grown in
size and complexity over many decades of chronic neglect
posing a potential threat of triggering an economic implo-
sion if they are not dealt with a sense of urgency. This point
of view emerges on a closer examination of the interplay of
the various socio-economic forces and challenges the com-
placency that economic growth story will always remain
intact despite these challenges. The latent assumption is
the misplaced faith in the economic resiliency and institu-
tions that they are capable of dealing with these formi-
dable challenges. In short, there is a looming risk that the
vulnerabilities in the economic system will systematically
lead to large scale economic breakdowns.
It is an overloaded system that appears to be a per-
fect storm for a large scale internal breakdown. As Eric
Bonabeau (2007) aptly describes “Catastrophic events of-
ten result not from a single cause but from interconnected
risk factors and cascading failures. Each risk factor taken
in isolation might not cause a disaster, but risk factors work-
ing in synergy can. The bad news is that complex, intercon-
nected systems generate many, sometimes unexpected or
counterintuitive, vulnerabilities. But the good news is that
if a small, localized, single event can trigger cascading fail-
ures, then perhaps a small, localized, single intervention
could act as a circuit breaker. Of course, finding that cir-
cuit breaker requires a deep understanding of how the be-
havior of a complex system emerges from its many constitu-
ent parts.”1
*Hyderabad.
Platinum Platform
- Dr. R. Satish*
Rigorous scenario planning exercise comple-
mented with systematic risk assessment of future probabili-
ties of potential events and estimation of cost benefit analy-
sis of outcomes can unravel the impending crisis. The fun-
damental benefit of this exercise is that it will isolate sce-
narios that may occur with low probability but with high
impact that drive large scale disruption. Let us collectively
consider the following scenario of impending economic
implosion and the factors that contribute to its likelihood.
What are the factors that are likely to trigger this
implosion?
Rural Economy: Despite 60 + years of indepen-
dence, the current state of rural India is one of chronic
infrastructural challenges in electricity, sanitation, drink-
ing water, health care and education. The stark reality is
better appreciated over a visit to a rural area instead of
deciphering their deplorable state of affairs from economic
statistics which conveniently mask the human face of suf-
fering and deprivation. The economic self sufficiency in
most rural areas is far from satisfactory despite the noble
intention of the policy makers. The lack of economic suf-
ficiency in the rural manifests itself in the migration to
cities and adding to urban congestion, crime and slums.
Education System: The education system churns
out graduates with inadequate skills who struggle to be
meaningfully employed. The universities follow outmoded
syllabus in imparting education that stifles creativity and
independent thinking that is integral to drive innovation.
The students have to constantly seek needless higher edu-
cation to correct inadequacies inherent in the 3 year de-
gree programs and get on the job training when they join
jobs on basic competencies. The paradox that glares at us
is that given the demographic profile, our country's talent
should provide the competitive advantage. This is yet to
be realized.
Black Money: The parallel economy has grown
to astronomical proportions over the decades. Viewing
black money as a potential source of revenue for the gov-
ernment to harness requires a bold political commitment
to bring the parallel economy into the fold of mainstream.
If the black money growth is allowed to grow unchecked,
347
it will increase the burden of tax on honest citizens who 6. Individuals and special-interest groups that ben-
will end up subsidizing large segment of the society who efit from the status quo will fight hard to block
evade taxes. This is a truly a disincentive to an honest tax- reform
paying citizen and stifles the spirit of entrepreneurship.
Conclusion:
Corruption: The regime of economic liberaliza-
There is an awareness of the above issues but the real
tion was implemented within the existing framework of
issue is the lack of political will in dealing with these
governance that encourages rampant corruption in the
issues. The leaders at the helm of political affairs need
governmental machinery. This has fuelled the astronomi-
to abandon the “short –termism” mindset to substan-
cal growth of black money among other factors. This epi-
tive issues. Instead, they must realize that our political
demic of corruption is rampant at all levels of governance
economy is a complex web with deep and intricate
and there is growing disenchantment with governance that
linkages across sectors that breed fragility and increase
is likely to trigger a large scale social unrest.
the likelihood of breakdowns and implosion. A disci-
The irony is that the list of all the above factors plined three-step process of process of recognition,
would appear as déjà vu to everyone. This phenomenon is prioritization, and mobilization of resources, can help
aptly described as “predictable surprises” by Max Bazerman our national policy makers for effectively dealing with
and Michael Watkins. The term encompasses the idea that “predictable surprises.” The silver bullet to this issue is
“an event or set of events that takes an individual or group to demonstrate bold political will and social activism
by surprise, despite prior awareness of all information nec- from all the citizens with a sense of urgency. We are at
essary to anticipate the events and their consequences”2 . this tipping point and the time to act is now.
These events are the consequence of failure in recognition,
References :
prioritization and mobilization of resources in effectively
1
tackling them. The vulnerabilities that impede the recog- Eric Bonabeau ,“Understanding and Managing Com-
nition of predictable surprises are propelled broadly by three plexity Risks,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Sum-
factors: cognitive biases in the perception of the problem mer 2007
that reflect biases that are self-serving, organizational silos 2
Max H.Bazerman and Michael D.Watkins: Predictable
that lead to co-ordination failures and decision making Surprises: The disasters You Should Have Seen Coming
processes that are routinely manipulated by special interest and How to Prevent Them, Harvard Business School
lobby groups. Press, October 2004.
Six General Characteristics of a Predictable Surprise3 : 3
Ibid.
1. Leaders knew a festering problem existed and that
the problem will not solve itself
****
2. Surprises can be especially expected when organi-
zational members recognize that a problem is get-
ting worse over time.
3. Fixing the problem would incur significant costs
in the present, while the benefits of the action
would be delayed (the strong tendency to discount
the future, and run the risk of incurring a large
but low-probability loss in the future rather than
a small but sure loss now)
4. Addressing the predictable surprise typically requires
incurring a certain cost, while the reward is avoiding
an uncertain cost likely to be much larger (leaders
know that they can get little credit for prevention)
5. Organizations and nations often fail to prepare
because of natural human tendency to maintain
the status quo

348 Platinum Platform

 Research in Social Sciences and its Relevance
to the Present Times - A Note
Introduction:
Though, man was primarily a part of the animal
kingdom during the pre-historic times, self-education pro-
activated the gradual blossoming of intellectual abilities
which helped him assert his supremacy in the world and
also paved way for sophisticated living. In the process of
early urbanization and civilization, the human societies tried
to preserve and record their experiences and also passed it
on to their successive generations. This transmission of
knowledge helped the successive generations to mould and
lead a better life. The amount of knowledge further
increased with the passage of time and there was a need for
proper method of disseminating this knowledge which got
fulfilled with the emergence of systematized educational
process. Though education is considered a lifelong process,
formal systems have been formed in all the civilizations
with varied structures and with diverse time frames.
Education is considered pivotal to impart knowledge related
to nature, environment, society, institutions and languages
for communication with other fellow beings.
The Process and Purpose of Education:
The process of education is twofold. It is primarily
to observe the nature around us so that we can understand
the changes and adjust with them for our survival and
comfortable life. His ability to utilize the natural resources
made him achieve settled life. The growth of modern
technology helped man to establish his supremacy over the
nature which led to modern way of life. Another aspect of
educational process is to observe the society built by man
himself. It is again a very long story to recount. The settled
life of man in societies created their own political, economic
systems, cultural life, traditions and customs etc. The
experiences of the people in their own society helped them
to reform and reshape their societies for a better life.
The purpose of education is to record their
observations with regard to the nature and environment
on one hand and also to examine their experiences with
other people in their respective societies on the other. Their
observations and experiences would become the body of
knowledge which is to be transmitted to the next generation
in both oral and written form. This knowledge would
help the future generations to improve their living
*Asso. Prof. of History, KakatiyaUniversity, Warangal.
Platinum Platform
- Dr. K. Vijaya Babu*
conditions. Thus, the process and purpose of education
and continuous Research is to improve the knowledge of
the people regarding nature and society, so that the future
generations would live comfortably and happily in their
own geographical regions and societies.
The study of society is categorized as social
sciences, which includes Sociology, Economics, Civics or
Political Science, History etc. The purpose of Social
Sciences is to understand the fellow beings to establish and
maintain good relations with others and to adjust in society
for a happy and peaceful life i.e. human welfare.
Research:
Research is meant for knowing the hitherto unknown things
and aspects of nature and society. Research is to know, to
understand, to critically examine and explore the various
aspects or issues. The objective of Research is for further
growth and development of knowledge and civilization.
Social Sciences and Various Aspects of Research:
Social Sciences deal with the various aspects of
society. The branches like Geography, Economy, Polity,
Society, History and Culture are very important. Different
aspects of research under each subject are mentioned below.
a) Geography : Geophysical aspects of the region,
Natural Resources like Mines, Forests, Water
Resources, Flora and Fauna, Oil and Natural Gas,
Exploitation of Resources and Impact on Nature.
Conservation of Natural Resources,
Environmental Protection, Global Warming,
Pollution Control, Sustainable Development, Eco-
Friendly, Green Technology etc.
b) Economics: Food – Production, Agriculture,
Industry, Wealth, Mining, Markets, Trade and
Commerce, Transport, Unemployment Problem,
Poverty, Labour. Irrigation, Supply, Demand,
Famines, Inflation, Recession, Service Industry etc.
c) Sociology : Family, Clan, Tribe, Caste System,
Marriage, Migration, Urban Life, Rural Life, Tribal
Culture, Traditions and Customs, Festivals,
Superstitions, Professions, Feminism, Gender
Studies, Prostitution, Crime, Illiteracy,
349
 Untouchability, Discrimination, Slums, Poverty society is nothing but an enlarged and extended family,
etc. that means, a society is a mega family. The Social Sciences
promote sense of sacrifice, love, compassion among the
d) Political Science : Governments, Politics,
people to take up social service to build a healthy society.
Constitution, Political Parties, Elections,
Social Sciences help to promote rational thinking and
Fundamental Rights, Panchayat Raj System,
eliminate superstitions and evil practices and also help for
Legislations, Judiciary, Fundamentalism,
enlightenment among the people. Languages, literature
Terrorism, Regionalism, International Relations,
and fine arts also develop aesthetic sense and regulate the
Wars, Agreements, Foreign Policy etc.
emotions in the individuals and guide them to be and
e) Archaeology & History: Archaeology is the study become good citizens. If there is no place for social sciences
of arte facts. It deals with material remains of the in the education system, the society is bound to suffer from
pre-historic and historic times like monuments, all kinds of evils like crime, corruption violence, communal
numismatics, epigraphical sources etc. History is problems, discrimination, conflicts, quarrels, bloodshed
the study of the past events, in a chronological and revolutions etc. Social values help to prevent crime
order. It also deals with the life and culture of the and violence and promote human welfare and happiness
people in the past. Monuments, coins, epigraphs, in society. In the absence of these values human life would
kingdoms, empires, wars, revolutions, movements, become mechanical and life loses its fragrance. A society
religions and religious centers, heritage, culture, without values is more dangerous than a wild forest. All
traditions, festivals, folk lore, cultural tourism are these social, noble, human values are like different spokes
important aspects of history. of the ‘WHEEL OF DHARMA’ on which the cart of
society moves. The Indian Sub-Continent has been the
The Basic Challenges before the Modern Researchers: cradle for the Dharma since times immemorial. Thus, the
In Social Science research, the challenge before the relevance of social sciences is eternal.
researcher is to strike a balance between Traditions and ***
Modernity. Traditions and values are time honoured assets
of the mankind and helped shape societies and their cultures
and civilizations. These are based on faith or religion of
the people. But Modern knowledge and life is emphasizing
on the spirit of enquiry and reason. Hence, there is a need
to strike a balance between these two.
Relevance to the Present Times:
As it is already observed, social sciences help the
individual to understand the society and live happily with
the fellow beings. Various branches of social sciences help
us to know different aspects of society like polity, economy,
society, heritage and culture. These subjects contribute for
the inculcation of the values among the citizens to become
better human beings. Social Sciences help enlighten the
humans and promote human welfare.
The following values are supposed to be inculcated
among the people through social sciences: Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity, Democratic Values, Secularism, Tolerance,
Religious Harmony, Patriotism and International
Understanding
Conclusion:
The Social Sciences help understand the society
and social values on which our society is dependant and
able to survive. In fact, these values are quite essential even
in a family for a happy and peaceful life. Of course, the
350 Platinum Platform
 Challenges to Defence Planning
- Raman Puri*

1. Indian National security requires wise decision on a 4. In short there is deterioration in the security situation
whole range of defence problems, particularly the pro- despite the resource allocations. Clearly then either the
curement, deployment and unemployment of the Resources allocated are insufficient or the Management
Armed forces. of those resources leaves much to be desired. In my
view both are faulty.
2. Defence it would be appreciated is entirely a sub arena
of national security unlike others such as home affairs, 5. National Security and Defence Planning can only be
foreign affairs, financial and S and T that have large undertaken to fulfill the goals of a particular strategy
areas outside the National Security arena. It is there- and the broad structure required is as indicated in the
fore conceptually possible to direct the defence effort slide below.
to serve National Security much more pointedly than
6. In developing strategic guidance, top level security
efforts in other areas can. However, that conceptual
decision makers need to regularly address three aspects
possibility cannot be realized in practice unless the re-
of Military Power: (a) How to determine the future
lationship between National Security and defence is
need for it, (b) how to minimize that need — Military
appropriately structured at the stage where “policy
power, it may be stated that both in its deterrent and
making “ and implementation strategy are conceived;
deployment aspects, is a significant National asset.
such structuring has to be necessarily detailed and
complex and is subject to continuous analysis and 7. And finally how to build up the needed power? All
change the world over. Therefore defence planning has three aspects essentially relate to the future with time
larger challenges lying as much outside the MOD as horizons extending to 10 years and more and require
within the MOD and the services. planning guidelines based on a (National Security Strat-
egy) NSS and defence strategy issued by the country’s
3. If we consider our security situation, since indepen-
top leadership, also these are renewed at regular inter-
dence we see that while the resources allocated to De-
vals. The most basic challenge therefore is to cultur-
fence have increased from a few hundred crores at the
ally, structurally and organizationally equip ourselves
time of independence to a lakh and forty seven thou-
for the task. In this regard, what the Subramanyam
sand crores today, the security concerns have multi-
committee said post Kargil was essentially the need
plied from just Pakistan ( Kashmir) to a number of
for the effective functioning of the entire Higher De-
other areas as indicated on the following slide.
fence Mechanism.
Efficient
EfficientUtilization
Utilization of
of Defense
Defense Higher Defence Organisation:
Budget
Budget
141,700 Crore
141,700 Crore
Security/ /Defense
Security Defense Outcome
Outcome Past to Present Allocation Defense Budget
Defense Budget
FUNCTIONAL ILLUSTRATION
Trends
2 to 2.4 %
Average
Growth 7 - 8%
HIGHER
DEFENCE PR ESID EN T
A S SU PR EM E
v!Border
Border C O M M AN D ER -IN -C H IEF

