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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014756724
BY JOSE
R.
CAPABLANCA
A PRIMES OF CHESS
JOSE
R.
CAPABLANCA
CHESS
FUNDAMENTALS
BY
JOSfi
R.
C^PABLANCA
CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD
NEW YORK
HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY

LONDON: G. BELL AND SON^, LTD,
URIS LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT, I921, BY
HARCOUKT, BRACE AND COMPANY, INC.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by
mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
PKINIED IN THE
D. S. A.
PREFACE
Chess Fundamentals was
ago.
first
published thirteen years
Siace then there have appeared at different times
a number of
articles dealing
with the so-called Hyper-
modem Theory. Those who have read the

may well have thought that something new,
The
importance, had been discovered.
'Hypermodem Theory
is
fact
is
articles
of vital
that the
merely the application, during
the opening stages generally, of the same old principles
through the medium of somewhat new
There
tactics.
has been no change in the fundamentals.
The change
has been only a change of form, and not always for the
best at that.
In chess the tactics
may
change but the strategic
fimdamental principles are always the same, so that

Chess Fundamentals
is
It will be as
years ago.
as good
as long in fact as the laws
what they are
now
as
it
was
thirteen
good a hundred years from now;
and
at present.
rules of the
The
reader
game remain
may
therefore
go over the contents of the book with the assurance

that there
is
is
in it everything
he needs, and that there
nothing to be added and nothing to be changed.
Chess Fundamentals was the one standard work of
its
kind thirteen years ago and the author firmly believes

that
it is
the one standard work of
its
J.
New
York
Sept. I, ig34
kind now.
R.
CAPABLANCA
LIST OF
CONTENTS
PART
CHAPTER
First Principjles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings

PAGE
2.
Some Simple Mates

Pawn Promotion
3.
Pawn Endings-
1.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
13
Some Winning Positions in the Middle-game

Relative Value of the Pieces
General Strategy of the Opening
Control of the Centre
Traps
CHAPTER
....
19
24
25
28
32
Further Principles in End-game Play

9.
10.
11.
12.
A
A
Cardinal Principle
Classical Ending
Obtaining a Passed Pawn
How TO find out which
to Queen
13.
The Opposition
14.
TfEE Relative
15.
How
16.
Queen against Rook
35
37
40
Pawn will be the
first
41
43
Value of Knight and Bishop

TO Mate with Knight and Bishop
CHAPTER
....
50
59
62
Planning a Win in Middle-game Play

17.
18.
19.
Attacking without the aid of Knights

Attacking with Knights as a Prominent Force.
WiNNiNO BY Indirect Attack
68
.
71
73
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER IV
General Theory
FAQE
20.
The
21.
Direct Attacks bn masse

The Force of the Threatened Attack
Relinquishing the Initiative
Cutting off Pieces from the Scene of Action ...
A Player's Motives Criticised in a Specimen Game
22.
23.
24.
25.
Initiative
77
7*
82
89
94
99
CHAPTER V
End-game Strategy
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
The Sudden Attack from a Different Side

The Danger of a Safe Position
Endings with one Rook and Pawns
A Difficult Ending: Two Rooks and Pawns ....
Rook, Bishop and Pawns v. Rook, Knight and Pawns
(A Final Example
of preserving
Freedom
11
120
122
127
138
whilst
imposing restraint.)
CHAPTER
VI
Further Openings and Middle-games

31.
32.
Some Sauent Points about Pawns

Some Possible Developments from a Ruy Lopez
(showing the weakness of a backward
33.
The
a Pawn at
s, etc.)
Influence of a "Hole"
power
of
Q B
P;
143
the
146
150
XIST OF CONTENTS
PART
II
ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES
GAME
1.
PAGE
Queen's Gambit Declined

White: F.
2.
J.
Marshall.
Match,
Black:
J.
1909)
R. Capablanca.
159
Queen's Gambit Declined (San Sebastian, 1911).

White: A. K. Rubinstein. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
163
Irregular Defence (Havana, 1913)

White: D. Janowski. Black: J. R. Capablanca.
169
4.
French Defence
174
5.
RuY Lopez
3.
(St. Petersburg, 1913)

White: J. R. Capablania. Black: E. A. Snosko-Borovski.
(St.
Petersburg,
White: Dr.E. Lasker.

6.
RuY Lopez (San

White:
8.
Sebastian, 1911)
Black: A.
J. Mieses.
J.
White:
12.
R. Capablanca.
J.
209
Black: R. Teichmann.
Black: F.
(St.
Petersburg,
J.
215
Marshall.
1914)
221
Black: D. Janowski.
R. Capablanca.
J.
Queen's
J. S. Morrison.
1918)
J. Marshall.
231
Black: J. R. Capablanca.
Gambit Declined
White: F.
225
Black: 0. Chajes.
R. Capablanca.
RuY Lopez (New York,

White:
14.
201
French Defence (New York, 1918)

White:
13.
197
Bum.
Petrofp Defence (St. Petersburg, 1914)
RuY Lopez
189
R. Capablanca.
R. Capablanca.
White: J. R. Capablanca.
11.
J.
Queen's Gambit Declined (Berlin, 1913)

White:
10.
J.
Black:
Centre Game (Berlin, 1913)

White:
9.
181
French Defence ( Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916 )

White: O. Chajes.
7.
1914)
Black: J.R. Capablanca.
(New York,
1918).
238
CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
CHESS FUNDAMENTALS
PART
CHAPTER
First Principles: Endings, Middle-Game
AND Openings
The
first
thing a student should do,
himseK with the power of the

best be done
some
by
learning
how
is
to famiUarise
pieces.
This can
to accomplish quickly
of the simple mates.

1.
Example
1.
SOME SIMPLE MATES
The
ending Rook and King against
King.
The principle
last line
is to drive the
on any side of
opposing King
the board.
to
the
SOME SIMPLE MATES
In this position the power of the Rook is demonR 7, which immediately

strated by the first move,
confines the Black
King to the
mate
accomplished
quickly
is
K Kt
K Kt
i; 2
The
combined
last rank,
by:
and the
iR R
7>
2.
action
and Rook
King
of
is
needed to arrive at a position in which mate can be
The
forced.
foUow
beginner
to
to
is
keep his
much as
King as
rank, or, as in this case,
When,
file,
in this case, the
the sixth rank,

file,
for
general principle
it is
possible
on the same
as the opposing King.
King has been brought to
better to place
but on the one next to
not on the same
it,
towards the centre.
it
K B K K i; 4 K K 4,
K-Qi; sK-Qs, K-B
6 K-Q
Not K B
because then the Black King will
2...K B
i; 3
3,
6.
6,
go back to
If
now
and
it
will take
much
longer to mate.
R R 8 mates
the King moves back to
i,
at once.
6...K Kti;
K Kt
7R QB7,K Ri; 8K B6,
K Kt K R
6,
10
R B 8 mate.
moves to mate from the

On move 5 Black could have played
It has taken exactly ten

original position.
K K
I,
and, according to principle. White would
have continued
will ultimately
King
and
K Kt
K Kt
i;
be
8
i; 10
6K Q6, K Bi
(the
Black King
be forced to move in front of the White
mated
K B
R R
by
6,
R R8); 7K K6,
i;
9 K Kt 6,
K R
8 mate.
.;
SOME SIMPLE MATES

Example
2.
/A
/.
!^/<e^
^.
i^
^^:
King
Since the Black
the best
thus:
way
in the centre of the board,
is
to proceed
to
is
advance your own King
K K,2, K Q4;
Rook has not
K K
yet come into play,
As
3.
it
is
the
better to
advance the King straight into the centre of the board,

not in front, but to one side of the other King.
now
it
the Black King
back by
R R
move
5 ch.
to
On
Rook
the
4,
the other hand,
K B 5 instead, then also 3 R R 5. If

K Kt s, there follows 4 K Q 3; but
3...K
6;
then 4
R R
4,
Should
drives
if
2.
now
3.
if
instead
keeping the King
confined to as few squares as possible.
Now
5
7
the
ending
may
continue
K B
K-Kt
.
R-B 4 ch, K-Kt 6; 6 K-Q

R Kt 4 ch, K R 6; 8 K B K R
should be noticed
3,
3,
how often
the White King has
next to the Rook, not only to defend
it,
7.
7;
It
moved
but also to
reduce the mobihty of the opposing King.
Now
SOME SIMPLE MATES
R 4
White mates in three moves thus: 9
Rook's
the
on
any square
Kt 8; 10
K B 8;
forcing the Black King in front of the White,

II
RR
mate.
It has taken eleven
and, imder any conditions, I beheve

in under twenty.
is
While
may
it
it
ch,
file,
moves
to mate,
should be done
be monotonous,
it
worth while for the beginner to practice such
things, as it will teach
him the proper handling
of
his pieces.
Example 3.
Now we come
King against King.
Since the Black
play
3
iB Q3,
BB
s,
from the
is
B K Kt
had been
If the
and
White can
in the comer,
and already the Black Eang
to a few squares.
position,
King
K Kt 2;
to two Bishops
5,
K B
is
confined
Black King, in the origmal
in the centre of the board, or
away
row, White should have advanced his

King, and then, with the aid of his Bishops, restricted
last
SOME SIMPLE MATES
the Black King's movements to as few squares as

possible.
We might now continue:
3.
.K
Kt 2
4K B
2.
In this ending the Black King must not only be driven

to the edge of the board, but he
into a corner, and, before a
same time,
case either
and
Kt
in
also be forced
mate can be given, the
White King must be brought

at the
must
to the sixth rank and,
one of the
K R 6, K Kt 6, K B
two
last
7,
files;
in this
K B 8, and as K R 6
6 are the nearest squares,
to either of
it is
these squares that the King ought to go.
4.
.K
K Kt K Kt 2; 6 K R K B 2;
K R K Kt 2; 8 B Kt K Kt i;
9K R6, K Bi. White must now mark time and
2;
4,
3,
6,
s,
move one
of the Bishops, so as to force the Black
King to go back
K R
Now
I.
loB Rs,
to
ch,
It has taken
and,
any
in
Kt
i.
K R
12
i;
when
the
Black
it
King
B K Kt 4, K Kt
14 B B 6 mate.'
fourteen moves to force the
position,
up a
can give check next move
it
along the White diagonal,
13B K6
iiB K7,
the White Bishop must take
position from which
moves back
K Kti;
i;
mate
should be done in imder
thirty.
In
all
not to
endings of this kind, care must be taken
drift
into a stale mate.
In this particular ending one should remember that

the King must not only be driven to the edge of the
board, but also into a comer.
however,
it is
In
all
such endings,
immaterial whether the King
is
forced
SOME SIMPLE MATES
8
on to the
4,
Example
4.
Q R
or
Rook and
or
We
As
against King.
the
an outside
last rank, or to
file,
e.g.
KR
8.
now come
to Queen and King

Queen combines the power of
the
the Bishop,
it is
the easiest mate of all
and should always be accompUshed in under ten moves.
Take the
following position:
good way to begin
make
to
is
the
first
move with
the Queen, trying to Ihnit the Black King's mobility

as
much
K Q
Q Q
Thus:
as possible.
Q B
6,
K Q
5;
Already the Black King has only one

available square 2...K
B 4;
4; 3
3,
2.
6,
K Kt
4.
Q-Kt 6 ch)
K R 4, K B
then
Q-K
Kt
6,
KK
(Should Black play

5
K R
Q-K
and
6;
6,
mate
K B
K Kt
KR
next
3,
5,
(if
move);
moves;
mates.
In this ending, as in the case of the Rook, the Black

Kmg must be forced to the edge of the board; only
PAWN PROMOTION
the Queeii being so
Rook, the process
much more powerful than
is
far easier
and
are the three elementary endings
the principle
tion of the
is
and
the
These
shorter.
in all of these
In each case the co-opera-
the same.
is
King
needed.
In order to force a mate
without the aid of the King, at least two Rooks are

required.
PAWN PROMOTION
2.
The gain of a Pawn is the smallest material advantage

game and it often is sufficient
to win, even when the Pawn is the only remaining
that can be obtained in a
unit, apart
from the Kings.
It is essential, speaking
generally, that
the
King should
be in front of his
Pawn, with
at least
one intervening square.

If the
opposing King
is
directly in front of the
then the game cannot be won.

plained
by the
Example
6.
Pawn,
This can best be ex-
following examples.
PAWN PROMOTION
lo
The
position
is
drawn, and the
way
to proceed
is
Black to keep the King always directly in front

for inof the Pawn, and when it cannot be done, as
King,
stance in this position because of the White
for
the
then the Black King must be kept in front of
3,
White King. The play would proceed thus i P
K-K
4;
K-Q
K-.Q
3,
4.
This
is
Any other move would
important move.
a very
lose,
as
As the Black Kmg cannot be

kept close up to the Pawn, it must be brought as far
forward as possible and, at the same time, m front
will
be shown
of the
later.
White King.
PK
K B
4 ch,
K K
4;
K K
K B
3,
K K
3;
As the
Again the same

3.
Black King must be kept
the
comes
up,
White King
in front of it, since it cannot be brought up to the
5
4,
case.
Pawn.
7K K4, K-K2;
K Q 2; 9 P K 6 ch, K K 2;
8 K Q
loK Ks, K Ki; II K Q6, K Qi. If now
6
PK
ch,
K-K
3;
s,
White advances the Pawn, the Black King gets in

front of it and White must either give up the Pawn
or play
K K 6,
and a
stale
mate
results.
If instead
Pawn White withdraws his King,

Black brings his King up to the Pawn and, when
forced to go back, he moves to K in front of the Pawn
ready to come up again or to move in front of the
of advancing the
White King, as
before, should the latter advance.
The whole mode
of procedure is very important
and the student should become thoroughly conversant
PAWN PROMOTION
with
up
for it involves principles to
its details;
later on,
be taken
and because many a beginner has
lost
from lack of proper knowledge.
At
identical positions
this stage of the
its
II
book I cannot lay too much
stress
on
importance.
Example
King
is
6.
In
in front of his
this position
White wins, as the
Pawn and there is one intervening
square.
The method
to follow
is
advance the King as far as

of the
Pawn and
is
compatible with the safety
never to advance the
own
essential to its
to
K K
4,
K K
Black does not allow the White
to
it is
3.
Kmg
to advance,
now compelled to advance his Pawn

as to force Black to move away. He is then able
advance his own King.
therefore
so
until
safety.
Thus:
I.
Pawn
2.
White
is
P-K3,K-B3;
3.
K-Qs,K-K2.
PAWN PROMOTION
If Black had played 3. .K B 4, then White would
be forced to advance the Pawn to K 4, smce he could
12
not advance his King without leaving Black the

opportunity to play
K K
Since he has not done so,

to advance the
not require
yet, since its
White not
own
safety does
still
fur-
Thus:
K-K5,K-Q2;
4.
winning the Pawn.

better for
but to try to brmg the King
it,
ther forward.
Now
Pawn
5,
it is
the White
Pawn
5.
K-B6,K-Ki.
too far back and
is
it
may
be
brought up within protection of the King.

6.
Now
would not do
Black would play
Q
it
to bring back his

fore he
King
must continue.
7.
Had
he
K Q2.
to play K B
P K4,
to
7,
because
3, and White would have

protect the Pawn. There-
P-Ks,K-Ki.
moved anywhere
else,
White could have played
K B 7, followed by the advance of the Pawn to

K 6, K 7, K 8 all these squares being protected by
;
As Black tries to prevent that, White must

him to move away, at the same time always
keeping the King in front of the Pawn.
Thus
the King.
now
force
8.
P- K
play
K K6:'
6 would
K B,
make it a draw, as Black would then

and we would have a position
similar
to the one explained in connection

with
8...K-B
i;
9K-Q7.
Example
5.
PAWN ENDINGS
13
King moves and the White Pawn advances

becomes a Queen, and it is all over.
This ending
is
to
8,
Uke the previous one, and for the
same reasons should be thoroughly imderstood before

proceeding any further.
3.
I shall
Pawns
reader
may
see
how they can be won. Fewer
be given, as
it is
out for himself.
how
learn
book
give a couple of simple endings of two
against one, or three against two, that the
tions will
things
now
PAWN ENDINGS
it
to play
up
explana-
to the student to
work
Furthermore, nobody can
weU merely from
the study of
can only serve as a guide and the rest must
be done by the teacher,

not, the student
must
if
the student has one;
realise
by long and
perience the practical appUcation of the
explained in the book.
Example
7.
^
i
if
bitter ex-
many
things
PAWN ENDINGS
14
In this
1
PB
would
WMte
position
6,
lose,
cannot
because Black plays, not
but
i.
.K Kt
i,
by playing
win
and
if
PX
P, which
then 2
PX
P,
K X P,
2P
and draws, as shown in a previous case. If

B I, and White will never be
B 7 ch,
able to Queen
2
K K
7,
Pawn
his
PXP
without
K X P, K B
losing
I,
it.
If
and draws.
White, however, can win the position given in the
diagram by playing:
K Q K Kt i; 2 K K K-R i;
3P B6,PXP. If 3...K Kt i; 4 P B 7ch,

K R i; s P B 8 (Q) mate.
P B 4; S P Kt 7 ch, K R 2;
4 K B
6 P Kt 8 (Q) ch, K R 3; 7 Q Kt 6 mate.
I
7,
7,
7,
Example
In the above
White can't win

by I
5. Black's best answer would be P
Kt 3
(The student should work this out.) He
draws.
Kt 5, because P
cannot win by i P
Kt 3 draws.
PB
8.
position
(This, because of the principle of the "opposition"
PAWN ENDINGS
which governs
15
this ending as well as
aU the Pawn-
endings already given, and which wiU be explained
more
fully later on.)
White can win, however, by playing:

K K 4,
K-K3. (If i...P-Kt3; 2K-Q4,K-K3;
3K-Bs,K-B3;4K-Q6,K-B2;5P-Kt5,
K Kt 2; 6 K K 7, K Kt i; 7 K B 6,
K R 2; 8 K B 7 and White wins the Pawn.)
2 P-B 5 ch, K-B 3; 3 K-B 4, P-Kt 3.
i
Pawn
(If this
kept back we arrive at the ending
is
in Example 7.)
4 P Kt 5 ch, K B 2;
P
B
K
K
K 4, K B 2 7 K K 5,
6,
5
3 6 K
K B I. White cannot force his Bishop's Pawn
shown
into
out why), but by giving his
(find
can win the other
Pawn and
Pawn up he
Thus:
the game.
8P B7, KxP;9K Q6, K B i;ioK K6,

K Kt 2; II K K K Kt i; 12 K B 6,
K R2; 13 K B7, K R i; 14 K X P,
7,
K Kti.
There
In
fact,
is
still
some
the only
way
resistance in Black's position.
to
win
is
the one given here,
as will easily be seen by experiment.
to
K R
18
K R
in order
win White must get back to the actual
position,
as against 16
16
K B
and
15
P Kt
K R
(if
P Kt
6 ch,
6,
K R
2;
draws),
6,
K Kt
7,
and White queens the
i;
17
P Kt
7,
K R
K B
2;
Pawn and
wins.
This ending, apparently so simple, should show the

student the enormous
difficulties to
be surmounted.
PAWN ENDINGS
i6
even when there are hardly any pieces

playing against an adversary
left,
who knows how
the resources at his disposal, and
it
when
to use
should show the
student, also, the necessity of paying strict attention

to these elementary things which form the basis of
true mastership in Chess.
Example
9.
In
this
ending
White can win by advancing any of the three Pawns

on the
first
move, but
it is
general rule, whenever there

it,
it.
Thus we begin
I.
If
Pawn
of advancing the
P Kt
to one of
P-Kt
2.
by
PB
P B
convenient to follow the

is
no good reason against
that has
5,
no
Pawn
opposing
K K2.
and we have a similar ending

those shown above.
If i...P
R 3; 2
3,
s.
K-Ks,K-B2;
3.
P-Kt 5, K-K 2.
PAWN ENDINGS
17
3...P-Kt 3; 4 P-B 6, and if 3-.P-R 3',

4 P Kt 6 ch, and in either case we have a similar
If
ending to one of those already shown.

4.
and by following
P-R5,
up with P
it
Kt
same ending previously shown.
4...P Kt
3,
with the same
R PX
then
on one
we have the
PxP; P B
6 ch
result.
when the Pawns are

the board we shall now examine
are Pawns on both sides of the
Having now seen the

all
P,
Should Black play
side of
a case when there
cases
board.
Example
10.
In
these cases the general rule
is
to act immediately on the side where you have the su-
perior forces.
Thus we have
I.
P KKt4.
PAWN ENDINGS
i8
It is generally advisable to
Pawn
advance the
that
is
from opposition.
free
P-QR4.
Black makes an advance on the other side, and now

White considers whether or not he should stop the
In this case either
advance.
way
the advance should be stopped
King
is
far
wins, but generally
when the opposing
away.
2.P-QR4,K-B3; 3.P-R4,K-K3.
If 3.
.K
Kt
3,
then simple coimting will show that
White goes to the other
at
Q R
4,
side with his King, wins the
and then Queens
before Black can
his single
long
do the same.
P Kt K B 2; S-'K B
K B
6.P R
If 6...P R 3; 7 P Kt 6, and
4.
Pawn
s,
s,
K Kt
2;
2.
s,
then the two
Pawns defend themselves and White can go to the

other side with his King, to win the other Pawn.
7.
K-Ks.
I
Now
it is
time to go to the other side with the King,
win the Black Pawn and Queen the

This
out
is
typical of all such endings
by the student
in this
which he can put up.
single
Pawn.
and should be worked

case and in similar cases
SOME WINNING POSITIONS

4.
19
SOME WINNING POSITIONS IN THE MIDDLE-
GAME
By
the time the student has digested
been previously explained, he, no doubt,

to get to the actual
game and play with
that has
all
all
is
anxious
the pieces.
However, before considering the openings, we

devote a
time to some combinations that often
little
game, and which
arise during the
some idea
better acquainted with
it.
move, and thinking that White merely
threatens to play
Black plays
R K
becomes
11.
It is Black's
of
will give the reader
of the beauty of the game, once he
Example
shall
8.
Q R
K i, threatening
.R
White now uncovers his
i.
Kt 7,
mate by way
6 and to mate at
real
and most
effective threat, viz.
I...R Ki;
K Kt
i;
2QxPch,KxQ; 3R Rsch,
4 R R 8 mate.
20
This same type of combination
a somewhat more
result of
may come
as the
complicated position.
Example
12.
White
a piece behind, and miless he can win
is
back quickly he wiU lose