•Pak
Pack PM
China
•China
Bangladesh PO L (P) M IL(M )
•Bangladesh NSCC O SC
Nepal
•Nepal Present CO AS ARM Y
Terrorism
v!Terrorism /Proxy
/Proxy War/ War / Extremism/
Extremism / TH E Upper CABINET
CO AS
HQ
Separatism
Separatism C ITIZEN House OR
v!Internal
Internal Security
Security CC CNS N AVAL
BO DY Lower COUNCIL CNS
v!Interests
Interests Energy
Energy Future
OF
S HQ
Trade House
Trade
Diaspora MINISTER CAS
Diaspora RM C AS A IR
!Nuclear S
v Nuclear HQ
M IN ISTRY C H AIR M AN
OF C O SC /C D S
If Outcome appears unsatisfactory then ; H Q ID S
• Contemporary imperatives of Security Management or / and D EFEN C E
Budget Allocation and Utilisation System is/ are inefficient ?
• Both systems are flawed. SFC
Strategic Guidance Defence Acquisition System

*Formerly Vice-Admiral Indian Navy and Chief, Integrated Defence Staff

Platinum Platform 351

8. “P” and “M” in the diagram represent the exclusive
INSTITUTIONALISED
spheres of political and military organization respec- FOREIGN CONSULTATIONS
tively. The constitutional connection at “D”, which POLICY
functions as an effective lever to control the military
organization and to subordinate it to the will of the
people, represents the higher defence mechanism in Pol Direction
NATIONAL DEFENCE &
a democracy. All democratic states have a fundamen- ECONOMIC INTERESTS/ MILITARY
tal law in the constitution, either written or unwrit- POLICY OBJECTIVES POLICY
ten, with regard to the defence mechanism which is (NSS) Mil & Tech
organized to control the armed forces with a political Inputs
head at its top. He is, in some form or other, directly
responsible to the electorate, be he the President as in INTERNAL
the United States or the Prime Minister and Defence SECURITY
POLICY 10 6
Minister as in a parliamentary democracy. The po-
litical and the military spheres, therefore, meet at “D”
which is a broad zone that needs study from the con- 11. I believe equipping apart we need to conceptualize
stitutional, National Security and Military effective- and evolve a consensus on what needs to be done.
ness angle. What we essentially need further to have Current situation as I viewed from HQIDS was as in
is an institution which, though the keystone of the this slide.
military arch, also furnishes the constitutional link
that ties the mighty armed forces to the will of the FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR DECISION
electorate enabling parliamentary government to func- MAKING
tion effectively in peace and war. An effective COSC
MoD
is therefore a fundamental constitutional requirement
DCN C&IT
also. A key observation of GOM reviewing the Na- O
DRD
ADG SI
tional Security system was that the “COSC is weak; AHQ MHA
it has failed to provide single point mil advice and to SFC
JCES HQ IDS
resolve substantive inter-service issues adequately” NHQ
MEA
9. The NSS and the Defence Policy have essentially to ANC AFHQ
INCP DIPAC
emerge in this arena at D for large future oriented DoS

decisions about military power whether dealing with NSCS

need determination, need minimization or need real- 25

ization, have to be taken in the national Security arena

and not in the defence policy sub arena, or as is often
the case with need minimization in the foreign policy
sub arena. Decision when taken with regard to use
military power internally do not create major prob-
lems as long as they are in the field of what is termed
as aid to civil power, but decisions when taken with
regard to insurgencies need to ensure that the mili-
tary efforts to overcome insurgencies and the politico
economic efforts required to reduce the need for that
effort are discussed in the same arenas as is often not
the case.
10. The question we need to ask is whether the Indian
state is adequately equipped to consider national Se-
curity holistically and take informed networked de-
cisions as shown in the slide below:-
352
12. You will observe that we are currently working in SI-
LOS, where as the requirement is for networking and
synergy.
13. The second postulation I would like to make is that
planning and decision-making in defence as elsewhere
have a variable and vulnerable relationship - while
the quality of planning undoubtedly impacts on the
quality of decisions, planning is not a structural re-
quirement for decision making. In a competitive en-
vironment where poor decisions lead to visible poor
performances, good planning becomes a top man-
agement concern - but in the public goods area like
defence where neither output nor cost effectiveness
can be measured during peace time, it is easy to side
line planning. However while planning is dispens-
able decisions or not, they – good, bad or pedestrian
Platinum Platform
 get taken. Each good decision acts as facilitator for
good planning while a bad one an inhibitor. Plan- FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR DECISION
ning and decision making in defence further span a MAKING
vast and diverse field which may be categorized vari-
ously as operational, non operational, long term and MoD

DCN C&IT
short term, strategic and tactical. The culture, pro- DRD
O
cess and structures vary widely with and within these ADG SI

categories and considerable specialization and domain AHQ MHA

SFC
knowledge is required to support decisions. JCES HQ IDS
NHQ
14. Covering this entire spectrum can be the subject of MEA
a thesis really. I will restrict myself further to a brief ANC
INCP AFHQ
enumeration of certain aspects Germaine to the chal- DIPAC
DoS
lenges we face, beyond the evolution of the national NSCS
security and defence policy we have just discussed.
25
(a). Challenges posed by RMA (Revolution in Military
Affairs)– need for joint structure and transformation.
18. The process to meet mission capabilities is explained
(b). Challenges in procurement — Increasing self reliance on this slide
–Quotient
R D & A PR O C ESS TO M EET
Challenges posed by RMA, need for Joint M ISSIO N C APAB ILITY N EED S
Structures and Transformations
15. This Challenge essentially arises because while both D ETER NIN E C O N C EPT
the lethality and precision with which attacks can be D EVELO P
K N O W LED G E
D EVELO P
TEC H N O LO G Y/
FEASIB ILITY/
D EM O N STR ATE M ISSIO N
D EVELO P
launched has increased vastly the decision making B ASE
(B ASIC
EXAM IN E
C O NC EPT
SYSTEM & SU B -SYSTEM
FEASIB ILITY
AD VAN C ED
C APAB .
N EED S O F
SYSTEM S
time available to use this power has telescoped. This R ESEAR C H ) FEASIB ILITY (AD VAN C E C O N C EPT
TEC H D EM O N STR ATO R /
AR M ED
FO R C ES
calls for advanced scenario generation, fusion with AD V TEC H
D EM O N STR ATO R )
U N IVER SITY LAB O R ATO R IES
information technology and adoption of joint struc- /IN D U STR Y
tures at every level and requires a large transforma- TECH N O LO G Y B ASE
IN D U STR Y
tion effort to achieve the joint structures required.
This effort is not visible on the horizon and we con- SC IEN C E AN D TEC H N O LO G Y
TEST AN D EVALU ATIO N
IN FO R M ATIO N FLO W S
tinue to function largely in our old ways.
Challenges in procurement - 19. In Determining mission needs intense interaction
Increasing self reliance –Quotient and synergy between the User (Mission Need), R&D
16. To acquire defence capability faster, chaeaper, better & Industry is necessary for developing such a capa-
and more effectively integrated has to be the aim of bility. We have unfortunately firewalls between these
the Defence Procurement Organisation. This implies elements,leading to a situation where we are practi-
cally importing an Armed Force. This is neither op-
(a) In today’s environment a solution which is faster, erationally sustainable or affordable.
cheaper, better but not effectively integrated actually
compromises defence capability.
(b) Integration in which interoperability is a major fac- *****
tor carries equivalent weight to performance, cost and
time considerations and emphasizes through life ef-
fectiveness and efficiency.
17. Defence capability must define the users requirement
in terms of operational outcome or effect that the
users of assets or services need to achieve as shown in
this slide.
Platinum Platform 353
 Transparency Laws and Developing Countries*
A Case for Developing Countries Adopting Transparency Laws for Transformation of Governance
I India today is a thriving democracy of over one billion
RIGHT TO INFORMATION LAWS AND DEVEL-
OPING COUNTRIES
***
It is now widely accepted that the right to infor-
mation laws, within a short period of time, have made the
people aware of their rights in a whole new way. Specially
in the developing countries which face the twin challenges
of endemic corruption and inefficiency in governmental
institutions and need for rapid economic and social
progress, the operation of the right to information laws,
even in the initial years of their operation, have exhibited
vast transformational potentiality. These laws hold out the
promise that they have the power to suck out the toxins in
governmental systems and cleanse them.
This paper argues that (a) the right to informa-
tion laws, alongside expanding the citizens’ rights, should
be systematically employed to transform governance. (b)
these laws could be a powerful magnet for mobilising the
people and enthusing them to use these laws to enhance
and expand their choices for their own betterment. (c) RTI
laws directly contribute to improvement in governance by
breaking down the barriers between the government and
the people by enhancing trust. (d) RTI is the most power-
ful assault on developing countries’ endemic corruption.
(e) RTI should be an instrument to bring an end to the
culture of governmental secrecy and the battle for trans-
parency is to be fought and won in the minds of the civil
servants.
II
CHANGE IN ATTITUDE AND APPROACH OF
CIVIL SERVANTS: DOES SECRECY SAVE?
India is a microcosm of Third World democracy.
In 1947, India was born as a nation in the midst of joyous
celebration of its people, but also amidst deep cynicism
and scepticism about this nation of 350 million hungry,
poor, malnourished and divided people surviving as a na-
tion, much less as a democratic nation. Sixty years on,
*Key Note Address delivered at the Federal Institute of Access to Public Information (IFAI), Mexico City (Mexico)
**Information Commissioner, Central Information Commission, Govt. of India.
354
- A.N. Tiwari**
people and has demonstrated an uncommon level of resil-
ience in dealing with the crises of which there have been
many.
The crisis which has been the source of unending
anxiety and equally powerful innovations in independent
India’s life is the crisis of governance. The desire to deliver
to its people a clean, efficient and friendly administration
which could be trusted by all sections of the people of this
country was stymied, time and again by opacity in the sys-
tem of the governance and, an overweening tendency
among the civil servants to embrace secrecy which - often
quite unnecessarily - engendered mistrust and cynicism.
There was growing realization that a time had come to free
India and its systems of governance of these toxins.
The Right to Information (RTI) Act of 2005 was
born in the backdrop of such a scenario. It announced in
its preamble its purpose and its goal which was that, “de-
mocracy requires an informed citizenry and transparency
of information which are vital to its functioning and also
to contain corruption and to hold governments and their
instrumentalities accountable to the governed.”
This new RTI Act brought into being something
which was foreign to the Indian system of governance and
especially to the permanent bureaucracy. It made trans-
parency the norm and secrecy an exception. It obliged
civil servants to give out information to those applying for
it within set time limits on pain of penalty.
A key to the success of the RTI regime is in its
willing acceptance by civil servants and the change in em-
phasis within the governmental systems from withholding
information at any cost, to transparency.
Over the years, due to historical reasons and an
overtly warped implementation of the Official Secrets Act,
government organizations and public authorities had de-
veloped an unhealthy ¯ sometimes even self-defeating ¯ at-
titude of excessive secrecy. Public employees earned ap-
proval from their superiors not for making transparency a
hallmark of all their functions, but for not allowing an
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average citizen to know how the government machinery
functioned and, why decisions were taken in the manner
in which they were. It was not as if secrecy was guarded
through any collective ulterior design ¯ to hide corrup-
tion, nepotism and so on ¯ but frequently by sheer force
of habit, on account of a deeply held perception that se-
crecy saves.
The advent of RTI Act in India was initially
strongly resented by the Civil Services. His reaction to
RTI, a La Solzhenitsyn, was that with this law “destructive
and irresponsible freedom [was] granted boundless space.”
The ideological well-springs of the RTI Act were contrary
to the long-held world-view of the average Civil Servant.
He was discomfited by the thought that the RTI Act be-
came a means for an average citizen to invade the Civil
Servant’s sacred turf. In the early part of the functioning
of the RTI-regime in India, the civil servant still hoped
and believed, that he would be able to somehow ensure
that the Act was never implemented in its letter and spirit
and, more importantly, that he would never be called upon
to pay the price for his inability or failure to disclose a
requested information.
As the RTI regime started unfolding and he was
faced with the trauma of penalty for withholding informa-
tion from a requester, the civil servants went into a shocked
sulk.
The awareness that there was no place to hide from
the RTI Act caused, slowly but surely, a change in approach
and attitude of civil servants. From the initial - “why dis-
close?”, he has not yet fully graduated to “disclose every-
thing”, but he was now grudgingly acknowledging that
transparency was not such a bad idea after-all. In the course
of the working of the RTI Act, the most pronounced im-
pression that the Central Information Commission (CIC)
had was that civil servants were generally willing to dis-
close most information except that where the individual
civil servant’s contribution to the decision-making process
was to be made public. Any ‘notes’ recorded on files in
which decisions were made represented the contribution
of every civil servant in the hierarchical set-up, the demand,
therefore, was that government could very well let a citizen
know what that file contained except what each civil ser-
vant had to say about the decision that was eventually made.
The Civil Servant had an arguable case. The ano-
nymity of the civil servant in the decision making process
was for him, not just a historical hang-up, but the essential
precondition for his making fair, honest and unbiased con-
tribution to the decision making process. He was appre-
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hensive, lest the proven benefit of Civil Service anonymity,
which allowed Civil Servant the space to contribute mean-
ingfully and independently to a decision-making process,
be foregone for some unknown benefits of transparency,
or for no benefit at-all.
The other school of thought held that disclosure
of each civil servant’s contribution to the decision making
process, far from reducing his effectiveness, actually en-
hanced it, as it equipped him to combat internal pressures
- mostly from his political superiors - to take decisions in
a manner that would suit the interests of the powers that
be.
These systems, over a century and half old, have
now come under RTI-scrutiny. Accountability in a parlia-
mentary democracy and, in a conventional sense, has been
understood as the ministerial responsibility as well as the
collective responsibility of the Cabinet to the legislature.
The concepts, such as the anonymity of civil servants, as-
sume meaning within the ambit of the political concept of
accountability.
The RTI Act seeks to test all these long-held be-
liefs. Over the years, the political class, with willing coop-
eration of the civil services, had developed certain conve-
nient tools to discharge their accountability – comply with
it in form, but evade it in reality. The legislatures do for-
mally enjoy the power to question the political executive
and in a large measure, hold the executive answerable, yet
there are overt as well as subtle ways in which the executive
frequently manages to escape responsibility.
Party discipline ensures that legislators cannot
freely question the executive and when they do, they can-
not stretch their questioning to any point close to embar-
rassing the executive, or the party to which they owe their
loyalties. The political executive, assisted by the bureau-
cracies, makes sure that a large number of questions asked
in the legislatures were classified as, what has come to be
known as “Unstarred Questions”, meaning thereby, these
are not answered in writing or orally and no discussion is
held regarding these. The convention around Unstarred
Questions, as it has evolved in the Indian Parliament, makes
for interesting study. Ministers and the senior Civil Ser-
vants ensure that answers are given in a manner which sat-
isfies the requirement of furnishing the answers, but in es-
sence says very little. “Yes, Sir” and “No, Sir” are the most
frequently used form of providing answers. Senior bu-
reaucrats train their juniors on how to answer parliamen-
tary unstarred questions without saying much.
355
 The Starred Questions, on the contrary, are the
ones which prove to be effective means of enforcing minis-
terial responsibility to the legislature, but here too, fre-
quently questions which could embarrass the executive do
not come up as Starred Questions. That is how a vast
number of questions are classified as Unstarred in the In-
dian Parliament while only a small number are given the
Starred status.
Parliamentary privilege is rarely used to discipline
a Minister whose answer to the Parliament may be found
to be incorrect or evasive.
These examples have been cited only to drive home
the point that the lackadaisical attitude towards ministe-
rial responsibility is part of a general approach in which
the executive shares information even with the legislature
only when it must and, avoids it, if it can. This approach
also marks the style of functioning of civil servants, in gen-
eral as well as of the individual civil servant when it comes
to responding to a valid query from a private citizen.
Needless to say, that not all withholding of infor-
mation is innocuous. A system in which bribery, nepotism
and use of executive discretion for personal benefit are com-
monplace, secrecy is used as the cover against intrusive prob-
ing. In this sense, parliamentary democracies in the devel-
oping societies are no different from authoritarian systems.
It has been extensively documented how secrecy is an ally
of authoritarianism. A responsible administration revels
in openness and transparency. It is an irony that in parlia-
mentary democracies, the people - known to be sovereign
– can be prevented from seeking empowerment as well as
power through overt and covert systemic denial of infor-
mation held by State.
The impact which RTI is making on the thinking
of the political class as well as the bureaucracy is unmistak-
able. Within a short time, action by private citizens through
the RTI Act has forced government departments and pub-
lic authorities to look inwards and re-examine the validity
of their long-held assumptions about how to manage af-
fairs of the government and of the public authorities. One
pronounced impact of the RTI Act has been that several
systems whose sanctity was accepted as a given, were cri-
tiqued and, in most cases, forced to change. These include
the system of disclosing answer-sheets of candidates tak-
ing public examinations conducted by bodies such as Pub-
lic Service Commissions; details of civil servants’ personal
data such as employment, wages and so on.
The purpose for which information in these very
many categories of cases has been sought differed from
356
person to person - some for purely selfish reasons such as
for preventing or weakening the disciplinary processes
against employees of public authorities and even for set-
tling personal scores. Certain petitions though were for
wholly altruistic reasons - for truly reforming the system
through transparency and accountability and to prevent
its dysfunction. But the cumulative net-impact of all these
varied usages of RTI has been that large swathes of areas
have moved from the shadows into sunlight. Its cleansing
impact on the system is steadily manifesting itself. The
political class and the civil servants have begun to show
growing signs of being aware that RTI is slowly converting
the Indian public into some sort of benevolent Orwellian
big brothers.
III
DEVELOPMENTAL DEFICIT
One of the acknowledged and pronounced fail-
ures of the Indian State - and most developing states - has
been its failure to deliver services to its people at the grass-
roots. Among the several factors responsible for this de-
velopmental deficit, an important one is rampant and per-
sistent corruption. Huge investments in welfare schemes
targeting the poor, the weak, women and children have
failed to significantly improve their lives due to leakages
caused by pervasive corruption. On account of these de-
livery failures, regional disparities have increased and while
poverty has declined over the 10 years of economic liberal-
ization to about 27%; absolute poverty as a ratio of pov-
erty has increased. Welfare indices such as women and
child nutrition, infant mortality, school drop-out ratios,
especially of girl child and so on, though declining, have
not shown substantial reduction. Poverty is not going to
go away anytime soon. A long and anxious journey lies
ahead in India’s monumental struggle against this scourge.
Poverty has been variously defined. Certain defi-
nitions have focussed principally upon the income factor,
while others have factored in the magnitude of depriva-
tion in terms of access to health care, wage earning oppor-
tunities, education, clean drinking water and proper rural
infrastructure among others. No matter which definition
or combination of definitions is accepted, the fact remains
that corruption and inefficiency have been the stumbling
blocks in achieving the targeted poverty reduction goals.
A vast number of the Indians still live in India’s
rural heartlands. The estimate of the rural population has
been put at 80% of the over 1 billion population of India.
Even though 72% of labour force is rural/agricultural and
Platinum Platform
45% of India’s national income comes from the agricul-
tural sector, a majority of these people are either below
poverty line or are just above it, desperately making a liv-
ing from their meagre incomes. The efforts to improve
their lot which were launched since India attained inde-
pendence in 1947, achieved only modest success. The
institutional arrangements ¯ the Local Self Governments,
the electoral process, a patronizing government ¯ are all
there but the grievances of the people continue to remain
unresolved and multiply over time, principal reason for
which was the apathy of the government employee to the
genuine needs of the poor.
The RTI is a glimmer of hope to such people. It
is quite possible that by invoking the provisions of the RTI
Act, people shall be able to make government officials sen-
sitive to and accountable for attending to the people’s mod-
est needs which are sure to go a long-way in improving the
general quality of their lives. These include simple things
such as an entitlement card for getting government ration,
birth and death certificates, accurate details about land
holdings and records, prompt attention to the people’s
petitions for subsidies, old age pensions, unemployment
allowances and so on. It is in attending to these concerns
of the average citizen living in rural areas that the adminis-
trative system has been found to be most remiss.
RTI Act’s accountability-enforcing power can be
employed to make the system alive to timely redressal of
these several of the people’s concerns. The difficulty, how-
ever, is that these modest Indians in the rural areas are un-
aware of how to make use of the RTI Act to enforce insti-
tutional accountability. For them, the RTI Act is one
among the several laws which are all there, but bring about
no, or little, change in the people’s lives. It is like the
market, where the racks of the shops are spilling over with
useful merchandise, but buyers lack the means to access
them.
The solution to this problem of interface between
the people and the RTI Act needs to be resolved more at a
societal level. The civil society institutions will need to
play a major and powerful role in first identifying the
people’s needs and then, through properly worded queries
within the RTI system, force the public authorities to come
up with answers. This role and its potentiality is fast being
appreciated by these several civil society institutions within
the country. Their number, however, is not so large as to
create wider impact.
One would expect a responsive administration to
come forward to activate the people themselves to reach
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out to the opportunities offered by the RTI Act to seek not
only responses but also resolution of their concerns. This
development is hamstrung by cynicism which still defines
the approach the Civil Servants to the demands of RTI
Act, who still consider RTI as a necessary evil. RTI, never-
theless, can be a powerful tool for ensuring delivery of ser-
vices to the vast millions of people in the rural-sector.
Through the simple contrivance of filing hundreds of ap-
plications for response under RTI Act on specific issues of
services and goods delivery, it is possible to promote an
efficient and dependable delivery system. Bureaucracies
fear nothing more than the public scrutiny of their actions,
and once RTI makes it impossible to escape that scrutiny
the Civil Servant works overtime and efficiently and is
forced to resist the temptation towards corruption. The
net result is efficient public delivery of critical public goods.
Government is saved the transaction costs which delays
and corruption impose.
The Government of India earmarks vast budget-
ary resources to development of infrastructures and rural
and urban employment. The following budgetary statis-
tics will show the magnitude of funds deployed for pov-
erty alleviation, for ensuring distributive justice and main-
taining balanced regional growth. The National Rural
Employment Guaranty Scheme (NREGS) has a war chest
of US $3550 millions; funds for other schemes are - Na-
tional Education Mission - US $2880 millions; National
Rural Health Mission - US $2670 millions, and in Na-
tional Urban Renewal Mission - US $1520 millions.
An expanding economy and higher tax collections
have enabled the government to progressively deploy large
resources for development. With this deployment of un-
precedented funds for development, has emerged the need
for ensuring that these reach the targeted groups and the
areas without being siphoned off or lost through corrup-
tion, leakages and inefficient transactions. The RTI Act
then provided to the government as well as to the civil
society organizations a powerful tool not only to monitor
the functioning of these schemes but, also to create trans-