I.
He
B Kt4
KtX Kt
cannot take the
Kt
because White threatens mate
R R 3 ch.
Kt K7ch
Qx Kt
Again
B x Kt; Q X P ch, K X Q; R R
King moves; R R 8 mate.
by
QXP
it
he therefore plays
ch followed by
2.^
if
3.
RxQ
4.
Q-Q7
3 ch,
BxR
and White wins one of the two Bishops, remains

with a Q and a B against a R and B, and should
therefore
win
easily.
These two examples show the
IN THE MroDLE-GAME
danger of advancing the

having Castled on that
Example
This
tion.
is
Kt P one
21
square, after
side.
13.
another very interesting type of combina-
Black has a
win, imless White
R
is
tion immediately.
Kt and
should therefore
able to obtain
some compensa-
for
White, in
fact,
mates in a few
moves thus:
1.
Kt B
Forced, otherwise
Example
curs in a
position.
6ch
QXP
mates.
2.
Q Kt3 ch
3.
BXP
14.
PxKt
K Ri
mate.
The
same t)^e
of combination oc-
more complicated form
in
the following
22
B X Kt
If...BxKt; Q B
QX
1.
fore wins the Q,
which
threatens mate,
3.
4.
BXP
and
there-
already attacked.
is
Kt B6ch
R Kt3ch
2.
B.
PxKt
K Ri
mate.
Example 15.
A very frequent type
tion is shown in the following position.
of combina-
IN THE MIDDLE-GAME
Here White
is
the exchange
but he can win quickly thus
I...K-R
(If
Q R
2
6,
Q R
i;
and
for a
Q-K
and a Pawn behind,

i
BXP
ch,
K X B.
P-KKta;
5,
wins.)
5 ch,
K Kt
cannot stop mate at
Queen by
23
Q K
i;
KR
Kt Kt
except
by
5,
and Black
sacrificing the
which woidd leave White with a
5,
R.
Example
16.
This
same type
of combination
is
seen in a more complicated form in the following

position.
Kt X Kt ch (this
B X Kt (to stop the Kt
White proceeds as follows

clears the line for the
from moving to Kt
2
RxB, KtxR
3...K-R1;
B)
5 after the sacrifice of the
best;
BxP
ch,
K X B.
B)
(If
4Q-RS,P-KKt3; sBxPch,
K Kt 2; 6 Q R ch, K B 3; P Kt ch,
K K3; SBxPch, RxB; 9 Q K 4 mate.)
R B i;
4 Q R 5 ch, K Kt i; 5 Kt Kt
7
5,
RELATIVE VALUE OF THE PIECES
24
Q R 7 ch, K B i; 7 Q R 8
Kt R 7 ch, K K 2; 9 R K
6
8
Q X Kt
10
ch,
i
Kt Kt
i;
K Q
i;
ch,
mate.
This combination
is
rather long
and has many
vari-
ations,
therefore a beginner will hardly be able to
fathom
it;
but,
knowing the type of combination,
he might imder similar circumstances undertake and

carry out a brilliant attack which he would otherwise
never think
tions
It will
of.
shown have
for
be seen that
all
the combina-
a foundation the proper co-ordi-
nation of the pieces, which have aU been brought to
bear against a weak point.
5.
Before going on to the general principles of the

openings,
it is
advisable to give the student an idea
of the proper relative value of the pieces.
no complete and accurate table

the only thing to do
is
to
for all of
There
is
them, and
compare the pieces sep-
arately.
For
all
general theoretical purposes the Bishop
the Knight have to be considered as of the
though
it is
my
and
same value,
opinion that the Bishop will prove the
more valuable piece
in
most cases
and
it is
well
known
that two Bishops are ahnost always better than two
Knights.
The Bishop
will
be stronger against Pawns than
the Knight, and in combination with
be stronger
will be.
against
the
Pawns
Rook than
the
will also
Knight
25
A Bishop and a Rook are also stronger than a Ejiight

and a Rook, but a Queen and a Knight may be stronger
than a Queen and a Bishop.
A Bishop will often be worth more than three Pawns,

but a Knight very seldom
so,
and may even not be
worth so much.
A Rook
will
be worth a Knight and two Pawns,
or a Bishop and two Pawns, but, as said before, the
Bishop
will
be a better piece against the Rook.
Two Rooks
They
are sUghtly stronger than a Queen.
are slightly weaker than
two Knights and a
Bishop, and a Uttle more so than two Bishops and
The power
a Knight.
the pieces are changed
on the contrary,
of the Knight decreases as
The power
off.
of the
increases.
The King, a purely
defensive piece throughout the
middle-game, becomes an offensive piece once

pieces are off the board,
becomes
the end-game stage

6.
is
of
the
The handling
left.
paramount importance once
reached.
GENERAL STRATEGY OF THE OPENING
The main thing

Get them into play
From the
open up
is
to develop
as fast as
lines for
the
you
pieces
quickly.
can.
two moves, iP K4oriP

Q4,
the Queen and a Bishop. Therefore,
outset
theoretically
one
of
the best, as no other
much.
all
and sometimes even when
there are one or two minor pieces

of the ELing
Rook,
these
first
two
moves must be
move accompUshes
so
GENERAL STRATEGY
26
Example
17.
1.
2.
This
is
Suppose
we
begin:
P K4
P K4
Kt KB3
both an attacking and a developing move.
Black can now either reply with the identical
move
or
play
Kt-QBs
This developing move at the same time defends

the King's Pawn.
3.
Kt-B3
Kt-B3
These moves are of a purely developing nature.

4.
It
B Kts
generally
is
advisable
not to
out until
one Knight
Knight.
The Bishop could
to
4,
but
it is
is
bring this Bishop
preferably the King's
out,
also
have been played
advisable whenever possible to combine
development and attack.
B Kt
Black
sible
replies in the
same manner, threatening a pos-
exchange of Bishop for Knight with
Kt X P
to
foUow.
S-
an
indirect
more
0-0
way
of
the same time the Rook

centre,
s...BxKt, which
show to be bad. At
preventing
e:q)erience or study will

is
brought into action in the
a very important point.
OF THE OPENING
0-0
Black follows the same

6.
27
line of reasoning.
P-Q3
P-Q3
These moves have a two-fold object,

tect the King's
Pawn and
viz.
open the diagonal
to
to profor the
development of the Queen's Bishop.

7-
B-Kts
A very powerful move, which brings us to the middlegame
stage, as there is already in
to win quickly
by Kt
impossible for Black to
(There
lose
play
if
is
bringing
First,
This threat makes
5.
it
continue the same course.
a long analysis showing that Black should
he also plays
7 ...
view a combination
BX
up
Kt,
B Kt
as
5.)
He
is
experience has
now
forced to
shown,
thus
to notice three things.
the complete development of the opening
has taken only seven moves.

or twelve
moves
in
(This varies
some very exceptional
a rule, eight should be enough.)
up
to ten
cases.
As
Second, Black has
CONTROL OF THE CENTRE
28
been compelled to exchange a Bishop for a Knight,

but as a compensation he has isolated White's
and doubled a Pawn.

the game,
is
is
(This, at such
QRP
an early stage of
rather an advantage for White, as the
doubled towards the centre of the board.)
Pawn
Third,
White by the exchange brings up a Pawn to control

the square
4,
puts Black on the defensive, as experi-
ence will show, and thus keeps the
initiative,
an xmques-
tionable advantage.^
The
same
strategical principles
for all the openings,
expounded above are the

only their tactical appli-
cation varies according to the circumstances.
Before proceeding further I wish to lay stress on

the following point which the student should bear in
mind.
Before development has been completed no piece should
be
moved more than once, unless
to obtain either
it is
essential in order
material advantage or to secure freedom
of action.
The beginner would do

well as
well to remember this, as

what has already been stated
viz., bring
:
out the Knights before bringing out the Bishops.

7.
The
four squares,
tively, are the
squares
is
4 and
centre squares,
4 on each side respec-
and control
called control of the centre.
the centre is of great importance.
No
The
of these
control of
violent attack
can succeed without controlling at least two of these

*
The value
of the initiative is explaiaed in section 20, p. 77.

squares,
and possibly
the opening has for
three.
its sole
Many
29
a manoeuvre in
object the control of the
which invariably ensures the initiative. It is

weU always to bear this in mind, since it will often be
centre,
the reason of a series of moves which could not otherwise be properly understood. As this book progresses
I shall dwell
more
fully
on these
diEferent points.
At
present I shall devote some time to openings taken
random and explain the moves according to general

principles.
The student will in that way train his
mind in the proper direction, and will thus- have less
at
trouble in finding a
new and
18.
1.
2.
On
P K4
P K4
Kt KB3
timid move.
at once.
confronted with a
difficult situation.
Example
way out when
P Q3
Black assumes a defensive attitude
principle the
move
is
wrong.
In the
openings, whenever possible, pieces should be moved in

preference to Pawns.
3.
P-Q4
White takes the
offensive
inunediately and strives
to control the centre so as to have ample
room
to
deploy his forces.
Kt-Q2
Black does not wish to relinquish the centre and also

prefers the text
move
to
Kt Q B
be the more natural square
3,
for the Kt.
which would
But on
prin-
30
ciple the
move
is
wrong, because
of the Queen's Bishop,
it
blocks the action
and instead of
facilitating the
action of Black's pieces, tends, on the contrary, to
cramp them.
B QB4
4.
Black
move.
itself
is
forced to
pay the penalty
of his previous
Such a move on Black's part condemns by
any form
of opening that
White threatened Kt
it
P KR3
Kt
makes
it
necessary.
and Black could not stop
K because of 5 P X P, Kt X P
S-PXP, 6 Q-Q 5); 6 KtxKt, PxKt;
Q R and White wins a Pawn and has besides a
with 4.
.B
2,
(if
5,
perfectly safe position.
Kt-B3
B K3
5.
6.
B K2
Q-K2
7.
It should
KKt-Bs
be noticed that White does not Castle yet.

is that he wants to deploy his forces first,
The reason
move force Black to play

3 to make room for the Queen as |White
threatens
Q i, to be followed by P x P. Black's
other alternatives would finally force him to play
and through the
last
P Q B
PX
P, thus abandoning the centre to White.

7
With
8.
R Qi
9.
O -O
this last
while Black
is
P-B3
Q-B 2
move White completes
his development,
evidently somewhat hampered.
examination will
suffice to
A simple
show that White's position

There are no weak spots
is unassailable.
31
in his armour,
and
his pieces are ready for
may
wish to carry out in order to begin the attack on
the enemy's position.
study this example.
It
any manoeuvre that he
The student should carefully

will show him that it is some-
times convenient to delay Castling.
have given the
moves as they come to my mind without following

any standard book on openings. Whether the moves
given by
me
agree or not with the standard works, I
do not know, but at the present stage

it is
of this
book
not convenient to enter into discussions of mere
technicalities
which the student
will
be able to imder-
stand when he has become more proficient.
Example
19.
1.
P K4
2.
Kt KB3
P K4
P Q3
3.
P-Q4
B-Kt5
bad move, which
violates one of the principles set
down, according to which at
least
one Knight should
be developed before the Bishops are brought out, and

also because
exchanges a Bishop for a Knight, which
it
in the opening
is
generally bad, unless there
compensation.
4.
PxP
is
some
TRAPS
32
7.
8.
To prevent
Q-QKt3
Kt-B3
Kt Q
P-QKt3
P-QB3
5.
Black, however, has no pieces out except his Queen,
and White, with a Bishop and a Knight ahready developed, has a chance of obtaining an advantage quickly
by playing Kt
Q 5 anyway. The student is
to work out the many variations arising from
left
this
position.
These examples
will
show the
practical application
of the principles previously enunciated.

is
warned against playing Pawns
at the beginning of the game, especially
and P Q R
3,
The student
in preference to pieces
P K R
which are moves very commonly
in-
dulged in by beginners.
8.
I shall
now give
in the openings,
TRAPS
a few positions or traps to be avoided
and
in
which (practice has shown)
beginners are often caught.
TRAPS
33
Example 20.
White plays:
1.
PXP
Kt X P
Black should have recaptured with the Pawn.
BXQ
Kt
2.
Kt
3.
BxPch
4.
Kt Q
K K2
5 mate.
Example 21.
J
'h
TRAPS
34
Black, having the move, should play
suppose he plays
1.
Kt K
Kt KB
P K
3 instead,
But
then comes
3.
BxPch
would
also give
White the advantage, the
ifBxQ; aBxP mate.
does B
R 5 help matters, because of 2 Q X B,
B K 3 leaves Black with the inferior position.
threat being of course
White's
move
in the text secures
Nor
i
But
an immediate material
advantage, and the beginner at any rate should never

miss such an opportunity for the sake of a speculative
advantage in position.
I
2.
3.
Kt K 5 ch
KtxB
KxB
K moves
and White has won a Pawn besides having the better

position.
There are a good

is
many
other traps
in
fact, there
a book written on traps on the chess board; but
the type given above
is
the most
common
of
all.
CHAPTER
II
Further Prtnciples in End-Game Play
We
shall
few more
and
now go back
principles,
finally to the
to the endings in search of a
then again to the middle-game,
openings once more, so that the ad-
may not only be gradual but homogeneous. In

way the foundation on which we expect to build
vance
this
the structure will be firm and solid.
9.
A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
^ ^ #*
V y
W
^^
Z _/">
m^
l1
k fm
In the position shown above, White can draw by

playing
P Kt
4 according to the general rule that
governs such cases,

free
from
opposition.
because he does not
i.e.
to
advance the
Pawn
But suppose that White,
know
that is
either
this principle or because

35
he
A CARDINAL PRINCIPLE
36
does not, in this case, sufficiently appreciate the value

suppose, we say, that he plays
Then Black can win by playing i
of its application;
P Q R
P Q R
I
4.
applying one of the cardinal principles of
4,
the high strategy of chess
this principle.
ways, and
in the
it
It
lay too
can be applied in
constitutes one of the principal
22.
cient proof.
:
hold two of the op-
much
many
weapons
hands of a master.
Example
ation
Pawn would
The student cannot
ponent's Pawns.
on
unit that holds two.
In this case one
stress
1.
The example given
We
give a few
P R4
2.
K Kt 2
3.
P Kt4
(Best
moves
should be
suffi-
main
vari-
of the
P QR4
K B 5
see why.)
PXP
(Best.)
4.
5.
6.
P Rs
P R6
P R7
P Kt6
P Kt 7
P Kt8(Q)
7.
P-R8(Q) Q^Ksch
8.
QxQ
KxQ
This brings the game to a position which

Black,
and which
constitutes
endings of King and Pawns.

guiding idea of
it
is
one of the
won by
classical
I shall try to explain the
to those not familiar with
it.
A CLASSICAL ENDING
A CLASSICAL ENDING
10.
Example
23.
In
2.
easier for
As soon
White's best line
this position
of defence consists in keeping his
at
37
as the
Black to win.
Pawn where
it
stands
Pawn is advanced it becomes

On the other hand, Black's
plan to win (supposing that White does not advance
Pawn) may be divided into three

part will be to get his King to K R 6,
his
parts.
at the
keeping intact the position of his Pawns.

all
The
same time
(This
important, since, in order to win the game,
essential at the
his rearmost
end that Black
Pawn one
may
first
is
it is
be able to advance
or two squares according to
the position of the White King.)
K K6
K-Kt3
If 2
win.
K Kt
K Kt2
K B 7;
4,
PR
4,
P Kt
3 wiU
A CLASSICAL ENDING
38
t
A CLASSICAL ENDING
The third part
the Kt P so as
will consist in
39
timing the advance of
P Kt
when the White

Ejng is at R I. It now becomes evident how necessary it is to be able to move the Kt P either one or
to play
two squares according to the position

King, as indicated previously.^
White's move, the
smce the White

were
now
vanced
Kt
Black's
one
Pawn
Kmg
move
square
the
K Ri
White
In this case, as
it is
be advanced two squares
be
since
I.
8.
will
will
of the
the comer, but
Kt P
the
if,
it
should only be ad^
White King
is
at
OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN
40
sition,
but before we devote our time to
call attention to
11.
When
two
it
I wish to
things.
OBTAINING A PASSED PAWN
three or
more Pawns are opposed to each
other in some such position as the one in Example 24,

there
is
always a chance for one side or the other of
obtaining a passed Pawn.
:/y.
iT
/A
<^*
^f
y^^
'>''
..
^/
.../.^y.
'/.
>>
Example
24.
In the
obtaining a passed
above position the way of
Pawn
is
to advance the centre
Pawn.
1.
If
PxP;
2.
3-
and as
P Kt6
RPxP
P-R
P B6
P-R6
PxBP
6,
in this case the
Queen than any
of the
White Pawn
is
nearer
Black Pawns, White
to
will
WHICH PAWN FIRST TO QUEEN

win.
Now
if it
41
had been Black's move Black could
play
P-Kt3
BPxP
2.
BPxP
would not be advisable to try to obtain a passed

Pawn because the White Pawns would be nearer to
It
Queen than the

3-
single
Black Pawn.
PXP
PxP
and the game properly played would be a draw.

student should work this out for himself.
12.
The
HOW TO
FIND OUT WHICH PAWN WILL

BE FIRST TO QUEEN
When two Pawns
are free, or will be free, to ad-
vance to Queen, you can find out, by counting, which
Pawn
will
be the
Example
wins.
25.
first
In
to succeed.
this position
whoever moves
first
WHICH PAWN FIRST TO QUEEN
42
The
first
thing
is
by counting, whether
to find out,
King can be in time to stop the passed

Pawn from Queening. When, as in this case, it cannot
be done, the pomt is to coimt which Pawn comes in
the opposing
In
first.
tune
this case the
is
the same, but the
that reaches the eighth square
Queen
is
m
1.
2.
3.
comes a
the Pawn, but

ing,
his
command
Pawn.
and becomes a
a position to capture the adversary's
Queen when he makes one.
Now
first
Pawn
Thus
P KR4
P R4
P-R5
PxP
P-Rs
P Kt6
little
if
calculation.
he does
so,
he
White can capture
will not,
when Queen-
the square where Black will also Queen
Therefore, instead of taking, he plays:

4.
5.
6.
P R6
P R6
P-R7
P-R7
P R8 (Q), andwms.
The student would do weU
to
acquaint himself
with various simple endings of this
sort, so as to ac-
quire the habit of coimting,
and thus be able to know
with ease when he can or caimot get there
first.
Once
again I must call attention to the fact that a book
cannot by
as a guide,
and
if
itself
teach
and the
how
rest
to play.
It can only serve
must be learned by experience,
a teacher can be had at the same time, so
the faster will the student be able to learn.
much
THE OPPOSITION
THE OPPOSITION
13.
When
by
43
Kings have to be moved, and one player can,
force, bring his
King
into a position similar to the
one shown in the following diagram, so that his adversary
is
forced to
move and make way
player obtaining that advantage
is
for him, the
said to
have
the
oj)i)osition.
^ample
26.
Suppose in the above position White
plays
I.
Now
K-Q4
Black has the option of either opposing the
passage of the White
King by playing
K Q
he prefers, he can pass with his own
or,
if
by
replying
K B
4.
King
Notice that the Kings are
directly opposed to each other,
and the nimiber of
intervening squares between them
is
odd
one
in
this case.
The
opposition can take the form
shown above,
THE OPPOSITION
44
which can be called actual or
close frontal opposition;
or this form:
which can be called actual or close diagonal opposition,

or, again, this
form
which can be called actual or close lateral opposition.

In practice they are
all
one and the same.
The
Kings are always on squares of the same colour, there

is
only one intervening square between the
and the player who has moved
last
"has
Kings,
the opposition.^'
THE OPPOSITION
Now,
45
the student will take the trouble of moving
if
each King backwards as in a game in the same frontal,

diagonal or lateral line respectively shown in the dia-
grams,
we
shall
have what
may be caUed distant frontal,
diagonal and lateral opposition respectively.
The matter
of the opposition
is
highly important,
and takes at times somewhat complicated forms,

of which can be solved mathematically; but,
present, the student should only consider the
simple forms.
of
(An examination of some
all
for the
most
of the examples
King and Pawns endings aheady given
will
show
several cases of close opposition.)
In
when
simple forms of opposition,
all
the
Kings are on
the
same
line
and
the
number
of intervening squares between them is even, the player
who has
the
Example
tage
the
move has
27.
the opposition.
The above position shows to advan-
enormous value of the opposition.
The
THE OPPOSITION
4b
position
Very
very simple.
is
little
is
left
on the
board, and the position, to a beginner, probably looks

absolutely even.
ever has the
It is not the case,
move wins.
Now
Who-
Notice that the Kings are
directly in front of one another,
of intervening squares
however.
and that the number
is even.
as to the procedure to win such a position.
The proper way
to begin
Thus:
I.
K K2
is
to
move
straight up.
defence more
THE OPPOSITION
47
to overcome.
Let us begin
difi&cult
anew.
K K2
K Q K Q
I.
Now if
3,
2,
or
if
and Black obtains the opposition
K Qi
2 K K
K K
3,
in both cases.
2,
(When
the Kings are directly in front of one another, and the
number
is
intervening
of
the
odd,
player
squares between the Kings
who has moved
last
has the
opposition.)
Now
There
in order to win, the
is
and that
White King must advance.
only one other square where he can go,

is
the right place;
Therefore
it is
3,
seen that
when the opponent makes a so-called

waiting move, you must advance, leaving a rank
Therefore we
or file free between the Kings.
in such cases
have
2.
K K2
K B3
Now, it would be bad to advance, because then Black,

by bringing up his King in front of your King, would
obtain the opposition.
simila r
move
3-
It is White's turn to play a
to Black's first
move,
viz.
K-K3
which brings the position back to the first variation

shown. The student would do weU to famiharise himself with the handling of the King in all examples of
opposition.
a game.
It often
means the winning or
losing of
THE OPPOSITION
48
Example
The following position
28.
is
proof of the value of the opposition as
an
excellent
a means of
defence.
White
is
Pawn behind and
apparently
lost,
yet he
can manage to draw as follows
K Ri!
I.
The position of the Pawns does not permit White

to draw by means of the actual or close opposition,
hence he takes the distant opposition
1
K B
K B
keep the
(actual or
I
2,
K Q
lateral
if
K Q
7;
opposition),
opposition essential to his safety,
own Pawn
after the text
move,
.
in effect
6 and White cannot continue to
because of his
1.
close
at
3.
On
the other hand,
if
2.
K-
R2
3.
K-
R3!
K-Q7
K-Q6
K K7
THE OPPOSITION
4.
K-^Kt2
5.
K-Kt3
6.
K Kt4
K K
K K6
K-Q5
Pawn and
attacking the
49
forcing Black to play 6...
when he can go back
to
Kt
3 as already
shown, and always keep the opposition.
Going back to the

1.
original position,
K Ri
White does not play
if
P Kts
PX
P, because
P K
will
win, but plays

2.
If
2...PXP
K Kt2
ch;
K Q7
KxP,
foUowed by
K K
4,
win draw.
3.
PxP
and mere counting
P K5
will
show that both
sides
Queen,
drawing the game.