parent and dependable mechanisms for disbursal of the
benefits to the target citizens. Extensive use of computers,
linked to the beneficiaries’ bank accounts, was made to
ensure that the funds to be received by the citizens were
placed in their bank accounts without any intermediary,
such as contractors, being involved. The civil society in-
stitutions periodically use the RTI Act to receive from the
public authorities authentic information about the trans-
fers of funds to the targeted citizens and the time taken for
such transmissions. This has ensured that not only the full
357
amount is placed in the citizens’ bank accounts, but also
that it is done timely.
Public audit of government schemes – especially
welfare schemes – has now become a real possibility through
the RTI Act. In fact, civil society bodies have instituted
public audit of the largest among these schemes, viz.
NREGA, at several places and their findings have contrib-
uted to plugging many loopholes and leakages. This has
been made possible through extensive and targeted use of
RTI Act.
IV
TRUST
Social capital theorists have been arguing about
the importance of Trust in improving governance, espe-
cially in functioning democracies. The factor which con-
tributes most to trust deficit in State institutions is the veil
of secrecy, which surrounds much of government actions.
It is now empirically proven that there is a direct and effec-
tive co-relation between the people’s trust and the efficiency
of governance in democratic states. RTI as an instrument
of enhancing transparency is, therefore, a powerful tool to
encourage people to trust public institutions.
Government’s trustworthiness in the eyes of the
citizen is enhanced by the willingness with which State’s
institutions accept and adopt transparency. The citizen is
deterred by the culture of secrecy and is intimidated by the
mystique of governance. In either case, the result is dis-
tancing of the citizen from State institutions. RTI Act has
for the first time given to the citizen an instrument to di-
rectly challenge the system and to enter into its most hal-
lowed portals.
An opaque system, when it is the part of a democ-
racy, escapes the wrath and the anger of the people longer
than other systems, largely because the freedoms of democ-
racy are so heady that they lull dissatisfaction. But sooner
or later, the citizen demands that the government deliver,
and he becomes restive about the black-holes of secrecy
within the government which impair efficiency and, delay
or deny him his due. Because of the openness of participa-
tory democracy, this popular dissatisfaction takes longer
than in authoritarian systems before it turns into mistrust
of democracy itself. But it occurs, sooner or later, to the
peril of democracy.
RTI challenges the people to act in their own best
interests by their actively participating in transformation
of democratic governance through higher transparency and
higher accountability.
358
Trust is not understood as some abstract principle,
or as Frediric Hegel put it, a ‘thing’ or a ‘substance’. This
is, in fact, a dynamic expression which comprises an open-
ended set of activities and interactions comprising active
relationships. According to the Social Capital theorists,
trust is the outcome of networking relationships among
free citizens. Trust requires judgement, vigilant action as
well as conscientious action. It involves all of the intricate
reciprocities of human relationships. Francis Fukuyama
has persuasively argued that trust is a pre-condition for a
country’s prosperity. Faith in the capacity of a government
and its institutions to deliver what they promise can be a
strong trigger for progress, which manifests itself best in
increasing prosperity of the individual as well as of the State.
It is the people’s trust in the government which makes de-
mocracy fully participatory because it pulls down the bar,
which separates the people from the institutions.
In the developing countries people are separated
from the institutions of governance through both formal
and informal barriers. The complicated system of reach-
ing out to information held by the government is one of
the most stubborn formal barriers between the governed
and the government. Most governments do very little to
dispel the mystique which surrounds Government and all
its activities, not because removing it is somehow unsafe
for governance but because it facilitates the ruling elite’s
dominance over their citizens. The distortions in demo-
cratic institutions are frequently the direct outcome of the
ruling elite’s fear of higher accountability.
The right to information is the instrument with
which the ordinary citizen can attack the monolith of the
government through the simple contrivance of forcing
governance to be transparent and accountable.
The trust-creation-function of the RTI Act has not
been fully analyzed and explored. Our experience in India
has been that the presence of the RTI Act has in a very
rudimentary way and, yet quite perceptibly, led to sprout-
ing of networked institutions / organizations aimed mostly
at accountable governance at grass root levels. Supported
and encouraged by NGOs, people did form networks which
aimed at eliciting information about quantum and regu-
larity of wage payment to workers, transparency of con-
tracts and agreements signed by the public authorities, dis-
charge of the functions of public authorities as service-pro-
viders and so on. Unfortunately, this has not yet assumed
any elaborate proportion and is mostly isolated and spo-
radic. The strong involvement of NGOs has also marked
the emergence of broader networks of citizens who would
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be willing and ready to use RTI not merely for grievance
settlement, but to impose on public authorities a certain
performance discipline and to make them to account for
their actions. This role of trust as well as transparency in
expanding human freedoms and thereby multiplying
citizen’s choices has been investigated by social choice theo-
rists. Prof. Amartya Sen, in his 1999 work “Development
As Freedom”, has inferred that development is empirically
proven to be dependant on five freedoms ¯ political free-
doms, economic facilities, social opportunities, protective
security and, quite importantly, ¯ transparency guarantees.
Certain observations of Professor Amartya Sen about rela-
tionships between these several freedoms among themselves
and together their relationship with development, bears
recounting. He has argued that “the exercise of freedoms
is mediated by values.” Active promotion of transparency
norms and openness in the government’s actions, “affect
the presence or absence of corruption, and the role of trust
in economic, social or political relationships.” He consid-
ers the freedoms, which include transparency guarantees,
as instrumental in enhancing the general capability of a
person to live more freely. “… the society operates on some
basic presumption of trust. Transparency guarantees deal
with the need for openness that people can expect : the
freedom to deal with one another under guarantees of dis-
closure and lucidity. When that trust is seriously violated,
the lives of many people — both direct parties and third
parties — may be adversely affected by the lack of open-
ness. Transparency guarantees (including the right to dis-
closure) can thus be an important category of instrumen-
tal freedom. These guarantees have a clear instrumental
role in preventing corruption, financial responsibility and
underhand dealings.”
There is a certain convergence between the Social
Capital and Social Choice theorists regarding the value of
the right of information not only in promoting human
freedoms but also good governance. This has important
implications for developing countries where the evolution
of participatory democracy is impaired by mistrust between
the people and the government which is further compli-
cated by the helplessness of the people in using their demo-
cratic choices to enforce accountability on their rulers. The
right to information has now given to the people that cru-
cial democratic choice.
If it is assumed that all administrative systems aim
at improvement in governance then winning over the
people’s trust should be their primary objective. In fact
removing the trust-deficit through RTI can be a very im-
portant tool of transforming governance.
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The problem with theoretical analysis is that, it is
dependant on certain assumptions being true, which is not
always the case. Transforming government, for example,
is based on an assumption that the political class sincerely
wants to transform governance, which is not a safe assump-
tion to make. In India as in many developing countries, a
consensus about the direction of change in Government,
is conspicuous in its absence. RTI is now forcing govern-
ments to introspect on their internal processes and about
accepting greater responsibility regarding their duty towards
citizens.
V
BEST LAWS, POOR IMPLEMENTATION AND
CORRUPTION
India is known to be a country of the finest laws,
which were frequently poorly implemented. The reasons
for this could be several¯ corruption, inefficiency of the
civil servants, institutional bottle-necks, political-compul-
sions and so on. The one aspect which affects the average
citizen the most is that the benefits of government schemes
do not reach the average citizen on time, or fully. There
are unplugged leakages of funds down the line from gov-
ernment treasury to the grass-root where it is needed. Elec-
tions give to the ruling class access to and control over vast
resources – not used always for public good. Electoral com-
petition has increased the proclivity to bend rules and use
resources to promote partition interests.
Corruption in India is not only endemic, it is also
many layered. The form and the layer of corruption, which
hurts the people most, is the small corruption which im-
pacts vast numbers of people who are required to frequently
interact with the State, either for accessing the welfare the
State promises, or for their specific needs which only the
State has the power to satisfy.
A Transparency International report last year esti-
mated that almost 4 million households in India which
were below poverty line (BPL) had to bribe hospital staff
to get services like admission into hospital, a bed and, di-
agnostic services. The total amount of bribe paid to the
hospital staff by the poor in the past one year has been
estimated to be Rs. 87 millions (US $ 1.94 millions).
Nearly one million households were denied hospital ser-
vices as they either refused to pay bribe or could not afford
to pay the amount demanded by the hospitals for their
services.
This report further highlights that in order to get
electricity connection or to get faulty meters rectified, con-
359
sumers had to bribe their way through the corrupt elec-
tricity departments or even private electricity companies.
Parents had to pay bribes for admitting their chil-
dren in relatively better schools, for the certificates to be
issued by such schools and various government authorities
and so on. It was estimated by the transparency Interna-
tional that in one year poor parents — belonging to the
BPL households – paid Rs. 12 millions (US $ 0.27 mil-
lion) as bribe for availing school services.
The BPL households, according to the Transpar-
ency International assessment, paid bribes to avail of one
or more of the 11 public services, which were: public dis-
tribution system, hospital services, educational services,
electricity and water supply services, the NREGA scheme,
land records and registration, forest, housing, banking, and
public service.
The value of the RTI Act lies in countering this
variety of corruption by exposing through the use of the
provisions of the Act individual acts of corruption and rent
seeking by officials. But even more importantly the provi-
sions of the RTI Act can be employed to alter the very
opaque system which promotes and sustains petty corrup-
tion. The Indian RTI Act gives power to the Central In-
formation Commission to give directions to the public au-
thorities to effect systemic changes, in order to bring the
system in line with transparency requirements contained
in the Act. Such changes, when brought about, are known
to have markedly reduced the magnitude of corruption in
given public authorities. Since transparency is also account-
ability enhancing, RTI must be considered a major tool in
the hands of common man to use, both strategically and
tactically, not only to achieve personally favourable results,
but also to transform the system for common good. The
possibilities are immense, though not fully tapped yet.
Such corruption imposes cost not only on the State
but also on the average citizen dwelling at a subsistence
level of existence ¯ marginal farmers, small traders and busi-
nessmen; daily-wage workers, school teachers, slum-dwell-
ers and so on. A majority of this class of people frequently
pay bribes just to manage to remain at the level of exist-
ence where they are. Corruption, by imposing cost on
such people, reduces their disposable income and, perpetu-
ates their misery.
Over the years, the Government of India and the
State Governments have set-up a number of anti-corrup-
tion and vigilance organisations for combating corruption
among public servants. The impact, nevertheless, has been
360
quite limited. Most corruption cases when taken to Courts
do not result in conviction of the accused. The number of
cases which the vigilance and the anti-corruption organi-
zations can handle is also extremely low given the extent of
corruption.
There have been some civil society-related move-
ments too to check corruption, only with limited results.
The lengthy and tortuous judicial processes tire-out and
defeat most efforts at checking corruption.
One conspicuous feature of the anti-corruption
measures in India has been the lack of people’s participa-
tion in making the drive a success. The emphasis in anti-
corruption strategies has all along been on building insti-
tutions to combat and check corruption rather than to make
it impossible, - by engaging people as watch-dogs to ex-
pose the corrupt, - for the corrupt to practice their trade.
The Right to Information Act emerged a silver
lining in the massing clouds of corruption overhanging
our politico-administrative system. A recent report of the
UNDP states that corruption is a crippling problem in the
Asia Pacific region. This report acknowledges that there is
an inverse relationship between economic and social
progress and corruption, but warns against any compla-
cency that mere economic progress can help eradicate cor-
ruption. With or without progress, corruption, according
to UNDP, has an effect on human development, which is
the primary concern of most developing countries. More
significantly, the UNDP report acknowledges, that one of
the reasons why India’s economic progress has been achieved
in spite of widespread corruption, is because of the checks
provided by a vibrant civil society which fortified the po-
litical will to combat corruption and, which culminated in
the promulgation of the Right To Information Act in the
year 2005. There were other concurrent measures as well,
which included extensive use of information and commu-
nication technologies in the administration and e- gover-
nance for transparent administration and India becoming
a signatory of the United Nations Convention against cor-
ruption (UNCAC). The Right To Information Act was
undoubtedly central to India’s enormous and often uphill
fight against endemic institutional corruption. One influ-
ential newspaper wrote “however, the picture is not en-
tirely gloomy. There are encouraging signs of success in
tackling corruption. Right to information (RTI) laws has
had the effect of making governments more accountable.”
(Business standard)
According to an estimate of the Transparency In-
ternational, India has been steadily improving its position
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in the scale of corruption index since the RTI Act came
into being in 2005. In that year India was 88 among 159
countries, while in the year 2006 it was ranked 70 among
163 countries. On a scale of 1-10, where 9.9 was for very
clean government, India was 2.9 in 2005; 3.3 in 2006 and
3.5 in 2007. The country’s steady climb in the global cor-
ruption index is all but visible.
A large part of this improvement is attributed to
the new atmosphere created by the advent of the RTI Act
and because of the several tools such as social audit, which
thanks to the RTI law, have required new tooth and ur-
gency.
RTI by making it harder for public authorities to
conceal truth from the citizens, obviates the need for street-
action by such citizens and their groups. It was common
to see in several parts of India, citizens groups supported
by NGOs resorting to street action in order to highlight
corruption, or to expose the activities of certain officials
and politicians. Now that RTI has given to such public
minded citizens the instrument to access and receive unal-
loyed information from the very public authorities, who
might be guilty of sheltering the corrupt or promoting
corruption, action through the streets, although not alto-
gether rendered unnecessary, is surely needed less frequently.
In this sense, RTI promotes the imperatives of
public order by rendering disruptive public action to high-
light failures of the government, less compelling. These
days it is common to see both print and the electronic
media extensively highlighting information received
through action under the RTI act. It would have needed
investigative journalism, deployment of a large number of
people and heavy expenditure to get that information which
now comes tumbling out of the public authorities on ac-
count of the simple act of petitioning under the RTI act.
It is the moral equivalent of the Gandhian idea of
SATYAGRAHA - or at least gets close to that.
A perinnial source of corruption is the
discretionary powers vested in the offices of the government.
These discretionary powers which lead to nepotism,
favouritism and so on and had been deeply resented by the
people. Governments are known to have exercised
discretionary powers to grant favours which promoted
sycophancy and cronyism and frequently led to violence
to the very norms which the government set for itself as
guiding principles of its actions.
RTI has placed at the disposal of the people of
India an instrument through which, simply by asking ques-
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tions, it is possible to bring out into the open, what would
have otherwise taken years to achieve through the ordi-
nary judicial and quasi-judicial processes. The slogan of
‘people against corruption’ can be most effectively actu-
ated through RTI. One hurdle in the mass assault on cor-
ruption through RTI is that those who suffer at the hands
of the corrupt are often too muted due to factors such as
poverty, illiteracy, cultural barriers, political-compulsions
and so on to become active participants in the campaign.
The success of RTI, in the medium and the long terms,
shall be defined by how this silent majority is galvanized
into using its powers to expose rent seekers. An expansion
of civil society organizations to mediate the people’s inter-
face with Government through RTI is necessary – perhaps
imperative.
There are signs now that the RTI Act is being
extensively used to question the manner in which
governments exercise their discretionary powers. The use
of the RTI Act is now making the government servants’
and the political leaders’ arbitrary exercise of their
discretionary powers, increasingly difficult. The fear that
violation of norms can now be exposed and brought to
public scrutiny is a powerful deterrent on arbitrarily exercise
of discretion.
VI
THE WESTERN AND THE THIRD-WORLD
RTI/FOI ACTS
In the West, FOI or the RTI Acts have largely been
used to expand the scope of right of speech and expres-
sion. Most applicants for information in such countries
are academics, interest groups and NGOs. Livelihood re-
lated FOI/RTI activism is few and far between.
In the developing countries, RTI no doubt is an
instrument to expand the rights of individuals as it is in
the West, but at another level it is also a force-multiplier ¯
an instrument of empowerment for the poor and the de-
prived, to compel States to create conditions under which
the weak and the poor can painlessly access goods and ser-
vices and seek to better their quality of life. In that sense,
the usage of the RTI in the developing countries has the
potentiality to make a huge contribution to livelihood gains
for the poor, who comprise close to 27% to 40% of the
society and, quite frequently, more. But, unfortunately,
those who need the RTI the most have the least means to
use its several instruments.
The real challenge of RTI in the context of the
developing countries, therefore, lies in inducing vast num-
361
bers of the poor and the deprived, the low-paid employees,
the wage-earners, slum-dwellers and so on, to use RTI as
an instrument to force an indifferent State to adopt verifi-
able norms of equity and accountability to discharge their
avowed functions towards the people.
Therefore, mere number of RTI applications may
not be a true index of the success of the Act – important
though these numbers are. How many such applicants are
from the weaker sections of the society is an important –
and to me a critical – index about how this Act can be a
transformational instrument.
An analysis of the appeals which have been filed
with the Central Information Commission of India (CIC)
shows that only a miniscule percentage of these appeals
come from those belonging to the category described as
“Below Poverty Line” (BPL). There is a perceptible lack of
enthusiasm among this category of citizens to use the RTI
Act. There have been, no doubt, some limited usage in the
States for such matters as proper disbursal of wages, dis-
charge of contractual obligations and so on, but its scope
is still highly limited.
VII
FOI/RTI IN FEDERAL STATES
PROBLEM OF UNIFORM APPLICATION OF
TRANSPARENCY LAWS
The functioning of the FOI/RTI act in federal
states encounters its own problems, unknown in other
forms of government/state. For one, is the problem of
uniform application of the RTI legislation. Large devel-
oping countries such as India may not find it easy to en-
sure that RTI laws are uniformly applied in all the federat-
ing units.
The reasons for uneven application of RTI laws
across the sub-national entities - such as states in India -
may be due to a variety of factors such as the level of RTI
awareness among the people, the strength of the civil soci-
ety institutions, the administrative and political culture in
the state, the approaches and the attitude of the civil ser-
vants, quality of record retention and maintenance in the
States, the extent of the use of technology in official work,
the cooperation and the support of the State government
to the RTI regime, among others. In each case of the sub-
national entity one or several of these factors - even some
other factors - could be present.
The success of RTI/FOI legislation in the sub-
national entities i.e. States, assumes criticality when it is
considered that vast numbers of the BPL citizens reside in
362
the States. It is here that they run into the wall of official
apathy, encounter hostility and rent seeking by government
employees, and are defeated at every step by the opacity of
the procedures and systems.
In India, the FOI/RTI movement was started first
in eight estates of the country. The national legislation
came later in the year 2005. These eight estates already
had their FOI/RTI Acts much before the 2005 Act came
into being. With the advent of the 2005 RTI Act these
governments and rescinded their respective State Acts and
acceded to the National Act with clearly differentiated RTI
regimes - one for the subjects assigned to the Central Gov-
ernment under the Constitution, and the other for the sub-
jects is assigned to the State governments. There is no con-
vergence between the two regimes, which are supreme and
independent in their respective spheres, although they all,
including the Centre follow the same law. It nothing else,
adherence of Centre and States to the same law ensures
uniformity as well as continuity.
It is important - even crucial - that the state RTI
regimes function successfully in expanding the people’s
choice and progressively opening up the governmental sys-
tems for public good. The data so far collected does not
lead to emergence of a clear picture about how these state
regimes have functioned. It is nevertheless hoped that as
these regimes evolve over the years, it shall be possible to
evaluate their functioning in terms of their impact in achiev-
ing the goals set out in the Act.
VIII
POVERTY RESTRICTS FREEDOM
Even when institutional democratic choice ¯ es-
pecially through periodic elections ¯ is available to the citi-
zen, the deprivation caused by poverty leads to depriva-
tions in terms of capabilities, which is defined as the choice
which a person has to convert his personal ability into in-
come and to well-being. Prof. Amartya Sen sees poverty as
a lack of capability, both intrinsic and instrumental.
Transparency has now joined the hallowed sanc-
tum of freedoms that impact endemic poverty by enhanc-
ing social choices. A country where 35 to 40% of its over
1 billion people live below the poverty line, i.e. earning
less than 1 or 2 dollars a day, political freedom without its
economic dimension can be meaningless to vast numbers
of people. It is only lately that the awareness has dawned
that there are elements in political freedom which can con-
tribute directly to economic freedom of the poor by con-
tributing to enhancing their capabilities.
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 It has fallen to right of information now to place
at the disposal of the citizen the instrument he always longed
to have in order to actualize his political freedom. In the
system of indirect democracy, the accountability response
of the government to the people’s urging through exercise
of their political freedom is mostly indirect – Questions in
parliament, media, choice of candidates in elections and
so on. Right to information entrusts the people the one,
and perhaps the only instrument, to question the govern-
ment directly through the simple process of enabling them
to seek information and making it impossible, or at least
difficult, for public authorities to withhold that informa-
tion. The conditions for responsive government which are
thus created, even many years of functioning democracy
has not succeeded in creating.
This is the only Act which forces the government
and the public authorities to deliver information to the
applicant / citizen at his door-step. What otherwise would
be a long, draining and frequently hopeless correspondence
with the government authorities, has been magically trans-
formed into a system of compulsory dissemination of in-
formation at the behest of the citizen.
IX
TRANSPARENCY AS UNINTENDED
CONSEQUENCE
Transparency through RTI is the direct product
of human action and not its unintended consequence. But
in some sense, the invisible hand, which Adam Smith once
spoke about, is also discernable in the myriad actions now
happening under the RTI Act. Adam Smith had argued
that selfish and rapacious people are led “by an invisible
hand” to “advance the interest of the society” which they
achieve “without intending it, without knowing it.”
In our experience in India, it has been seen that a
considerable number of RTI-petitions originated from
officers of several public authorities who, for some reason
or other, were unhappy with the authorities they served.
The reasons for this unhappiness could be lack of promo-
tion in service and opportunity for career progression, dis-
ciplinary action against the employee by the public au-
thority, or some unwelcome transfer to another city, lack
of opportunity to hold crucial assignments, use of discre-
tion by senior officers to deny incremental opportunities
to the subordinates, and so on. Their actions were typi-
cally selfish, but like Adam Smith’s butchers and brewers ¯
these public authority employees, zealously pursuing their
personal interests contributed to incremental growth in the
RTI regime and promoted transparency in the government.
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Transparency in several areas of public authority’s activi-
ties has been the unintended consequence of such employ-
ees’ selfish actions. Because of such actions, there has been
opening up of several specific areas of administration, which
remained closed in the last 61 years that India has been
free. These include transparency in the manner in which
the decisions about promoting certain officers from lower
to senior posts were taken - all proceedings related to those
promotions are now public; the marks allotted in inter-
views to employees for promotion purposes which have
been allowed to be disclosed. This was never the case be-
fore. There are many such examples.
Regardless of who invokes the RTI Act, the mere
fact of invoking, in measurable ways, causes opening of
government’s citadel. In that sense, RTI dilutes the mys-
tique of the government and removes the trepidation which
the people have about approaching the government. By
removing suspicion, RTI promotes trust between the people
and the public authorities. Governance gains.
X
INSTITUTIONS SHAPE POLITICS
Robert Putnam has argued that institutions de-
cide and influence the outcomes about governance because
they shape actors, their powers and their strategies. Insti-
tutions themselves are shaped by history.
In the Indian context, most important institutions
of the country, such as the Parliament, the Judiciary, the
Executive, the Federal structure, the State Administrations,
etc. have a continuity that goes back several decades before
the making of the Indian Constitution in 1950. It goes
into the times when the British ruled the country and pe-
riodically created certain institutions which have lasted till
this day. Our post independence experience has proved
Putnam’s Theory that the functioning of these institutions,
not only determines the outcomes, but also the manner in
which the principal actors ¯ the political class, the civil
servants and such others ¯ define their own identities, power
and strategies. It is significant that the underpinning of
most of these strategies was a certain belief that these ac-
tors would not be called upon by the citizens directly to
disclose the manner in which they took decisions ¯ minor
as well as major. It was because the right, which the citizen
had of questioning these actors, was only through the
elected representative, or through the judiciary, or infor-
mally through the media. The RTI Act gave to him the
direct power to question. In that sense, RTI is fundamen-
tally altering the contours of the actors’ strategies, their
sense of their own identities as well as their actions. An
363
awareness that whatever is being decided by a public au-
thority can be called upon to be disclosed to the public has
begun to alter not only the manner in which decisions are
made but also the behaviour pattern of the actors ¯ politi-
cal as well as permanent civil servants ¯ vis-à-vis the people.
A principal success of the RTI, therefore, lies in
the manner in which it has forced the system to change
along with forcing the principal actors to change their ap-
proaches – especially to secrecy of information. RTI Act
has the potentiality of actualizing what Hobsawn described
as “the people entering the playground of history.” Right
to Information can be the people’s instrument through
which they play their historic role.
It is possible to make the right to information the
perfect instrument of ushering in sweeping change in
developing societies. The literature on Social capital and
social choice theories have long drawn attention to the fact
that exercise of political freedoms together with the right
to receive information from government organizations, are
the keys to expanding citizens’ choices which contribute
to the citizens’ and nation’s prosperity. Right to information
deepens and stabilises democracy. In his path-breaking
work “Making Democracy Work”, Robert Putnam writes,
“Empirically speaking, few generalisations are more firmly
established than that effective democracy is correlated with
socio-economic modernisation.” it is Putnam’s argument
that economic modernity is associated with high-
performance public institutions.
The right to information together with other
political and economic rights, directly contributes to the
deepening of democracy and to the country’s
modernisation, by creating an active citizenry, keen to
enforce its rights through the RTI Act and to force the
government to be more transparent and accountable. The
citizen must be encouraged to see for himself how the state
responds to his plea for justice, protection, livelihood and
equity.
XI
PRIVATIZATION AND FOI/RTI
The private sector has been kept outside the ambit
of the RTI Act in India. An oft-repeated concern of the
RTI activists has been that as the government progressively
privatizes and withdraws from certain key areas of activities,
those areas will become out of bounds for RTI. It is their
argument that this would lead to shrinkage of the RTI space.
It is a paradox that while excessive government is
identified with everything that is wrong with governance
364
– lack of transparency, lethargy, inefficiency, insensitivity
to the citizens’ needs, corruption and so on – its withdrawal
from the public – space is looked upon as a loss to RTI.
The paradox, though, is only optical, not real. Two
observations need to be made; first, the RTI-movement
has for its primary objective creation of an atmosphere of
openness in governance, free from the overhang of secrecy.
Privatization, by reducing the areas managed by government
– especially in commerce and business – contributes to
openness by reducing bureaucracy. In that sense,
privatization by reducing governmental bureaucracy in
certain defined areas enhances openness and thereby
promotes the goals of RTI. In fact, the Indian RTI Act
spells out this concept in unambiguous terms. In its Section
4(2) it states “It shall be a constant endeavour of every
authority to take steps………so that the public have
minimum resort to the use of this act to obtain
information.” Incremental privatization in developing
countries, therefore, is not antithetical to RTI as some of
the positivist school theorists would have us believe.
Second, not all matters private are outside the
ambit of RTI. Most transparency laws have provisions for
disclosure of even private information, which comes into
the possession of public authorities. Such information may
include business related details submitted by companies
and private individuals to market and financial Regulators
and to the departments dealing with company law matters;
income , service and commercial taxes related information
of business houses and private citizens; labour related
information held by Regulators, officials and Tribunals,
etc. Despite privatization vast swathes of private
information remains in the hands of governments and
public authorities and can be disclosed – given certain
conditions – and in “public interest” as may be determined
by a designated authority under RTI Act. Recently the
Indian Central Information Commission (CIC) ordered
disclosure of the Income Tax payment details of political
parties even though the parties strongly opposed it on
grounds that the information submitted by them to Income
Tax Authorities was these Parties’ private/personal
information. Their plea was rejected on the ground that
though the information was in the personal domain of
political parties, it was in public interest to disclose it.
The fear of loss to RTI due to privatization is,
therefore, exaggerated.
In India, now there is a broad consensus across
party lines that the best way to promote good governance
is to define the areas where the government can work with
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optimum efficiency and gradually allow private initiative
in such areas which are best managed by the private sector.
In pursuance of this policy government has divested its
holdings in a large number of public enterprises, even in
enterprises in which the government hitherto had main-
tained very tight control and had stubbornly refused to let
in the private sector. For example government allowed 26
per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Indian de-
fence sector. Newspapers have now reported that the gov-
ernment was considering allowing 49% FDI on a case by
case basis in this sector which was out of bounds for pri-
vate players in the past. (The Hindu, September 21, 2008).
Quite interestingly, the loosening of the govern-
ment control in a number of public enterprises — includ-
ing those in the defence sector — has been advertised as a
step in the direction of greater transparency. The Indian
Defence Minister is on record saying, “We believe in the
open deals. There will be no more veil of secrecy in the
Request for Proposals (RFP). Details would be made avail-
able to all industry representatives by placing the tenders
on the net, except in the most sensitive cases which is a
very minuscule number.” (The Hindu, 21-09-2008).
The case for transparent government is only
strengthened and not weakened, when governments, as part
of a systemic programme, reduce their visible presence by
withdrawing from significant parts of government activity
and removing the requirement for licences and permits for
carrying on legitimate business and, commerce. This has
the effect of not only removing irritants it also reduces the
scope for corruption, which “licence and permit Raj” is
known to engender.
Thus, contrary to the apprehensions expressed by
certain theorists, privatization and the phenomenon of the
retreating state are entirely congruent with the transpar-
ency guarantees contained in FOI/RTI legislations.
XII
INSTANCES OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE
The RTI Act and its implementation has unmis-
takably engendered efforts by public authorities to bring
their respective laws and activities in line with the provi-
sions of the RTI Act. The Department of Cooperation of
Delhi Government, for example, brought an amendment
to the Delhi Cooperative Societies Act in the year 2006 to
incorporate a provision whereby the Cooperative Societies
were obligated to give out information to its members
whenever asked for. The Cooperative Societies had ac-
quired a certain notoriety for withholding information,
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which was believed to be a cover for their malfunctioning.
Initially, the Delhi Cooperative Societies Act provided only
limited powers to the Department of Cooperation to deal
with lack of transparency in the Cooperative Societies.
Now, the Act itself casts an obligation on the Cooperative
Societies to disclose information, on pain of punishment.
The Department of Company Affairs issued a
notification subsequent to the advent of the RTI Act, that
it would now disclose all files held by that department
through inspection to an applicant on payment of a small
fee. Such a provision would have been inconceivable only
a few years ago and was surely the result of the RTI Act
showing the way towards institutional transparency and
accountability.
The Delhi Police issued instructions to all its of-
ficers to disclose certain categories of information relating
to applicants, who made complaints about police inaction
in their matters. Initially, there was strong resistance to
revealing this information on grounds that it would inter-
fere with investigations and erode discipline in the police
force. Now the police officers provide this information on
a routine basis to the applicants. Contrary to their appre-
hension that police discipline would be impacted or that
investigations would be jeopardized, such routine disclo-
sure of information has only helped refurbish the image of
the police department.
The public authorities all over the central govern-
ment vigorously guarded disclosure of any information
pertaining to deliberations regarding promotion of employ-
ees. Due to actions by the Central Information Commis-
sion, a large part of this information - never disclosed ear-
lier - is now routinely placed in public domain.
According to the statistics compiled by the Cen-
tral Information Commission of India, in 2006–2007, over
170,000 people applied for various categories of informa-
tion from public authorities spread over 57 ministries and
departments of the Central Government. Most of these
applications were processed and answered within the time
limit stipulated under the Indian RTI Act, — one month
from the date of the receipt of the request. Information
was denied in about 10% of the cases at the basic level. It
is only these 10% of the cases which were further involved
in appellate proceedings all the way up to the Central In-
formation Commission.
These statistics confirm the fact that the Minis-
tries and the Departments of the government dealing with
365
the rural people directly - the ministries of local self-gov- government, raises barriers, which separate the people from
ernment, rural development, youth affairs and the women their government. FOI/RTI Acts help remove these barri-
and Child development – were also the ones which ac- ers, thereby engendering an atmosphere of trust which ex-
counted for a relatively small number of RTI-applications. pands social capital and promotes good governance.
This lends urgency to the need for further efforts to
Developing countries can gain immensely by
popularise the RTI Act among the people, especially those
wholeheartedly adopting transparency norms through pro-
living in rural areas and the fringes of the society.
motion of FOI/RTI Acts which multiply choice, which
These examples are also instances of how govern- promotes and accelerates economic and social development.
mental organizations have reluctantly, but positively, em- There are immense developmental gains to be had through
braced transparency since the advent of the RTI Act. promotion of FOI/RTI in developing states.
The true index of the success of the RTI Act will The need of the hour is to make the FOI/RTI a
no doubt be how the common citizen is able to use the mass movement aimed at the poor and the deprived of the
provisions of the Act to receive quality information from country. With full awareness that FOI/RTI has the power
the government, but equally important will be the mea- to transform the lives of the teeming millions and incre-
sure in which the governments restructure their systems in mentally change governance; rights groups, civil society
order to make information routinely available to the citi- organizations, governments and individual civil servants
zen. Crucial to both will be an attitudinal change among will need to pool their energies to build the broader strat-
employees of public authorities about their roles in the sys- egy to allow FOI/RTI realise its full potential and unleash
tem and their approach to transparency in that system. To the transformational forces that are waiting to shape our
take liberty with a famous saying of Aldous Huxley: confi- people’s future.
dentiality resides in the minds of public employees and it
is in the minds that the battle for transparency will be won.
*****
XIII
CONCLUSION
The immense potentiality of the FOAI/RTI legis-
lation as an instrument for transforming governance in
developing countries needs to be fully appreciated. These
Acts which give to the citizen the right to directly question
governments (though in the garb of seeking information),
are unique pieces of legislation. These mimic elements of
an Athenian direct democracy, when governance itself is
indirect.
The right to information is not so much a subset
of a larger set of rights, it is its own set, which is capable of
being actualised both at an individual level and on a mass
scale.
This right has the power to be the force-multi-
plier for extending and deepening the scope of economic,
political and social rights of the individual, as well as fun-
damentally changing governance through transparency.
Under relentless pressure of transparency demands from
the citizens, governments have no option but to yield
ground regarding official secrecy and confidentiality and
thereby remove an important cloak which shields corrup-
tion.
Confidentiality surrounding the functioning of the