If the student
wiU now take the trouble to go back
to the examples of
King and Pawns which
given in this book,^ he wiU realise that in

the matter of the opposition
tance
as, in fact, it is in
and Pawns, except
is
of
nearly
in such cases
position in itself ensures the win.

1
See page 13.
have
all of
them
paramount imporall
endings of King
where the Pawn-
THE RELATIVE VALUE
so
14.
THE RELATIVE VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
Before turning our attention to this matter

well to state
now
it
but, under certain conditions of course, they can

so
if
is
that two Knights alone cannot mate,
do
the opponent has one or more Pawns.
Example
29.
In the above position White cannot
win, although the Black
King
is
cornered, but in the
following position, in which Black has
a Pawn,
White wins with or without the move.
Thus
I.
Kt Kt6
P R5
OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
SI
White cannot take the Pawn because the game
will
be drawn, as explained before.
4-
Kt K5
Kt B6
Kt Kts
5-
Kt B
2.
3-
P R6
P R7
P R8(Q)
mate
The reason
for this pecuUarity in chess is eviaent.
White with
the two
Knights can only stalemate
King, unless Black has a
Example
30.
Pawn
Although he
the
which can be moved.
a Bishop and a
is
Pawn
ahead the following position cannot be won by White.
It is the greatest
the Rook's
weakness of the Bishop, that when
Pawn Queens on a
and the opposing King

Bishop
do
is
is
in front of the
absolutely worthless.
to keep
square.
is
square of opposite colour
moving
his
AH
King
Pawn, the
that Black has to
close to the
comer
THE RELATIVE VALUE
52
Example
31.
without the
variation.
In the above position White with or
move can
win.
Take the most
difficult

has the choice of one colour only.
to bring a Knight from one
as
shown
much longer
wing to the other.
Also,
in the following Example, a Bishop can
stalemate a Knight
is
It takes
53
a compliment which the Knight
unable to return.
Example 32.
The weaker the player the more

is
terrible the
Knight
to him, but as a player increases in strength the
value of the Bishop becomes more evident to him, and

of course there
is,
or should be, a corresponding decrease
in his estimation of the value of the
to the Bishop.
In
Knight as compared
this respect, as in
many
others, the
masters of to-day are far ahead of the masters of former

generations.
While not so long ago some of the very
best amongst them, like Pillsbury and Tchigorin, preferred Knights to Bishops, there
who would not

ments made above.
to-day
is
hardly a master of
completely agree with the state-
THE RELATIVE VALUE
54
This is about the only case when the

Example 33.
Knight is more valuable than the Bishop.
It is what is called a "block position," and aD. the

Pawns are on one side of the board. (If there were Pawns
on both
sides of the
board there would be no advantage
in having a Knight.)
In such a position Black has
excellent chances of winning.
extra source of weakness for
White
on the same colour-squares as

mistake often
generally, in
made by
an ending,
Of course, there
is
to
having his Pawns
in
his Bishop.
players.
an
is
This
is
The proper way,
have your Pa\ras on
own Bishop.
When you have your Pawns on squares of the same
colour the action of your own Bishop is limited by
squares of opposite colour to that of your
them, and consequently the value of the Bishop
is
diminished, since the value of a piece can often be
measured by the number of squares

While on
it
commands.
this subject, I shall also call attention to the

fact that
it is
on squares
55
generally preferable to keep your
of the
same colour as that
Bishop, particularly
ported by the King.
if
Pawns
of the opposing
they are passed Pawns sup-
The
principles
might be stated
thus
When
the
opponent has a Bishop, keep your
on sqiMres of
the
same colour
as
your
Pawns
opponent's
Bishop.
Whenever you have a Bishop, whether
the
opponent
Pawns on squares
your own Bishop.
has also one or not, keep your

opposite colour to that of
of the
Naturally, these principles have sometimes to be
modified to suit the exigencies of the position.
Example 34.
are on one side
In the following position the Pawns

of the board,
in having either a
and there
is
no advantage
Knight or a Bishop,
should surely end in a draw.
The game
THE RELATIVE VALUE
S6
Example
35.
Now
let
us add three
Pawns on
each side to the above position, so that there are
Pawns on both
It is
now
the position,
draw.
much
sides of the board.
preferable to have the Bishop, though

if
properly played out, should end in a
The advantage
in its ability to
sides of the
ability to
Bishop
lies
as
at long range, both
board from a central position as in
move
to the other.
of having the
command,
its
quickly from one side of the board
In
Example 36
57
above position
the
it
is
un-
questionably an advantage to have the Bishop, because,
although each player has the same number of Pawns,

they are not balanced on each side of the board.
on the King's
Queen's
the
two.
in
White has three
side.
side
is
it
Black
Thus,
to two, while
that
has
three
on
to
with proper play, the game should end
Still,
White
though
draw,
somewhat better
has
chances.
Example
Here
37.
have the Bishop
is
a position in which to
a decided advantage, since not
is
/;;
i*'
/ i
i
4,
/^
/A
41 h
^ J
only are there Pawns on both sides of the board,
but there
Q R P
is
for
difl&culty in
at
all.
a passed
Black).
drawing
Pawn (K
Black
R P
should
this position,
if
for
have
White,
extreme
he can do
it
S8
VALUE OF KNIGHT AND BISHOP
Example
38.
Again Black would have great
diffi-
culty in drawing this position.
The student should

I
tions.
carefully consider these posi-
hope that the many examples wiU help him
to understand, in their true value, the relative merits
Knight and Bishop.
of the
As
of procedure, a teacher, or practical
be best.
I might say generally, however, that the
proper course in these endings, as in

ings, is:
method
experience, wiU
to the general
Advance
of the
all
similar end-
King to the centre
of the
board or towards the passed Pawns, or Pawns that

are susceptible of being attacked,
of the passed
Pawn
or
Pawns
and rapid advance
as far as
is
consistent
with their safety.
To
give a fixed line of play would be foUy.
ending
is
different,
according to
Calculation
will count.
by
and
reqtiires
Each
different handling,
what the adversary proposes to

visualising the future positions is
do.
what
MATE WITH KNIGHT AND BISHOP

15.
59
HOW TO MATE WITH A KNIGHT AND A BISHOP
Now,
before going back again to the middle-game
and the openings,
how to mate with Knight

how to wia with a Queen
us see
let
and Bishop, and, thpn,

against a Rook.
With a
Kjiight
and a Bishop
the
mate can only he
given in the corners of the same colour as the Bishop.
Example
at
QR
two
39.
In
KR
or
this
8.
example we must mate either
The ending can be divided
into
Part one consists in driving the Black
parts.
King
to the last liue.
done
in
aU such
We
cases,
might begin, as
is
generally
by advancing the King
to the
centre of the board

I.
K K2
Black, in order to
make
K Q2
it
more
difl&cult,
the white-squared comer:

2.
3.
K-Q3
B-B4
K-B3
K-Q4
goes towards
HOW TO MATE WITH
6o
4.
A KNIGHT AND BISHOP
K Kt
IS
Kt K
3,
6i
and the other which
I give
as the text, and which I consider better for the student

to learn, because
accord with the

the
it is
King as much as
14.
more methodical and more
spirit of all these endings,
possible.
in
6y using
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
62
mate within the
fifty
moves which are granted by
the rules.
16.
This
Pawns.
is
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
one of the most
The
when used
difficult
endings without
resources of the defence are
skilfully
many, and
only a very good player wiU prevail
within the limit of fifty moves allowed
(The rule
is
that at any
by the rules.
moment you may demand
that your opponent mate you within fifty moves.
However, every time a piece
is
exchanged or a Pawn
advanced the counting must begin
Example
40.
This
is
one of the standard positions
which Black can often bring about.

move.
If it
afresh.)
were Black's move
it
Now,
it is
White's
would be simple, as
he would have to move his Rook away from the King

(find
out why), and then the
Rook would be compara-
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK

to win. We deduce from the
tively easy
the
main object
is
to force the Black
63
above that
Rook away
from the defending King, and that, in order to compel

Black to do
so,
we must
bring about the position in
Once we know
the diagram with Black to move.
what
is
required, the
way
to proceed
becomes
easier to
Thus:
find.
I.
Q Ksch
Q R because R B ch; 2 K Kt
R B3ch; 3KXR. Stalemate. (The beginner

Not
6,
6,
will invariably fall into this trap.)
I
2.
3-
Q Ri ch
Q-Rs
K to R
K Kt
or to
R2
we have accomplished our

The first part is concluded. Now we come
second part. The Rook can only go to a White
In a few moves
otherwise the
Therefore
^.
first
object.
to the
square,
check with the Queen wiU win
it.
64
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
^Mr
^^
/
K
Example
The things
41.
y^y/.
?^
^_
y
The procedure here
to bear in
mind
is
very similar.
Rook must
Kt i because of an
same way the King must
are that the
be prevented from interposing at

immediate mate, and in the
be prevented from going either to
Example
42.
cult position.
We
shall
3 or
i.
now examine a more
diffi-
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK

Many
cannot play 3
K B
very
it
Q K
6,
difficult for
6 because of 3
R Kt
6,
by
K B
Thus
defence, but, unfortvinately, a very effective
one, which maikes
quickly
this position.
not the best.
2.
The only
is
Q Ksch K B
K Kt6 R Q2
1.
by
players would be deceived
The most likely looking move

suppose we begin
65
White, since he
.
.R
Kt
2 ch
Nor can he win

3 ch draws.
i,
B 5 ch because 3...K
Q Q
R Q 3
ch!
driving back the White
King.
Now
that
we have
tion let us go back.
seen the
difficxilties
The
move
best
of the situa-
is
Q Kt sch! K Ri
IfK R2; 2Q Kt6ch, K Ri; 3K R6!
Q Ksch! K Rabest
K Kts R R2!best
1.
2.
3.
If 3
.R Kt
similar to those in
'4.
ch
K B
6 leads to a position
Examples 40 and
41.
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK
66
and we have the position of Example 40 with Black

to move.
Let us go back again.
1.
2.
3.
The
Q Ktsch K B
Q Q8ch K Kt2
K Kts R B6
I
best place for the
3...K R2;
would
Q Q
Rook away from the

Kt 2 ch; 5 K
4,
King.
lead to positions similar to those already seen.
Q Q4ch K B
K Kt6
5 Q Q 6 ch, K Kt 2; 6Q Ks ch, K B i;
K Kt 6 would also win the Rook. The text move,
I
4.
5.
however,
is
given to show the finesse of such endings.
White now threatens mate at

5-
6.
8.
QUEEN AGAINST ROOK

King are often kept on
different lines.
67
The student
should carefully go over these positions and consider
aU the
He
possibilities
not given in the text.
should once more go through everything already
written before proceeding further with the book.
CHAPTER
III
Planning a Win in Middle-Game Play

I
SHALL now give a few winning positions taken from
my own
games.
have selected those that I believe
can be considered as
types,
easily occur again in
a somewhat similar form.
knowledge of such positions

one cannot know too many.
player to find,
with
i.e.
positions that
of great help;
is
It often
little effort,
may
may
in fact,
help the
the right move, which
he might not be able to find at aU without such

knowledge.
17.
ATTACKING WITHOUT THE AID

OF KNIGHTS
ATTACKING WITHOUT KNIGHTS
69
Example 43.
It is Black's move, and as he is a
Kt and P behind he must win quickly, if at all. He
plays
QR Kt i!
2.
If,
QX
Q,
R B 2
RXP
ch
K R
i,
B Q
4 and mate
follows in a few moves.
RXP
Example
3.
K B
4.
KtxB
44.
ch
B B s ch
R KtSmate
Black's
last
move was P
6,
played with the object of stopping what he thought
was White's
threat, viz.
would have answered
by perpetual
forceful
follows
check.
:R Q R
Q B
5,
to which he
ch and drawn the game
White, however, has a more
move, and he
mates
in
three
moves as
ATTACKING WITHOUT
70
1.
RxPch
QxR
2.
R-QRs
Black moves
3.
White mates
Example
still he had
45.
White has a beautiful

some material,
better gaia
if
position,
but
he can, before
Black consolidates his defensive position.
He
there-
fore plays:
If
Kt X B
1.
RxKt!
2.
BxPch
Rx
Kt and Black would be
3.
Q R7ch
4.
Q X Kt
5.
ch
Q-R7ch
7.
B B8
R X Q ch
8.
RxR
6.
PxR
K K2
helpless.
K Ki
K Q2
Q K2
QXQ
K Ki
Resigns
In these few examples the attacking has been done
by Rooks and Bishops
in combination
with the Queen.
Am
THE
OF KNIGHTS
There have been no Knights to take part
We
shall
now give some examples
in
71
in the attack.
which the Knights
play a prominent part as an attacking force.
18.
ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS AS A

PROMINENT FORCE
Example 46.
White is two Pawns behind.
must therefore press on his attack. The game
tinues
He
con-
I.
Kt
(B
s)
Evidently an error which

for White, as
Kt B 4
X Kt P
made
the winning easier
he simply took the Rook with the Knight
and kept up the
attack.
Black should have played:
i...KtxKt. Then would have followed: 2 Kt

B 6ch,
Kt3; 3 Kt X B, P B 3 (best) 4 P
B 2 s Kt X P, R K 2 6 Kt K 4,
K 5,
K
K
Full score
and Black should
lose.^
and notes are given in
Capablanca (Game No. ii).
My
Chess Career, by
J.
R.
ATTACKING WITH KNIGHTS
72
mm ^mim
J^
%/
/
Example
47.
amine the
2*
The
student
should
carefully
position, as the sacrifice of the
similar situations is tj^pical,
of frequent occurrence
Bishop in
and the chance
for it is
The game
actual play.
in
ex-
continues
If 2.
and
BxPch
KxB
2.
Kt Kt sch
K-Kt3
.K R 3
.K Kt i
Best.
if
1.
Kt X P ch wins
Q R
5,
with an
the Queen,
irresistible
cLLLclCiv.*
3.
4.
White
Q-Kt4
Q-Kt3
P-B4
K-R3
finally won.'
This position
is
elaborated under
Example 50
(p 80.).
WINNING BY INDIRECT ATTACK

19.
We
73
have so far given positions where the attacks
were of a violent nature and directed against the
Very
King's position.
game
attacks are
pieces, or
often, however, in the middle-
made
against a position or against
even Pawns.
The winning of a Pawn among good players of even

means the winning of the game.
strength often
Hence the study

portance.
We
of such positions
of great im-
is
give below two positions in which the
attack airns at the gain of a mere
Pawn
as a
means
of
ultimately winning the game.
Example
48.
Black
is
a Pawn behind, and there
no violent direct attack against White's King.

Black's pieces, however, are very well placed and free
is
to act,
he
is
and by co-ordinating the action
of
soon able not only to regain the
obtain the better game.
The
aU
his pieces
Pawn but
to
student should carefully
74
consider this position

is
and the subsequent moves.
It
a very good example of proper co-ordination in the
management
The game
of forces.
R Ri
P-QR4
2.
White's best
follow
continues:
Kt X B
Q Kt when would
3 Q X Kt, R R 6 and Black would
move was P
ultimately win the
Q R
P, always keeping a slight
The
3,
text
move makes matters
easier.
Kt X B
2
3.
QxKt
4.
KR Qi
Q-Bs
KR Kt
Black could have regained the
Pawn by
playing
BX
Kt, but he sees that there
and
therefore increases the pressure against White's
Queen
side.
R X Kt
He now
threatens,
is
more
to be had,
among other
things,
P.
5.
Q-K3
R-Kts
Threatening to win the exchange by

6.
7.
Q Kts
K Ri
BQ
5.
B Qsch
QR Kt
This threatens to win the Kt, and thus forces White

to give
Now
up the exchange.
8.
RxB
QXR
9.
R-Qi
Q-Bs
Black
will recover his
Pawn.
75
Example 49.
An examination of this position will
show that Black's main weakness lies in the exposed
position of his King, and in the fact that his Q R
has not yet come into the game. Indeed, if it were
Black's move, we might conclude that he would have
the better game, on accoimt of having three Pawns to
two on the Queen's side, and his Bishop commanding
the long diagonal.
It
is,
however. White's move, and he has two courses
to choose from.
be good
2
P Q Kt
there
is
The obvious move, B
enough, since after
4 would make
another
BB
it difi&cult
move which
4,
4,
might
QR Q
for Black.
i;
But
completely upsets Black's
and wins a Pawn, besides obtaining the

better position. That move is Kt
Q 4 The game
position
continues as follows:
1.
Kt Q4!
PxKt
2.
RxB
Kt Kts
76
There is nothing better, as White threatened B

3-
4.
CHAPTER
IV
Geneeal Theory
Before we
it will
revert to the technique of the openings
be advisable to dwell a Httle on general theory,
so that the openings in their relation to the rest of the
game may be
better understood.
THE INITIATIVE
20.
As the
the same
pieces are set
position
on the board both
and the same amoimt
sides
have
of material.
White, however, has the move, and the move in this

case
means
the
and the
initiative,
things being equal,
is
initiative,
Now
an advantage.
other
this ad-
vantage must be kept as long as possible, and should

only be given up
or positional,
is
if
some other advantage, material
obtained in
its place.
White, according
to the principles already laid down, develops his pieces
as fast as possible, but in so doing he also tries to
hinder his opponent's development,

sure wherever possible.
He
by
applyirig pres-
tries first of
aU
to control
the centre, and failing this to obtain some positional
advantage that wiU make
it
He
on harassing the enemy.

initiative
when he
gets for
possible for
it
him
to keep
only relinquishes the
some material advantage
under such favoxirable conditions as to make him

77
feel
DIRECT ATTACKS EN MASSE
78
assured that he
will, in turn,
and
adversary's thrust;
be able to withstand his

through his superi-
finally,
more resvune the
ority of material, once
initiative,
which alone can give him the victory.

assertion
is
self-evident,
since,
This
last
order to win the
xa.
game, the opposing King must be driven to a position
where he
attacked without having any
is
way
of escape.
Once the pieces have been properly developed the

resulting positions
may
vary in character.
be that a direct attack against the King

or that
it is
is
It
may
in order;
a case of improving a position already
advantageous;
or, finally,
that some material can be
gained at the cost of relinquishing the initiative for
a more or
less
21.
In the
prolonged period.
first
case the attack
force to guarantee
sufficient
consideration
must a
must be
tainty in one's
on with
Under no
King
its success.
direct attack against the
be carried on a outrance imless there
failure in
carried
own mind
that
it
is
absolute cer-
will succeed, since
such cases means disaster.
Example
50.
A good example of a successful
attack against the King
is
shown
direct
in the following
diagram
In this position White could simply play
and
still
fers
an immediate attack on the King's
have the better
position,
BB
but instead he preside,
with
79
the certainty in his mind that the attack will lead to

a win. The game continues thus: ^
BXP
13.
Kt Kt
14.
Q Kt4
P K
Best.
16
P B
18
Q K
20
4!
We
(if
21
K Q 2
6 ch,
fatal.
K B
3;
Q Kt 5 ch, KxKt;
ch, Kt
19 K R Q
i
(if
Kt,
mate
K K
QXR
in two)
i,
Kt Q6ch
R B
23 Q B
22
i ch,
ch
in five moves.
give,
from now on, games and
familiarise himself
it
17
s;
Rx
with the
that constantly are borne in
take
Kt K
15
5 ch,
K Kt 3
1
P B4
K Q 2;
KtxP, K B 3
and mate
K-Kt3
5ch
4;
PK
wins the Queen)
may
KxB
ch
4 would have been immediately
14...P K
Thus:
Q6;
12.
notes, so that the student
many and
varied considerations
mind by the Chess Master.
We
must
for granted that the student has already reached a stage
where, while not being able fuUy to understand every move, yet he
can derive benefit from any discussion with regard to them.
8o
Q R4ch
Q R ch
16.
17.
If
K-R3
K Kt3
K B3
Q-Kt3
15.
K X Kt Q X
;
Kt P ch and mate
in
a few moves.
Kt - Kt
19.
P K4
PxP
20.
QR Qi
Kt Q6
Kt(Q6)-Bs
18.
22.
Q-R3
Q Kt3
23.
KR Ki
21.
PxP
Q B
Kt K7ch
This blmider loses at once, but the game could not
be saved in any case

ch,
Kt X R;
e.g. 23.
..B
K3; 24RXB
Kt Q 5 mate.
R X Kt
QxQ
Kt R 7 ch
K B2
RPXQ
R Ri
25
24.
25.
26.
Example
Kt sch
27.
Kt
28.
PB
51.
Another
K-B3
Resigns
example of
this kind;
8i
In the above position the simple move Kt X P

would win, but White looks for compHcations and
their beauties.
Such a course is highly risky imtil a
wide experience of actual master-play has developed
a sufficient insight into all the possibilities of a position.
This game, which
won
the
brilliancy prize
Petersburg in 1914, continued as follows
at
St.
THE FORCE OF THE
82
and that
often, as in
out,
the coming into action of the last available
it is
some
of the variations pointed
piece that finally overthrows the enemy. It
demon-
strates the principle already stated:
and
Direct
carried
King must
violent attacks against the
en masse, with full force,
to
be
ensure their success.
The opposition must be overcome
at all cost;
cannot be broken of, since in
suh cases that means
all
the attack
defeat.
THE FORCE OF THE THREATENED

ATTACK
22.
Failing
an opportunity,
direct attack, one
weakness there
may
or, if there is none,

is
in
the
second case, for
must attempt to increase whatever

be in the opponent's position;
one or more must be created.
It
always an advantage to threaten something, but
such threats must be carried into effect only

thing
to be gained immediately.
is
if
some-
For, holding the
threat in hand, forces the opponent to provide against

its
it.
execution and to keep material in readiness to meet
Thus he may more
easily overlook, or
to parry, a thrust at another point.
threat
is
carried into effect,
it
exists
be xmable
But once the

no longer, and
your opponent can devote his attention to his own

schemes.
One
of the best
and most
successful
ma-
game is to make a demonas to draw the forces of your
noeuvres in this type of

stration
on one
side, so
opponent to that
side,
then through
the
greater
mobility of your pieces to shift your forces quickly
THREATENED ATTACK
to the other side
83
and break through, before your
opponent has had the tune to bring over the necessary forces for the defence.
good example of positional play
following
tional Masters
:
shown
in the
game:
Example 52. Played

White
is
J.
R. Capablanca.
I.
at
Havana
the
Interna-
Tournament, 1913. (French Defence.)