366 Platinum Platform

 Indian Society – Past and Present
Respected Ladies and Gentlemen,
This meeting with the learned friends is a great
occasion for me. I am 82 now.
Old age Attitude:
Living long should mean living with the world.
Awareness of the surroundings, its people and the related
circumstances is an enriching experience whether it is plea-
sure or pain. Appropriate concern, understanding and re-
action to this experience are real growth of the man. Growth
to the limit is completion of the purpose of life. One’s un-
derstanding of the past and present of the world around
leads to such completion. Then one can find everything to
be obvious, needing no rejection or ill-will against any per-
son or concept. This leads to a tranquil state of conscious-
ness when one can begin to see an all pervading, all time
foundational reality upon which all things happen. Once
this permanent changeless basis is realised the superficial
changes in men and matters do not affect the man. True,
when a certain negative force comes into play in the world
around, to harm and disturb the stream of common life,
such a negative element is obviously rejected and even op-
posed but with no personal animosity, but in the interest
of the common peace. Liking and disliking are quite nor-
mal and can be justified by a moral sense. But hatred and
partiality do not lead one to a tranquil consciousness. One
actually suffers in this condition himself. One should keep
abreast of all shades of understanding by a contact with
the thinkers and the learned in many a field. It improves
one’s ability to accommodate and accept the variety of
human thought. This is necessary for every thinking citi-
zen. Thus, scholars in various fields have been requested to
enlighten us with their observations and findings. In this
connection, I submit my views on the conditions of today’s
society before the august gathering.
Importance of Culture:
Progress of human race has started with a
fulfilment of the body’s needs ultimately reaching a stage
of fulfilment of the needs of mind. This is what is known
as civilisation. This is a course from the animalistic satis-
faction of the barbarian to the mutual sharing of Nature’s
Platinum Platform
- Dr Sivananda Murty
resources among the people by a mutual agreement and
arrangement. At this stage, the mind gains its importance
and develops into a state of self-fulfilment. The develop-
ment of arts, literature and a culture follows as a source of
happiness of the mind as different from the physical sen-
sual happiness and is something far beyond and far above
that. As long as the mind develops a hunger and taste for
these facets of culture, the appetites of the flesh are sub-
dued. The physical appetites of flesh are termed as tamasic
and its predominance in a man sacrifices the aesthetic val-
ues. In a society which cares more for these values of ‘Cul-
ture’, the animal instincts of the average man are conquered
and the society is then called a highly cultured society. Such
a society does not give great importance to acquisition of
material wealth or power. It leads to peaceful coexistence
free from unhealthy competition. This is the general con-
dition of such society with a few personal exceptions. Ha-
tred and jealousy expressed in cruelty make individual sto-
ries only and not the character of the society. That is India
all through its history—ancient, medieval and present.
Traditional Indian Society:
A century ago, the Indian society produced more
art and literature which were not meant for a reward or
recognition and hence no competition. Even royal patron-
age was rare and it was for one in a hundred as it was not
sought after. The peculiar character of India is the
organisation of a pyramidal structure of the society into
sections that attend to the physical needs of the society
through agriculture or cottage industry, while education
and culture influence the middle class which is the bulk of
the society. Ultimately the society provided a pinnacle of
spirituality meant for individuals and not a class. One step
below the spiritual pinnacle is the stress on moral values
which influence and inspire the society next below their
level and also try to reach the next higher pinnacle. This
was the Brahmin class which has declined today.
East-West Meet and the Result:
The Western type of industrial economy and
democratic governance can hardly think of providing a
suitable place to these ethics of culture. In the West, the
picture is different today. There is more of civilisation pro-
367
viding a peaceful and organised living rather than an at- system of values and spirituality seem to be flowing in op-
tention on aesthetics or values — spiritual or moral. These posite direction. A socialist philosophy and secularism as
have been the sine-qua-non of Indian society. Western in- followed today have adopted a disrespectful attitude to re-
dustrial economy does not necessarily have a spiritual face ligion and spirituality which are forces that governed people
or ethical self-restraint but it promotes only competition for millennia and which cannot be wished away or replaced
not always healthy. The content of contentment becomes by any thought. Hence, the solution lies in the concilia-
minimal in the entire society. The competition spares no tion suggested. This must necessarily be part of educational
echelon of society and it extends from a basic labour class system, the governmental agency including the judiciary
upto the governing class. Adopting this, a traditional In- as well as the political process of democracy. The elected
dian society reaches a chaos, and justice and fair play get representatives who boast of their secularism must remem-
lost. The society is not happier than before. Perhaps, a few ber that they have been elected by people with religious
individuals and not any particular section of society may faith and beliefs and they should represent such people in
be benefited by recalling the past values of morals and spiri- thought, word and deed. They reject such faith while in
tuality that take one away from the gross materialism and governance having been elected by people with such faith.
the social evil. Traditions of the past vanish fast and an They cease to represent them in spirit. All thinking citi-
organised division of society is considered evil and tradi- zens may kindly give a thought to this problem.
tions originating from such society are also considered ir-
relevant and evil. But such views of the past in the present I feel obliged to all the learned friends for their
society are not able to offer any solution or panacea that kind presence.
ensures peace to all sections of society. The evil of gross *****
materialism pervading the entire society finds no solu-
tion applicable to the entire society. The theorists of new
political philosophies cannot offer or ensure the welfare
and peace of the entire society. Their idea of Law-enforce-
ment from governments is more mechanical than inspired.
Such a system becomes part and parcel of this chaotic soci-
ety. It fails as a concept.
Is there a Solution?
The ancient Indian social structure like the caste
system or its moral and spiritual content cannot be re-es-
tablished by any miraculous roll back of history. The re-
vival of such caste system is not a solution as it has taken
an ugly shape today for want of its moral content. What
can be attempted by responsible persons or organisations
– religious or social – with the help of the sections of gov-
ernance like Law and Justice is to bring together the an-
cient spiritual or moral values, basic ingredients of religion
like faith in God, Karma and Dharma in a wider sense
which are cherished by millions with the modern system
of education and the socio-political theories. All these agen-
cies in society have a power to rule the society and if they
can come together to form a system, that can guide the
society, we can hope to bridge the present and the past and
achieve a peaceful coexistence. The present stress on inap-
plicable secularism divested of a religious faith adopted in
public governance and education has actually failed to guar-
antee a moral and peaceful society in India. There is a moral
failure in governance as well as in education. The two
streams of so called secular governance and a religion based