Black
R. Blanco.
THE FORCE OF THE
84
prevent the development of Black's Queen's Bishop

Q Kt 3, which is Black's usual
vid Q Kt 2, after P
development in
to
move
this variation.
Generally
it
is
bad
the same piece twice in an opening before
the other pieces are out, and the violation of that

principle is the only objection that can
this
be made to
move, which otherwise has everything to recom-
mend
it.
B-Q3
B K Kt
8.
Q-B3
might be
better.
The
text
move
gives
Black an opportimity of which he does not avail

himself
P-B3
P B
4 was the right move.
It
would have led to
complications, in which Black might have
held his
own;
difficult.
The
at least. White's play
text
move accomplishes
would be very
nothing, and puts Black
THREATENED ATTACK
in
an altogether defensive
B X Kt;
9.
10.
The
P B
4 ch;
is
veiled threat
easily met.
00
B K2
B KKts
fact that
The
position.
Q R
by
followed
85
Black has now to move his Bishop
back clearly demonstrates that Black's plan of devel-
opment is faulty.
White brings his
He
has
pieces
into
position without hindrance of

11.
The
woidd play
Q R
12.
any
3,
time,
and
most attacking
sort.
Kt Ki
was Kt
P K Kt
sacrifice B X P),
play
their
B Q3
alternative
much
lost too
4.
Otherwise White
and Black would be forced to
(not
P K R
seriously
3,
because of the
weakening his King's
P KB
Q R3
side.
White has no longer an attack, but he has compelled

Black to create a marked weakness.
whole plan
K P),
will
and the student can now
see
expounded previously are applied
move
is
Now
White's
be to exploit this weakness (the weak
how
in this
the principles
game.
Every
make the weak King's Pawn improfit by the inactivity of the Black
directed to
tenable, or to
pieces defending the
position of
Pawn,
White at other
14.
BxB
00
15.
KR Ki
16.
R K2
13.
in order to
points.
QxB
R B3
Kt Q3
B Q2
improve the
THE FORCE OF THE
86
At
Bishop comes out, not as an active attack-
last the
make way
ing piece, but merely to

17.
18.
R Ki
Kt B 2
QR Ki
P QB 4
very clever move, tending to prevent
and tempting White to play Kt
B X
Rook.
for the
PB
P, which would be bad, as the following varia-
Kt X B, Q X Kt; 20 B X P, Kt
Q Kt 4, R X B 22 P K R 4, P
tion shows:
Kt 4
21
19
KR4; 23QxR,PxQ; 24RxRch,K R

25
PX
QX
Kt,
cases that,
is
and
But
P.
one
if
another;
will
5,
B, followed by
it
2;
always happens in such
line of attack is anticipated, there
this is
no exception to the
rule, as
be seen.
19.
P Qs!
Apparently the best

of White.
way
KtxKt
to
B P X P would make
the White Bishop would
King's
meet the manifold threats
Pawn
vid
QB
4.
finally
matters worse, as
bear on the weak
THREATENED ATTACK
20.
21.
22.
RX
P KKt3
K Kta
Kt
Q R4
Q-Q4
P B4
Forced, as White threatened

23.
Q Q
was
Q-B3
better.
87
K P, and also Q X P
P-Kt3
Px
But Black wants
to
tempt
P X P, thinking that he will soon after

Pawn with a safe position. Such, however,
White to play
regain his
is
not the case, as White quickly demonstrates.
must add that
in
any case Black's position
is,
opinion, untenable, since all his pieces are tied
in
my
up
for
the defence of a Pawn, while White's pieces are free

to act.
The
24.
PXP
25-
B K2!
BB
deciding and timely manoeuvre.
All the Black
pieces are useless after this Bishop reaches
5.
FORCE OF THREATENED ATTACK
88
BxP
25
Now
his
to
it
B B3
K B 2
27-
B-Q5
Q-Q3
evident that
it is
up, and
way
26.
all
only remains for White to find the quickest
White
to force the issue.
Queen at
the Black pieces are tied
K R
5 in order to
6,
will
now
try to place
and then advance the
KRP
break up the Black Pawns defend-
ing the King.
If
28...P
R K2
Q K3
28.
s;
29
Q K
3,
K R
4;
Q-R R-K 2; 31 Q-Kt K-Kt 2;

P-K R Q-Q 2; 33P-K Kt 3,PXP;
and Black will soon be helpless, as he has
34 P B
30
4,
32
5,
4,
4,
to
mark time with
P R 5, and
R X B, winniug.
to advance
to play
his pieces while
29.
White prepares
finally at the
proper time
RELINQUISHING THE INITIATIVE
89
for a brilliant direct attack agaiast the King, involving

sacrifices of pieces.
23.
In the third case, there

material advantage
is
is
nothing to do, once the
obtained, but to submit to the
opponent's attack for a while, and once

repulsed to act quickly with
on material.
is
has been
your forces and win
good example of
this
type of game
given below.
Example
53.
From
the
Masters Tournament, 1913.

J,
all
it
R. Capablanca.
PXP
Black: D. Janowski.
1.
P-K4
P-K4
2.
Kt KB3
Kt-QB3
3.
B-Kts
Kt-B3
4.
0-0
P-Q3
5.
B X Kt
6.
P Q4
7.
Kt-B3
might be
fa mili ar
Havana International
(Ruy Lopez.) White:
ch
better,
PXB
B K2
but at the tune I was not
with that variation, and therefore I played
what I knew to be good.

7.
8.
90
Black
to
offers the
obtain
exchange in order to gain time and
Without considering at
an attack.
whether or not such a course was

of Black,
there
is
it is
justified
evident that as far as White
only one thing to do,
viz., to
is
concerned
win the exchange

Then, once
and then prepare to weather the storm.

it is
all
on the part
passed, to act quickly with all forces to derive
the benefit of munerical superiority.

13.
14.
15.
To
force
hole at
the
hand
R Q2
Kt Qi
White to play
Kt B4
R Kt I
R Kt 5
B R6
PQ B
5 for his Knight.^
of a master.
4,
and thus create a
Such grand
tactics
show

Black's manceuvring for positional advantage
mirable throughout this game, and
due entirely to the

without even a
if
91
is
he loses
adit
is
fact that the sacrifice of the exchange,
Pawn
for
it,
could not succeed against
sound defensive play.
The
21.
Kt B
22.
PXP
position begins to look really dangerous for White.
In reality Black's attack

force.
Very soon
it
is
reaching
its
maximimi
wiU reach the apex, and then
92
White,
who
action,
and through
is
weU
prepared, wiU begin his counter

his superiority in material obtain
an undoubted advantage.
24.
Kt B I
Kt X Kt
25.
Q Rs
23.
R-Ki
He could not play R K
PB 5
B P X Kt
B Kt2
P B4
26.
R X Q P. Besides, he wants to be ready to play P K 5. At present White cannot with safety play R X K P, but
he
will
soon prepare the
because of
way
for
it.
Then, by giving
up a Rook for a Bishop and a Pawn, he will completely

upset Black's attack and come out a Pawn ahead.
It is on this basis that White's whole defensive manoeuvre
Now
is
is
foimded.
R-Ki
K2
R
K3
(Q2)
27.
P B3
28.
the Black
prepared.
Rook enters into the game, but White

now time to give back the exchange.
It is
31-
33345
R KR3
QXQ
K B 2
R-QB3
RxQch
R K5
Kt-Q2
32-
RB
BxR
RXP
RXB
Q-K8
29.
30-
93
The
ch might have been better.
text
move
did not prove as strong as anticipated.
K B3
R K3
K K2
34
R Qs
35.
Kt
36.
RX
Kt would
37.
Very
of
lose easily
RxBP
White cannot play
fine.
K Q
K4ch
38.
39.
40.
RX
RX
B,
KB
ch because
Kt wmning.
B X Kt
PXB
R Qs
The ending is very

White had to make
was adjourned.
P-Q6!
R B7
RxP
R K6
difficult to win.
the last
move
At
this point
before the
game
94
CUTTING OFF PIECES FROM

41.
THE SCENE OF ACTION

Example
54.
Tournament,
Winter.
1919.
Black:
I.
Played
J.
at
the
Hastings
(Four Knights.)
R. Capablanca.
95
Victory
White:
W.
96
The
alternative,
Kt P x B
gives
White the best
of
the game, without doubt.^

7.
P-Q3
8.
B Kts
This move
is
not at
B-Qs
all in
The
of this variation.
accordance with the nature
general strategical plan for
P K R 3, to be followed in time
by the advance of the K Kt P to Kt 4, and the bringing
of the Q Kt to K B s via K 2 and K Kt 3 or Q i and
K 3. Then, if possible, the K Kt is linked with the
other Kt by placing it at either K R 4, K Kt 3, or K 3
White
as.
is
to play
the occasion demands.
remains at
Kt
but mostly at
P KB
times
and other
KR
Finally, in
i.
and then the
4,
it is
i,
The White King sometimes

times it is placed at K Kt 2,
most cases comes
real attack begins.
Some-
a direct assault against the King,^ and at
other times
it
comes simply to finessing
for positional
advantage in the end-game, after most of the pieces
have been exchanged.'
P KR3
P B4
8
9.
B R4
See
game Capablanca-Kupchick, from Havana International
Masters Tournament Book, 1913, by J. R. Capablanca; or a game
in the Carlsbad
Tournament
of 191 1,
Vidmar playing Black
against
Alechin.
'
See Niemzowitch's
game
in the All Russian Masters Tourna-
ment, 1914, at St. Petersburg, against Levitzki, I believe.

' See Capablanca-Janowski game, New York Masters Tournament, 1913.
THE SCENE OF ACTION
97
To prevent P Q 4 and to draw White into playing

Kt Q 5, which woxild prove fatal. Black's plan is
to play P K Kt 4, as soon as the circumstances
permit, in order to free his Queen and Knight from
the pin by the Bishop.
10.
Kt-Qs
White falls into the trap. Only lack of experience

can account for this move. White should have considered that a player of my experience and strength
could never allow such a move if it were good.
10.
P-KKt4
98
move White's game is lost. White camiot

play Kt X Kt P, because Kt x Kt will win a piece.
Kt 3, either before or
Therefore he must play B
after Kt X Kt, with disastrous results in either case,
After this
as will be seen.
II.
Kt X Kt ch
12.
B-Kt3
13-
P-KR3
QxKt
B-Kt5
BxKt
QXB
PXQ
QXQ
P-KB3
14.
IS-
A simple examination will

a Bishop for
it
by
then.
all
sacrificing
At
Black now
show that White
He
practical purposes.
minus
free
one Pawn, and possibly not even
least it
would
devotes
lose
time besides the Pawn.
energy to the Queen's
all his
and, having practically a Bishop
cannot be in doubt.
so that the student
such a game.
is
can only
The
may
more, the
rest of the
see
how
game
simple
is
it is
side,
resiilt
given,
to win
THE SCENE OF ACTION

16.
99
A PLAYER'S MOTIVES CRITICISED
100
interesting feature for the student that Sir George
Thomas
my
kindly wrote the notes to the
request,
game
for
and with the imderstanding that
me
at
would
make
the conunents on them that I considered appropriate. Sir George Thomas' notes are in brackets
and thus wiU be distinguished from my own comments.
Example
55.
Queen's
Gambit Declined.
notes within brackets by Sir George Thomas.)
Mr. F. F. L. Alexander.
I.
{The
White
Black: Sir George Thomas.
IN A SPECIMEN
There
of meeting this threat.)
GAME
much played
as
and consequently not

it
leaves Black with
some
two good
are, besides,
reasons for this method of defence;
not as
loi
first,
that
it
is
of the other defences
known, and second that
so well
two Bishops against
and Kt,
which, in a general way, constitutes an advantage.

7.
8.
9.
This
is
B X Kt
Kt X B
P-QR3
Q Kt3
Kt-K5
not the logical place for the
have been posted at

great importance,
and
B-K2
B which
should
In the opening, time
3.
is
of
therefore the player should be
extremely careful in his development and
make
sure
from
that he posts his pieces in the right places.
11.
BQ 3
P X Kt
12.
BxBP
10.
(I
Kt X Kt
did not want White's
PXP
B B3
Kt
my K
P.)
complished by playing
out
my
and
Incidentally
3.
previous statement that the
13.
alternative
to
5,
it
BQ
been originally played to
The
come
K B 3 without
by P
same
result
could be acThe
where I could not dislodge

weakening
to
it
bears
should have
3.
0-0
was P
then O 0.
4,
followed
by P
5,
White would thereby assmne the
Pawn
initiative
but would weaken his
siderably,
and might be compelled to stake aU on a
position con-
102
violent attack against the King.
point in the game, and

the temperament
and
it
is
This
is
a tiiming
in such positions that
style of the player decide the
course of the game.

13
P K4
14.
0-0
P K4
'y//
////
k
'A
IS.
P-Qs
(White might play 15

of breaking
up
K R Q
P as there is now
By this move White
to advance this
at
QB
4.)
i,
keeping the option
the centre later on.
wanted him
fine post for
my
shows that he does
not understand the true value of his position.
His
only advantage consisted in the imdeveloped condition

of Black's
B.
He
plan to prevent the
should therefore have
from coming out, or
made a
if
that
were not possible, then he should try to force Black

to
weaken
the B.
his
Pawn
position in order to
come out with
There were three moves to consider:
first,
GAME
IN A SPECIMEN
PQ R
4, in
dominating
that
would have been met by
now
it
QB
Kt X B,
vent
Q i in order to threaten
Q X Kt 18 B X P ch.
B Kt
5
and
third,
and by playing
Pawns.
4,
have attained the desired
'P
and the
3 to pre-
R to Q i, followed
Black
force
K R
B and
play
to
side
White would
The
text
move
facilitates Black's
Hereafter White wiU act on the defen-
game
manner in
interest throughout the rest of the
wiU centre mainly on Black's play and the

which he
BxP
This would have
object.
blocks the action of the White
sive,
P,
which would weaken his Queen's
Thus by playing
development.
PX
PK
either
up as previously stated to
P Q Kt
This
16
B Kt
in the
second, either of
the Rooks to
17
occupies.
order to maintain the White
position
been met by
103
carries out the attack.
Q B
IS
16.
B-Q3
makes the development of

At present he cannot
Black's Queen wing easier.
(This seems wrong, as
play
it
P Q Kt 3, because of the reply P X P followed
byB-Qs.)
16
I04
B-K2
B B4
P B3
i8
19.
20.
would
(It
20
R B 2
Q Kt2
been
have
K R K I, with
probably,
better,
the idea of
Black's play hereabout
weak;
is
P B
it
play
to
4 presently.)
and
lacks force,
there seems to be no weU-defined plan of attack.

is
most
true that these are the
a plan on a large
success,
and with
difficult positions to
In such cases a player
handle in a game.
it
It
must conceive
which promises chances of
scale,
it must be a plan that can be

means at his disposal. From
aU,
carried out with the
the look of the position
it
seems that Black's best
chance would be to mass his forces for an attack

against White's centre, to be followed
He
attack against the King.
Q R K
I,
threatening
by a
direct
should, therefore, play
P K B
4. If
to defeat this plan, or rather to prevent
White
it,
is
able
then, once
he has fixed some of the White pieces on the EJng's

side,
side,
he should quickly
and open a
shift his
line for his
attack to the Queen's
Rooks, which, once they
enter in action, should produce an advantage
on
ac-
count of the great power of the two Bishops.

21.
QR Kt
22.
P QR4
23.
R-Qi
(White has clearly
lost
time with his Rook's moves.)
KR Ki
23
24.
QR Qi
B R3
Q-Kt3
GAME
IN A SPECIMEN
105
R 4 and B K2.)
R-Q3
(To bring his Queen across after Kt

24
25.
Kt
26.
B K2
P-Kt3
PxP
26.
(I
R4
thought this exchange necessary here, as White
is
threatening to play his Bishop via
If
he retook with the Bishop's
Pawn
Kt 4
to
6.
I intended to
exchange Bishops and rely on the two Pawns to one
on the Queen's wing.

it
I did not expect
him
to retake
with the King's Pawn, which seemed to expose
him to a violent King's side attack.) Black's judgment in this instance I beUeve to be faulty. Had
White retaken with the B P, as he expected, he would
have had the worst of the Pawn position, as White
would have" had a passed Pawn well supported on the
Queen's
side.
His only advantage would he in his
having a very well posted Bishop against a badly
io6
posted Knight, and on the fact that in such positions as the above, the Bishop
He
than the Knight.

vented
invariably stronger
could and should have pre^
by playing B B i, as, had White

with
Kt 3, he could then play
all that,
then replied
PX
is
P, and White would not have been able to retake
with the
B P on
account of
BXP
ch winmng the
exchange.
do not
27.
KPxP
P K5
28.
P Kt3
P K6
like this
move.
It
would have been better
be followed in due time by
P B 4, to
and P 65^
after having placed the
or some other
to hold
it
in reserve
and
to have played
P K Kt 4
Q at Q 2, K B 2,
The
square as the occasion demanded.

blocks the action of the powerful
at
text
Q B
move
4,
and
make White's position safer than it should

have been. The move in itself is a very strong attacktends to
ing move, but

continuation.
it is isolated,
and there
Such advances as a
is
no
effective
rule should only
be made when they can be followed by a concerted

action of the pieces.
P B4
Kt B 3
B Bi
B B4
32.
R Kt2
K Kt2
R Ks
Q B
33.
Kt Kt
29.
30.
31.
P KKt4
IN A SPECIMEN
B-B
(If now 34
3,
with a winning attack.)
R R
35
PxP
PxP
35.
R-KBi
P-Kts
was the
won
White's only
alternative.
K R
i.
and
for Black,
The
it
107
BXR, BXB
34.
would have been

dently
PXP;
GAME
is
position
now
ch,
move
is
evi-
only a question of
The final attack is now

George Thomas in an irreproachable
finding the right course.
carried
on by
Sir
manner.
36.
37.
(Again preventing
on White's Rook.
If
Kt
40
RX
R,
4,
R-KB3
B-Q3
Kt K2
BX
R, by the masked attack
White therefore protects
P-K
BK
Q B
ch
KtxP, RxKt
B X B, best, R X R
7!; 39
!
!
41
his Rook.)
ch;
and
White
lost.
however, against 38 Kt B 4, Black
plays Q R 3, and White 39 Q B
I take pleasure
is
If,
2,
io8
in offering the position to

tiful
my
and extraordinary win
39... Q R
readers as a most beau-
for Black, beginning with
I leave the variations for the
6 ch!!!
student to work out.

38.
R(Kt2)-Kti
39-
Q-B2
Q-R3
(Making a double attack on the Rook

cannot be taken
If either the
which
still
and preparing to defend the K R P.)
Rook
or Bishop are taken White would
be mated in a few moves.
Q R6ch
RXP!!
3940.
K-Ri
^
/^*^
^
^..y ^5^1
\%
^^^^/
(If
40...R-R3;
K Kt
2.
way
41.
Kt Kt
Black therefore
from the defence.)

best
41
to carry
QxR
I,
QxKtP;
tries to get
42
the Queen
away
very beautiful move, and the
on the attack.
IN A SPECIMEN
(The best defence was 41
RX
GAME
109
B, but Black would
emerge with Queen agamst Rook and Knight.)
BxB
because of P Q 6
41
(Again, not
(If
42
QX
R K R 3
42. R X R
B, then, at
last,
Kt B4
(The Queen has no

to take
escape,,
P K7!
but White has no time
it.)
44.
White
3 wins.)
BXQ
42
43.
R R
resigns.
dis. ch.)
R KKti
A
very
Q-B8
fine finish.
CHAPTER V
EnD-GAME STRATEGy
We must now revert once more to
the endings.
Their
importance will have become evident to the student
who has taken
Janowski (Example
a
my
my game
the trouble to study
Ruy Lopez
53).
in
with
After an uneventful opening
one of
its
normal variations,
opponent suddenly made things interesting by
offering the exchange;
an
offer which, of course, I
Then followed a very hard, arduous struggle,

had to defend myself against a very dangerous attack made possible by the excellent manoeuvring of my adversary. Finally, there came the time
when I could give back the material and change off
most of the pieces, and come to an ending in which
I clearly had the advantage.
But yet the ending
accepted.
in
which
itself
was not as simple as
finally
it
Had
it
at
perhaps through one weak move on my part
became a very
difficult
matter to find a win.
I been a weak end-game player the game would
probably have ended in a draw, and

efforts
is
appeared, and
first
would have been
in vain.
all
my
previous
Unfortunately, that
very often the case among the large majority of
players
they are weak in the endings
which masters of the
first
failing
from
rank are at times not
free.
END-GAME STRATEGY
III
Incidentally, I might call attention to the fact that
the world's champions of the last sixty years have
all
been exceedingly strong in the endings:
Morphy,
Steinitz, and Dr. Lasker had no superiors in this
department of the game while they held their
titles.
THE SUDDEN ATTACK FROM A
26.
DIFFERENT SIDE
I
have previously stated, when speaking about
general theory, that at times the

in attacking first
on one
way
side, then,
to
win consists
granted greater
mobility of the pieces, to transfer the attack quickly
from one
side to the other, breaking through before
your opponent has been able to bring up

forces to withstand the attack.
sufficient
This principle of the
middle-game can sometimes be applied in the endings

in
somewhat
Example
similar
56.
manner.
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
112
In the above position
I,
with the Black pieces,
played
R Ksch
R QR5
P-KR4
I
2.
3.
The
R K2
R R2
idea, as will
be seen very soon,
in order to fix White's King's side
to the future.
It
wants to bring
his
two weak
is
is
to play
PR
Pawns with a view
evident to Black that White
King
to
Q Kt
3 to support his
isolated Pawns, and thus to free his Rooks.
Black, therefore, makes a plan to shift the attack to
the King's side at the proper time, in order to obtain
some advantage from the greater mobility
of
his
Rooks,
4.
R-Qi
R(Q4)-QR4
Rook
in order to force the
to Rook's square, keeping
both Rooks tied up.