368 Platinum Platform

 Sahasraadhika Purna Chandra Darshana of
Satguru Sri Sivananda Murty
(18-23 March 2010)
Saptadham, Warangal
A Report
With the gracious blessings of Satguru Sri
Sivananda Murtyji, members of His family and devotees
celebrated the divine occasion of His witnessing a thou-
sand-plus full moons from 18th to 23rd March 2010 at the
newly inaugurated Saptadham, Warangal. The celebrations
included: a) Academic Seminars, b) Historical Exhibition,
c) Cultural Programs and d) Vedic Rituals.
(a) Academic Seminars were organized from 18th to
22nd 2010 on various topics across different academic
disciplines inviting distinguished scholars from far and
wide who had sent in their articles in good time en-
abling us to bring the collected articles in a book form.
The diversified topics for discussion were classified
into 12 broad technical sessions spread over 5 days of
intensive deliberations and serious presentations as
detailed below. The program was intended to invite
the intellectuals from various fields to enlighten us in
the matters of achieving general welfare of our People,
Culture, Country, Nation and the State and to show
us ways and means to good governance and judi-
cious use of natural resources drawing inspiration and
guidance from our ancient culture and all-time valid
Sanatana Dharma.
18th March 2010
Inaugural Session :
The series of the seminars were inaugurated on
18 th March 2010 at 10.30 am. Guruji lighted the
ceremonial lamp while Sri Adithe Ramakrishna Sastry
recited the Vedic prayers. The session had begun with the
national prayer Vande Mataram saluting the mother land.
Prof. P.Mallikarjuna Rao, Principal, University Arts &
Science College, Kakatiya University, Subedari,
Hanamkonda, welcomed the guests and Prof. Y. Sudershan
Rao, former Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kakatiya
University, Warangal and Coordinator of the Platinum
Platform program, introduced the concept of the Seminars.
Prof A Bhoomiah, Vice Chancellor, Potti Sriramulu
Telugu University, Hyderabad, our Distinguished Guest,
Platinum Platform
released the book, Platinum Platform, a collection of articles
contributed by the distinguished scholars and experts from
respective fields of study mostly identified by Sri Guruji.
Sri Guruji expressed his happiness as the Book
contained best articles from the select fields of Humanities,
Literature, Sciences and Social Sciences by the best hands.
Giving his message on the occasion Sri Guruji averred that
being born in India is not only a matter of great fortune
but also a matter of immense responsibility, for it is the
bounden duty of every educated Indian to spread across
the world the glory of Indian culture and its rich and hoary
traditions. He reminded that the whole world has great
regard for our ancient culture and knowledge and it is our
responsibility to live up to those ideals and values. He
hoped that the seminars would provide a platform for the
intellectuals from different sections of the society to share
their wisdom, understanding and knowledge on various
issues concerning the country with the youth. He advised
that the Saptadham should be used as a centre for
promoting Indian culture and dharma.
Hon’ble Justice (Rtd) Sri Y Bhaskar Rao, former
Chief Justice of Karnataka High Court and former Member
of National Human Rights Commission, New Delhi was
the Chief Guest who spoke on the significance of Indian
Culture and traditional knowledge. He said that Indian
culture and traditions are inclusive in nature and have eternal
value and relevance. He deplored that modern system of
education ignored the development of personality of
individuals and the time-tested values. He extolled the
ancient education system and showed its relevance to the
modern times. Padmasri Prof. B.N. Deekshatalu, Chairman,
BOG of NIT, Warangal who presided over the meeting
lauded the contribution of ancient India to science and
technology. Later, Prof V Kishan Rao, Dept of AIHC&A,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, proposed a vote of thanks.
Technical Session I: Telugu Language :
Prof Ravva Srihari, former Vice Chancellor,
Dravidian University, Kuppam, presided over this session
369
and also presented his paper (p 215). Prof (Rtd.) Salaka
Raghunatha Sarma, Sri Krishna Devaraya University,
Anantapur (p.7), Prof D Venkat Rao, The English and
Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad (p.11) and Prof
N Gopi, former Vice Chancellor, Potti Sriramulu Telugu
University, Hyderabad (p.71) presented their papers, while
Prof V Venkataramana Reddy, Director, Oriental
Manuscripts Library and Research Institute, Sri
Venkateswara University, Tirupati (p.15) and Prof Bh
Kishnamurti, former Vice Chancellor, University of
Hyderabad (p.20) could not be present for personal
presentations of their papers as the former had some
pressing engagements while the latter had expressed his
inability to attend the program due to indisposition.
Technical Session II: Literature:
Prof S V Rama Rao, former Dean of Arts, Osmania
University, Hyderabad (p.62) was in the chair. Dr
Mudivedu Prabhakar Rao, OML&RI, Tirupati (p.25), Dr
KVN Raghavan, Chittore (p.49), Prof Kovela
Suprasannacharya, former Dean of Arts, Kakatiya
Universiy, Warangal (p.202), Prof Vedula Subrahmanya
Sastry , Andhra University, Waltair (p.01) , Prof P Sumathi
Narendra , Osmania University, Hyderabad (p.54) , and
Prof Kasireddy Venkat Reddy, Osmania University,
Hyderabad (p.193) presented the papers while Prof Kovela
Sampathkumaracharya , formerly with the Dept of Telugu,
Kakatiya University, Warangal (p.58) could not attend on
health grounds.
Prof Kovela Suprasannacharya was the Co-ordinator
and Samudrala Sathakopacharya was the Rapporteur for the
sessions I & II.
19th March 2010
Technical Session III : History and Culture:
Prof S S Ramachandra Murthy, former Head,
AIHC&A, Sri Venkatewara University, Tirupati (p.165)
was in the chair. Prof C Somasundar Rao, Andhra Univer-
sity, Waltair (p.184), Dr K Aravind Kumar, Dravidian
University, Kuppam (p.173), Prof Kolluri Suryanarayana,
Dept of History & Archaeology, Waltair (p.179), Prof P
Hymavathi, Dept of History, Kakatiya University, Warangal
(p.186), Prof N Krishna Reddy, Sri Venkateswara Univer-
sity, Tirupati (p.169) presented their papers, the papers of
Prof M Radha Krishna Sarma, former Emiritus Professor,
Osmania University, Hyderabad (p.218) and Dr PV
Parabrahma Sastry, Dy Director (Rtd.), Dept of Archaeol-
370
ogy and Museums, Govt. of AP (p. 182) were read out in
their absence.
Technical Session IV: Art & Architecture:
Prof Y Srirama Murthy, former Head, Department
of History & Archeology, Andhra University, Waltair
chaired the session. While Prof D Kiran Kranth Choudary,
Sri Venkateswra University, Tirupati (p.145) and Prof V
Meenakumari, Dept of AIHC&A, Osmania University,
Hyderabad (p.151) made their presentation. The papers
of Dr G Kamalakar, Director, Birla Archaeological & Cul-
tural Research Institute, Hyderabad (p.160), Dr. V
Sakunthala, Dept of AIHC&A, Sri Venkateswara Univer-
sity, Tirupati (p.156), Dr Pappu Venugopal Rao, former
Director, American Institute of Indian Studies, Chennai
(p.138), and Prof B Rajendra Prasad, former Head, Dept
of AIHC&A, Sri Venkateswra University, Tirupati (p.158)
were read out in their absence.
Technical Session V: Religious Traditions:
Dr Attaluri Mrityunjaya Sarma, Principal (Rtd),
Durgeswara Sanskruta Andhra Mahila College, Warangal
and Upa-Peethaadhipati, Sri Saiva Maha Peetham, Andhra
Pradesh, (p.75) was in the chair. Dr Ch Lakshmana
Chakravarti, Reader, A V V College, Hyderabad (p.89) and
Dr G Jawaharlal, Director (Rtd) Oriental Manuscript Li-
brary &Research Institute, Hyderabad presented their pa-
pers while the papers of Dr V V Krishna Sastry, former
Director, Dept of Archaeology and Museums, Govt of A.P
(p.99) and Sri Dorbala Vishwanatha Sarma Telugu Pandit
(Rtd), Ramayanpet, Medak District, were presented in their
absence.
20th March 2010
Technical Session VI: Hyderabad State:
Prof Y Vaikuntham, Professor Emiritus, former
Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Osmania University,
Hyderabad and former Vice Chancellor, Kakatiya Univer-
sity, Warangal (p.318) was in the chair. While Prof Y
Sudershan Rao, former Dean of Social Sciences, Kakatiya
University, Warangal (p.329), Dr H Rajendra Prasad,
former Chief Post Master General, Andhra Pradesh (p.198),
Prof V Kishan Rao, Dept of AIHC&A, Osmania Univer-
sity, Hyderabad (p.321) and Dr G Balasrinivasa Murthy,
Dept of Teulgu, Telangana University, Nizamabad pre-
sented their papers, the papers of Dr K Jayashankar , former
Vice Chancellor, Kakatiya University Warangal (p.211) and
Smt Hema Botlagudur, Warwick, UK (p.312) were pre-
sented in absentia.
Platinum Platform
Technical Session VII: Education:
Prof Ganta Ramesh, Dean, Faculty of Education,
Kakatiya University, Warangal (p.231) was in the chair.
Dr D Rajendra Prasad, Dept of Education, Kakatiya Uni-
versity, Warangal (p.234) and Dr K Vijaya Babu , Kakatiya
university, Warangal presented their papers. The paper of
Prof Y Venkatarami Reddy, Chairman, Andhra Pradesh
Public Service Commission, Hyderabad (p.221) was pre-
sented in absentia.
Technical Session VIII: Yoga and Philosophy:
Dr V V B Rama Rao, who retired from Maharaja
College, Vizianagaram (p.110) chaired the session. Prof P
Mallikarjuna Rao, Principal, University Arts & Science
College, Subedari, Hanamkonda (p.206), Sri Mudigonda
Veereshalingam, Retired Govt Lecturer, Warangal (p.85),
Sri Gentela Venkata Ramana, Balusupadu, Jaggayyapeta
(p.120) presented their papers. Dr Mudigonda Amarnatha
Sarma, Sardar Patel Degree College, Secunderabad (p.81)
could not come for the presentation but attended the ses-
sion on 22nd March instead. Dr V V Hanumantha Rao,
Editor, Supatha and Associate Prof of English,
Tadepalligudem (p. 338) made his presentation while Prof
VVS Sarma, Dept of Computer Science, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore (p.131), Prof Pullela Sriramachandrudu,
former Head, Dept of Sanskrit, Osmania University,
Hyderabad (p.125) and Prof Hari Shiva Kumar, former
Dean of Arts, Kakatiya University, Warangal could not at-
tend on health grounds. Their papers were read in the ses-
sion for the benefit of audience.
Prof V Kishan Rao, Dept of AIHC&A, Osmania
University, Hyderabad was the Coordinator and Dr K
Vijaya Babu, Dept of History, Kakatiya University was the
Rapporteur for the sessions III- VII.
21st March 2010
Technical Session IX: National Issues:
The forenoon session kept the audience enrapt as
the focus of the papers was on national security and the
forces that are jeopardizing it which needs serious atten-
tion of all sensible citizens. There was a wide array in the
presentation as the papers covered various issues related to
national security such as defence, politics and the Consti-
tution. Highlighting the problems plaguing the defence of
the country Vice Admiral (Rtd) B Raman Puri, PVSM, AVSM,
VSM, former Chief of Integrated Defense Staff (p.351),
Platinum Platform
pointed out in his paper the lack of coordination among
the three forces, namely, Army, Navy and Air Force. This
absence projects the national defence as being weak he felt.
He also felt that defence allocations in the national budget
are found woefully inadequate. He stressed upon the need
to modernize the armed forces to face new challenges. He
said that the national defence strategy should be evolved in
the present jointly by the three wings of the defence keep-
ing in view the future requirements. He emphasized upon
the cordiality and coordination between the bureaucracy,
political bosses and the defence forces for formulating an
effective national defence policy. He resented the recent
reaction of the Indian government to the Chinese incur-
sions in the North-East of our country. Prof (Rtd) A
Narasimha Rao , Osmania University, Hyderabad (p.227)
was in the chair. In his lucid presentation, Prof. Rao
lamented that the revolutionary changes that have occurred
in the field of science and technology have not been able to
find solutions to the problems caused by unabated crime,
religious conflicts, and endemic corruption threatening in-
ternal peace and security. He opined that industrialization,
and the expanding markets have yielded undesirable re-
sults. He expressed concern at the situation in the Middle
East Asia which is torn by suicide bombers, chemical weap-
ons, guerrilla warfare, regional disputes, suppression of
women in the name of religion etc. This situation is caus-
ing threat to peace in this and the surrounding regions. He
faulted the authorities for the poor defence planning and
inept handling of the issues and argued that national de-
fence planning should be in tune with the changes occur-
ring on the International scene. He indicted America for
its hegemonic role on the International scene and for mar-
keting destructive weaponry. He feared a great security
threat from China which has been strengthening its mili-
tary base in the North East on one side and cementing its
relations with all our neighbors on the other. It has gone to
the extent of preparing plans to divert Brahmaputra wa-
ters into China by digging a tunnel in the Himalayan range.
Not considering this as a serious threat by us is a sample of
our perception of national security. He concluded that In-
dian government should be more concerned about its se-
curity threat, be it internal or external. Dr T Hanuman
Chowdary, former Advisor, Information & Technology,
Govt of AP (p.266), in his thought provoking paper felt
that the national security is seriously threatened by the fun-
damentalist Muslim minority and Christian missionaries.
He especially felt that Islamic fundamentalism is posing a
severe threat to national security. He indicted the Indian
371
political leadership for its propitiatory attitude towards the
Muslims with an eye on their vote bank. He lamented that
Christian missionaries, who are inducing religious conver-
sions by offering various sops to the weaker sections of the
Hindus, are posing a threat to national integration and
security. He held that the special constitutional status guar-
anteed to Kashmiris is responsible for the present confla-
gration in the state. In conclusion he suggested that for the
promotion of national integration irrespective of religion,
the rule of two children for each family must be imposed;
all the special privileges extended to minorities be stopped
forthwith; Jammu and Kashmir must be recognized as an
integral part of India and be divided into three states; com-
mon civil code must be adopted; all fundamentalist ele-
ments are ruthlessly weeded out. Prof (Rtd) S V Seshagiri
Rao, Dept of Geo-Physics, Osmania University, Hyderabad
(p.275) in his highly analytical and profusely illustrated
paper identified religious conversions, reservations based
on religion, demographic aggression in the form of infil-
tration, failure to create a uniform civil code and attacks
on the roots of Hidutva as responsible for the fissions and
conflicts in the Indian society and thereby posing great
threat national integration and security.
Technical Session X: Media:
Sri Potturi Venkateshwara Rao, former Chirman,
Press Academy of AP was in the chair. Sri M V R Sastry ,
Chief Editor, Andhra Bhoomi (p.260)daily and Sri Piratla
Venkateshwarlu, Chief Editor, Krishna Patrika,(p.264) pre-
sented their papers.
Technical Session XI: Society and Governance:
Prof G Srinivasa Reddy, former Dean, Faculty of
Social Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal was in the
chair. Sri C Sundar Rao, IES (Rtd), Vishakhapatnam
(p.284), Dr P Sadanandam, Dept of History, Kakatiya
University, Warangal (p. 325), Sri G Parthasarathi Rao,
IAS(Rtd) Hyderabad (p.293): Prof R Raghavendran, Pro-
fessor (Rtd), National Institute of Technology, (former
Regional Engineering College), Warangal (p.290), Prof V
Shobha, Dept of PA & HRM, Kakatiya University,
Warangal, Dr H Krishna Murthy, Principal Scientist,
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (p.309), Dr R Satish,
Hyderabad (p.347), Dr G Prabhakar, MD, Vishakhapatnam,
Dr Vyakaranam Nageshwar, MD, Hanamkonda (p.232)
presented their papers. Prof A Prasanna Kumar,Director,
Centre for Policy Studies and former Rector, Andhra Uni-
versity, Waltair (p.279), Dr Lalith Siva Kumar
372
Vadlamannati, Seattle, USA (p.307), Dr Madhu
Kalimipalli, Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada (p.298)
could not present their papers in person.
Technical Session XII: Police, Law & Justice:
Sri V Harihar Rao, Senior Advocate, Warangal
(p.239) was in the chair. Dr Tenneti Vijaya Chandra, Dept
of Law, Kakatiya University, Warangal (p. 249) and Sri K
R Nandan IPS, Director General of Police, Govt of Andhra
Pradesh, Hyderabad (p.244) presented their papers while
Prof Madabhushi Sridhar, NALSAR, Hyderabad (p.253)
made his presentation on 22nd March 2010.
Prof Y Sudershan Rao acted as the Coordinator
for the sessions IX-XII. Dr C Madan Mohan, former Prin-
cipal, Lal Bahadur College and presently Professor & Di-
rector of Management Courses, Mahabubuia Panjattan PG
College, Warangal was the Rapporteur for sessions IX & X
and Dr K Jagannadha Rao, former Principal, Lal Bahadur
College, Warangal acted as Rapporteur for XI & XII
sessions.
22nd March 2010
Valedictory Session was held on 22nd March
2010 at 10 am. Prof Y V Rao, Director, National Institute
of Technology, Warangal presided over the session. Shri A
N Tiwari, IAS, Hon’ble Information Commissioner, Cen-
tral Information Commission, New Delhi (p. 354) was
the Chief Guest on the occasion. He paid rich tributes to
Sri Guruji recalling instances of significance in his associa-
tion with Guruji. In his eloquent valedictory address he
explained the importance of Right To Information Act
(RTI). He extolled that the RTI is the only law that di-
rectly gives citizen a tool which strengthens him to negoti-
ate for rights. It entitles him to seek information within
finite time limits with prescribed penalties in place for re-
fusal. For the first time, he said, that the RTI has shaken
the civil servants from deep slumber and made them ac-
countable. Thus the RTI has become a stepping stone to
the era of transparency making disclosure a rule.
While speaking on the occasion, Sri Guruji ex-
pressed his happiness at the brilliant exchange of ideas and
thoughts that took place in the Seminars. He said that
Saptadham is the centre for the unification of culture and
the seminars that were held in it provided a congenial plat-
form for the expression of various shades of thoughts, tastes,
likes and dislikes. He averred that the most civilized way
of negotiating any issue is through debates and discussions
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rather than conflicts and clashes. He desired that similar
seminars should be conducted at various places as they are
like intellectual parliaments helping the promotion of
healthy debates and discussions that form the essence of
democracy. He once again stressed that every Indian has a
responsibility towards his country and culture and as a re-
sponsible citizen one should perform his duty without be-
ing overly hopeful about the results. He said that for many
centuries this country had people with healthy mind in an
unhealthy body, but today due to the influence of alien
forces we have people with an unhealthy mind in a healthy
body. He congratulated and complimented the organizers
for successfully conducting the events. Prof. Y. Sudershan
Rao, coordinator proposed a Vote of Thanks, The pro-
gram came to a close with the National Anthem.
Release of Books:
During the Academic Sessions, two books were
released by Guruji. Dr K V N Raghavan’s Satankura-
Kaavyaanuseelanam, a commentary on Kovela Suprasanna
charya’s work, Satankura and Dr VVB Rama Rao’s
commentary on Soundaryalahari in English were released
in the Session I (18th March 2010) and the Session VIII
(20th March 2010) respectively.
Distinguished Visitors:
The seminars were well attended by the elite of
the town consisting of writers, poets, social activists, aca-
demics, scholars, businessmen and professionals. Sri Sirisilla
Rajaiah, Member of Parliament from Warangal graced the
occasion on 21st March 2010 and addressed the august
gathering explaining various public welfare schemes of the
Government to uplift the downtrodden and the weaker
sections. Capt V Laxmikantha Rao, former Minister, Gov-
ernment of Andhra Pradesh, attended the Inaugural Ses-
sion on 18th March and he was also invited to speak on the
movement for a separate Telangana State on 20th March
2010 at 4pm. He gave a brief sketch of the history of the
movement from the Sribagh Pact down to the current agi-
tation.
(b) Mana Charitra, an exhibition of pictorial presenta-
tions on history and culture of Telugu people through
the ages was organized in the Saptadham complex.
The exhibition was inaugurated at 9.45 am on 18th
March 2010 by Satguru Sri Sivananda Murty garu
while Justice (Rtd) V Bhaskar Rao of A P High Court
graced the occasion as our Guest of Honour. The
Exhibition was kept open for the benefit of the visi-
tors in general and children in particular from morn-
ing to evening from 18th to 22nd March 2010.
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(c) Cultural Programs were organized during these days
in the evening. On 18th evening, Pt. G Janardhan,
Principal (Rtd), Vidyaranya Govt Music & Dance
College, Warangal gave a captivating Sitar recital. On
the 19th, Sri P V S Seshaiah Sastry, Principal (Rtd),
Govt Music& College, Hyderabad enthralled the au-
dience with his Carnatic Vocal Concert. On the same
day, Shri Manoj Kumar of Warangal regaled the au-
dience with his Mimicry performance. Smt K
Balatripurasundari & party from Chennai gave an
enchanting Kuchipudi dance performance on 21st
evening.
(d) The Vedic rituals consisting of Rudraabhishekam and
Homams were conducted in the Saptadham for the
peace, security and welfare of humanity at large from
18th to 23rd March 2010 on the directions of Guruji.
On 20th and 21st March 2010, special pujas were per-
formed in the evenings and Guruji was weighed with
Rudrakshas in a ceremonial Tulabharam on the night
of 21st March. On 22nd Homam was concluded with
Purnahuti which was followed by the Avabhrutasnanam
of Guruji and His family members. On this occasion
Vedic scholars, poets and artists were honoured be-
sides special felicitations were offered to Sri Adithe
Ramakrishna Sastry (Bheemunipatnam), Sri Gentela
Venkata Ramana (Balusupadu, Jaggayyapeta), Sri
Addagudi Krishna Murthy (Warangal), Sri Raghu &
Sri Madhu of Shanmukha Caterers (Hyderabad) and
Sri Bankat (Warangal) for their extraordinary services
to the Indian culture and society.
Sri S P Balasubrahmanyam, the doyen of Telugu film
music, attended the program on 22nd March with his
wife and his sister, Smt Shailaja and felicitated Guruji
on behalf of Chennai Saiva Maha Sabha. Office bear-
ers of the local Saiva Peetham offered their felicita-
tions to Sri Guruji on this occasion. Office bearers of
the Telangana Non Gazetted Officers Association also
felicitated Guruji on this occasion.
With Rudraabhishekam on 23rd March, the Vedic
rituals were concluded. The entire Vedic program was
conducted by Sri Jandhyala Jagannadha Sastry and
his team under the supervision of Sri Adithe
Ramakrisna Sastry of Bheemunipatnam.
The Reflections:
The response of the distinguished scholars,
scientists and academics was very encouraging and
spontaneous. While some felt that it was an honor done
373
to them, a few looked upon this as an opportunity to make We thank the devotees and friends from far and
an offering to Sri Guruji. The following select opinions of near numbering about 3000 who attended our programs
our distinguished participants would represent the over all every day for all the five days and also for kindly accepting
appreciation we received for the program. Prof H Krishna our hospitality.
Murthy (IISc, Bangalore) took it as an “ excellent
opportunity …. to be a part of the team of illustrious Here we come to the most difficult part of our
speakers. It was a unique and memorable experience to report on this great Event. The mighty force, the One and
share our thoughts in the august presence of our beloved the only One of its kind which was behind this program
Guruji.” Prof D Venkat Rao (The English & Foreign and saw it go through in a spectacular manner doesn’t ac-
Languages University, Hyderabad) felt “ delighted to make cept any acknowledgement. It came to us as a great boon
the presentation in the presence of Guruji. I was fortunate from our Guruji to celebrate this Occasion. Those who
to have found myself among the scholars of my panel. It contributed their mite to the successful conduct of the Pro-
was a memorable experience. ….I am sure the other sessions gram are too numerous to be listed here and those scores
have also gone on with great success and aplomb. The of His devotees who were involved in this pious duty with
souvenir has come out very well. It was a remarkable their families and friends and served day-in and day out
achievement.” Prof D Kiran Kranth Choudary (S V for at least six weeks shy away from being mentioned.
University, Tirupati) opined , “the way the seminar was However we are appending here with a short list of some
organized was superb …..every thing was excellent.” Sri families. As it is not possible to give an exhaustive list, this
Potturi Venkateswara Rao (Senior Journalist, Hyderabad) short list may be treated as representative. Guruji has gra-
conveyed his gratitude for the opportunity given. He felt, ciously blessed all of us in abundance in His final word
“It was indeed a mega event. The papers read and the (Conclusion) on the Event.
discussions that followed were of a very high order,
As said on the Cover itself, we reiterate our intent
particularly the presentations on security issues (emphasis
to dedicate our entire effort, however humble it is, to the
added). [I appreciate] the highly efficient manner in which
the event has been organised. You have an excellent team. holy feet of our Bharatmata.
The Souvenir too is a valuable document to read more
than once.” Sri C S Rao, an octogenarian retired civil servant
(IES) of high caliber and a social activist, (Vishakhapatnam)
had very liberally complimented the program. He said, “I
have indeed experienced altogether a different kind of bliss
of Guruji’s anugraham. It was really very educative for me
because there is no subject under the sky which was not
covered. Because of my physical age-related disabilities, I
have not been able to read and therefore attended all the
sessions all the days only to learn as a student. …. I cannot
point out anything better than the best in …. arrangements
and dedication. ……. I indeed feel that our political leaders
and intellectuals committed a grave blunder in selecting
Hyderabad as the capital city of Visalandhra and hence the
problems. I wish they had set up capital in Warangal … a
center of universe with circumference nowhere (emphasis
added).”
We thank them profusely for their spirited partici-
pation and kind impressions.
The Program has also received an overwhelming
coverage in the print and electronic media. We profusely
thank the media for carrying the proceedings to people at
large for whom it was basically intended.