5.
6.
7.
R(Qi)-Ri
P-Rs
K Q2
K-B2
K Kt
R-KKt4
Black begins to transfer his attack to the Eing's

8.
R KKt
serious mistake,
side.
which
K Kt
loses quickly.
White should
when Black would have

answered 8...R(R5) R4; 9P
B3, and Black
have played 8
3,
would have obtained an opening at

ELing,
Kt
6 for his
which in the end might give him the victory.

8
R-KBs
FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE

Now
the King cannot go to
Kt 4
ch.
9.
10.
If
P X R,
because of
R K R
RXRP
followed
10
and Black won
3,
R B6ch
K Q3
K K2
RXR
Kt
113
after a
by
8 winning,
few moves.
Example 57.
Another good example, in which
is shown the advantage of the greater mobiUty of
the pieces in an ending, is the following from a game
Capablanca-Kupchick played at the Havana Masters
Tournament, 1913. The fuU score and notes of the

game can be fovmd in the book of the tournament.
White's only advantage in the above position
he possesses the open
wiU secure him the
file
is
that
and has the move, which
initiative.
There
is
also the shght
advantage of having his Pawns on the Queen's side

imited, while Black has
an
isolated
Q R
P.
The
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
114
proper course, as in the previous ending,

the
Rooks forward,
be able to
other,
so that at least one of
to bring
them may
from one side of the board to the
shift
and thus keep Black's Rooks from moving
What
freely.
means
this
stated already;
really
it
enemy; force him
to
in general theory has
means: keep harassing
to
make
collapse sooner or later.

it,
ness somewhere
From
make
it
and
another weakness somewhere else
get rid of
been
the
use his big pieces to defend Pawns.
If he has a weak point, try
can
is
weaker, or create
his position will
If he has a weakness, and he
sure that you create another weak-
else.
the position in question the
game continued
thus:
1.
R-K4
KR-Ki
with the object of repeating White's manoeuvre, and

also not to
aUow White the

2.
3.
4.
QR-Ki
QR-K3
K-B
I
control of the open
file..
R-K3
R(Bi)-Ki
K-B
Black wants to bring his King to the centre of the

board in order to be nearer to whatever point White
decides to attack.
The move
is
justified at least
on
the general rule that in such endings the King should
He
be in the middle of the board.

all
but follow White's footsteps.
to point out anything better.
Kt 4
ch, followed
by
K K
a very disagreeable position.
does nothing after

Besides,
it is
If4...P Q4;
2,
hard
sR
would leave Black
If 4.
..P
KB
4;
in
sR
FROM A DIFFERENT
Q4!
8
SIDE
115
RxR? 6PxR,RxP; 7K-B2,R-K2;
R Q R
P, which would prac-
White with a passed Pawn ahead on the
tically leave
Queen's
QR
winning the
4,
Pawns of Black on the

by the two of White.
as the three
side,
King's side woidd be held
K-K2
R-QR4
5.
6.
K-K2
R-QRi
The student should note

noeuvre Black
is
that through the same
ma-
forced into a position similar to the
one shown in the previous ending.
R-Rs!
7.
This move has a manifold object.
aU of Black's Pawns except the
It practically fixes
P, which
one that can advance two squares.

vents the advance of Black's
KB
is
the only
It specially pre-
Pawns, and at the
of White's K B
B 5. By this threat it practically
forces Black to play P Q 4, which is aU White desires,
same time threatens the advance
Pawns
to
4 and
for reasons that will soon
become evident.
P-Q4
K-Q3
P-QB4!
8.
Evidently forced, as the only other move to save a
Pawn would have been P X

aU Black's Pawns
isolated
P, which would have
and weak.
If
R-K
11
R R 6, and Black's game is hopeless.
4,
K-Q
9.
10.
3;
10
P-B sch
P-Q4
P-Q
Kt
4!
K-Q2
P-B4
left
PQ
R-K
4;
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
ii6
Apparently very strong, since

of
Rooks because
it
leads to nothing.
R-K K
of the threat
The
it
forces the exchange
R R 3
but in
best chance
reality
was to play
I.
11.
RXR
12.
P-B
PxR
4
now White had played with finesse, but this

Up
R ^ R 6 was the proper way to
last move is weak.
to
up
continue, so as to force Black to give
or
Q B
K-B
12
13.
QRP
tinuation,
and
2;
IS
K-Q2
Again a bad move.
K-Kt
his
P.
if
13
R R
then 13.
P-Kt
4,
was the proper con-
.R Kt
K-R
i;
with excellent winning chances; in
16
14
P Kt
R-Q
Kt
fact, I beUeve,
3,
3,
won game.
13
Black misses his only chance.
drawn.
K-Kt 2
R Kt
would have
FROM A DIFFERENT
14.
SIDE
117
THE SUDDEN ATTACK
Ii8
28.
P - Kt
weak move, which
In
this endiag, as is often the case
gives Black a fighting chance.
with most players,
White plays the best moves whenever the

is
difficult
and
requires careftd handling,
his position seems to

efforts
right
and the
08
28
but once
be overwhelming he relaxes his
result is nothing to
move was
situation
R Kt
7.
be proud
of.
The
FROM A DIFFERENT SIDE

would probably draw.
that
my
The reader must bear
iig
in
mind
opponent was then a very yoimg and inex-
perienced player, and consequently deserves a great

deal of credit for the fight he put up.
R Kt
37.
R-K7
7 ch;
followed
RxP
by
R K R
7,
offered better
chances.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
P-R6!
K-Kt5
P-R7
K-B s
K-Q4
R-B Sch
R-Q8ch
R-K8ch
4445.
R-K8ch
K-R2
46.
P-R8(Q)
RxQ
K-Kt3
KxP
49.
RxR
KxP
KxP
50.
K K 5
Resigns.
47.
48.
This ending shows
made and
R-KtSch
K-Ks
K-B6
43.
and how
RxPch
R-Q8
often,
how
R-KR8
K-B 4
easy
it is
to
opportimities are lost.
long as there
is
make weak moves,
even in master-play, mistakes are

It
shows that, so
no great advantage of material, even
with a good position, a player, no matter
how
strong,
cannot afford to relax his attention even for one
move.
THE DANGER OF
I20
27.
THE DANGER OF A SAFE POSITION
A good proof of the previous stateExample 58.

ment is shown in the following ending between Marshall and Kupchick in one of their two games in the
same Tournament (Havana, 1913).
It
evident that Marshall (White)
is
difl&culties in the above position.
bound
The
to lose a
Pawn, but
Not only
his position
best he could hope for
imder great
is
was a draw
that he
felt so certain of
it
did.
game
having the best of
Pawn more and what he
he
unless some-
thing altogether unexpected happened, as
reason can be given for Black's loss of the
is
rather poor.
is
it
No
except
with a
considered a safe position,
that he became exceedingly careless and did not consider the danger that actually existed.
how
it
happened.
I.
P-Kt4
RXRP
Let us see
A SAFE POSITION
The mistakes
This
begin.
that he can take a
Pawn
is
the
i2i
Black sees
first.
without any danger, and
does not stop to think whether there
is
anything
R B 7 ch was the right move. If then

K- Kt 3, R X P. If instead White played K- K 4,
then R- K 4 ch followed by R X R P.
2. R-Qi
R-Rsch
better.
Mistake nmnber two, and
this
time such a serious
The proper move

was to play P B 4 in order to break up White's
Pawns and at the same time make room for the Black
one as to almost lose the game.
King, which
is
actually in danger, as will soon be seen.
R-Q4
3.
R(Rs)-R4
Mistake number three and
move was
is
(Kt
no defence.
this time fatal.
4) R 4.
Black's
After the text
game
His best
move
there
This shows that
is lost.
even an apparently simple ending has to be played

with care.
From a
practically
finds himself with a lost
won
game, and
it
position Black
has only taken
three moves.
4.
R-Kt2
R(Q4)-Q8
If4...P-B4; sR-R8ch, K-Kt3; 6R(B8)Kt Sch, K- B 3 7 R X P ch, R- Kt 3 8P- Kt 5 ch,

K-K2; 9 R (R 6)xR, PxR; 10 R-Kt 7 ch,
K K I II R X Kt P, and wins easily.
;
The reason
5.
P-R4
P-R4
6.
R-R8ch
Resigns.
is
evident.
If 6.
.K Kt 3
PxP
ch,
ENDINGS WITH ONE
122
RxP; 8RxR, KxR;

10 P R 5 mate.
28.
The
R-R 8
ch,
K-Kt
3;
ENDINGS WITH ONE ROOK AND PAWNS

reader has probably realised
endings of two Rooks and
Pawns
and that the same holds true

and Pawns.
by
this
time that
are very dif&cult,
for endings of
one Rook
Endings of two Rooks and Pawns are
common
Rook and Pawns
not very
of endings arising
in actual play
are about the
but endings of one
most common
on the chess board.
sort
Yet though
they do occur so often, few have mastered them thoroughly.
They
are often of a very difl&cult nature,
and
sometimes while apparently very simple they are in

reality extremely intricate.
Here
is
an example from
game between Marshall and Rosenthal in the Manhattan Chess Club Championship Tournament of
1909-1910.
Example
59.
ROOK AND PAWNS

In
this
RB
position
Marshall
had a simple win by
PB
but played
7 ch,
123
6,
and thereby gave
Luckily for him Black did
Black a chance to draw.
not see the drawing move, played poorly, and
Had
R Q
P-B6
drawn by playing
I.
Now
lost.
Black been up to the situation he would have

3.
R-Q3!
White has two continuations,
or (6)
R B
(a)
3.
will finally
Black's Pawn.
(b)
2.
3.
Or
PB
7,
have therefore
P-B 7
R-Rsch
2.
and White
We
7 ch.
either (a)
R-Qi!
K-Bs
have to
R-B 7ch
P-B 7
sacrifice the
Rook
for
K-Qs!
R Kt3ch!
a very important move, as against
R KB3, R K7
wins.
R-KB 3
4.
K-B
5.
R-Kt7
K-B 6
and White will finally have to sacrifice the Rook

for the Pawn, or draw by perpetual check.
If there were nothing more in the ending it would
not be of any great value, but there are other
very interesting features.
I
P-B
6,
realise that
R-Q
R Q
3;
i
Now
P-B
suppose that after

7,
Black did not
was the only move to draw,
ENDINGS WITH ONE
124
We would
Now
then have the following position
there would be twojpther
R Kt
(o)
3 ch, or (b)
moves
R K B
3.
to try
either
Let us examine
them.
(a)
R-Kt3ch
I
2.
3.
IfP Kt6;
K-B 3
K-K3
R Rs
goes back, then
R R
R-Q
6.
(&)
P - Kt
if
the King
the King goes up, then
4 wins.
R-KB3
K-K
4 wins.
K moves
R Rsch
R R 6 wins
R-Kt7!
R - Kt 3, and
Pawn or go
ending.
if
R K
I
2.
the
R R 6, and
K-Q3
3 ch;
5.
If
ch wins, because
4 ch, followed by
4.
If
R-B3ch
R-K3ch
to
KB
3,
R-B3
K-B 5
White
will either capture
and come out with a winning
4.
ROOK AND PAWNS

P-R4
P-Kt6
R Kt 4 ch K moves
5-
R-Kt3
3.
and White
KB
will either capture the
Pawn
I2S
or play
according to the circumstances, and come out
3,
with a winning ending.
Now, going back

suppose that after
to the position
Black did not reaUse that

to draw,
K Kt
3 instead,
the following position:
the best continuation would be

1.
P-B
2.
K-B
3.
R-K7!
R- Kt 3 ch (best)
R-KB3
K-B 4 (best)
White threatened to check with the Rook at

4.
K-K2
122,
K Q 5 was the only move
and consequently played
we would then have
Now
shown on page
iP B6, R Q3; 2R B7ch,
P-Kt6
K 6.
ENDINGS WITH ONE
126
Best.
win;
If
K-B
5;
P-R
both
the last-named
move
4 and
K-K
particularly
3 will
would win
with ease.
5-
R-K3
P-Kt
6.
R-QKt3
7.
RxP
RxP
R-KR2
RxP
8.
9.
R-Q2
K-K3
This position we have arrived at

because there are two
files
7 (best)
is
won by White,
between the opposing
King and the Pawn from which the King^
by the Rook, and
besides, the
is
cut off
Pawn can advance to

Rook can begin
the fourth rank before the opponent's

to check
on the
portant, because
file.
if,
This
last condition is
very im-
instead of the position
on the
Rook were at K R x, and Black

had the move, he could draw by preventing the addiagram, the Black
ROOK AND PAWNS
127
vance of the Pawn, either through constant checks
by playing R K B i at the proper time.

Now that we have explained the reasons why this
position is won, we leave it to the student to work
or
out the correct solution.
The fact that out of one apparently simple ending

we have been able to work out several most unusual
and
difficult
endings should be sufficient to impress
upon the student's mind the
necessity of becoming
well acquainted with all kinds of endings,

cially
and espe-
with endings of Rook and Pawns.
29.
A DIFFICULT ENDING: TWO

ROOKS AND PAWNS
Following our idea that the best

ings as well as openings
masters,
we
Pawns.
give two
is
way
to study the
more endings
of
to learn end-
games
of the
two Rooks and
These endings, as already stated, are not
very common, and the author
is
fortimate in having
himself played more of these endings than
By
the case.
is
generally
comparing and studying the
carefully
(Examples 56 and 57) with

the following, the student no doubt can obtain an idea
endings aheady given
of the proper
The way
method
to be followed in such cases.
of procedure
is
somewhat
similar in all of
them.
Example
borg, in the
ment
60.
From a game,
New York
of 1910.
Capablanca-Kreym-
State Championship Tourna-
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
128
It is Black's
move, and no doubt thinking that
drawing such a position (that was

for)
would be easy, he contented himself with a waiting
poUcy.
Such conduct must always be
often leads to disaster.

positions is to
on
Black played
all
assume
The
best
the initiative
way
criticised.
to
and keep
It
defend such
the
opponent
the defensive,
QR-Ki
move is already wrong. There is nothing

to gain by this move. Black should play P Q R 4
to be followed by P Q R s; unless White plays
P Q Kt 3. That would fix the Queen's side. After
The
first
that he could decide what demonstration he could
make with
his
Rooks
to keep the opponent's
Rooks
at bay.
2.
R-Q4
This move not only prevents

intended,
but threatens
PB
P Kt
3,
which Black
followed,
after
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

PXP
129
by the attack with one or both Rooks
ch,
Q R
against Black's
P.
R-B3
probably with the idea of a demonstration on the
3.
4.
5-
R Q R
force
R- Kt
by
King's side
and Kt
7.
P-Kt3
PxPch
PXP
K-Q3
K-B2
should have been played now,
Black to defend with
RK
order to
White, however,
2.
does not want to disclose his plan at once, and thus
awaken Black to the danger of his position, hence

this move, which seems to aim at the disruption of
Black's Queen's side Pawns.
R-K2
K-K3
R-QRi
6.
This
is
a mistake.
He
his position.
RR
Black
is
unaware
should have played
of the danger of
P Kt
4 threatdemonstration
;
3,
and,
by making
against White's
KR
P, stop the attack against his
ening
Queen's side Pawns, which will
He
could not play
win at
move
K Q
a Pawn.
least
K K
3,
now
develop.
R-QB 2
R-R6
7.
this
3,
because
This in
itself
PQ B
4 would
condemns
his last
which has done nothing but make
his
situation practically hopeless.

8.
Now
forced,
play 8.
.K
R(Q4)-QR4 P-KKt4
but
it is
RB
2,
little
because
too late.
He
PK B
4 would have
could not
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
130
left his
game completely
awakens
to the danger,
Black now
paralysed.
and
tries to
finally
save the day by
the coimter-demonstration on the King's side, which
he should have started before.

cannot play
by
RR
RxR
3,
Black
is
now
played 9.
.P
R X R,
P, because of
recovering the
Pawn with
P-KR4!
9.
Of course, White
P-Kt
followed
advantage.
in a very disagreeable position.
XP
RXP
10
If
would leave him
he
in a
very awkward situation, as he could not go back
much with
with the King, nor could he do
Rook.
He
practically
would have to play
K R 3, when White would answer

ening to win a
Pawn by P Kt
not enough, he might play

finally
by the entry
10.
11
of the
K-K2
5,
K Q
King at
.P
P Kt
4, threat-
or, if
that were
4, to
10.
either
5 or
be followed
5.
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

131
10
PxPch
Again he cannot play P K R 4, because P K B
4
woxild leave him paralysed. The advance of his K R P
would make White's K R P safe, and consequently
his K R would have to retire to K B 2 to defend the
QR
That would make
P.
to go to
2,
because of the
Q R P, nor could he advance
a single one of his Pawns.
P Kt
would play
P Kt
5,
On
the other hand, White
threatening to win a
4,
or he might
at the proper time
impossible for his King
it
play
first
P Kt
5, if
Pawn by
K Q
there
4, and then
was nothing better.
Black meanwhile could really do nothing but mark
Compare this bottlingExample 57, and it
time with one of his Rooks.
up system with the ending

will
be seen that
11.
12.
The
very similar.
KxP
K-K2
Probably wrong.
move.
it is
text
in
R(B3)-B
P Kt
move
4 at once was the right
gives Black good chances of
drawing.
K-Qs
12
13.
P-Kt4
R-QKt2
This could never have happened had White played

12
P Kt
P-Kt
4,
5 after Black's
14.
Not
as he could have followed
good.
winning by
K-Q
it
up by
3.
P-Rs
PK B
force.
If
4 offered the best chances of
then
14...R Kt
2;
15
P-
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
132
RS,R-Kt7ch; i6 K-Q 3, R-K R 7; 17 R X P,

,RxR; i8RxR,RxP; 19 R - R 6, with winning
chances.
P-R3
14.
Black misses his

If
then IS
RXP;
17
P X
last chance.
P,
RXP,
(Kt
2)
R-K
(Kt
7)
Kt
2 ch!
5
;
would draw.
16
KB
i,
6!
R-Kt2
R (K Kt 2) - K 2
R-Kt2
R-Kt 7
R (Kt 2) - Kt 2
IS-
PB
but the position
would have
is lost
in
dent to work this out.)
offered greater resistance,
any
case.
(I leave
the stu-
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS
R-R 6
ch; 23 K-B 2, R-K R 8; 24 P-Kt 5,
26 R- Q R 6, and
25 R X P ch, K- Q 2
Nothing would
R-Q
RXP
White
8
;
133
will
avail.
If 21
.R - Kt 8 22
;
win
easily.
22.
R-KKt2
23.
R-Kt7
R-K 3
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
134
P Q Kt
advance, because as soon as Black plays
White
replies
White builds
P Q Kt
his plans.
side Pawns from

own King to K
P-Q
forcing
way a
4,
It is
4.
He
on
will stop Black's
Queen's
advancing, and will then bring his
Then
3.
and finaUy
due time he
in
P-K
5,
or
P-K
will play
Kt
5,
thus
an exchange of Pawns and obtaining in that

clear passed
be seen that
Pawn on
this plan
of the game,
was
the King's
It will
file.
carried out during the course
and that White obtained
advantage in that way.
his winning
The play was based through-
out on the chance of obtaining a passed

King's
3,
this fact that
Pawn on
the
with which White expected to win.
file,
1.
P-KKt4
already preparing to play
P K Kt
when
the time
comes.
P-QKt3
Black wants to play

prevents
PQ B
4,
but White, of course,
it.
2.
P-Kt4!
K-Kt2
This King should come to the King's
side,
where the
danger lurks.
3.
With the
object of playing
P-QKt4
K Kt 3
and
PQ
4,
by P X P, and thus have an open file for

Rook and be able to make a coiuiter-demonstration
followed
his
K-B
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

on the Queen's
on the
Of course
side in order to stop White's
P-QR4!
PXP
if
advance
White, however, also prevents
right.
4.
135
R-Qs
Black
will
have
lost
Pawns on
and White
all his
the Queen's side disrupted and isolated,
can easily regain the
this.
Pawn by
playing either
Rook on the QR file.

5.
He
still
R-Q
wants to play
to foresee that
move
is
Kt
R-K4
P Q B
4,
but as
White wiU again prevent
really a serious loss of time.
it is
it,
easy
the text
Black should
bring his King over to the other side immediately.
The
first
plished.
for
6.
K-K3
7-
P-RS
R-Q2
part of White's strategic plan

Black's
Pawns on
now accom-
aU practical pxuposes.
R-R3
If
is
the Queen's side are fixed
RXR
Kt P X
powerful centre.
would have given White a very
Yet
it
might have been the best
chance for Black.

8.
9.
10.
R(Kt)-KBi
P-Kts
RXP
R(Q2)-K2
PxP
136
A DIFFICULT ENDING:
TWO ROOKS AND PAWNS

White threatens P R
which would
5,
137
finally force
Black to take, and then White would double his
Rooks against
tie
the isolated
Pawn and win
up Black's Rooks completely.
however, only helps White;

nothing
R K
than
better
4 would not
simply answer
RB
help
8,
therefore
hold
to
The
tight
text
it,
or
move,
Black
and
had
wait.
much, as White would
R-K
i;
(Kt
5)
X R,
and whichever Rook Black took. White would have

an easy game. (The student should carefully study
these variations.)
14.
ROOK, BISHOP AND PAWNS
138
27.
K-Q2
KtPxP
28.
PQ
26.
The winning
P-B4
R-QR6
Resigns.
tactics in all these endings
consisted in keeping the opponent's
defence of one or
free
is
have merely
Rooks
tied to the
my own
more Pawns, leaving

This
for action.
v.
Rooks
a general principle which
can be equally appUed to any part of the game.
means
in general terins
Keep freedom
of manoeuvre
It
while hampering your
opponent.
There
that
is
is
one more thing of great importance, and
that the winning side has always
had a general
strategical plan capable of being carried out with the
means at
his disposal, while often the losing side
had
no plan at aU, but simply moved according to the

needs of the moment.
30.
v.
ROOK,
KNIGHT AND PAWNS
We
shall
now examine an ending
of
Rook, Bishop
and Pawns against Rook, Knight and Pawns, where

it
will
be seen that the Rook at times
same way as
Example
is
used in the
in the endings already given.
62.
From the
first
game
of the Lasker-
Marshall Championship Match in 1907.
ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS
In this position
the position
may
it is
Black's move.
139
Tct a beginner
look like a draw, but the advanced
player will realise immediately that there are great

possibilities for
Black to win, not only because he has
the initiative, but because of White's undeveloped
Queen's side and the fact that a Bishop in such a position is better than a
Knight
(see Section 14).
take some time for White to bring his

into the fray,
advantage.
and Black can
It will
Rook and Knight
utilise it to
obtain an
There are two courses open to him.
The
most evident, and the one that most players would

take,
is
to advance the
Pawn
to
Q B
4 and
Q B
immediately in conjimction with the Bishop check
and any other move that might be necessary

with the Black Rook. The other, and more subtle,
at
was taken by Black. It consists in utilising

Rook in the same way as shown in the previous
course
his
endings, forcing
White
to
defend sbmethrng
all
time, restricting the action of White's Knight
the
and
I40
v.
White's Rook, while at the same time keeping freedom

of action for his
own Rook and
R-Kt
This forces
for the
Bishop.
P Q Kt
3,
which blocks that square
White Knight.
2.
bringing the
Rook
so as to force the
and thus
R-Kt 4
P-Kt3
to attack the King's side
King to that
indirectly
making more secure the
of Black's Queen's side
Pawns.
Pawns
side to defend them,
position
ROOK, KNIGHT AND PAWNS

Notice
how
141
similar are the manoeuvres with this
Rook
to those seen in the previous endings.
R-Ri
9.
B-Kts
Paralysing the action of the Knight and fixing the
whole King's
ID.
side.
White cannot answer Kt

followed
by
the check at
K-K3
K-B2
B
3,
because
B X Kt
K K
4 wUl win a Pawn, on account of
KB
which cannot be stopped.
II.
142

25.
Kt-R4
CHAPTER VI
Further Openings and Middle-Games
31.
SOME SALIENT POINTS ABOUT PAWNS
Before going back
to the discussion of openings
middle-game positions,
mind a few
will
and
might be well to bear
it
facts concerning
Pawn
in
positions which
no doubt help to understand certain moves, and
sometimes even the object of certain variations in

the openings, and of some manoeuvres in the middle-
games.
Example
63.
In
the position of the diagram
have an exceedingly bad Pawn

side.
Black's
Q B P
is
we
formation on Black's
altogether backward, and
White could by means of the open

143
file
concentrate
SOME SALIENT POINTS
144
weak
his forces against that
square at White's
QB
5,
point.
which
is
There
controlled
also the
is
by White,
and from where a White piece once established could

not be dislodged. In order to get rid of it, Black
would have to exchange
it,
which
is
not always an
easy matter, and often when possible not at

venient.
The same holds
K P, K B
P and
Kt
a "hole" at Black's
P, which create what
KB
all
con-
true with regard to Black's

called
Such Pawn formations
3.
invariably lead to disaster,
is
and consequently must
be avoided.
In this position we might say that

Example 64.
the White centre Pawns have the attacking position,
while the Black
position.
French Defence.
attempts,
centre
Pawns have the
defensive
Such a formation of Pawn occurs
in the
In such positions White most often
by means
PKB
KB
4 and
5, to obtain
a crushing attack against Black's King, which is gen-
erally Castled
of
on the King's
side.
To
prevent that,
ABOUT PAWNS
and
assume the
also to
145
initiative or obtain material
advantage, Black makes a counter-demonstration by
P-Q B
the
4,
followed
Pawn by P Q
by P X P (when White defends

B 3), and the concentrating of
Black's pieces against the White
Pawn
at
This
4.
in substance might be said to be a determined attack
against White's centre in order to paralyse the direct
attack of White against Black's King.
It
remembered that at the beginning
book
of the
must be
it
was
stated that control of the centre was an essential condition to
a successful attack against
Pawns
that two or more
are strongest
Thus the
next to one another.
King.
the
way we may say

when they are
In an abstract
in the
same rank
Pawns are
when placed at
centre
strongest in themselves, so to speak,
4 and Q 4 respectively, hence the question of advancing either the one or the other to the fifth rank
is
one that must be most carefully considered.
advance of either
the
game
Pawn
will follow.
Another thing to be considered

or more passed
We
either very
the matter of one
is
Pawns when they
singly or in pairs.
is
The
often determines the course
are isolated either
might say that a passed Pawn
weak or very strong, and that its weakness
or strength, whichever happens to be in the case to
be considered, increases as
same time
it
advances, and
in direct relation to the
on the board. In
this last respect it
number
Pawn
number of
the board diminishes.
on
at the
of pieces
might be generally
said that a passed

pieces
is
increases in strength as the
SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS
146
Having
all this clear
in
mind we
will
We
now
revert
to the openings
and middle-game.
games
from beginning to end according to
carefully
general principles.
my own
shall,
whenever
possible,
games, not because they will better
the point, but because, knowing

shall
will analyse
use
illustrate
them thoroughly,
be able to explain them more authoritatively
than the games of others.
32.
SOME POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTS FROM

A RUY LOPEZ
That some
of the variations in the openings
and
the manoeuvres in the middle-game are often based
on some of the elementary
principles just
can be easily seen in the following case:
Example
65.
expounded
FROM A RUY LOPEZ

So
far
a very well-known variation of the
In
Lopez.
147
fact,
Ruy
they are the moves of the Janowski-
Lasker game in Paris, 1912.

14.
P-Kt3
Q-Q3
Let us suppose the game went on, and that in some
way White, by
playing one of the Knights to
Q 4
the
exchange of both Knights,
at the proper time, forced
and then afterwards both the Bishops were exchanged,
and we arrived at some such position as shown
following diagram.
very similar
(I
way once
obtained such a position in a

at
Lodz
in Poland.
ing the White pieces against a consulting
by
in the
was play-
team headed
Salwe.)
Now we would have here the case of the backward

Q B P, which will in no way be able to advance to
Q B 4. Such a position may be said to be theoretically
lost,
win
and
it
in practice a first-class master will invariably
from Black.
I will say that I
(If
won
may be
the
excused the reference,
game above
After a few moves the position
may
referred to.)
be easily thus
148
The Black
plays
pieces can be said to be fixed.
Q QB
3,
Black must answer
wise he wiU lose a Pawn, and

the Queen to
to
Q Kt
Q R
3 Black
if
Q Q
If
White
2,
other-
White returns with
wiU have again to return
with the Queen or lose a Pawn.
Thus Black
can only move according to White's lead, and under

such conditions White can easily advance with
his
K Kt 4, until Black wiU be forced

to stop P B 5 by playing P K B 4, and we might
KB
Pawns
to
finally
have some such .position as
Example
66.
4 and
this:
FROM A RUY LOPEZ
149
In this situation the game might go on as follows:
P;
White threatened
to
I.
PX
P,
could not play
would
3.
5.
6.
8.
also
2.
Q- KB
2.
win a Pawn by
.R
KB
win a Pawn at
Now
II.
QX
P, and Black
RX B P
because 3
i,
least.
R(Bs)-B2,R-Kt3;
R (B i) - K Kt I,
Q - R 5, R X R;
K X R, Q - Kt 2 ch;
lo.QXQ, PXQ;
Q- Q
3,
4.
R-Kt2,K-Ri;
R(Bi) - KKti;
RX
4,
and White wins.
R X R;
K-R2, Q-Kt3;
9.
P-
7.
Kt
R,
suppose that in the position in the preceding
diagram it were Black's move, and he played R
White would then simply defend
move
like
Q K B
3,
KB i
K B P by some
R X Q B P, and
his
threatening
then he would bring his King up to
Kt
3,
and when
the time came, break through, as in the previous case.
White might even be able

position:
to obtain the following

Black would now be forced to play R B i, and
White could then play Q B 2, and foUow it up with
ISO
KB
and thus force Black to play
3,
PX
P, which
would give White a greater advantage.
careful
reveal
examination of
these positions wiU
the advantage
besides
that,
all
freedom of
of
manoeuvre on White's part, the power of the Pawn
at
5 is
enormous, and that
position of this
it is
Pawn, and the
the
commanding
fact that it is free to
advance, once aU the pieces are exchanged, that constitute the pivot of all
White's manoeuvres.
I have purposely given positions without the
which lead to them so that the student
moves
may become
accustomed to build up in his own mind possible

positions that
Thus he
his
way
may
arise (out of
will learn to
make
any given
strategical plans
to the master class.
The
and be on
The student can
enormous benefit by further practice of

33.
situation).
derive
this kind.
THE INFLUENCE OF A "HOLE"
influence of a so-called "hole" in a
already been illustrated in
my game
game has
against Blanco
(page 81), where has been shown the influence exercised
by the
at White's
different pieces posted in the hole created
K 5.

Example
point, I
national
67.
now
In
order to further illustrate this
game played
Masters Tournament
give a
151
in the
of
Havana
1913.
Inter-
152
Had WMte's Bishop been
P K
at
Q Kt 3 he
4 as indicated in the previous
which he cannot make
now play
note, a move
could
in the present position, because
KB
Kt
s threatening, not only the K Kt P,
but also Kt X B ch. As White's King's Bishop should
of
never be exchanged in this opening without a very-
good reason White therefore cannot play
12.
4.
B Q2
10
11.
P K
R B
4ll
iz
//
fi
White
is
perfectly developed,
win a Pawn as follows

followed
by
RX
12
wsm
and now threatens to
Kt X Kt, Kt x Kt
PK
4,
P.
P-QB3
The fact that Black is practically forced to make

this move in order to avoid the loss of a Pawn is sufficient reason in itself to condemn the whole system
of
development on Black's part.
BQ
2,
and now he has to shut
In
off
effect,
he plays
the action of his
153
own Bishop, which thereby becomes little more than

a Pawn for a while. In fact, it is hard to see how this
be able to attack anything.
will ever
Bishop
it
can be easily seen that White
two Knights at
QB
and
will
Besides,
soon post his
and that
5 respectively,
Black win not be able to dislodge them without seriously
weakening his game,

these reasons
it
if
he can do
it
can be gathered that
at
it
have been better for Black to play Kt

get rid of one of the
number
the
all
X Kt and
thus
two White Knights before assum-
ing such a defensive position.

less
From
all.
would probably
In such
cases,
the
on the board, the better
of pieces
chances there are to escape.

13.
P KB4
Kt K4
This practically amounts to committing suicide, since

it
it
creates a hole at
will
K 5 for White's Knight, from where
be practically impossible to dislodge him.
If
Black intended to make such a move he should have
done
before,
it
when
at least there
would have been an
object in preventing the White Knight from reach-
ing
The
at
5.
14.
Kt B
15.
Kt-Ks
B Ki
position of White's Knights, especially the one

5,
might be said to be
ideal,
shows how they dominate the

henceforth wiU be
full
This
benefit
we
how
is
and a
position.
single glance
The
White going to derive the
from such an advantageous
shall soon see.
question
situation.
154
THE INFJ.UENCE OF A "HOLE"
R Kti
IS-
There
is
no object in
owed by Kt
2.
this
move, unless
As that
have gone with the Rook to

16.
is
it is
to be fol-
not the case, he might

i,
as he does later.

P Kt4
21
22.
23.
He had
P K4
Q B 2
P-Bs
Kt K6
better have played
on to get
rid of White's
24.
with this
Kt B
and
tried later
Knights by means of
Kt Q 2.
sacrifice of the
Rook
for a
QxP
was better
Knight and Pawn
position.
PXR
Kt B
24
25.
R X Kt
White obtains an overwhelming
Kt Q
I5S
in order to get rid of
one of the
two White Knights. There were, however, any number

of good
repUes to
it,
among them
the following:
Kt(Bs)xKt,BxKt; QxP,QxQ; Kt B7ch,
K Kt
2;
Kt X
Q, and with two
exchange, and the position so
White should have no trouble
much
Pawns
for the
in his favour,
in winning.
156
26.
27.
28.
Kt4
P-K5
B B4
moves
All these
R-Kt2
B B2
up Black's
it is
more and
position
move 24 onwards
White's manoeuvres from
more.
and as
are practically forced,
seen they tie
easily
R Kt3
Kt
are highly instructive.

29.
Kt B
Kt
Kt3
This wandering Knight has done nothing throughout

the game.
30.
31.
32.
33.
If
P X P;
K B
is
K Kt
2,
PxP
36.
PxP
Resigns.
nothing to be done.
helpless.
Kt K2
35.
If
B Kt
Q R 2 ch,
B xP.
2;
The student should

things,
and Black would be
P B 4
P KKt4
34.
There
Kt(B5)-K4P-KR3
Kt-Q4
R-Kt3
Q-Q2
Q-Bi
PXP
P-KR4
notice that, apart
from other
White throughout the game has had control
of the Black squares, principally those at
and
QBs.
From now on
collection of
my
to the end of the
games both
lost
book I
shall give
and won, chosen so
as to serve as illustrations of the general principles

laid
down
in the foregoing pages.
PART
II
PART
GAME
White
1.
II
QUEEN'S GAMBIT DECLINED
GAME
i6o
same Knight
although
is
moved
three times in the opening,
involves the exchange of
it
two
pieces.
In
reality the difficulty in this variation, as well as in
neariy aU the variations of the Queen's gambit, Ues
development of Black's Queen Bishop.
in the slow
However, whether
variation can or cannot be
this
safely played is a question

is
to be decided,
still
outside the scope of this book.
present
may add
and
it
that at
my preference is for a different system of devel-
opment, but
it
not imlikely that I shoidd some
is
time come back to this variation.
BxB
B-Q3
6.
7-
PXP
is
QxB
preferable for reasons that
Px
Now P X P
game.
Kt
would be a better way to develop the
The
P Q kt
idea
3,
is
that after
foUowed by
game
9.
No
For
2,
gBxBP,
would give Black's
this variation see the
of the match.
00
Kt B3
longer would 9.
be good, because 11
on accoimt
8...PxP;
B Kt
Bishop a powerful range.

eleventh
shall soon see.
Kt X Kt
Kt Q2
7
8.
we
.P
XP
B Kt
of Kt K
5.
10
BX
P,
P Q Kt
would prevent
B Kt
3
2

10.
PxP
PxP
11.
Q-Kt3
Kt-B3
Kt-
12.
P QR4
PB
i6i
Played with the intention of obtaining the majority
Pawns on the Queen's side. Yet it is doubtful

whether this move is good, since it leaves Black's
Queen's-side Pawns disrupted in a way.
The safer
of
P B
course would have been to play

13-
Q-R3
3.
P-QKt3
This exposes Black to further attack by
without any compensation for

this position
R K
and
If,
I.
nowadays
Then
after 14
I believe that
instead.
it.
If I
QX
P,
QXQ
to play
would simply play 13

would
follow,
Black would regain the Pawn.
White played 14
PXP
then
would give Black an excellent game.
P Rs
15.
00
B Kt2
Q B 2
16.
KR Kti
Kt Q2
14.
had
PR
B Kt
GAME
l62
Black's position was bad and perhaps lost in any

case,
but the text move makes matters worse.
matter of fact I never saw White's reply

It never
.K
would
BB
5.
my mind that this was

move would have been
loses, then any other move
even passed through
threatened.
16.
As a
Black's
R Kt
I.
If
best
that
lose as well.
17.
From bad
BB
to worse.
18.
Kt B
KR B
3 offered the only hope.
163
Kt X B, R Kt 8 ch would have
drawn. The text move is pretty and finishes quickly.
A well-played game on Marshall's part.
Of course,
if
GAME
25
2.

(San Sebastian, 191 1)
White
A. K. Rubinstein.
I.
Black
J.
R. Capablanca.
GAME
164
course of this variation, but with very poor success.
The move in theory ought to be unsound, since Black's

K Kt is yet undeveloped. I had not yet learned of
Kt 5 and the exchange
the attack founded on Kt
Either Kt B 3 or P K R 3;
of the B at K 3.
K Kt 5, was right.
to prevent either B or Kt
9-
165
which I had seen, but which I thought could be

defeated.
14.
I considered
QxB
BxKt
PX
B, which
it
seemed would give
me
a playable game, but I thought White's combination
imsound and therefore
let
him play
it,
regret.
15.
KtxPI
Q-R3
to
my
lasting
GAME
i66
i6.
K Kta!
move which I had not considered. I thought

B Kt 2, when
I had in mind the following winning combination:
Kt 2, Kt K 4! 17 Kt B 4 (if R B i,
16 B
wins), Kt
Kt 5
QXR!! QXQ,
18 P
K R 3 (if Kt R 3, B X P ch wins the ex20 K X B,
change), Kt X P
19 R X Kt, B X R ch
P K Kt 4, and Black should win. It is curious that
This
is
the
that Rubinstein would have to play
BxPch
this
combination has been overlooked.
taken for
move
granted
Q B
that
did
It has been
not see the 17th
i.
QR Qi
16
After White's last
move
do but submit to the

17-
there
was nothing
inevitable.
for
me
to

??
167
GAME
i68
Q 5 in conjunction with the extra Pawn on the Queen's

side
and the awkward position
how
this is so.)
31.
R-B7ch
32.
RxKKtP
33.
B-Kt8
36.
RXP
P-R4
R R6ch
37.
R-Rsch
38-
B-Q5
34.
35.
With
these last three
a chance.
Even
(See
K-Q3
P Kt4
P-QR4
P-Rs
P-Kt5
K B4
K-Kt3
moves White again
before the last
have won with comparative

is
of White's King.
move B
ease,
gives Black
4 would
but the text move
a downright blunder, of which, fortunately for him,
Black does not avail himself.
P Kt6
38
RXP
would make
White to win,
if
it
practically
he can win at
all.
impossible for
White's best con-
169
42
B B4, R B7;
R Kt 5 ch, K B 2; 41 B Kt 8, P R 6;
P R 5, P R 7 43 B X P, R X B, and if there
is
a win
tinuation then would have been
40
39
it
44 P R
6,
very
is
R R
difficult
to
find
it,
as against
3! offers excellent chances for a
draw.
If
40...P
42
R Kt
39.
PxP
40.
B X Kt
7;
41
P R6
R X Kt P
R Kt
ch,
K R
3;
8.
41.
42.
B-Qs
R R 6 ch
P-R7
Resigns.
As an end game, this is rather a sad exhibition for

two masters. The redeeming feature of the game is
Rubinstein's fine combination in the middle game,
beginning with 14
BX
Kt.
GAME 3. IRREGXJLAR DEFENCE

(Havana, 1913)
White
D. Janowski.
I.
Black
J.
R. Capablanca.
GAME
I70
At
last
ment.
to throw
the
as
Black
The
is
on
his
way
to obtain full develop-
idea of this irregular opening
White on
his
own
resources.
mainly
is
At the time
game was played, the system of defence was not

well known as the regular forms of the Queen's
Pawn
openings.
yet to be proved.
Whether
Its
soimd or not remains
it is
good features are that
it
keeps
the centre intact without creating any particular weakness,
and that
it
gives plenty of opportunity for deep
and concealed manoeuvring.

long time
it
The drawback
takes Black to develop his game.
the
is
It is
natural to suppose that White wiU employ that time

to prepare a well-conceived attack, or that he wiU use
the advantage of his development actually to prevent

Black's
complete
development,
or
failing
obtain some definite material advantage.

lO.
P-KR3
B R4
II.
PXP
PxP
12.
Kt K4
that,
to
IRREGULAR DEFENCE
Kt X Kt
12
very serious mistake.
was the
that
15
3;
I considered castling,
B x Kt, P x B 14 Kt Kt 3,
Kt B s. White would obtain a win13
ning position for the end game.
wrong
this
which
move, but desisted because I was afraid
right
by playing
B Kt
171
Whether
shows how closely related are
the game, and consequently
all
how one wiU
right or
parts of
influence
the other.
13.
BxB
14.
B X Kt
The
Not good.
been
Kt K
into play.
KxB
B Kt 3
natural and proper
3, in
B X Kt
move would have
order to bring aU the Black pieces

at once
was
also good, as
it
would
have reUeved the pressure against Black's King's Pawn,
and at the same time have

Here
it is
mentary
seen
how
simplified the
failure to
logical reasons, that
game.
comply with the
govern any given posi-
tion, often brings the player into trouble.
doubt influenced in
of
BB
5,
my
ele-
choice of
was no
moves by the
fear
which was a very threatening move.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Q B4
P QKt4
BxB
Q K4
Kt K3
Q B
RPxB
K-B3
GAME
172
19.
PK R
4, to
R-Q3
be followed by
way
been a more vigorous

Black's
4,
The
weak point
which he
text
is
P Kt
to carry
on the
imquestionably the
is
attack.
Pawn
at
compelled to defend with the King.
move aims
at doubling the Rooks, with the
ultimate object of placing one of
ported by a
might have
4,
Pawn
at
Q B
5,
them
at
6,
sup-
Black could only stop
by playing P
B 4, which would create a "hole"
a^t Q S
or by playing P
Kt 3, which would tie the
Black Queen to the defence of the Q B P as well as
this
the
P, which she already defends.
ever, can
meet aU
this
by
offering the exchange of
Rooks, which destroys White's plans.
PK
Black, how-
For
this reason
4 appears the proper way to carry on the
attack.
QR Qi
20. QR Qi
P KKt4
This move
preparatory to P K Kt
which would
19
is
3,
IRREGULAR DEFENCE
173
make Black's position secure. Unfortunately for Black,

he did not carry out his original plan.
21.
P K Kt
safe
RXR
would have
left
Black with a perfectly
game.
22.
PB
RxR
R Qi
very serious mistake, which loses a Pawn.
K Kt 3 was the right move, and would have left Black

with a very good game.
In
fact, if it
should come to
a simple ending, the position of the Black King would

be an advantage.
23.
RxR
24.
P KR4
This wins a Pawn, as

reply 24...Kt
26
Q R 4
KtxR
will
soon be seen.
because 25
wins the Knight.
PXP
Black cannot
ch,
Kt X P;
GAME
174
24.
25-
FRENCH DEFENCE
makes a counter demonstration
of defending, Black
on the Queen's
175
It leads to highly interesting
side.
games.
PxP
5.
At the time
was
this
is
do now,
to be the stronger.
QxP
This
variation 5
in vogue, but I considered then, as I
move
the text
game was played the
PX
considered superior to
It has for its
P.
object, as I said before, to take the initiative
from White by disrupting White's Queen's
side.
away
White,
however, has more than ample compensation through

his breaking
laid
up
down
up Black's King's
might be
It
side.
as a principle of the opening that the breaking
of the King's side is of more importance than a simi-
lar occurrence
the
Queen's
side.
6.
B X Kt
B X Kt
7.
PxB
PxB
P QKt3
8.
The plan
on
Kt B3
of Black
ch
in this variation
is
to post his
Bishop on the long diagonal so as to be able

in conjxmction with the action of his
the open
K Kt's
White's King.
file,
It
to
is,
make a
later on,
Rooks along
violent attack against
of course, expected that
wiU Castle on the King's
side because of the
condition of his Queen's side
Pawns.
White
broken-up
GAME
176
11.
12.
000
10.
An
B Kt2
Q Q2
B K2
P B4
9.
Q2
Q KB4
Kt
original idea, I believe, played for the first time
in a similar position in a
Penn
Shipley,
there
as
is
game
Philadelphia.
of
against Mr. Walter
My
idea
is
that
no Black Bishop and because Black's
pieces have been developed with a view to
on the King's
side, it will
an attack
be impossible for Black to
take advantage of the apparently miprotected position of White's King.