374 Platinum Platform

 Conclusion
When I completed 81 in December 2009, the very dear members of my large extended
family all over and those of Warangal in particular, desired to celebrate the event for a week. The
tradition always required invoking the God’s grace for longer and healthy life and for the good of
the family at home. These devotees had always spent their money, time and energy on many
occasions every year to organize excellent celebrations like my Birthday, Gurupurnima and Maha
Shivaratri, entertaining over 3000 people for two days on every occasion.
The advent of the 82nd year in my life traditionally called the Thousand Full Moon Experience
which is a mere tradition not different in celebration from the other occasions appeared
superfluous to me. Such occasion, in fact, has no relevance to the society around or the circumstances
of the country around. A man completing 81 years is always an accumulation of experiences moulded
by the society and history. What ought to be reflected in the man’s attitude is how much attention
he has for his society. Apart from one’s own views, understanding and feelings, one would be well
advised to know more about the contemporary life around by listening to the knowledgeable
persons in every field that governed the society.
I expressed this view to my family at Warangal who responded in the shape of these
seminars. Contacting scholars and men of eminence for their speeches and writings was done
efficiently by Prof. Y Sudershan Rao and his colleagues like Prof. P Mallikarjuna Rao, Prof V
Kishan Rao etc in the shortest time. It was a grand success memorable to me due to the kind-
ness of those eminent men shown towards me. Members of my loving family like Sri Soma
Ramaiah, C A Tripuraneni Gopichand and many others who had completed the monumental
structure of Sapthadham at great expense and thoroughness, were at their best in the celebra-
tions. Sri Adithe Ramakrishna Sastry assisted by Sri Jandhyala Jagannadha Sastry and other
ritwiks has ably conducted the traditional part of the program.
The five day functions showed to the world what pure devotion and love can demonstrate
in matters of hospitality, punctuality and decorum. The scale and quality of reception and
hospitality have shown the depths of devotion. Events of culture and religion crowned the
glory pleasing the God for the welfare of all. Every boy and a girl, house-wife or a grand-parent,
in every home was seen in harness throughout the week, with no time for food or sleep and
proved oneself an ideal ritwik in this great yagna. No one who had seen a Thousand Full Moons
had ever witnessed such love, I am sure. I express my intense love for everyone in the family.
I should be grateful to God only when every member of this large family celebrates his/
her Thousand Full Moons with such éclat and grace.

Bheemunipatnam
5 April 2010 (Sivananda Murty)

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 Select families representing
Globally Extended Family of Sadguru Sri Sivananda Murty
Sarvasree
Prof. R. Raghavendran (Bhimili)
K. Basavaraju (Hyd)
K. Rajasekhar (Hyd)
V.M. Ambika (Bhimili)
V. Narayana Prasad (USA)
N. Radha Kumari (Bhimili)
Adithe Ramakrishna Sastry (Bhimili)
Vajinepalli Krishna Murthy (Wgl)
Soma Ramaiah (Wgl)
CA. Tripuraneni Gopichand (Wgl)
Prof. Y. Sudershan Rao (Wgl)
Prof. P. Mallikarjuna Rao (Wgl)
Pabba Vishweshwar Rao (Wgl)
P.S.L. Ganapathi (Wgl)
K. Srinivas (Wgl)
Kodimella Vijay Kumar (Wgl)
B. Sai Narayana (Wgl)
Gande Umashankar (Wgl)
Vajinepalli Ramesh (Wgl)
Venishetty Subrahmanyam (Wgl)
Prof. C.B. Kameshwar Rao (Wgl)
Madarapu Sadasivudu (Wgl)
Vajinepally Raj Kumar (Wgl)
Vajinepally Srikanth (Wgl)
P. Ravinder (Wgl)
S. Ranganayakulu (Wgl)
Thatikonda Chakrapani (Wgl)
Thatikonda Prabhakar (Wgl)
Etta Rajendra Babu (Wgl)
Etta Ramesh (Wgl)
V. Ajay Kumar (Wgl)
K. Padma (NIT) (Wgl)
Kumari Jayanthi (Wgl)
Thota Shiva Prasad (Wgl)
B.S. Harikrishna (Wgl)
Kuchana Upender (Wgl)
Y. Visweshwar Rao (Wgl)
Dr. Vyakaranam Nageshwar (Wgl)
Dr. Soma Sridhar (Wgl)
Thota Vydyanath (Wgl)
Akarapu Chenna Visweshwar Rao (Wgl)
Medicherla Chidambareshwar (Wgl)
K. Ugender (Wgl)
K. Gopal Kishan Rao (Wgl)
P. Subba Rao & Brothers (Wgl)
A.N.S. Prasad (Wgl)
376
K. Goutham (Wgl)
G. Ram Sudhakar (Wgl)
V. Narsimha Murthy (Wgl)
Kodimella Naga Mallikarjun (Wgl)
Dr. S. Narender (Wgl)
B. Suraiah (Wgl)
Thota Sravan Kumar (Wgl)
Pabba Veeranandam (Wgl)
Parsi Kishore (Wgl)
Gorantla Yadagiri (Wgl)
Smt. Sudheeshna (Wgl)
J. Nageshwar (Wgl)
M. Prakash (Wgl)
Thota Samba Murthy (Wgl)
Dr. Attaluri Mrithyunjaya Sharma (Wgl)
D. Purushotham Rao (Wgl)
Keshava Reddy, Advocate (Wgl)
B. Srihari (Wgl)
G. Rajasekhar (Wgl)
Prof. K. Suprasannacharya (Wgl)
Dr. K. Jagannadha Rao (Wgl)
Dr. C. Madan Mohan (Wgl)
D. Kumara Swamy (Wgl)
Dr. K. Vijaya Babu (Wgl)
Dr. P. Sadanandam (Wgl)
Samudrala Shatakopa Charya (Wgl)
Dr. G. Bala Srinivasa Murthy (Wgl)
M. Sambaiah (Wgl)
Kaluva Prabhu Rao (Wgl)
Gannu Suresh (Printer) (Wgl)
P. Prakash (DTP) (Wgl)
Repala Ramchander (Wgl)
A. Ramu (Wgl)
Repala Harishankar (Wgl)
Bollu Kedari (Wgl)
K. Papi Reddy (Wgl)
Pulluri Venkat (Wgl)
A. Nageshwar Rao (Wgl)
G.S. Madhava Rao (Wgl)
Radha Krishna Murthy (NIT) (Wgl)
P.V. Narsimha Rao (Wgl)
B. Uma Maheshwar Rao (Wgl)
K. Chandrasekhar (Wgl)
K. Murali (Wgl)
K.V.S. Raghavan (Chittoor)
Umakanth (UK)
Shantha Kumar Kolla (USA)
Prof. V.V.S. Sarma (Bangalore)
G.Venkata Ramana (Balusapadu)
Dr. V.V. Hanumantha Rao (Tadepalligudem)
Dr. Bala Srinivasa Murthy (Nizamabad)
V. Kishan Rao (Hyd)
K. Venugopal (Hyd)
N.D.V.S. Raju (Hyd)
V. Raghu (Shanmukha Caterers, Hyd.)
V. Madhu (Shanmukha Caterers, Hyd.)
B. Prabhath Kumar (Vizag)
Dr. G. Prabhakar (Vizag)
Pratima Chittaranjan (Vizag)
P. Vijay Kumar (Vizag)
P. Rama Rao (Vizag)
Beena Pandit (Vizag)
Bela Pandit (Vizag)
Pardhasarathi (Vizag)
K. Venugopal (Chennai)
K. Laxmi Prasad (Chennai)
V. Lalith Sivakumar (USA)
E. Eshwar Mitra (Bangalore)
B. Pramod (UK)
Bhankat (Balaji Tent House)
G.V. Ravi (Photographer, Hyd)
D. Laxmi Narayana (Artist, Hyd)
Vadrevu Venugopal (Rajahmundry)
Vadrevu Mallapu Raju (Rajahmundry)
L. Bharathi (Hyd)
M. Malla Reddy (Hyd)
Jandhyala Jagannadha Sastry (Hyd)
V. Surya Prakasha Rao (Hyd)
P.D.N.R. Sarma (Hyd)
Dr. S.R.T. Parabrahma Sastry (Hyd)
Dr. P. Surendranath (Hyd)
N. Krishna Murthy (Hyd)
P. Venkat Rao (Hyd)
P.V.V. Bharath Sarma (Hyd)
B.L.K. Sastry (Hyd)
Shivaji (Wgl)
Murali (Wgl)
Anil (Wgl)
Chary (Wgl)
Raju (Vegetable Supplier)
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