Firstly:
sidered.
side, as in this
of
an
side,
the
attack.
If
game,
Two
evident that there
If
is
no danger
Black Castles on the King's
White begins the attack
awkward
must be con-
Black Castles on the Queen's
it is
Secondly
possibilities
first,
taking advantage of
In addition
position of Black's Queen.
to the attacking probabilities of the text move, White

in one
move
brings his
King
one of his Rooks into play.

moves, "tempi" as they are
him
to
develop
and brings
into safety
Thus he
called,
gains several
which
whatever plan he
may
will serve
wish to
evolve.
12
13.
Q K3
14.
P-Kt3
Unquestionably
'a,
000
KR Kt
Q-QR4
mistake, overlooking White's fine
FRENCH DEFENCE
reply,
but a careful examination
will
177
show that White
already has the better position.

15.
R-Q3!
K-Kti
16.
KR Qi
Q KB4
17.
Kt R4
This move has been criticised because
Knight out
ing
of the
Q K Kt
with
P B
4,
way
for a
few moves.
for the
puts the
forc-
White gains a very important move
which not only consoUdates
but also drives the Queen away, putting
game
it
But by
moment.
his position,
it
out of the
Certainly the Queen
is
far
more valuable than the Knight, to say nothing of the

time gained and the freedom of action obtained thereby
for White's
more important
17
18.
P B4
19.
B-B3
pieces.
Q-KKt4
Q Kt2
GAME
178
In such positions
to get rid of the
and
Q B
3,
The Bishop
is
it
generally very advantageous
Black Bishop controlling his
which form "holes"
in such positions is of very great defensive
20.
21.
KxB
BXB
P QB5!
White threatened P
22.
it.
KR Ki
19
and
for White's pieces.
value, hence the advantage of getting rid of
To
QR
P-B3
6 ch.
Kt B3
Q-Bi
prevent the Knight from moving to
K 4 or Q B
It is self-evident that
4.
6 via
White has a
great advantage of position.
23.
Kt Q2?
had considered
move, but gave
it
R Kt
up because
3,
it
which was the right
seemed too slow, and
FRENCH DEFENCE
that in such a position there had to
way
179
some quicker
be,
of wiiming.
PxP
23
Kt B4
24.
Kt K
4 or
Kt Kt
would have brought about
an ending advantageous to White.
Kt Kt3
K Ri
Kt Q4
24
Kt Rsch
25.
PxP
Q-Q4
26.
27If
R Kt
P would
28
Kt X
P,
R-Bi
R (Kt i) B
'^
** -Ira
/i
i i
-fc
^/^ i
4.
1^
S^y
Kt B 4 was
Kt X
Pawn
Win the game.
/
/
the right move.
I was, however,
still
"grand combination," and thought
looking for the
in
29
P B4
28.
way
win.
that the
would
later
on have at
6 would
Black deserves great credit for the
which he conducted
this exceedingly difficult
GAME
i8o
defence.
He
could easily have gone wrong any
ber of times, but from
played the best move.

-'8
move
num-
22 onwards he always
FRENCH DEFENCE
i8i
36QXQP! R Q i; 37 Q R6, K Kt I best

Q Q S ch K R I, K Kt i R Q Kt i wins)
(if
38
Q X B P and White
Q-Q4
Q-R4
Q-R6
37
38
There
since
is
have a draw.
R K7
R Qi
Q-K5
K Kti
35
36
will at least
nothing to be done against this simple move,
White cannot play Kt
4,
because
Q R
mates.
39.
K-Bi
40.
Kt-Q4
RxQP
R K8ch
Resigns.
A very
interesting battle.
GAME
(St.
White
The
a
5.
RUY LOPEZ
Petersburg, 1914)
Dr. E. Lasker.
Black
J.
R. Capablanca.
1.
P K4
P K4
2.
Kt KB3
Kt QB3
3.
B-Kts
P-QR3
4.
B X Kt
object of this
middle-game
move
without
is
to bring about speedily
Queens, in
which
White
GAME
i82
has four Pawns to three on the King's

Black's
superiority of
Pawns on the other
somewhat balanced by the
Pawns
is
doubled.
On
side,
fact that
while
side is
one of Black's
the other hand, Black has
the advantage of remaining with two Bishops while
White has only one.
45-
RUY LOPEZ
also the possibility of its going to
183
5 via
QB
3 after
P-QB4.
0-0
9.
0-0
P B 4
ID.
This move I considered weak at the time, and I do

still.
5,
It leaves the
and
it
also
Kt by B Q B
KP
makes
it
weak, unless
it
advances to
possible for Black to pin the
4.
R Ki
Best.
It threatens B B4; B K3, Kt Q4.
It also prevents B K 3 because of Kt Q 4 or B
Kt Kt3
PB 3
Preparatory to P Q Kt
followed by P Q B 4
and B
Kt in conjimction with Kt^-Kt
which
10.
4.
11.
3,
3,
would put White
difficulties to meet the

combined attack against the two centre Pawns.
12.
great
in
PB
GAME
i84
It
has been wrongly claimed that this wins the game,
but I would
like
position again.
nothing better than to have such a

It required several mistakes
my
on
part finally to obtain a lost position.
P-QKt3
12
13.
B-B4
B Kt
13-
Played against
my
was
Bx
of course
ing
15
variation:
Q R Q
I,
better judgment.
The
right
move
Dr. Lasker gives the follow-
B.
13.
.B
B Kt
XB
2;
16
RX
14
R B
PB
B,
2,
17RXR, RxR; 18R Q'2, RxR;

and he claims that White has the best
R Q
19
of
4;
i;
Kt x R,
it.
But,
as Niemzovitch pointed out immediately after the
game, 16.
tion,
is
White
.Q
R Q
not the best.
will
have great
given in Dr. Lasker 's variaIf
16...
Q R B
difficulty in
i!
then
drawing the game,

RUY LOPEZ
no good way to stop Black from playing
since there
is
Kt B
followed
i8S
K 4, threatening Kt
by Kt
And should White attempt to meet this ma-
5.
3,
nceuvre by withdrawing the
Kt
Black Knight can go to
and the White Pawn at
5,
Kt
at
then the
Taking Dr.
4 will be the object of the attack.
Lasker's variation, however, whatever advantage there
might be disappears at once
Kt Kt
3,
of
which can be stopped.
5,
threatening
Kt Q
after 19.
that
it is
loss of
It is
5 for
.Kt
Black
Black plays 19.
if
and
If
Kt
also
.Kt
draw.
will at least
neither
5,
White answers 20 Kt
In
many
3 Black threatens so
dif&cult to see
fact,
things
how White can prevent
the
one or more Pawns.
14.
BxB
15.
Kt-Q4
PxB
a curious but true fact that I did not see this
move when
played 13
...
B Kt
have played the right move 13
is
yet far from
lost,
of the Knight, Black can later
lowed
2,
.B
otherwise I would
B.
QR-Qi
15
The game
by P Q
as against the entry
on play
4.
16.
Kt K6
17.
QR-Qi
R Q2
PB
4, fol-
GAME
i86
-i^;^ I
& ^f.
_1 ^
fi
*k
^
vm^-m
I
now was on
the point of plajdng
by P Q
followed
4,
PB
be
4, to
which I thought would give
me
a draw, but suddenly I became ambitious and thought

that I could
and
at
KP
later
6,
on
play the text move, ly.-.Kt

sacrifice
still
the exchange
Pawn
wiiming a
for
for the
i,
Knight
and leaving White's
it,
I intended to carry this plan either
weaker.
P K Kt 4 as the circmnstances
demanded. Now let us analyse: 17...P B 4. If
18 Kt Q 5, Bx Kt; 19 P x B, P Q Kt 4; and a
before or after playing
show that Black has nothing to

fear.
Black's plan in this case would be to work his
Kt around to K 4, via Q B i, Q Kt 3, and Q B s or
careful analysis will
2.
Again, 17...P
4; 18
R B
2,
-Q
4;
P X P, B X P 20
Q 2, B X Kt give Black the advantage), RxKt;
21 R X R, Kt X R; and there is no good reason why
19
Black should
(best, since if
lose.
Kt
17
18.
Kt X B
R B2
Bi
P QKt4
(B
2)
GAME
i88
helpless with each
move.
comment, excepting that
an altogether
made,
it
The game needs no
my
play throughout was of
irresolute character.
must be
carried out
if
further
at
aU
When a
possible.
plan
is
Regard-
ing the play of White, I consider his loth and 12th
moves were very weak
to the 27th move, which
The
move.
perfect.
29.
rest
of his
he played well after that up
was bad, as well as

play
was good,
his 28th
probably
FRENCH DEFENCE
GAME
6.
189
FRENCH DEFENCE
(Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916)
White
1.
2.
3.
4.
P K4
P-Q4
Kt-QBs
B Kt 5
Of aU the variations
this
best,
Black
O. Chajes.
because
it
of the
J.
R. Capablanca.
P K3
P-Q4
Kt-KB3
B Kts
French Defence I
gives Black
more chances
like
to
obtain the initiative.

5.
Though
P-Ks
I consider
PXP
the best move, there
is
much
to be said ia favour of this move, but not of the vari-
ation as a whole, which

5-
White adopted
in this
game.
GAME
iQO
BB
9.
Threatening
threat of
last
Q R
BR
P QB4
4 and stopping thereby White's
3.
It
demonstrates that White's
move was a complete
weakened
his position.
10.
loss of
time and merely
FRENCH DEFENCE
fended, and this in turn wUl give
to post his Knight at
EJiight
3 via
and
posted at
is
2,
him the opportunity
When
2.
the Black
Q 4, the Bishop will be developed to
as soon as the opportunity presents
be Black that
it will
4 via
191
then have the
will
and can consequently decide the course
itself,
initiative,
of the game.
R-Qi
Kt K 2 which would be answered by
The move, howbetter by B R
15-
To prevent
Kt X P, or still
ever,
is
3.
strategically
wrong,
pieces to the Queen's side.
since
White
by bringing his
any chance
loses
he might have of making a determined attack on the

King's side before Black
is
16.
P B4
17.
B-K3
Better would have been
K Kt2
P Q
4, in
The White B would be much
3.
on the open diagonal than

on the defensive.
BB
here,
where
Kt
Kt
17
18.
order to play
better posted
it
acts purely
K2
Q4
This Kjiight completely paralyses the attack, as

dominates the whole situation, and there
to dislodge
his pieces.
for
Black
it.
it.
P-KKt3
IS
BR
thoroughly prepared for
Behind
it
no way
Black can quietly develop
The game can now be
strategically.
is
it
said to be
won
192
FRENCH DEFENCE
plications.
is
However, as
will
soon be seen, the move
not a losing one by any means.

25.
PXP
26.
PxPch
27.
RxP ch
e.p.
Kt X P
RxP
This wins the Queen.
KxR
27
28.
Kt B 5ch
29.
(^XQ
193
PxKt
(B 3)
GAME
194
The
most
position looks
6
I thought
interesting.
it
would be possible to get up such an attack against
make
the White King as to
much
hold out
longer,
him
to
but I was wrong, unless
it
it
impossible for
BB 3
K R
I
could have been done by plajdng
P Kt
3 and then playing
first,
ing
Q R K Kt
R Q
at once
was the
to play
P Kt
K R 4;
am
I.
move
Kt
that
tion
It
all.
is
White would be forced
move.
either
K
it
wUl
to play
5
R K R i
and foUow
threatening mate, or some
according to circumstances.
In some
wiU be better first to play
K Kt 5),
it
which
5,
There are so
draw.
BB
and Black would reply with
K Kt
cases, of course,
or
which gave White time to play
right
3,
play-
as already indicated, which looks the best
up with
other
move by
convinced, however, that
(the plan, of course,

it
followed a
4.
similar plan, but lost a very important
forcing
wiU
many
would be
be worth
at
give
least
him a
possibilities in this posi-
impossible
the
to
reader's
give
time
them
go
to
carefully through the lines of play indicated above.
QR KKti
29
As stated
The
Kt
BB
was the best move.
30.
P-Kt3
B-B3
31.
R Qi
K R4
plan, of course, as explained above,

s in
it is
due time and threaten mate at
now
too late, the White
is
to go to
KR
8,
but
Rook having come
in
FRENCH DEFENCE
time to prevent the manoeuvre.
move,
therefore,
195
Instead of the text
Black should have played Kt
which would have given him a draw at the very

After the text moves the tables are turned.
White who
least.
It is
now
has the upper hand, and Black who has
to fight for a draw.

32.
Kt
R-Q6
was
B-K5
the right move, and probably
stiU
the last chance Black had to draw against White's

best play.
33.
34.
Kt X Q
RX
35-
Q'xBP
Kt-Q4
RxR
KxR
R, Kt
X P was no
better.
GAME
196
Most
did,
I
players will be wondering, as the spectators
why
knew
The
I did not resign.
the
game
lowing variation,
reason
is
that while
was hoping for the folwhich Chajes came very near playing
to be lost, I
5iQxPch,K-R2; S2Q-Rs,RxP; 53 BKt 5 ch, K Kt 2 54 B X R ch, K X B; and while

;
White has a won game
it
the reader does not believe

pieces against a master
opponent,
51
B Kt
who
7,
SI-
decided
and
is
it,
and
by no means easy. If
let him take the White
see
what happens.
My
to take no chances, played
finally
won
as
shown below.
RUY LOPEZ
GAME
7.
197
RUY LOPEZ
(San Sebastian, 191 1)
White:
J.
R. Capablanca.
is
much
A.
1.
P K4
P K4
2.
Kt KB3
Kt QB3
4.
B-Kts
B R4
P-QR3
Kt B3
S-
P-Q3
3.
This
Black:
Bum
a very solid development, to which I was
addicted at the time, because of
my
ignorance
of the multiple variations of the openings.
P-Q3
s
6.
In this variation there

this
Bishop via Kt
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
B K2
P B3
2,
is
the alternative of developing
after
P K Kt
QKt Q2
Kt B I
BB 2
Q K2
PxP
3.
P QKt4
P Q4
PxP
B QB4
Evidently to make room for the Queen at

I
do not think the move advisable at
K3
is
this stage.
a more natural and effective move.
a piece and threatens
BB
5,
B Kt
2,
but
It develops
which would have
to be stopped.
12.
B K3
GAME
198
Now
it is
not so effective, because White's
and the Knight,
QB
4,
14.
He
in going to
is
QB
is
out,
to defend the square
R Ki
Q K2
Kt K3
00
game was already not
Black's
bad.
K3
Q B.
does not block the

13.
This
good.
probably had no choice but to take the Knight
with the Bishop before making this move.
Qs
15.
Kt
16.
PxB
in order to bring it to
and
also his King's
17.
Since he
is
2,
White, however, does not
by taking advantage
able to win a
P QR4
he shotdd have given
to support the other Knight
Pawn.
had no way
Q Kt Q
Kt Kt
2,
allow time for this, and

superior position
BxKt
Pawn.
P Kt
to prevent the loss of a

it
in order to
of his
Pawn,
up where it is, and played

make his position more solid.
RUY LOPEZ
The
move not only loses a Pawn, but

game very much weakened.
text
Black's
18.
199
leaves
200
CENTRE GAME
43-
201
GAME
202
Q-B3
lo
White's threat to regain the
Pawn was merely
the idea of gaining time to develop his pieces.
could have played
PQ
opening the
way
with
Black
for his
Q B, when would have followed, iiB Q3, R Ki;

12 Kt B 3, and White would soon start a powerful
With the text move
Black aims at taking the initiative away from White
in accordance with the principles laid down in this
direct attack against Black's King.
book.
II.
If
BX
P,
Kt R3
P Q
completely shut
if
at
all,
move aims
3;
off,
and White's Bishop would be
and could only be
with serious
now
of position.
The
text
at quick development to keep the initiative.
"
This
loss
extricated,
is
P-Q3
not only a developing move, but
threatens to win a piece
by B X Kt.
it
also
CENTRE GAME
12.
B-Q3
Kt-Qs
This complicates the game unnecessarily.
was
simple,
and
13.
is
B-K3
B-Kts
a serious mistake.
interesting,
R K
perfectly safe.
13-
This
203
and though
The
position
was most
in appearance dangerous for
The right move would have

when we would have 14 B X Kt,
Black, not so in reality.
been 13.
.R
Kt
5,
RXB; isP QB3,BxP; 16P x B,R KKt 5;

17 Q K 3 (best), QxP ch; 18B B2, QxQ;
19 P X Q, R X P, and Black has the best of the game
with four Pawns for a Kjiight, besides the fact that
all
the White
14.
Pawns
Kt Kt
There was nothing

15.
are isolated.
s!
RxB
better.
QXB!
Kt Kych
GAME
204
i6.
??
GAME
2o6
To prevent P K R 4, which I woxild answer with

P K Kt 3, winning the Queen. It can now be
my
considered that
King
have to withdraw
will
is
his
safe
from attack.
Queen via
3,
White
and Black
can use the time to begin his advance on the Queen's

side.
29.
30.
K Kt
R Qi
R Qi
P B4
Notice that, on assuming the defensive, White has

placed his Rooks correctly from the point of view of
strategy.
They
are both on white squares free from
the possible attack of the Black Bishop.

31.
Q-R3
Q-Rs
This gains time by attacking the

the White
the
K Kt P.
of the fray
home.
and
at
now
Queen must be
White has actually more value
32.
of
in the middle
that the attack has to be brought
therefore Black
command
holding
moment, on account
3 for the
Besides, the
Rook and
must
utilise
in material,
everything at his
in order to succeed.
R(K2) Q2
K-Ri
threatenmg P Kt
Q Ksch
P-QKt4
33.
5;
of action of the Bishop
34.
which would open the
and
also secure a passed
take on account of
Pawn.
Q-R5
Q-Kt2
indirectly defending the
line
QXR
P, which White cannot
ch.
CENTRE GAME
35.
K-Kti
The attack increases in

home directly against
is
doubtful
if
force as
gradually brought
it is
The
the King.
Black has
now a passed Pawn, and
his Bishop exerts
White cannot very well play now
because of
5 ch woxild
passed
Pawn
RXR
38
Rx
R,
BxP
win the Rook, leaving Black a
ahead.
P-QR3
RXP
R(Qi) Q2
R-QKti
40.
Q-Kt3
R-Kt6
41.
Q-Q6
37-
38.
39-
is
QxP
and White could not take the Bishop because
now
It
is
PxP
great pressure.
RXP
position
difficult.
any vahd defence against Black's

The variations are nxunerous and difficult.
there
36.
37
P-Kts
most interesting and extremely
best play.
207
Q-Rs!
P B5
Q
clear
GAME
208
P B6
41.
BXP
game
it
is
would
is
also
win, which, shows that White's
altogether gone.
not the prettiest
In these cases, however,
move
that should be played,
but the most effective one, the move that wiU make
your opponent resign soonest.

42.
GAME
9.
209

(Berlin, 1913)
Wliite: J. R. Capablanca.
I.
Black: R. Teichmann.
GAME
2IO
text
move
that
is
it
QP
leaves Black's
isolated,
and
consequently weak and subject to attack.
KR Qi
14.
The
15
alternative
BB
2,
KtxB
would have been
P Kt
16
s;
14.
Kt QR
4,
15.
KtxKt
P Kt4
16.
RxR
QxR
17.
Kt-B3
Q-B5
Kt4;
Kt (B 4)
.P
Black aims at the exchange of Queens in order to

remain with two Bishops for the ending, but in this
position such a course
at
Kt
2 is inactive
is
a mistake, because the Bishop
and cannot come into the game
by any means, unless Black gives up the isolated
Pawn which
Queen's
Kt Q4
18.
Not, of course,
R B
R B
7.
the Bishop must defend.
R Q
and there
because of
QxQ
18
19.
QX
Q; Kt X Q,
would be no good way to prevent
4,
Kt(B3)xQ!
Notice the co-ordmation of the
They
are manoeuvred chain-like, so to speak, in order
and
Now
therefore forces Black's next
19
4 or ready to go
White threatens to take the open file,
to maintain one of them, either at

there.
Knights' moves.
move.
R B
The student
examine
sholild
211
this position carefully.
There seems to be no particular danger, yet, as White
may
win demonstrate. Black

the
game
not altogether
is
most
of the
lost,
kind;
difficult
be said to be
the defence
indeed, I
If
lost.
is
at least
must confess
that I can see no adequate defence against White's
next move.
Kt B
20.
If2o...B
R X Kt
25 R Q
;
Qi;
BX
23
2,
P and
22.
Kt,
R B 2; 22 Kt X
B X B 24 R X P, R B
else,
is
then
5 ch.
Pawn
B X
If 20.
ahead.
Kt, doubling
way
giving
up the
that no
KR
relief
the
Pawns.
White threatened Kt
Notice that the Black Knight
such a
.B
K X Kt
P Kt3
Kt X B
Kt Q4
practically forced, as
is
B,
isolating all of Black's King's side

21.
This
Kt Q6,
and White
moves anywhere
KB
21
K B
s!
is
pinned in
can be afforded except by
or abandoning
the open
file
GAME
212
with the Rook, which would be disastrous, as White
would immediately
23.
sieze
it.
P-B3!
P-R3
23-
else except mark time with

Rook along the open file, since as soon as he moved
away White would take it. White, on the other
hand, threatens to march up with his King to K 5
via K B 2, K Kt 3, K B 4, after having, of course,
Black could do nothing

his
prepared the way.

to give
Hence, Black's best chance was
up a Pawn, as
in the text, in order to free his
Knight.
24.
25.
26.
BXP
P KR4
BB 4
Kt Q
Kt B 4
Kt K3
Black exchanges Knights to remain with Bishops of

opposite colours, which gives
him the
273
best chance to
draw.
27.
27.
.P
Kt X Kt
KX
Kt
X Kt would
be able to post his

28.
be worse, as White would then

Bishop at
5.
K
R KRi
R Q2
B Kt3. P KKt3 would

on account of P Q 5 which would
Black wants to force

be
bad,
get the Black Bishop into the game, even though
White could answer
P K
4.
The
however, weak, as will soon be seen.
was
to play
and B
and
R
5,
P Kt
3.
text
move
is,
lEs best chance
R 4
White meanwhile could play P Kt 4
5
and follow
it
up with P
obtaining a passed Pawn, which, with proper
play, should win.

29.
R QB 2!
R QB
30.
RXR
BX
There are now Bishops of opposite colour, but nevertheless
White has an easily-won game.
GAME
214
K B2
31.
f-
P-Qs
31-
Practically forced.
march up
to
Otherwise the White King would
4 and then to
Queen's side Pawns.

this
by putting
his
and win
just as easily.
32.
and win Black's
Black attempted to stop
If
King at
would enter through
QB
3 then the
White King
into Black's King's side

at
Kt
7,
where
rectly aJso the
it
Q Kt
3738.
not only protects the
215
P, but indi-
P.
K-Q4
B Kt
The student ought
Resigns.
to have reaUsed
by
this
time
the enormous importance of playing well every kind

of ending.
In this game again, practically from the
opening, White aimed at nothing but the isolation

of Black's
P.
and obtained,
Once he obtained
he tried for
fortimately, another advantage of posi-
tion elsewhere which translated

terial
that,
advantage of a Pawn.
itself
into the
ma-
Then by acciu-ate playing

home his advantage.
in the ending he gradually forced
This ending has the merit of having been played against
one of the
finest players in the world.
GAME
White;
10.
PETROFF DEFENCE
GAME
2l6
lo
Played by Morphy, and a very

is
fine
move.
The
point
that should Black exchange Queens he will be a
move behind
development and consequently
in
get a cramped
game
if
will
White plays accurately.
B-K3
Marshall thought at the time that this was the best
move and consequently played
it
in preference
to
QxQch.
8.
9.
'
10.
11.
12.
It is
On
now time
Kt
B3
B X Kt
P Q4
P KR3
QXB
B K2
Q Kt sch Kt Q2
B Q3!
to examine the result of the opening.
White's side
we
and the Queen out
find the
in a
minor pieces well posted
somewhat odd
place, it is true,
but safe from attack and actually attacking a Pawn.
PETROFF DEFENCE
White
is
also ready to Castle.
217
White's position
is
evidently free from danger and his pieces can easily
manoeuvre.
On
Black's side the
thing
first
we
notice
is
that
he has retained both his Bishops, unquestionably an

advantage
but on the other hand we fimd his pieces
bunched together too much, and the Queen in danger

of being attacked without having any good square to
go
The Bishop
to.
at
blocks the Queen, which, in
has no freedom and
2
its
Besides, Black cannot Castle
cause
turn, blocks the Bishop.
on the King's
QxP, R Kti; Q K4
wins a Pawn.
because
Nor can he
Q R
nor can he play
K Kt
side be-
threatening mate,
Castle on the Queen's side
would put Black's game
danger, since he cannot play
in
imminent
P R 3 because of B X P
i
because of
Kt Kt
Consequently we must conclude that the opening

all
5.
is
in White's favour.
P Kt4
12
To make room
Kt 5.
13.
giving
find a
for his Queen, threatening also
P KR3
up a Pawn
and take the
in
an attempt to
initiative.
4;
It
was
ch, followed
2,
game
him to
and should
free his
difficult for
move, as White threatened Kt
Kt X P
00
Black go with the Queen to Kt
it
then
by B x B.
4,
PQ
5,
GAME
2l8
IS-
QXP
Q-K4
16.
P-QKt3
14.
lo
QR Kti
Q Kt2
P-QB4
In order to break up White's centre and bring his
Knight to
4 and thus lay the foundation for a violent
attack against White's King.

faUs, as it
The
plan, however,
always must in such cases, because Black's
development
is
backward, and consequently his pieces
are not properly placed.
17.
00
18.
Kt Qs!
PXP
simple move, which destroys Black's plan utterly.
Black
and, as
lose
now have no concerted action of his pieces,

his Pawns are all weak, he wiU sooner or later
will
them.
B Qi
18
19.
B B4
Kt B4
20.
QxP
QxQ
PETROFF DEFENCE
The
a
fact that he has to exchange
Pawn behmd shows
B X Kt
BB 3
23.
QR-Qi
BxKt
ending brought about
threatening.
is
plight a desperate one.
and
it is
is lost.
But now the
The
which makes Black's

game has no further
only because of
its
value as a study
of this variation of the Petroflf that I have given
Black was able to
is
one in which the Bishop
stronger than the Knight;
interest,
game
Kt X Q
B xB
The Knight was too

is
Queens when he
that Black's
22.
21.
219
fight it out until the sixtieth
it.
move
The
on account of some poor play on White's part.

moves are given merely as a matter of form.
rest of the
24.
220
RUY LOPEZ
White;
221
GAME II
Kt R3
Q Ki
222
lo.
The problem for White now

to Kt 5 as fast as he can.
at once, Black simply takes
to advance his
is
If
he plays
it.
If
Q Kt P
PQ
he plays
Kt 4
first
Q R 3 and then P Q Kt 4, he will still have to protect

his Q Kt P before he can go on and play P Q R 4
and P
Kt
5.
As a matter
of fact
White played a
rather unusual move, but one which, imder the circimistances,
once play
Kt
was the
5.
11.
12.
13.
He
best, since after it
P Q Kt 4 and
simplifies,
R Kt i!
P Kt4
P QR4
then
PQ
he could at
4 and
PB 3
Kt B 2
BxKt
hoping to lighten White's attack, which
wiU have to be conducted practically with only the
heavy pieces on the board.

it
in order to play
He may have
Kt Kt 4 and
K 3.
also
done
RUY LOPEZ
14.
223
RXB
Taking with the Pawn would have opened a

bility for
possi-
a counter attack.
,
P-QKt3
14-
He
is
of
his
forced to this in order to avoid the breaking
it
The only
Queen's side Pawns.
would have been
P Q
Kt 4
alternative
which on the face of
looks bad.
15.
P-Kts
16.
PXP
17.
18.
it
White
BPxP
P-QR4
Q-B4
Kt-Q5
P B4
The White Knight

hind
will
is
now
a tower of strength. Be-
be able to prepare an attack,
which wiU begin with
P Q
4,
to drive
Black Queen and thus leave himself
up
5.
There
is
away the
free to play
only one thing to take care of and that
GAME
224
is
to prevent Black
from
Knight and a Pawn.

i8.
...
II
sacrificing the
Rook
for the
FRENCH DEFENCE
GAME
12.
FRENCH DEFENCE
(New York,
White:
R. Capablanca,
J.
1.
2.
3.
4.
P K4
P-Q4
Kt-QB3
B-Q3
1918)
Black:
P-Q4
Kt KB
Not the most favoured move, but a

it
perfectly natural
cannot be bad.
PXP
4
4
O. Chajes.
P K3
developing one, and consequently
P Q B
225
generally played in this case instead of
is
the text move.

5-
KtxP
6.
Kt X Kt ch
^Kt Q2
KtxKt
7.
Kt-Bs
B K2
226
8.
This
played to prevent
is
B Kt
for
which
2,
Black in
Q Kt
GAME
Q K2
is
P Q
Kt
3,
followed
by
the general form of development
this variation.
B Kt
12
5 ch,
If
Black now plays 8
BQ
10
Kt K
P
and
White obtains a considerable advantage in position.
0-0
P KR3
B KKts
Of course Black could not play P Q Kt
of B X Kt, followed by Q K
8
9.
3 because
4.
10.
B X Kt
11.
Q K4
This weakens Black's
BXB
P KKt3
King's side.
R K
was
the right move,

12.
P KR4
P-K4
12.
This
is
merely giving up a
out quickly with his
B.
Pawn
in order to
come
But as he does not obtain
FRENCH DEFENCE
any compensation
for his
He
should have played
the
game out
227
Pawn, the move

Q 4 and tried
that way.
It
bad.
is
to fight
might have continued
13 Q B 4,B Kt 2; i4QxBP,BxP;
16 O O O with considerable
IS Kt X B, Q X Kt
thus:
advantage
of
13.
14.
15.
16.
17-
The
for White.
position
might be considered a mild form of
text
move
suicide.
B-B4
BxB
B Kt 2
Q K2
PxP
Q KB4
00
RxB
Q-B4
In order to keep the Black Queen from coming into

the game.
QR Qi
17
18.
KR Qi
R K
i,
R K
3.
better plan would have been to play
threatening P K
6.
RxR
R Ki
18
19.
20.
Of course
if
Black with a
21.
RxR
P B3
BXP
Kt X
Pawn minus
B,
fights
QX
Kt;
very hard.
R K3
The Pawn had now

last
P QB3
move, because
to be
after
defended after Black's
B x P; Kt x
B,
Qx
Kt;
GAME
228
R K
3,
Black could
now
12
play
Q Kt
defending
the Rook.
P QB4
21
22.
23.
White's plan
K B 2
P-R4
now
is
P Kt3
to fix the Queen's side in otder
to be able to manoeuvre freely on the other
he has the advantage of material.

23-
24.
side,
where
FRENCH DEFENCE
22g
Black persists in waiting for developments.

that
if
PK R
s,
P X P; P X
P, the
He
sees
Queen goes
R 6,
and White will have to face serious difficulties.

In this situation White decides that the only course
is to bring his King to K Kt 3, so as to defend the
squares K R 3 and K Kt 4, where the Black Queen
to
might otherwise become a source of annoyance.

35-
GAME
230
Now
12
that he has completed his
White
is
ready to advance.
39.
39... P
march with the King,
P KR5
K Kt
*PXP
Q B
5,
Q Kt
4,
4 would be answered by
with a winning game.

40.
Against
K Kt
practically
Q K2
PxP
i;
forcing
White would play

the
which White would have
exchange
of
Queens,
Uttle trouble in
ending, since Black's Bishop could not do
after
winning the
much damage
in the resulting position.

41.
Q-B5
K-Kti
Black overlooks the force of 42

defence was
either
ing
R Q
i;
R Q
against which
advance the King or play Kt
Kt Kt
6 ch.
42.
R Q7
BxPch
7.
His best
White could
4,
threaten-
FRENCH DEFENCE
231
This loses a piece, but Black's position was altogether

hopeless.
434445-
K Kt4
Q B3
Q Kt2ch
KtxB
K B4
Resigns.
The interest of this game centres mainly on the

opening and on the march of the White King during
the final stage of the game.
King becoming a fightmg

are stiU on the board.
GAME
13.
It is
piece,
RUY LOPEZ
(New York,
White:
J. S.
I.
Morrison.
an instance of the
even while the Queens
1918)
Black:
J.
R. Capablanca.
GAME
232
13
maximum
we might
say, exerts its
this note
with the one in the Capablanca-Bum game
strength
(Compare
at San Sebastian, page 197.)

7.
8.
Of course not
The
by
10.
B3
because of
2;
would have been P
Kt
preferable to have the
9.
Kt
K Kt K
alternative
followed
B Kt2
Kt B3
B Kt 5
Kt Q
3;
to be
2; but in this position
Kt
at
KB
5.
it is
3.
P-KR3
Q-Q2
B KR4
An
error of judgment.
White wants to keep the
Knight pinned, but it was more important to prevent
Black from Castling immediately. B
B 4 would
have done
this.
00
10
11.
0-0-0
Bold play, but again faulty judgment, unless he intended to play to win or lose, throwing safety to
the wmds.
The Black Bishop at Kt 2 becomes a
very powerful attacking piece.
The strategical disnow far superior to

be Black who will take the
position of the Black pieces
White's, therefore
it
will
is
offensive.
II
12.
KR Ki
R Ki
RUY LOPEZ
White wanted to keep
his
QR
on the open
consequently brings over his other

to defend his
P K Kt
4,
that the
Rook
file,
and
to the centre
P, which Black threatened to win
foUowed by Kt
by
P.
P Kt4!
12
Now
233
KR
is
in the centre,
Black can safely
advance, since, in order to attack on the King's side.
White would have

do
to shift his Rooks,
so long as Black keeps

13.
B Kt3
which he cannot
up the pressure
in the centre.
Kt KR4
Uncovering the Bishop, which now acts along the

long diagonal, and at the same time preventing
5,
which would be answered by Kt
Kt X P
etc.,
14.
XB
PX
P
Kt,
winning a Pawn.
Kt-Qs
P-R3
Black drives the Bishop away so as to unpin his

pieces
and be able to manoeuvre
freely.
GAME
234
13
B-K3
B-Q3
15.
Preparing the onslaught. Black's pieces begin to bear

against the King's position.
P B3
16.
With the
last
of Black's
at
his
Kt
his
Queen at
to check at
KR
QB
an attack to which there
White
(Compare
game
and then advancing
P B4!
which has for

of the
2,
7.
16
Initiating
blocks the action
K B, but he also aims at placing his Bishop

and
K P,
move White not only
its
Q B
this
no
is
reply,
and
ultimate object either the winning

or cutting
from the game.
it off
game with the Winter-Capablanca
at Hastings.)
17.
The Bishop
is
P KR4
now out
PB
of action.
White naturally
coimter attacks violently against the seemingly ex-
RUY LOPEZ
235
posed position of the Black King, and, with very good

judgment, even ofEers the Bishop.
i8.
PXP!
PxP!
Taking the Bishop would be dangerous,

bad, while the text
which
is
move accompUshes
20.
R Ri
K Kt
retire his
might have done

for
if
it
Bishop to
immediately.
at this stage of the
game
Since he would
sooner or later, he
It is doubtful,
it
how-
would be possible
White to save the game.
Kt K4
20
21.
It
Black's object,
B B2
This move tmquestionably loses time.
ever,
not actually
to put the Bishop out of action.

19.
have to
if
was
Kt X Kt
difficult
RX
to decide which
Kt
way
to retake.
GAME
236
13
took with the Rook in order to have
it
prepared for
a possible attack against the Kiag.

22.
Now
B R2
Kt
B3
that the White Bishop has been driven back,
Black wants to get rid of White's strongly posted

Knight at Q s, which blocks the attack of the Bishop
at
may
It
2.
the key
Q5
is
to White's defence.
23.
White
be said that the Knight at
P-KKt3
strives not only to
have play
for his Bishop,*
but also he wants to break up Black's Pawns in order

to counter-attack.
23
Kt X Kt
ening
ch,
The
QX
alternative
Kt; and Black would be threat-
R R 4, and also Q K 3.
notice that
that he
is
would have been
Black's drawback in
The student should

all this is
playing minus the services of his
is this fact
out longer.
that
makes
it
possible for
the fact
R.
It
White to hold
23-
24.
25-
GAME
238
14
R K8ch
31
RxRch
33.
RxR
K R2
34.
K-Kt3
P-Q4
32.
the quickest
way
BB
to finish the game.
35.
BxP
PxPch
36.
K Kt4
P B6
PxP
P B4
K-Rs
R Ksch
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
RxPch
RxB
K R2
B-K 3
R Q8ch
R-Q 7
Resigns.
very lively game.
GAME
14.
(New York,
White
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
This
is
Black
F. J. Marshall.
1.
1918)
P-Q4
Kt KB3
P-B4
Kt B3
B Kt5
P K3
RB
I
J.
R. Capablanca.
P-Q4
Kt KB3
P-K3
QKt Q2
B K2
P B3
one of the oldest systems of defence against
had played it before in this

Tournament against Kostic, and no doubt Marshall
At times I change my defences,
expected it.
the Queen's Gambit.

or rather systems of defence;
during a Tournament,
good
results,
8.
if
239
on the other hand,
one of them has given
I generally play it all the time.
me
GAME
240
14
obtained the centre.
Black, on the other hand,
entrenched in his
three ranks,
QR
will post his
and
play
finally
first
Q Kt
when
full
by
action to the Black Bishop
I.
It
truly an
Kt B4!
P-Qs
was
is
P.
Against Kostic in a previous
Kt B
an advance on the
initiating
carefully analysed,
attack against Black's

IS-
is
given time
In this game White attempts to
2.
anticipate that plan

centre, which,
if
at Q B I and his Knight at K B

3,
P Q B 4, in order to break up
White's centre and give

posted at
and
carelessness
game
on
shall believed differently, otherwise
my
had played
part,
but Mar-
he would not have
played this variation, since, had he analysed this move,
he woidd, I think, have realised that Black would

obtain an excellent game.
only
BPXP
The
position
is
but also Kt
Black now threatens not
XP
followed
very interesting and
by B P x
P.
full of possibilities.

i6.
17.
PXKP
B X Kt
Kt X P (K
241
3)
QXB
played under the impression that White had to lose
QR
time in defending his
QB
when
P,
I could play
obtaining a very superior game.
4,
my
be seen,
opponent had quite a
But, as will
surprise for
little
me.
18.
Kt Q4I
Q K4!
19 R R
18
Of
course,
if
18.
x R P;
.Q
would win
The text move is probably the only satismove in the position. The obvious move would
the Queen.
factory
have been
Q Q
2 to
defend the
would have come 19 Kt
K Kt 3
Q
I,
(threatening
Q KB
2;
22
assiures
5,
PB
P,
3;
and then
20
The
i),
text
move, on the other
Black an even game at the very
as will soon be seen.
K R i 21 Q R
P KR4, with a tremendous
Q R Q
hand,
QB
least,
GAME
242
19.
KtxP
14

the King
White
itself.
because of
PB
is
afraid to play 22
24^
P B
4.
P-Ks
To prevent P B
P-KKt4
22.
The White Knight is practicaUy

4.
pmned, because he does not dare move on account
of
RXK
P.
mz
a
23.
This
P KR4
a sequel to the previous move.
White expects
to disrupt Black's Pawns, and thus make them weak.
is
PXP
23-
Though doubled and
isolated
this
Pawn
exercises
Black now threatens R K 3;
Kt 3 and P R 6 and R 7 at
to be followed by R
enormous pressure.
the proper time.
24.
White
R K
cannot
stand
the
slow death
any
longer^
GAME
244
14
He
sees danger everywhere,
by
giving
up
his
and wants to avert it

Queen's side Pawns, expecting to
regain his fortunes later on
on the King's
by taking the
side.
R-K3!
24
Much
better than taking Pawns.
to defend the Knight with the
R Kt
of the threat
25.
R Kt
This forces White
Rook atK
i,
because
3.
R(Ki) QB
Preparatory to
3.
K Kt2
The game
decided on the King's side, and
Pawn
initiative
it is
is
going to be
the isolated double
that will supply the finishing touch.

26.
P QKt4
To prevent P
Kt
5,
P Kt4
defending the Knight and
erating the Rooks.

27.
28.
P-R3
K B I
R-Kt3
R R7
lib-
245
Notice the remarkable position of the pieces.
White
cannot move anything without incurring some
loss.
His best chance would have been to play 29 P

6,
but that would only have prolonged the game, which
in
is lost
any
case.
29.
K Kt
30.
P-Kt3
P R6
P-QR3
Again forcing White to move and to

thereby, as
31.
all his
PR
RxKP
P-K6
R R
If 33
35
ch;
something
pieces are tied up.
the Knight because
Not even now can White move

of
lose
KxP,
R R
ch;
K Kt
i,
8 mate.
32.
P Kt4
33-
P-B3
P Kt
5,
R X R, R X
PR
R R3
7
ch; 34
P, winning easily.
K R
i,
RxKt;
GAME
246
3334.
14

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a^3

books are subject

the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright

the United States on the use of the

CHESS CHAMPION OF THE WORLD

HARCOURT, BRACE AND COMPANY

published thirteen years

Siace then there have appeared at different times

with the so-called Hyper-

modem Theory. Those who have read the

importance, had been discovered.

merely the application, during

the opening stages generally, of the same old principles

through the medium of somewhat new

has been no change in the fundamentals.

In chess the tactics

change but the strategic

fimdamental principles are always the same, so that

as long in fact as the laws

what they are

good a hundred years from now;

go over the contents of the book with the assurance

he needs, and that there

nothing to be added and nothing to be changed.

Chess Fundamentals was the one standard work of

kind thirteen years ago and the author firmly believes

the one standard work of

First Principjles: Endings, Middle-game and Openings

Some Simple Mates

Some Winning Positions in the Middle-game

Further Principles in End-game Play

Queen against Rook

Pawn will be the

Value of Knight and Bishop

Planning a Win in Middle-game Play

Attacking without the aid of Knights

Direct Attacks bn masse

The Sudden Attack from a Different Side

Further Openings and Middle-games

Some Sauent Points about Pawns

Queen's Gambit Declined

Queen's Gambit Declined (San Sebastian, 1911).

Irregular Defence (Havana, 1913)

(St. Petersburg, 1913)

White: Dr.E. Lasker.

RuY Lopez (San

RuY Lopez (New York,

French Defence (New York, 1918)

Petrofp Defence (St. Petersburg, 1914)

Queen's Gambit Declined (Berlin, 1913)

Centre Game (Berlin, 1913)

French Defence ( Rice Memorial Tournament, 1916 )

Black: J.R. Capablanca.

First Principles: Endings, Middle-Game

thing a student should do,

himseK with the power of the

of the simple mates.

SOME SIMPLE MATES

ending Rook and King against

SOME SIMPLE MATES

In this position the power of the Rook is demonR 7, which immediately

confines the Black